ANCIENT INDIA : MARATHON CLASS : HCS 2021

Bharhut stupa, Madhya Pradesh ,Sunga dynasty

Borobudur stupa ,Java Indonesia
Bubble: life is a permanent
5 events of Buddha's life: five pillars of torran entrance gate of stupa: birth, departure,
enlightenment, sermon, death
Chaitya: prayer, Vihara: resting place
Pratimoksha: 64 type of crimes
Vinay Patrika: upali : Code of conduct of monks
Sut pitika : Ananda: Buddha's teaching
Mahayana Buddhism vs Buddhism
Martin Luther King of Buddhism: Nagarjuna: divided Buddhism
Nalanda University: Kumar Gupta
Vikramshila,jagdhal , udandpura University: dharmpal
Buddha was 9th of Vishnu
Gol Gumbaz: second largest dome: Hyderabad
Australopithecus : Earliest hominid
Pleistocene age : 5 lakh bc to 10,000 bc
Middle Pleistocene age : bipedalism, direct final code
Bhimbetka Caves: Madhya Pradesh
Bora Caves Andhra Pradesh
Microliths : mesolithic age
food gathering to food producing in Neolithic age
Burzhom : Jammu and Kashmir
Four village culture in Balochistan: qulli, quetta ,nul, zhob
East: alamgirpur, west: sutkagendor, north- mand, south -dimabad
Harappa: Ravi river: devram Sahani
Citadel: fortified wall
Mohenjo Daro: Mount of Dead: Great granary: Pashupati seal
Stealite : seals
chanu daro site: without Citadel
Kali bangan: bangle and beads, ghaggar river, fire altars, list Bariya
Banwali site: Haryana: Saraswati: Dr baste
maximum sides are found in Gujarat
first dockyard : at Lothal> surkotada
Rice cultivation: Rangpur
matriarchal society
Urn Burial practices: Kali bangan
coffin burial: Harappa
Senden: high quality cotton
gold: Mesopotamia, silver: sumeria, perfume: Greece
16
Oligarchy
Pashupati: only male God
Gilgimish : Mythological hero of Mesopotamia: half mail half line
humpless bull: most common in sales
boustrophedon style: pictographic script: deciphered by by what I Madhavan
Aryan is a linguistic term: indo-european language:
Philology: study of comparative languages
indologist: study of Indo European language
Zend avesta : Iran: Agni, Varun Indra
Kesselite inscription: Iran
Vitista : Jhelum
Purushani : Ravi
Askini : chenab
Manjuwanth : Himalayas: soma
Jambudweep: India
Battle of ten Kings: Ravi: sudas
Gramini: head of village
Vishyapati : head of group of village
Purohit: priest
Senani : chief commander
Bhaga / bali : Taxes
Sabha and Samiti both work for women
Sabha: assembly of elders and had a family
Patriarchal: Aryan period
Grihapati: head of family
varna system was based on: complexion/ occupation
Purushasukta hymn :Source of varna system
early Vedic period good for women
Brihadaryanka upnishad: transmigration of souls: yaganvalyaka :God of Janak: t s eliot :
wasteland
Das :Slaves, dasyu : independent non Aryan
Vrihi : rice
Godhuma : wheat
Gold coin: nishika , silver coin: satamana
Rig Vedic period: monotheistic religion
Indira: Destroyer of worlds: maximum sloka in Rig Veda
Agnihotri :Priest
God of herb and medicine: Ashwini
God of nourishment : soma / moon
Gayatri Mantra composed by Vishwamitra for son
Saraswati/ Usha/ Aditi : female Goddesses in Rigveda
Rudra: non Aryan God
later vedic age: 1000 bc to 600 bc :Main centre of Aryan settlement shifted from Sindhu to
Ganga Yamuna Doab
Mahabharat: 956 bc : Kurukshetra: capital of Hastinapur
Bhagadugga : chief tax collector
Balisadak : collected voluntary offerings
Aksaveda : superintendent of gambling house
Fourth Varna recognised only during later Vedic period
4 Ashram: Brahmachari, grihastha, vanprastha, Sanyasi
varnashrama Dharma: jabala Upanishad
