Final Project Report On NHPP

KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FINAL YEAR PROJECT REPORT ON
“STUDY OF NAUGAD HYDROPOWER PROJECT (NHPP)”
A final year project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Engineering in Civil Engineering (Specialization in Hydropower Engineering)
PROJECT SUPERVISOR
ASST. PROFF. MANISH PRAKASH

SUBMITTED BY: GROUP 03

ESHAN DAHAL (022506-17)
SANTOSH KHATRI (022521-17)
AJAY KUMAR MAHATO (022522-17)
SUMIRAN SHRESTHA (022542-17)
ANUP SUBEDI (022543-17)
SUBMITTED TO:
DHULIKHEL, KAVRE
DATE OF SUBMISSION: 2022/02/22

DEDICATED TO OUR PARENTS AND TEACHERS
DECLARATION
We, Eshan Dahal, Santosh Khatri, Ajay Kumar Mahato, Sumiran Shrestha and Anup
Subedi hereby declare that this project work titled “STUDY OF NAUGAD HYDROPOWER
PROJECT (NHPP)” submitted in partial fulfillment of the bachelor’s degree in Civil
Engineering (Specialization in Hydropower) to Department of Civil Engineering, during the
academic year 2022, is a genuine work done originally by us under the supervision of Assoc.
Prof. Manish Prakash. Any help from other people has been mentioned in the
acknowledgement.
The report or any part of it has not been published or submitted for the academic award or any
other Universities or Institutions. Any literature, data, or works done by others and cited within
this report has been given due acknowledgement and listed in the reference section. This report
is for the fulfillment of Bachelor’s degree and does not necessarily mean that the output and
results can be implicated in any real-life construction.
____________________ ___________________
Eshan Dahal Santosh Khatri
____________________ ___________________
Ajay Kumar Mahahto Sumiran Shrestha
____________________
Anup Subedi
Date: ……………………………...
CERTIFICATION
FINAL YEAR PROJECT REPORT
ON
“FEASIBILTY STUDY OF NAUGAD HYDROPOWER PROJECT
(NHPP)”
Submitted by:
Eshan Dahal
Santosh Khatri
Ajay Kumar Mahato
Sumiran Shrestha
Anup Subedi
Approved by:
1. External Examiner
___________________ ______________________________ _______________

(Signature) (Name) (Date)
2. Project Supervisors
_________________ ______________________________ _______________

