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Leadership:: Theory, Application, Skill Development
Leadership:: Theory, Application, Skill Development
4th Edition
Robert N. Lussier
Copyrightand
©2004 byChristopher F. Achua
South-Western, division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.
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• University of Iowa leadership styles
• University of Michigan and Ohio State
University leadership models
• Ohio State University leadership model and the
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leadership grid
• Three content motivation theories
• Four types of reinforcement
• Content, process, and reinforcement theories
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What is leadership style?
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The combination of traits, skills, and
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Autocratic...........................Democratic
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Ohio State University
C
O
High
N
S
Low Structure High Structure
I
and and
D
E
High Consideration High Consideration
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R
A
T Low Structure High Structure
I and and
O Low Low Consideration Low Consideration
N
Initiating Structure
Low High
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The one which works for the
individual leader in a specific
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Which leadership style do
workers think is best?
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High
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Country Club Team Leader
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Middle of the Road
Impoverished Authority-Compliance
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Low
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Source: Adapted from Robert R. Blake and Jane S. Mouton, The Managerial Grid III (Houston: Gulf, 1985); and Robert R. Blake and Anna Adams
Low
McCase, Leadership Dilemmas-Grid Solutions (Houston: Gulf, 1991), 29. High
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• The goal in leadership development
– Few ever reach it
• Similar to the philosophy of U.S.
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What is Motivation?
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Anything that affects behavior in
pursuit of a certain outcome
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People go from need to motive to
behavior to consequence to
satisfaction or dissatisfaction
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Need Motive Behavior Consequence Satisfaction or Dissatisfaction
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Classification of Specific Motivation Theory
Motivation
Theories a. Hierarchy of needs theory
b. Two-factor theory
c. Acquired needs theory
a. Equity theory
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b. Expectancy theory
c. Goal-setting theory
Type of Reinforcement
a. Positive
b. Avoidance
c. Extinction
d. Punishment
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What are Content
Motivation Theories?
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Focus on explaining and predicting
behavior based on people’s needs
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Hierarchy of Acquired
Needs Needs
Two-Factor
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What is a Hierarchy
of Needs Theory?
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Proposes that people are motivated
through levels of needs which begin a
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What is the Best Known
Hierarchy of Needs Theory?
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Self-
Actualization
Esteem
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Social
Safety
Physiological
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What is Herzberg’s
Theory of Motivation?
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• Motivator Factors
– Intrinsic
– Satisfied or not satisfied
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What is the Acquired Needs
Theory of Motivation?
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(employees are motivated by their need for:)
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What is the Equity
Theory of Motivation?
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Others’ input
Our inputs
(contributions)
= (contributions)
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Our outcomes
(rewards)
= Others’ outcomes
(rewards)
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What is the Expectancy
Theory of Motivation?
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Proposes that
employees are
motivated when they
believe they can
accomplish the task
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What is the Goal-setting
Theory of Motivation?
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Proposes that specific, difficult
goals motivate people
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How Does a Leader Set
Meaningful Goals & Objectives
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to Motivate Subordinates?
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• Singular result
– One end result
• Specific
– Exact performance expected
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• Measurable
– Observe and measure progress
• Target date
– Specific completion date
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• Difficult but achievable
• Participatively set
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• Commitment of employees
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What is
Reinforcement Theory?
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• Also known as behavior modification
• Based on studies of B.F. Skinner
– Major topic of study in Psychology
• Depends on reinforcement
– Positive
– Avoidance
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– Extinction
– Punishment
• Reinforcement can be
– Continuous
– Intermittent
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How Can a Leader Motivate
Using Reinforcement?
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• Set clear objectives
– Employees must understand what is expected
• Use appropriate rewards
– Must be seen as rewards
• Use the appropriate reinforcement
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schedule
• Do not reward unworthy performance
• Look for the positive
• Give sincere praise
• Do things for your employees
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• People will know if you mean it
• Praise Model (Person to Person)
– Tell what was done well
– Tell why it is important
– Take a moment of silence
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Which Motivation Theory
is the “Correct” Model?
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• All of them
• None of them
• None works in all environments, in all
situations, or for all people
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• How is leadership behavior
based on traits?Copyright ©2004 by South-Western, division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.
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• Do you agree with the
University of Michigan
model (with two leadership
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• What are three important
contributions of the
Leadership Grid and high-
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high research?
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• What is motivation, and
why is it important to know
how to motivate employees?
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• Which of the four content
motivation theories do you
prefer?
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• Why?
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• Which of the three
process motivation theories
do you prefer?
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• Why?
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• Reinforcement theory is
unethical because it is used
to manipulate employees.
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• What is your motivation
theory?
• What major methods, Copyright ©2004 by South-Western, division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.