shudras could not get Moksha because they were exempted from the system of Ashram
Dharam
Dwija system: twice born: for top 3 Varna
Anulom: upper caste male : vretaya
pratilom: upper caste female: chandalas
Antajaya : living outside the village
Kirata : uncivilized forest tribes
Krishan aya : iron
Shreni : Association of Merchant and craft men
Sresti : head of Merchant guild
painted grey ware in later Vedic period
Rig Veda is considered as the first text in the world literature and in indo-european language
Sangeet Shastra: Indian music first text
Udgatri : master of voice: recited Shyam Veda
yajur Veda: rituals and ceremonies: recited by adhvaryu
Atharva Veda: composed by unknown Aryans: witchcraft Evil spirits
Ayurveda: Indian medicine
ganit Shastra: mathematics
Rekha Ganit: geometry
Arankayas : related to forest life in vanaprastha Ashram
Katho- upnishad: Nachiketa and Yama
eso- upnishad: creation of universe
Satyamev Jayate: Mundka Upanishad
childhood of Krishna: chandogya upnishad
Goddess Parvati: keno Upnishad
Shiva : first time: sweats swatato upnishad
Nirutkta Vedanga: etymology
Kalpa Vedanga: rituals
Vyakaran: grammar
Shiksha vedanga: phonetics
Saramanas ; group of thinkers emerged during Rig Vedic period
sankhya Shastra: Kapila
yoga: Patanjali
Uttara mimamsa: Bhadrayana , Purva mimamsa- Jamini
Nyaya - Gautama
vaiseshika- Kannad
Mahavamsa-mahnama
Gautam Buddha: Siddharth childhood name: born in Lumbini Nepal, 563 bc ,
favourite horse: kantak , chariot driver: chenna, 2 gurus : alara kama / rudarka
Mahabinish Karma: the great departure : 49 th Day he got enlightenment, Prithvi witnessed it
First disciple: Maha kashyapa /sarriputta
first sermon: Sarnath
Died at Kushinagar: four noble truths: misery: Desire: control: eightfold path
Buddhism believed in Karma and transmigration of soul, agnostic
1 meal per day
Bhikshu is a lifetime member, upashak is a follower
Places of Buddhist council: Rajgir, Vaishali, Patliputra, kundalvan
patronised by: ajatshatru, Kala Ashoka, Ashoka, Pravesh ka
mahayana and hinayana Buddhism in fourth Buddhist council
Abhidham pitiaka : tissa : Third Buddhist council
second Buddhist council: mahasanghika change oriented , stheravandin : old
Mahayana Buddhism Sanskrit language
Buddhism in Central Asia : Kanishka
Milind panho : meander and nagsena
Harshavardhana: huen tsang :Converted into Buddhism
Oldest stupa : Sanchi
biggest stupa: borobudur java
Mathura School: sunga dynasty
Gandhara School: Kanishka
Amravati School: Sadbhavana
elephant- birth, horse- departure, Tree- enlightenment, wheel-sermon
Pali language: Buddhism
Einstein of India: Acharya Nagarjuna: Madhyamik Siddhant
Buddha Charitra- ashwaghosh
Abhidham moksha -vashubandhu :First dictionary on Buddhist philosophy
Jataka stories- Buddha's life
Jainism- 24 Tirthankar,
23rd Tirthankar- parsavnath
Mahavira was born in kundagram, died in pava puri , gnatika clan ,
Ajivika sect: makkhali gosala
Kaivalya: ultimate Supreme knowledge: Mahavira attained it it at rizupalika river
Jina : conqueror of ultimate knowledge
Panch anuvarta :5 principles of Jainism
three ratnas: knowledge, fate conduct
sayadvada/ anektavad philosophy: Vardhman Mahaveer
God exist but Universe has evolved on its own
non violence cannot be compromised at any cost
11 disciples of Vardhman Mahaveer: gandharas
 first Jain Council: Patliputra: Jainism divided into shwetambar and Digambar
second Jain Council: vallabhi
Chandragupt Maurya into Jainism: bhadrabahu: Chandragiri, Shravanabelagola : statue of