3. Head of the Department

___________________ ______________________________ _______________
Group-3 “Study of Naugad Hydropower Project, Darchula, Nepal
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Firstly, we would like to provide our deepest gratitude to our Head of Department of Civil
Engineering, Er. Shyam Sundar Khadka for providing an opportunity to work on this final
year project.
We would like to thank our supervisor Asst. Proff. Manish Prakash for guiding and leading
us throughout the project course. Similarly, we would like to express our utmost gratitude
towards our external supervisor, Dr. Ing. Ramesh Kumar Maskey for evaluating and
providing good amount of knowledge in the respective project works. We are equally grateful
to our teacher Er. Santosh Chaudhary and the whole faculty of the department of Civil
Engineering who directly or indirectly provided assistance in the completion of the project.
Finally, we want to thank all the seniors and friends who directly or indirectly helped us
during the course of the project work.
Sincerely,
Project Members,
Group 03, BE CIVIL
4th Year, 2nd Semester
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Naugad Hydropower Project (NHPP) is a Run-of-River (RoR) type project that lies in
Darchula District of Sudur Paschim Province of Nepal. The Project site is located within
Naugad Rural Municipality, Ward no 5 of Darchula District. Geographically, the project area
lies within the longitudes from 80⁰ 39' 25"E to 80⁰ 41' 23"E and latitudes from 29⁰ 44' 15"N
to 29⁰ 46' 04"N.
The nearest airport to reach to the site is at Dhangadhi. Gokuleshwor, the road head point of
Dhangadi to Darchula route which is linked by a 260 km long black-topped road. From
Gokuleshwor to Sukha Khola, it is approximately 10 km long black-topped road. After Sukha
Khola to Hopari, it is approximately 15 km earthen road connected to the proposed intake and
powerhouse point. The headworks, powerhouse and other major project components are
accessible by about 25 km long existing fair-weather road.
The project utilizes a design discharge of 5.94 m³/s from Naugad Khola and the elevation
difference between the proposed intake and powerhouse at Naugad Khola. All the
components of the project lie within Naugad Rural Municipality. The width of the river at
headworks site is sufficient to accommodate river diversion facilities during construction.
The project consists of a broad crested weir with under sluice, gravel trap, side intake,
approach canal, settling basin, headrace pipe, headrace tunnel, surge tank, penstock, anchor
blocks, surface powerhouse.
As Naugad is an ungauged river, there are no records of hydrological data of the river.
However, the processed long-term stream flow data are available from a gauging station
established by Department of Hydrology and Meteorology (DHM) at Harsing Bagar (Station
No. 115) of Naugad River and at Karkale (Station No. 120) of Chameliya River downstream
from the proposed intake area. Reference stations were selected for hydrological analysis and
based on which the long-term flow estimated by Catchment Area Ratio method correlated to
Naugad, DHM Gauging Station No. 115 was adopted in the design process. The best
frequency distribution is chosen from the existing statistical distributions such as Gumbel’s
Distribution, Log-Normal, and Log-Pearson Type III.
Project capacity was optimized and the optimal capacity of the project corresponds to Q40%
in flow duration curve at rated net head of 177.93 m (gross head 183.18 m). Two vertical axis
Pelton turbine of 4.686 MW capacity is designed for 5 number of nozzles.
The project comprises a broad shaped weir across Naugad Khola of 2.16 m height is designed
to divert the water. The crest level of weir is at 1240.36 m which is assumed as normal water
level at design discharge. Two side intakes each of size 2.25 m x 2.2 m are provided to divert
the designed discharge into the system An undersluice of size 3 x 3 m (B x H) is designed to
remove the bed load from the intake front. The gravel trap is designed to trap sediments
larger than 10 mm which consist the width and length as 2.25 m and 12.26 m respectively.
An approach canal of length & width 210.0 m and 3.0 m respectively is constructed to
convey the water to the settling basin of depth 4m and length 45 m. Clear water from settling
basin is conveyed by pipe to headrace tunnel with length 2338 m. An inverted D shape tunnel
with diameter 2.2 m is constructed and a surge shaft is provided at the end of headrace tunnel
which consist of total height of 26.50 m. The flow form the surge tank is further conveyed to
powerhouse through 325.56 m long penstock pipe with diameter 1.5 m. Thus, the thickness of
penstock pipe is 10 mm and the penstock requires anchor block to withstand the horizontal
and vertical thrust exerted in the penstock. Surface powerhouse is located towards right bank
of Naugad River which contains two horizontal axis Pelton turbines.
The rock mass classification is carried for the head race tunnel alignment of Nauagad
Hydropower Project. Geomechanical classification using both Rock Mass Rating (RMR)
system (Bieniawski). Based on the provided geological information and data of the tunnel
alignment, the RMR rating and Q-values ranging from 20-90 and 0.44-40 was obtained.
The study of Naugad Hydropower Project (NGPP) concludes that with a payback period in 8
years, it is a technically feasible and financially viable project with positive Net Present
Value of NRs. 4,102,580,540 (Four Billion, One Hundred Two Million, Five Hundred Eighty
Thousand and Five Hundred Forty Rupees).and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 14 % is
estimated for 32 years project period. The B-C ratio of the project is obtained to be 2.57. The
total cost of the project is estimated to be NRs. 1,811,621,876 (One Billion, Eight Eleven
Million, Six Hundred Twenty-One Thousand and Eight Hundred Seventy Five Rupees) with
the construction period of 3 years and economic life of the project to be 32 years.
कार्यकारी साराांश
नौगाड जलविद्युत परियोजना (NHPP) नेपालको सुदूरपश्चिम प्रान्तको दार्चुला जिल्लामा अवस्थित ८.८० मेगावाट क्षमताको रन अफ रिभर
(RoR) प्रकारको आयोजना हो। आयोजना स्थल दार्चुला जिल्लाको नौगाड गाउँपालिका वडा नम्बर ५ भित्र पर्दछ । भौगोलिक रूपमा,
परियोजना क्षेत्र 80⁰ 39' 25"E देखि 80⁰ 41' 23"E सम्म देशान्तर र 29⁰ 44' 15"N देखि 29⁰ 46' 04"N सम्म अक्षांश
भित्र पर्दछ।
उक्त स्थानमा पुग्नको लागि सबैभन्दा नजिकको विमानस्थल धनगढी हो। गोकु लेश्वर, धनगढीदेखि दार्चुला सडकको मुख्य बिन्दु जुन २६०
किलोमिटर लामो कालोपत्री सडकले जोडिएको छ। गोकु लेश्वरदेखि सुखाखोलासम्म करिब १० किलोमिटर लामो कालोपत्र सडक छ ।
सुखाखोलादेखि होपरीसम्म, प्रस्तावित इन्टेक र पावरहाउस बिन्दुमा जोडिएको करिब १५ किलोमिटर माटोको सडक छ। हेडवर्क , पावरहाउस र
अन्य ठू ला परियोजनाका कम्पोनेन्टहरू करिब २५ किलोमिटर लामो अवस्थित उचित मौसम सडकबाट पहुँचयोग्य छन्।
परियोजनाले नौगाड खोलाबाट 5.94 m³/s को डिजाईन डिस्चार्ज र प्रस्तावित इनटेक र नौगाड खोलाको पावरहाउस बीचको उचाइ भिन्नता
प्रयोग गर्दछ। आयोजनाका सबै भाग नौगाड गाउँपालिकाभित्र पर्दछन् । हेडवर्क साइटमा नदीको चौडाइ निर्माणको क्रममा नदी डाइभर्सन
सुविधाहरू समायोजन गर्न पर्याप्त छ। परियोजनामा अन्डर स्लुइस, ग्राभेल ट्र्याप, साइड इनटेक, अप्रोच नहर, सेटलिङ बेसिन, हेडरेस पाइप,
हेडरेस सुरुङ, सर्ज ट्याङ्की, पेनस्टक, एन्कर ब्लक, सतह पावरहाउससहितको फराकिलो क्रे स्टेड वाइयर समावेश छ।
नौगाड नदिने नदी भएकाले यस नदीको जलविज्ञान तथ्याङ्कको कु नै अभिलेख छैन । तर, प्रशोधित दीर्घकालीन स्ट्रिम फ्लो डाटा जल तथा मौसम
विज्ञान विभाग (DHM) द्वारा नौगाड नदीको हर्सिङ बगर (स्टेशन नम्बर ११५) र चमेलिया नदीको कर्काले (स्टेसन नम्बर १२०) मा
स्थापित गेजिङ स्टेशनबाट उपलब्ध छ। प्रस्तावित सेवन क्षेत्रबाट डाउनस्ट्रीम। हाइड्रोलोजिकल विश्लेषणका लागि सन्दर्भ स्टेशनहरू छनोट
गरियो र जसको आधारमा क्याचमेन्ट एरिया रेसियो विधिद्वारा अनुमानित दीर्घकालीन प्रवाहलाई नौगाड, DHM गेजिङ स्टेशन नम्बर 115
सँग सम्बन्धित डिजाइन प्रक्रियामा अपनाइयो। गुम्बेलको वितरण, लग-नर्मल, र लग-पियर्सन प्रकार III जस्ता अवस्थित सांख्यिकीय
वितरणहरूबाट उत्कृ ष्ट फ्रिक्वे न्सी वितरण छनौट गरिन्छ।
परियोजना क्षमता अनुकू लित गरिएको थियो र परियोजनाको इष्टतम क्षमता 177.93 मिटर (ग्रस हेड 183.18 मिटर) को रेट गरिएको नेट
हेडमा प्रवाह अवधि कर्भमा Q40% सँग मेल खान्छ। ४.६८६ मेगावाट क्षमताको दुई ठाडो अक्ष पेल्टन टर्बाइन ५ नम्बर नोजलका लागि
डिजाइन गरिएको छ।
यो आयोजनामा २.१६ मिटर उचाइको नौगाड खोलामा फराकिलो आकारको वाइयर रहेको छ जसलाई पानी बहाउन डिजाइन गरिएको छ।
वियरको क्रे स्ट लेभल १२४०.३६ मिटर छ जसलाई डिजाइन डिस्चार्जमा सामान्य पानीको स्तर मानिन्छ। डिजाइन गरिएको डिस्चार्जलाई
प्रणालीमा डाइभर्ट गर्नका लागि प्रत्येक २.२५ मिटर x २.२ मिटरको दुई साइड इन्टेकहरू प्रदान गरिन्छन्। इनटेक अगाडिबाट बेड लोड
हटाउनको लागि ३ x ३ मिटर (B x H) आकारको अन्डरस्लुइस डिजाइन गरिएको छ। ग्राभल ट्र्याप १० मि.मि. भन्दा ठू ला तलछटलाई
फसाउन डिजाइन गरिएको हो जसको चौडाइ र लम्बाइ क्रमशः २.२५ मिटर र १२.२६ मिटर हुन्छ। 2338 मिटर लम्बाइ भएको हेडरेस
सुरुङमा पाइपद्वारा सेटलिंग बेसिनबाट सफा पानी पुर्‍याइएको छ। २.२ मिटर व्यास भएको इन्भर्टेड डी आकारको सुरुङ निर्माण गरिएको छ र
हेडरेस सुरुङको अन्त्यमा २६.५० मिटरको कु ल उचाइमा सर्ज शाफ्ट प्रदान गरिएको छ। सर्ज ट्याङ्कीको प्रवाहलाई थप १.५ मिटर व्यास
भएको ३०५ मिटर लामो पेनस्टक पाइपमार्फ त पावरहाउसमा पठाइन्छ। यसरी, पेनस्टक पाइपको मोटाई 10 एमएम हुन्छ र पेनस्टकमा
लगाइएको तेर्सो र ठाडो जोरलाई सामना गर्न पेनस्टकलाई एन्कर ब्लक चाहिन्छ। सतह पावरहाउस नौगाड नदीको दाहिने किनारमा अवस्थित छ
जसमा दुई तेर्सो अक्ष पेल्टन टर्बाइनहरू छन्।
नौगाड जलविद्युत आयोजनाको हेड रेस टनेल अलाइनमेन्टका लागि चट्टानको मास वर्गीकरण गरिन्छ। दुबै रक मास रेटिङ (RMR) प्रणाली
(Bieniawski) को प्रयोग गरेर जियोमेकानिकल वर्गीकरण। प्रदान गरिएको भूवैज्ञानिक जानकारी र सुरुङ पङ्क्तिबद्धताको डेटाको
आधारमा, RMR मूल्याङ्कन र 20-90 र 0.44-40 सम्मको Q-मानहरू प्राप्त गरियो।
नौगाड जलविद्यु त आयोजना (एनजीपीपी) को अध्ययनले ८ वर्षमा भु क्तानी अवधिसहित, यो