Bahubali also known as Gomateshwara , sallekhana was performed
Ratna Malik/ Kaviraj Marg- amoghavarsha
cave architecture: first in Jainism
Badami caves- Karnataka
Basadis - Jain temples
dilwada Temple- Mount Abu- bhima 1- Solanki dynasty
Ghatikas :
Bhagwatism : from Buddhism/ Jainism popularity: Vasudev Krishna: Hercules of India
bhakti- devotion: popular in foreign races because of indifference to caste
Prapatti - total surrender to God
nishkam Karma- selfless act
Bhagwat Geeta- Ved Vyas
Garuda pillar inscription: besnagar , Madhya Pradesh by hilodorus
Panchartaya system in bhagwatism: Worship of Krishna and four other heroes: sage sandilya
Alvars -Vaishnav , nayanar- Shiv
oldest fact of India: shaivism
Dravid veda - thevaram
Verra shaiva sect -Karnataka- twelfth century- basveswara
Aradshiva :Andhra Pradesh: Mallikarjun Pandit
oldest Shivling: Andhra Pradesh
Sillapadikaram - ilango adigal
Prabhandas -Devotional literature in Tamil on vaishnavism
Saptanga theory- Kautilya- define state: Magdha state- 6th century a.d. : Capital- girivraja
haranyka dynasty-bimbisar
first physician- Jeevika
shishunaga dynasty- Shishu Nag
Nanda dynasty- mahapadma Nanda
Arthshastra- Kautilya- statecraft
Mudra Rakshas- vishakhadatta
Chandragupt Katha- Kautilya
Indica- megasthenes
first launched mark coin: Maurya dynasty: peacock: Founder- Chandragupt Maurya:
sandrocottus
Tola - gold,pana- silver
Priyadarshi- Ashoka
Bindusar: amitragatha : players of enemies: follower of ajivika Sect
12th Rock addict: Kalinga war: 5 year old nigrodha
last moriyan king: brihadharta : killed by pushyamitra sunga
mauryan administration: 27 department: 1 without Adhyaksh
Kumaramatyas: governor of provinces
Rajuka : revenue settlement officer
Dharmaesteyas: Civil courts, kantak shodhak- criminal courts
Gudapurusha - Spies
Hulivakara - tax on plough share
vetti/ visti- Forced labour
Loha Adhyaksh- iron ore mines
Rupa Darshak- gold currency standards
tamralipti- East port
Sudama/ lomash Rishi Caves- Barbara Hills Bihar
James Prinsep- 1873- first to decipher Ashokan inscription
kandhar inscription- Greek and armiaic language
gold coins- Indo Greek/ large number: morian
Saka era- 7880
Kushan Kingdom- kujhala kadhphis
Malavikagnimitram- Kalidas
Kanwa dynasty- Vasudev
Sangam assembly - 1st -saint agastaya
Tholkipiyyam - tolakepiyar
Mani megalai- Satnar
yavanapriya- black pepper
Allahabad inscription: Samudragupta: Hari Sen
Sati: eran inscription
Mehrauli Iron Pillar: Chandragupta Vikramaditya 2
mrichchakatikam- shudrak
Nitisha: Arthshastra of Guptas: kamandak
first Gupta king- Shri Gupta: Chandra Gupta: real
Indian Napoleon: Samundra Gupta
Fa haein - Chandragupta Vikramaditya 2
Land grants: brahmdeya- Temple/ Agrahara- brahmins
Nagara style- Gupta
Panchtantra- Vishnu Sharma
Aryabhatta: astronomy/ Surya Siddhant
theory of gravitation: brahmagupta
Father of surgery: Sushrut
pushyabhuti dynasty: Vardhan
Harsha era: 606 ad: pulakeshin 2: Battle of Narmada : aihole inscription : Ravi Kirti :
sangeethis - Buddhist conferences at Prayag
Hieun tsang - si yu ki -Expression of Traveller
chalukyas and Pallavas battle- control over Krishna Godavari dwab
rashtrakuta dynasty- Dantidurga
Mahabalipuram temples- Narsingh Verman 1, mahamalla
Kirarat Arjuna text-bharavi
Dravida style of temple architecture- Pallava: founder- shiv sakand verma
Veshara Style: Chalukya Dynasty
Hirodotus -Father of history
Gautam Buddha- 563 bc to 483 bc
Alexander the Great born in 356 bc
Vikrama Era-58/57 bc
Gupta Era- 319- 320 ad