प्राविधिक रूपमा सम्भाव्य र आर्थिक रूपमा सक्षम आयोजना भएको निष्कर्ष निकाले को छ।
4,102,580,540 (चार अर्ब, एक सय दुई मिलियन, पाँच लाख असी हजार र पाँच सय चालीस रुपै याँ ) ।
र 32 वर्षको परियोजना अवधिको लागि 14% को आन्तरिक प्रतिफल (IRR) अनु मान गरिएको छ।
आयोजनाको बी–सी अनु पात २.५७ प्राप्त भएको छ । आयोजनाको कुल लागत रु. 1,811,621,876
(एक अर्ब आठ एघार करोड, छ लाख २१ हजार आठ सय पचहत्तर रुपै याँ ) निर्माण अवधि ३ वर्ष र
आयोजनाको आर्थिक आयु ३२ वर्ष रहने छ।
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

amsl Above Mean Sea Level
BCR Benefit Cost Ratio
cm Centimetre
cm2 Square Centimetre
cumecs Cubic Meter Per Second
CAR Catchment area ratio
D/s Downstream
DHM Department Of Hydrology and Meteorology
E Easting
etc. Et Cetera
FDC Flow Duration Curve
GIS Geographic Information System
GLOF Glacier Lake Outburst Flood
HEP Hydroelectric Project
IRR Internal Rate of Return
IS Indian Standard
HPP Hydro Power Project

HRP Headrace Pipe
HRT Headrace Tunnel
km Kilometre
km2 Square Kilometre
kN Kilo Newton
m Meter
masl Meter above sea level
MW Mega Watt
N Northing
NEA Nepal Electricity Authority
NHPP Naugad Hydropower Project
NPV Net Present Value
NWL Normal Water Level
RoR Run-off-River
RMR Rock Mass Rating
RQD Rock Quality Designation
U/s Upstream
SALIENT FEATURES
1. Project Name Naugad Hydropower Project
2. Location
License Boundary
Northing 29⁰ 44' 15"N to 29⁰ 46' 04"N.
Easting 80⁰ 39' 25"E to 80⁰ 41' 23"E
District Darchula
3. Type of Scheme Run of River (RoR)
Gross Head 183.18 m
Net Head 177.93 m
Design Flow 5.94 m3/s
Installed Capacity 8.958 MW

4. Hydrology
Catchment area at intake site 135.785 km2
Catchment area at powerhouse site 148.756 km2
Design Discharge (Q40) 5.94 m3/s
5. Weir
Type Broad Crested Weir
Length 20 m
Crest Elevation 1240.36 m3/s
Bed level 1238.2 amsl
Height 2.16 m
6. Intake
Type Orifice type side intake
Number; Size of opening 2 Nos; 2.25 m × 2 m
Invert Level 1239.7 m
7. Trashrack
Trashrack vertical opening 0.1 m
Trashrack horizontal opening 0.4 m
Submergence depth of trashrack 1.5
Submergence width of trashrack 5.6
8. Gravel Trap
Width of basin 2.25 m
Depth of basin 2.10 m
Length of basin 12.26 m
9. Approach Canal
Width of canal 3m
Depth of canal 1.5 m
Height 2.1 m
10. Settling Basin
Number of basins 2
Reference particle size 0.2 mm
Total Breadth 6m
Total Length 45 m
Depth (Settling Zone Only) 4m
11. Headrace Pipe
Length 658. 172 m
Diameter 1.7 m
Material Galvanized commercial steel
12. Headrace Tunnel
Length 2338 m
Diameter 2.5 m
13. Surge Tank
Material Concrete
Internal Diameter 6m
Height 26.5 m
14. Penstock
Material Galvanized commercial steel
Internal Diameter 1.5 m
Wall thickness 10 mm
Length 325.56 m
15. Powerhouse
Type Surface
Length 36.95 m
Width 15.83 m
Height 21.72 m
16. Turbines
Type Pelton Turbine
Number of Units 2
Rated Output 4.686 MW
Number of units, nozzle 2 Nos; 5 Nos.
17. Power and Energy
Gross Head 183.18 m
Net Head 177.93 m
Design Discharge 5.94 m3/s
Annual Energy 16.09863238 kWh
Dry Energy 6.612924296 kWh
Wet Energy 9.485708083 kWh
18. Project Cost and Financial Indicators
Total Cost NRs. 1,811,621,876
Revenue Generated NRs. 263,615,005 Per year
Net Present Value (NPV) NRs. 4,102,580,540
Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) 2.57
Internal Rate of Return 14 %

TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT........................................................................................................i
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.....................................................................................................ii
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS..................................................................vi
SALIENT FEATURES..........................................................................................................vii
LIST OF FIGURES..............................................................................................................xiv
LIST OF TABLES.................................................................................................................xv
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................1
1.1 Background.......................................................................................................................1
1.2 Objectives.........................................................................................................................1
1.3 Scopes of the Works.........................................................................................................1
1.4 Limitations........................................................................................................................1
1.5 The Project........................................................................................................................2
1.6 Location............................................................................................................................2
1.7 Accessibility.....................................................................................................................4
CHAPTER 2: TOPOGRAPHICAL STUDY AND ALTERNATIVE ANALYSIS...........5
3.1 Topographical Study........................................................................................................5
3.2 Study on Possible Alternative Alignments of the Project................................................6

3.2.1 Alternative Alignment-I.............................................................................................6
3.2.2 Alternative Alignment-II...........................................................................................6
CHAPTER 3: HYDROLOGICAL STUDIES.......................................................................8
3.1 Hydrological Analysis......................................................................................................8
3.2. Catchment Characteristics...............................................................................................8
3.3 Stream Flow Analysis.......................................................................................................9
3.3.1 Reference Hydrology.................................................................................................9
3.3.2 Flow Duration Curve...............................................................................................11
3.4 Hydrograph.....................................................................................................................12
3.5 Flood Frequency Analysis..............................................................................................12
3.5.1 Gumbel’s Distribution method................................................................................13
3.5.2 Log Pearson Type III method..................................................................................14
3.5.3 Log Normal method.................................................................................................15
3.7 Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF)........................................................................16
CHAPTER 4 METHOD0LOGY..........................................................................................17
4.1 Desk study and literature review....................................................................................17
4.2 Consultation....................................................................................................................17
4.3 Data collection................................................................................................................17
4.4 Hydrological Analysis and Hydraulic Design................................................................17
4.4.1 Weir.........................................................................................................................17
4.4.2 Intake.......................................................................................................................18
4.4.3 Undersluice..............................................................................................................18
4.4.5 Gravel Trap..............................................................................................................18
4.4.6 Approach canal........................................................................................................18
4.4.7 Settling basin............................................................................................................19
4.4.8 Headrace Pipe..........................................................................................................19
4.4.9 Surge Tank...............................................................................................................19
4.4.10 Anchor Blocks.......................................................................................................19
4.4.11 Powerhouse and Turbines......................................................................................19
4.5 Cost Estimation and Financial Analysis.........................................................................19
4.6 Detailed Report Preparation and Documentation...........................................................20
CHAPTER 5: PROJECT OPTIMIZATION......................................................................21
5.1 Component’s Optimization............................................................................................21
5.1.1 Headrace Tunnel Optimization................................................................................21
5.2.2 Penstock Optimization.............................................................................................23

5.2.3 Headrace Pipe Optimization....................................................................................24
5.2 Energy Generation..........................................................................................................26
CHAPTER 6: HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF COMPONENTS............................................27
6.1 Engineering Design of Structures...................................................................................27
6.1.1 Weir and Undersluice..............................................................................................27
6.1.2 Intake and Trashrack................................................................................................27
6.1.3 Gravel Trap..............................................................................................................28
6.1.5 Approach Canal.......................................................................................................28
6.1.6 Settling Basin and Head Pond.................................................................................28
6.1.7 Headrace Pipe..........................................................................................................28
6.1.8 Headrace Tunnel......................................................................................................28
6.1.9 Surge Tank...............................................................................................................29
6.1.10 Penstock and Anchor block...................................................................................29
6.1.11 Powerhouse, turbine and generator........................................................................29
CHAPTER 7: TUNNEL SUPPORT SYSTEM...................................................................31
7.1 Headrace Tunnel (HRT):................................................................................................31
7.2 Rock Mass Classification of Headrace Tunnel..............................................................31
7.3 Empirical Design of Tunnel Support System.................................................................33
7.4 Determination of Stresses and Displacement of HRT Opening.....................................36
CHAPTER 8: ENVIRONEMENTAL STUDY...................................................................40
8.1 General...........................................................................................................................40
8.2 Objectives of IEE Study.................................................................................................40
8.3 Scopes of Work of IEE Study........................................................................................41
CHAPTER 9: COST ESTIMATION AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS............................43
9.1 Project Cost....................................................................................................................43
9.2 Expected Annual Revenue.............................................................................................43
9.3 Depreciation...................................................................................................................43
9.4 Payback Period...............................................................................................................44
9.5 Financial Indicators........................................................................................................44
9.5.1 Net Present Value....................................................................................................44
9.5.2 Internal Rate of Return (IRR)..................................................................................44
9.5.3 Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR)........................................................................................44
CHAPTER 10: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS......................................46
10.1 Conclusion....................................................................................................................46
10.2 Recommendations........................................................................................................46
REFERENCES.......................................................................................................................48
ANNEX A HYDROLOGICAL ANALYSIS..........................................................................1
ANNEX B DESIGN OF HYDRAULIC COMPONENTS..................................................18
ANNEX C ECONOMICAL ANALYSIS...........................................................................175
ANNEX D DRAWINGS......................................................................................................215
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Location of the Project Area........................................................................................3
Figure 2 License boundary with gauge stations.........................................................................3
Figure 3 General Arrangement Layout......................................................................................5
Figure 4 Alternative Alignment.................................................................................................7
Figure 5 Google Earth image showing the gauge stations.........................................................8
Figure 6 Catchment Area of proposed headworks site..............................................................9
Figure 7 Flow Duration Curve at intake site of Naugad Khola...............................................11
Figure 8 Hydrograph obtained in Naugad Khola.....................................................................12
Figure 9 Gumbel’s Distribution method..................................................................................14
Figure 10 Log Pearson Type III method..................................................................................15
Figure 11 Log Normal method.................................................................................................16
Figure 12 Optimization Chart for Tunnel Diameter................................................................22
Figure 13 Optimization Chart of Penstock Diameter...............................................................24
Figure 14 Optimization Chart of Headrace Pipe Diameter......................................................25
Figure 15 Barton’s Rock Support Chart...................................................................................33
Figure 16 Discretized finite model element 2D model............................................................36
Figure 17 Stresses & Displacement around the tunnel before and after support installation
(Class I)....................................................................................................................................37
(Class II)...................................................................................................................................37
(Class III).................................................................................................................................38
(Class IV).................................................................................................................................38
(Class V)...................................................................................................................................38
(Class VI).................................................................................................................................39
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Long-term mean monthly flows estimated from the catchment area ratio with
Gauging Station No. 115..........................................................................................................11
Table 2 Parameters Considered for Headrace Tunnel Optimization.......................................22
Table 3 Parameters Considered for Penstock Optimization....................................................23
Table 4 Parameters considered for Headrace Pipe optimization.............................................25
Table 5 Rock Mass Classification using RMR System (Bieniawski, 1989)............................32
Table 6 Rock Mass Classification from Rock Tunneling Quality Index, Q (Barton, 1994)....33
Table 7 Maximum Length of Unsupported Span.....................................................................34
Table 8 Spacing of Rock Bolts for Different Rock Classes for HRT......................................35
Table 9 Length of Rock Bolts for Different Rock Classes for HRT........................................35
Table 10 Support System Required for Different Classes of Rock (Empirical Method).........35
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
The final year project work has been carried out as a partial requirement for Bachelor’s
degree in Engineering in Kathmandu University. The university provides the platform for the
students of Civil Engineering to engage in this project and make the most out of this project
work. This project’s main objective is to enable us to apply the theoretical knowledge learnt
form the academic courses in the real-world environment practically.
This project primarily focuses on the hydrological analysis of Naugad Khola along with the
design of the basic components of the hydropower such as weir, intake, gravel trap, trashrack,
and approach canal, settling basin, headrace pipe, headrace tunnel, surge tank, anchor block
and powerhouse.
1.2 Objectives
The main objective of the project is to carry out a detailed study of Naugad Khola
hydroelectric project. This study includes:
1. Hydrological analysis of the catchment area of the project
2. Analysis and design of hydraulic components
3. Financial analysis of the project
1.3 Scopes of the Works
The project include following scope of works:
1. Collection and review of available data, maps and information relevant to project
2. Hydrological study and analysis for the project
3. Layout, engineering design and dimensioning of the civil engineering components
4. Economic analysis of the project
1.4 Limitations
The project would focus mostly on the study of developing a hydropower and may lack
certain parameters. Limitations while conducting the project would be:
 Geological assessments could not be carried out.