Saka era- 78 ad
Kali era -3101 bc
Harsha era-606 ad
Delhi saltanat- 1206-1526 ad
Rig Veda: sapt Sandhu region: 1500 bc -1000 bc
Other Vedas- Guru Panchal region: 1100 bc to 600 bc
Para Vidya: spiritual learning
Astadhyayi - Panini
mahabhashya- Patanjali
Chand bardai- Prithviraj 2- Prithviraj Raso
periplus of erythrean sea- unknown
tarikh a hind- Kitab ul Hind- Al biruni
rehala- Ibn Battuta- Muhammad Bin Tughlaq
first Arab Traveller- Suleman: 851 ad
Asiatic Society of Bengal- Sir William Jones
father of Indian archaeology- Alexander Cunningham
numismatics- points
epigraphy- inscription
name Ashoka- maski, Gurjara , nittur, udegolon
Armiac script- western India
Harappan civilization: black and red ware
later Vedic: painted grey ware
Ajanta Caves: Satavahana Kingdom: vakataaka Kingdom
Bagh Caves: Ajanta
Elephanta Caves: ellora
Ellora Caves : kalachuri/ rashtrakuta
Narsinghgarh cave painting- Maharashtra
lakhudiyar caves- Uttarakhand
lost wax technique- bronze metal sculptures in Indus valley civilization
lion cow and horse are not found in Harappan seals
Trinity of Brahma Vishnu Mahesh: later Vedic period
kharosthi script: Persia
Dhamma Mahamantra: appointed by Ashoka to spread the Dhamma
elephant, horse, bull, lion: emblem
yaksha yakshini: Buddhism Jainism Hinduism
Bairat stupa: Rajasthan: 3rd Century BC
Buddha as human figure: honour 8
pradakshina path: pathway circular around stupa, Toran: pillar at the Gateway of stupa
tripartite struggle: Pala/ Pratihara/ Ras
kanheri Caves/ Kerala Caves/ junnar caves- Maharashtra
 Ellora - 3 storey: 3 religions - mahayana Buddhism : Mahesh Murthy statue: three heads of
Shiva
Ajanta: hinayana Buddhism
Kailash Temple- Rashtrakuta
Gupta period- brahmanism
Dashavatara Temple- devgadh
udaygiri Khandagiri Caves: Jainism: Orissa Bhubaneswar
Sadak A Azam: Sher Shah Suri
Brahma vandini: Lopamudra, Maitri, Gosha : hymns During Rig Vedic period
Arayanakas : forest text
Upanishad: sitting down near
chandogya Upanishad: om
nyaya Sutra- Gautam
Manav Dharm Shastra- manusmriti: modern Manu- bheemrav Ambedkar
first tirthankara: Rishabh Dev
Judaism: oldest monotheistic religion of world
Zend avesta : Zoroastrianism: Parsi: Tower of silence: Jiyo Parsi
Nirvana: state of bliss
annica- transient/ annata - soulless
oldest Buddhism: Theravada
Empty chair: mahaparinirvana: death
dipavamsa: Buddhism: Sri Lanka
Buddhist nun literature: therigatha
Madhyamaka School of Philosophy: Acharya Nagarjun
5th and 6th Buddhist council: 1871/1954- mandalay / burma
Purva : Teachings of Jainism before Vardhman Mahaveer : mother name Trishala: sister of
licchavi Prince Chetak
kalpsutra: bhadrabahu
god is lower than Jina in Jainism
universal law created the world
Minayugal : fish couple signifying victory over the Desire
anekta vad: multiple truth
Gurumukhi: Guru Angad
Guru Granth Sahib: Guru Arjun Dev: the living Guru
Prophet Muhammad: 7th century
Divya prabandham: alvars ; Nath Muni
Advitya/ vishisht advitya/ dvaitya - Shankara/ ramanuja/ Madhav: 8/11/13
Dwarka, Puri, Badrinath, Sringeri: 4 mathas of Shankaracharya
Suddha advitya: Vallabhacharya: 15th century
Kabir -weaver, Namdev- trailer, Ravidas- Cobbler, Sen- Babar
Dadu Dayal: Gujarat
Kabir: ulat Bansi/ bijak
Guru of Shivaji: Ramdas: dashbodha book
Chaitanya Prabhu: West Bengal: vaishnavism: 16 e century: Keertan style: iskon movement
Mirabai: bhajan :Marwar
Satnami : Chhattisgarh: Guru Ghasidas
Narsingh Mehta: Gandhiji
Katha Sarita Sagar- Somdev- 11th century
Sufi: suf : wool cloth- 1200 ce : sama : Musical recital/ Peer mureed:/ kanaqah : Shelter place
Chisti movement : Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti: Garib Nawaz: 1142 : chist in Central
Afghanistan
Aaine Akbari- Abul Fazal
satari Silsila- Shaikh Sirajuddin Abdullah
sooravali Silsila- Sheikh shihabuddin suhrawardy
Dara shikoh: Silsila
Amir Khusro: Nizam: hindavi language
ajivika sect: Makkhali gosala: niyati : destiny
charvaka School :Brihaspati: there is
Sul e khul- Din A Ilahi- Universal harmony: 19 followers
tantric Buddhism: vajrayana Buddhism
Badami caves: Chalukya Kingdom
udaygiri Caves: kharavela Kings : Jainism/ udaygiri caves Madhya Pradesh- Hinduism
sittanavasal Caves: Tamil Nadu: Jainism: Jain Vihar
ahom style of architecture: Assam
Vimana - Dravid, Shikhar- Nagara
grab Grah: deity place
Mahabodhi Temple- Bodhgaya Bihar
Shalabhanjikas - lady holding branch of tree: Stupa
Harappan: civilization no Temples
sunga dynasty: symbols, Kushan dynasty: human form
Bamyana Buddha of Afghanistan: Gandhara : Grey sandstone
Abhay mudra: do not fear
Mathura- red sandstone: Amravati- white marble
Virupaksha Temple: pattadakal / hampi
Panch Pandav Caves- Mahabalipuram
Pala school of art- West
Rajarani Temple- Bhubaneswar
third eye of Nataraja: cosmic knowledge
Meenakshi Temple- Madurai- Parvati
Khajuraho temple- Chandela: 10-11 century
Vitthal Swami Temple: Vijayanagara: Hampi
Alai Darwaza- Alauddin Khilji
double dome architecture- Lodhi Dynasty
Sher Shah Suri tomb: Sasaram Bihar
Nishant Garden: Kashmir: Jahangir
Mughal architecture at peak: Shahjahan
Ibadat khana: Akbar
Buland Darwaza: victory of Akbar over Gujarat
 Shalimar Bagh; Lahore: aur Shahjahan
Kamasutra: vatsayan
Mughal miniature paintings: Jahangir
raagmala painting: mewad School
Ban thani : Monalisa of India: Kishangarh School of painting: nihalchand
geet Govind: Jaidev
Pahari painting: love and devotion
basohli painting: Jammu and Kashmir
India's first modern Indian artist: Raja Ravi Varma
Indian Society of Oriental art: Kolkata: 1907: abindranath Tagore Gajendra Nath Tagore
Cheriyal School of painting: Andhra Pradesh
Kalamkari: Andhra Pradesh
Kalighat painting: West Bengal
Madhubani: Bihar
Paitkar : scroll painting: Jharkhand
Phad : Bhilwada Rajasthan
Warli paintings: Maharashtra
Natya Shastra- Bharat Muni
Abhinav Bharat- Abhinav Gupta: dance book
Tandav: Heroic , lasya - aestehtic
bihu -assam
Keleri-kerala , thang tha- manipur , cholia - uttarakhand
Kathak: North India: storytellers : Lucknow Gharana- Nawab Wajid Ali Shah of Awadh
Kathakali- Kerala
Kuchipudi- Andhra Pradesh
mohiniyattam- Kerala
Odia- Odisha- tribhanga posture
Devadasi system: mohiniyattam/ Bharat Bharatanatyam/ Oriya Dances
Bharatanatyam- Shiv
Kuchipudi- Vishnu
sattriya dance- Shankar Deva- Assam- 15th century
Bhavai dance - Gujarat Rajasthan: emotion
Bidesha - Bihar
Fugadi - Goa
Jhumar - Haryana: only by women
priyadarshika/ ratnavali/nagamanda plays - Harsha
Kadambari: Baan Bhatt: Harsha
father of modern Hindi Literature: Bharat Bharat in Bharat Hindu bhartendu
Nakul Folk theatre- Bihar
Yakshagana -Karnatak
Kathputli- Rajasthan
sangeet ratnavali- sarangdev
Khyal- Amir Khusro
father of Carnatic music- Purandar Das: Trinity: Shyama Shastri/ tayagraj /Muthuswamy
Amir Khusro: Alauddin Khilji
Bidriware- Bidar Karnataka
Bhaag embroidery: Punjab
chikan embroidery: Lucknow
Pashmina wool: Jammu and Kashmir
gathka- Punjab: thoda- Himachal Pradesh
silambam: Tamil Nadu
hitopdesh- Narayan- War peace conduct- twelfth century