 Hydrological study would be based on data provided by host company rather than
direct investigation and site measurements
 The components were designed only hydraulically and were not structurally analyzed.
1
1.5 The Project

Naugad Hydropower Project (NGHPP) is a Run of River (RoR) type project with installed
capacity of 8.80 MW that lies in Darchula District of Sudur Paschim Province of Nepal. The
project utilizes a design discharge of 5.94 m³/s from Naugad Khola. The location for weir
axis at Naugad Khola lies about 150 m below the confluence of Naugad Khola and Hopari
gad at 1243.14 m whereas, the powerhouse is proposed on the right bank of Naugad Kholaa
an elevation of 1055 m (Turbine center line). The width of the river at headworks site is
sufficient to accommodate river diversion facilities during construction.
The project consists of a broad crested weir with under sluice, gravel trap, side intake, and
approach canal, surface settling basin, headrace tunnel, surface surge tank, penstock, anchor
blocks, surface powerhouse and a tailrace canal. (Jha, 2010)
1.6 Location
The proposed Naugad Hydropower Project area lies within Naugad Rural Municipality
ward no 5 of Darchula District, Sudurpachshim Province of Nepal. All the components of
the Project lie within Naugad Rural Municipality. The locations for diversion weir axis at
Naugad River lie confluence of Naugad River and Hopari Khola. The proposed powerhouse
site is located on the Left bank of Naugad River at near to Hopari village. Elevation of the
rivers in the proposed headwork’s and powerhouse area is 1782 masl and 1588 masl,
respectively. The proposed penstock alignment follows the left bank of Naugad River.
Geographically, the proposed site of Naugad Hydropower Project lies within the longitudes
from 80⁰ 39' 25"E to 80⁰ 41' 23"E and latitudes from 29⁰ 44' 15"N to 29⁰ 46' 04"N.
2
Figure 1 Location of the Project Area
Figure 2 License boundary with gauge stations
3
1.7 Accessibility
The nearest airport to reach to the site is at Dhangadhi. Gokuleshwor, the road head point
of Dhangadi to Darchula route which is linked by a 260 km long black-topped road. From
Gokuleshwor to Sukha Khola, it is approximately 10 km long black-topped road. After
Sukha Khola to Hopari, it is approximately 15 km earthen road connected to the proposed
intake and powerhouse point. The headworks, powerhouse and other major project
components are accessible by about 25 km long existing fair-weather road.
Gokuleshwor is accessible by regular passenger-bus-service from Kathmandu, Dhangadi and

Attarya. The road has no obstruction throughout the year. However during the winter
season, if snowfall arise road will be obstructed.
4
CHAPTER 2: TOPOGRAPHICAL STUDY AND

ALTERNATIVE ANALYSIS
3.1 Topographical Study
With the help of available topographic map, the study regarding the suitable alignment of the
project site is carried out. The digital topographical map of Khalanga Bazar in the scale
1:50,000 and Simar in the scale 1:25,000 is georeferenced and merged for completeness
reliable spatial information. Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is utilized for the creation of
contour maps for the alignment purpose.
Following is the topographic map used for the study purpose:
Figure 3 General Arrangement Layout
5
In the ArcGIS software, DEM file is utilized to create a contour at an interval of 5m minor
contour and 25m of major contour. After replicating the contour of topographic map, the L-
section and X-section of the proposed alignment is produced.
3.2 Study on Possible Alternative Alignments of the Project

The proposed project is carried out to determine the optimum and ideal alignment with the
utilization of available resources. For this, two alignments are proposed from the study of
topographical maps as well as from the contours. The study is mainly focused to achieve the
economic and financial benefits from the suitable alignment. Similarly, the minimization of
risk on the environmental and social impacts is also considered under this study. The project
planning includes the selection of suitable project layout and location of the design
components. The study on the most feasible and possible alternative alignments was carried
out which is described below:
3.2.1 Alternative Alignment-I
Here, the first alignment is proposed regarding the selection of suitable tunnel alignment as
shown in the figure 4.A river crossing will transfer water into the right bank of Naugad Khola
which is then conveyed through a Headrace Tunnel (HRT) into the surge tank and further to
the powerhouse. The first proposed alternative shows the alignment of tunnel directly after
the river crossing system where the length of the tunnel is 2694 m. Similarly, in the right
bank of the alignment, the access road is seen as shown in figure. Due to the presence of
roads, the alignments passes through these road areas and therefore hampers the surrounding
location due to the construction works. Few household also gets affected while carrying out
the proposed alignment. Therefore, the intake is proposed at the left bank of Naugad Khola.
3.2.2 Alternative Alignment-II