Pythagoras theorem/ pie mentioned in- Budhyana sulvasutra
Franco's bernier - France
Heer Ranjha- Waris Shah
Prem Vatika- raskhan
Shahnama: firdausi
onam - Kerala
pitradura technique- rome
Cartouche -Square frames and closing the names of Kings and Queens
Bhimbetka Caves- Narmada Valley
ostrich egg- Patna Maharashtra
first crop - Wheat and barley
first animal- dog/ sheep/ goat
mehergarh site- bolan pass- iran
Faience -Artificial material to make bid and bangles
Chert - precise weight stones
Magadha Empire- Ganga and son River
Digha nikaya - Buddhism: Buddha: sakhya clan
megasthenes: Chandra Gupta: seleucus nicator
rampurva bull- Rashtrapati Bhavan
Poduka / arikamedu- Puducherry
kaveripatnam port/ puhar port - chola
Buddha Charitra- ashvaghosha
Bodhisattvas: staying in world to teach
Varah Temple: eran
Aryabhatta: Chandragupta 2
Silapathikaram: Pandya king
Mahabharat: Ved Vyas
Shortughai Harappan site- Afghanistan
craft production Harappan site- chanu daro
Ganeshwar culture -Rajasthan Khetri
story of Indian archaeology: s n roy
James Prinsep: deciphered Brahmi and kharosthi
Sudarshan Lake- repaired by Shaka ruler Rudraman
votive inscription: records the gift made to religious institutions
Yaudheya tribes - Haryana Punjab: Republic: issued
Pativedeka : News reporters during Ashoka time
 polyandry/ : one women marrying many men
Hagiography - biography of religious leaders
Nibbana In Buddhism: extinguishing the Ego and Desire
chalcolithic age: copper
Archaeological Survey of India: Ministry of culture
National Human museum: Bhopal: department of culture
Terracotta of plough : banawali Haryana
Dadheri : Punjab Ludhiana
Ivory scale - Lothal
first metal used: copper
three parts: Dholavira Gujarat
sumerian civilization: first to develop art of writing in a proper system: cunieform script
Sindhu: most mentioned river in Rig Veda
Yava word in Rig Veda: barley
18 Puran
Gayatri Mantra: Vishva mein
Subhadra in Kushinagar was the last person to get enlightenment from Gautam Buddha
first Buddhist council was presided over by MHA Kashyap patronised by ajatshatru
Maximum Sermon of Gautam Buddha at Sharavathi: capital of Gaushala
mahayana Buddhism emerged during Kanishka
entry of women in Buddhism allowed at Vaishali on the request of Ananda
Crypto Buddhist: Adi Shankaracharya
Ashokaram Monastery: Patliputra: Ashoka
Light of Asia: Gautam Buddha: book by Edwin Arnold
Neo Buddhism: Bhim Rao Ambedkar
first human statue worshipped: Buddha
Padmapani: the Lotus bearer
Nagarjuna: first Monk to China
valabhi University: Buddhist: Gujarat
doctrine of momentariness: Buddha
future Buddha: to save world: maiterya
Sthanakvasi Sect- Jainism
Samadhi Maran- Jainism
Gomateshwara statue : chamudhariya : for his mother: 988 ad
Mattamaurya sect -Shaivism
Chandogya Upanishad: Krishna
Ujjain: Avantika: ancient name
first Republic of world: licchavi dynasty: Vaishali
Chanakya: Vishnu Gupta
Sanchi Stupa: Ashoka: 3rd
Ashoka: prakrit language
Junagarh inscription of Rudrama: both Ashoka and Chandragupta are mentioned
Strato 2 : Indo Greek Ruler : lead coins
Largest number of copper coins: Kushal
Institution of child marriage started during Kushan period
Huna invasion: Sakand gupta :
Dinara : Gupta Gold coins
Chess- india
Kauseya : silk
Nalanda vihar destroyed by: Bastar Khilji
vriddheshwar Temple: Raja Raja 1: started Naval Army
ceylon -Rajendra 1 son of Raja Raja
Tolkapiyam : grammar text
first Sangam: Madurai: siant gastaya I
2nd Sangam: kapadapuram : saint agastyaa
3rd sangam : Madurai: nakkikar