In the second alignment, the alignment is selected considering the suitability in the
economical and feasible prospect. In this option, the tunnel alignment is constructed through
the pipe system after the river crossing where the tunnel length is 2338 m. Due to increase in
length of the headrace pipe, the length of the tunnel alignment is decreased therefore making
the overall project cost-effective.
6
Figure 4 Alternative Alignment
7
CHAPTER 3: HYDROLOGICAL STUDIES
3.1 Hydrological Analysis

This chapter contains an overview of the hydrological study of Naugad river catchment at the
proposed intake site of Naugad Hydropower Project. The main objective of the hydrological
study is to study rainfall pattern, discharging capacity of the catchment and actual runoff in
the river of the proposed intake site. (Subramanya, 2013)
In the case of Naugad HPP, there are no flow or rainfall records around the intake area.
However, the processed long-term stream flow data are available from a gauging station
established by Department of Hydrology and Meteorology (DHM) at Harsing Bagar (Station
No. 115) of Naugad River and at Karkale (Station No. 120) of Chameliya River downstream
from the proposed intake area.
Figure 5 Google Earth image showing the gauge stations
8
3.2. Catchment Characteristics

The Naugad River is a perennial river which is one of the major tributaries Chameliya River
which mixes to the Mahakali River which originates from the Api Himal of the Himalayas
and joins the Mahakali River. The drainage basin of Naugad River lies within the higher
Himalayas towards the middle mountain range of Far Western Region of Nepal. The entire
drainage of the basin lies within mountain region with fair amount of snow.
The total catchment of Naugad Khola at the proposed weir site is 135.79 km 2 and at the
proposed powerhouse site is 148.756 km2.
Figure 6 Catchment Area of proposed headworks site
3.3 Stream Flow Analysis

3.3.1 Reference Hydrology
Since there are no gauge or rainfall records around the intake area of Naugad River, long-
term discharge cannot be estimated. However, suitable method is considered to develop long-
term flow data. One of the methods is Catchment Area Correlation, used to correlate data of
9
different DHM gauging stations near to the project catchment basin.Because of unavailability
of long-term stream flow records of Naugad Khola, stream flow data at proposed site was
estimated by
 Catchment with the Naugad River at Harsing Bagar (Station No. 115)
3.3.1.1 Catchment Area Ratio with Gauging Station No. 115
If two basins are hydro-meteorologically similar, data extension may accomplished simply by
multiplying the available long-term data at the HSC with the ratio of the basin areas of the
base station (proposed site under study).
The available daily flow data series from 2000-2014 of Gauging Station No. 115 was
collected from the Department of Hydrology and Meteorology. Then, daily flow data at
proposed headworks site of Naugad Khola were generated from the catchment area ratio with
Gauging Station No. 115 by using the following equation.
A2
Q2 =Q1
A1
Where,
Q2 = Flow at headworks site of Naugad Khola
Q1 = Flow at Gauging Station No. 115
A2 = Catchment area at headworks of Naugad Khola = 135.78 km2
A1 = Catchment area of Gauging Station No. 115 = 203 km2
Using daily flow data generated at headworks site, mean monthly flows for each year were
calculated and then, calculated mean monthly flows of the corresponding year were averaged
to calculate the long-term mean monthly flow as tabulated in Table 1. The mean monthly
discharge of Naugad Khola is presented in ANNEX A.
10
Table 1 Long-term mean monthly flows estimated from the catchment area ratio with Gauging Station
No. 115
Months Discharge
Jan 4.01
Feb 3.65
April 3.26
May 3.40
June 8.05
July 34.96
Aug 60.26
Sept 36.53
Oct 13.06
Nov 7.05
Dec 5.04
Average 16.30
3.3.2 Flow Duration Curve
11
Flow duration curve is very important for the evaluation of various dependable flows in the
planning and management of the water-resources engineering projects and the characteristics
of the hydropower potential of a river. Flow duration curve is a plot of discharge against the
percentage of time the flow was equaled or exceeded.
45.00
Flow Duration curve
40.00
35.00
Flow discharge (m3/s
30.00
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.94
5.00
0.00
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Probability of exceedence %
Figure 7 Flow Duration Curve at intake site of Naugad Khola
From the above graph shown in Figure 7, Q40 discharge was calculated.
Q40= 5.94 m3/s
Detailed hydrological calculation is presented in ANNEX.
3.4 Hydrograph
A hydrograph is a graph showing the rate of flow (discharge) versus time past a specific point
in a river, or other channel or conduit carrying flow. The rate of flow is typically expressed in
cubic meters or cubic feet per second (m3/s). Hydrographs can be annual or seasonal which
can be used for calculating the surface water potential of the stream or reservoir studies or
drought studies.
12
Figure 8 Hydrograph obtained in Naugad Khola
3.5 Flood Frequency Analysis

Flood frequency analysis is a technique to predict flow values corresponding to specific
return periods or probabilities along a river. Using annual peak flow data that is available for
a number of years, flood frequency analysis is used to calculate statistical information such as
mean, standard deviation and skewness which is further used to create frequency distribution
graphs. The best frequency distribution is chosen from the existing statistical distributions
such as Gumbel, Log-normal, and Log-Pearson. The calculations of the flood frequency
distribution of the annual flow data is presented in ANNEX A.
Following methods were used to estimate the magnitude of peak flood:
i. Gumbel’s Distribution method

ii. Log Pearson Type III method
iii. Log Normal method
3.5.1 Gumbel’s Distribution method
The Gumbel method of frequency analysis is based on extreme value distribution and uses
frequency factors developed for theoretical distribution. The method utilizes general equation
given for hydrologic frequency analysis which is stated as below:
13
XT = x + K × σ (𝐧−𝟏) ……… (i)
Where, σ (𝐧−𝟏) = standard deviation of sample of size N=

√ ∑ ( X−x )2 ……… (ii)
N −1
Y T −Y N
K= …. (iii)
SN
Where yt is reduced variant for given time T, y n is reduced mean and Sn is reduced standard
deviation.
The value of Y T can be calculated as
[
Y T =− ln . ln
T
T −1 ]
…. (iii)
[
¿ , Y T = 0.834+ 2.303loglog
T
T −1 ]
…… (iv)
Gumbel's extreme value distribution

390
340
Discharge (m3/s)
290
240
190
140
90
40
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Return Period (Year)
Figure 9 Gumbel’s Distribution method
3.5.2 Log Pearson Type III method

Log-Pearson Type III distribution is a statistical technique for fitting frequency distribution
data to predict the design flood for a river at some site. Once the statistical information is
14
calculated for the river site, a frequency distribution can be constructed. The probabilities of
floods of various sizes can be extracted from the curve.
The log transferred series with base 10 are assumed to follow Log Pearson type III
distribution and then analyzed. If x is the variant of a random hydrologic series, the Z variant
is given by:
z=logx …………………………….. (i)
For this series, for any recurrence interval T
𝒁𝑻 = +𝐊𝒁𝝈………………………… (ii)
Where, KZ= a frequency factor, function of T and CS
Where, Cs is the coefficient of skewness.
T is the return period in year
𝝈z = standard deviation of z variate sample
√∑
2
𝝈z = ( Z−z ) …………………………..(iii)
N −1
Cs = coefficient of skewness of variate z
N ∑ ( Z−z )3
¿ ………………………(iv)
( N−1)( N −2)σz 3
Where z= mean of the z values
N= sample sizes= number of years of records.
15
Log Pearson Type III method

240
220
200
180
Discharge (m3/s)
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Return Period (Years)
Figure 10 Log Pearson Type III method
3.5.3 Log Normal method
Statistical distribution for which the log of the random variable is distributed normally. In this
distribution, logarithmic values of sample data are assumed to follow normal distribution.
The distribution is same as log Pearson type when CS=0.
Log Normal method

290
240
Discharge (m3/s)
190
140
90
40
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Figure 11 Log Normal method
16
The highest of four different method for a return period of 100 years is adopted as maximum
probable flood which was found using the Gumbel’s distribution method. The high flood
discharge for 100 years return period was found to be 242.74 m3/s.
3.6 Rating Curve
In hydrology, a rating curve is a graph of discharge versus stage for a given point on a stream.
With the help of boundary conditions, the rating curve is developed in HEC RAS to
determine the surface water conditions. A high flood discharge of 1243.14 m 3/s was found
for 100 years return period from the obtained curve.
3.7 Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF)
The catchment of Naugad Khola has not any glacial lake. Entire catchment of the proposed
headworks site and powerhouse site lies below elevation of 3000 masl. Therefore, Naugad
Khola is out of GLOF risk.
CHAPTER 4 METHOD0LOGY
4.1 Desk study and literature review

Preliminary research was conducted with the help of available resources due to the ongoing
Covid crisis. Relevant Books on Hydropower Development, design guidelines, text books,
manuals, drawings, previous reports etc. were referred for literature review. Proper desk
study was carried out in order to acquaint with all the necessary parameters required for the
completion of project.
4.2 Consultation
Weekly consultation with our project supervisor was done through the entire duration of the
project. Similarly, teachers and experts of Department of Civil Engineering, Kathmandu
University were also approached to assist in the project work. Seniors were consulted
frequently to solve our confusion and queries.
17
4.3 Data collection

Topographical data was obtained from DEM through USGS official website. Hydrological
data as gathered from Department of Hydrology and Meteorology, Nepal. Survey data of the
related project was collected with the permission granted by the authority
4.4 Hydrological Analysis and Hydraulic Design

With the help of commercially available software, hydrological analysis was carried out.
QGIS software was used for the generation of DEM, contour maps and further processed
these obtained data for catchment delineation. Different empirical relations was used for the
hydrological calculations. The computations of flow data was done in MS Excel where
Catchment area ratio method was used to generate average monthly discharge. Rating curve
was also utilized for the determination of highest flood discharge to determine the elevation
up to which the water level rises in the river during highest design return flood. For the
design of hydraulic components, previous reports and design guidelines were refereed. (Garg,
2020)
4.4.1 Weir
A weir is a barrier across the width of a river that alters the flow characteristics of water and
usually results in a change in the height of the river level. These are constructed to take water
to the intake especially during dry seasons.
4.4.2 Intake
The receiving a flow from river in required quantity and that directing it towards the
waterways of a hydropower system with minimal structural interventions is called intake. It is
the point from where water flows from the river stream. A water intake must be able to divert
the required amount of water into the power canal or into the penstock without producing a
negative impact on the local environment and with the minimum possible head loss.
In micro-hydropower, mainly two types of intake are used which are as follows:
 Side intake
 Bottom intake
4.4.3 Undersluice
18
The undersluice shall be provided to flush out the sediments deposited in front of the intake
and thus control the bed levels in its approach area. Hydraulic design of the undersluice shall
consist of determining its location, length, profile and opening size.
4.4.4 Stilling basin
Stilling basin may be defined as the structure in which energy dissipating action is confined.
If the phenomenon of hydraulic jump is basically used for dissipating this energy, it may be
called a hydraulic jump type stilling basin. The auxiliary devices like chute blocks, baffle
piers, sill and dented sill may be used as additional measures for controlling the jump.
4.4.5 Gravel Trap
A gravel trap shall be required to flush out bed sediments that enter the approach canal back
into the river. The necessity of a gravel trap may arise owing to faulty design of the river
intake.
4.4.6 Approach canal
Canal can be defined as the hydraulic structure or human-made channel for water conveyance
which is used to transport water from one point to another. The water needs to be diverted
from the intake to the headrace through a conveyance system. This can be either done by
constructing a tunnel or a canal. Geology, topography and hydrology play significant roles in
determining the canal alignment and its design. The principle of open channel flow is used
specially for design of canals. Open channel flow is basically the most commonly occurring
flow phenomenon. It is characterized by the existence of a free water surface.
4.4.7 Settling basin
Settling basin is the structure to remove suspended sediments from conveyance water for
power plant. Settling basin shall be designed to ensure that water entering the water
conveyance system is free of sediments that can damage penstock and turbine runners due to
allow suspended sediment particle to settle out from water body and deposit on the bottom of
basin. The main principle of design of settling basin is to reduce mean velocity of the flow,
by increasing the cross-sectional area (widening its width and lowering the floor), settling
basin can remove the suspended inorganic particles ranging from sand (2mm in diameter) to
silt (0.002 mm in diameter).
4.4.8 Headrace Pipe
19
Headrace tunnel takes water from connecting channels and convey it to the fore bay or
directly to the penstock provided with surge shaft” depending upon the project and site
requirements sometimes also known as power tunnels.
4.4.9 Surge Tank
A surge tank refers to a fluid containment device used to neutralize pressure in conveyance
and other processing systems. Surge tanks are designed to resist spikes in pressure drop
conditions, thereby enabling system stability.
4.4.10 Anchor Blocks

The Anchor blocks are the structures that take most of the forces acting on the pipe bends and
transfer it safely to the ground. Since the stability of the Anchor Blocks is a function of its
weight, the economic design comes with accurate calculation of the forces.
4.4.11 Powerhouse and Turbines

In hydropower projects, electricity produced from generators driven by turbines that convert
the potential energy of falling or fast-flowing water into mechanical energy. ... The structure
that houses the turbines and generators, and into which the pipes or penstocks feed, is called
the powerhouse.
4.5 Cost Estimation and Financial Analysis

Detailed cost estimation of the project was obtained, and financial analysis of the project was
performed using different parameters such as Benefit Cost ratio (B/C ratio), Return Period of
the project, Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Net Present values, etc.
4.6 Detailed Report Preparation and Documentation

The detailed drawings of various hydraulic components was done in AutoCAD and Civil 3D.
The detailed report was prepared in MS Word.
20
CHAPTER 5: PROJECT OPTIMIZATION
This chapter presents the optimization study carried out for the project and includes
optimization study of plant installed capacity, optimization study of water conveyance
structure (Headrace Tunnel and Penstock). For the optimization of plant installed capacity,
selected layout was considered.
5.1 Component’s Optimization

Based on the topographical and hydrological information available from different sources, the
preliminary design of the structures and optimization was done.
21
5.1.1 Headrace Tunnel Optimization
The optimal diameter of the headrace tunnel was found out considering the cost of the tunnel
of different diameters as well as corresponding revenue loss due to the head loss. The
diameter of the tunnel having total minimum combined cost was considered to be the
optimum diameter. Optimization for discharge corresponding to Q40 i.e. 5.94 m 3 /s was done
as a base case.
Thirteen different diameters were considered ranging from 1.5 m to 2.7 m with incremental
difference of 0.1 m for the optimization purpose. Rock bolting and shotcrete lining were
considered along the whole section. An inverted D type of section is assumed for excavation.
The corresponding energy loss was calculated to find the corresponding annual revenue loss.
The turbine of 83 % efficiency was taken and tariff rate as NRs 8.4/kWh and NRs 4.8/kWh
for dry and wet season energy was selected respectively. The tunnel cost includes cost for the
excavation, systematic bolting and 15 cm shotcrete. The rates of the mentioned items were
adopted from detailed cost estimate prepared by the consultancy.
The analysis based on the above-mentioned assumptions led to the optimum inner diameter
of the headrace tunnel as 2.2 m. But a headrace tunnel of size 2.5 height and 2.5 m width of
inverted D shape type is recommended to maintain semi mechanized mode of construction.
Table 2 Parameters Considered for Headrace Tunnel Optimization
22
Optimization Chart for Tunnel Diameter

Incremental Cost Energy Lost Cost Total Cost
90.00
80.00
70.00
60.00
Cost (MNRs.)
50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70
Diameter,D
Optimum Diameter 2.5 m
Gross Head 183.18 m
Headrace Tunnel Length 2338 m
Tunnel Efficiency 83 %
Tunnel Excavation rate 12500 per m3
Shotcrete Excavation rate 5397.02 per m2
Dry Season Energy Price 8.4 Rs per KWhr
Wet Season Energy Price 4.8 Rs per KWhr
Discount Rate 10.25 %
Life of Project 35 Years
Total Cost 37.42 MNRS
Figure 12 Optimization Chart for Tunnel Diameter
5.2.2 Penstock Optimization
23
Similar methodology, base prices, efficiencies adopted in tunnel optimization was adopted
for penstock optimization. Most of the parameters and assumptions considered for the HRT
optimization are relevant to the penstock optimization and are valid as well.
Sixteen different diameters of the penstock of diameter ranging from 1 to 3 m with an

increment of 0.10 m were considered for optimization. While as the civil cost for the
construction of anchor block are assumed as fixed cost hence was not included on cost of
penstock. The penstock was optimized considering cost and revenue loss for different sizes.
The cost includes cost of steel, whereas revenue loss was estimated based on design
discharge and head losses resulting from monthly discharges. The analysis based on the
mentioned assumptions resulted an optimum penstock internal diameter of 1.5 m. The
summary of the analysis is presented in ANNEX A.
Table 3 Parameters Considered for Penstock Optimization
Gross Head 183.18 m
Friction Factor 0.003
Overall Efficiency 88 %
Interest Rate 11 %
Project Life Period 32 years
Length of Penstock 325.56 m
Total Cost Rs. 22290319.58
24
Optimization Chart of penstock diameter

80000000
70000000
60000000
50000000
Cost in NRs
Minimum Cost
40000000 Cost of pipe
Present energy loss cost
30000000
20000000
10000000
0
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5
Diameter,D
Figure 13 Optimization Chart of Penstock Diameter
5.2.3 Headrace Pipe Optimization
Similar methodology, base prices, efficiencies adopted in tunnel optimization has been
adopted for HRP optimization. Most of the parameters and assumptions considered for the
HRT optimization are relevant to the penstock optimization and are valid as well.
The penstock diameter ranging from 1 to 2.5 m with an increment of 0.1 m was used. The
analysis based on the mentioned assumptions resulted an optimum headrace pipe diameter of
1.6 m.
25
Table 4 Parameters considered for Headrace Pipe optimization
Gross Head 183.18 m
Friction Factor 0.0023
Overall Efficiency 0.85
Interest Rate 11 %
Length of Pipe 658.17 m
Total Cost Rs. 3,04,06,416.92
Optimization Chart of pipe diameter

200000000
150000000
Total cost (NRs)
PV of energy loss
100000000 Increment in pipe cost
Total Cost
50000000
0
0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 2.1
Diameter (m)
Figure 14 Optimization Chart of Headrace Pipe Diameter
26
5.2 Energy Generation

Based on the available hydrological data, the dry and wet energy for all options were
calculated. The energy calculation was done considering 5% outage for dry season and 5%
outage for wet season. The summary of the energy generation along with the plant capacity is
presented in ANNEX B.
27
CHAPTER 6: HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF COMPONENTS
This chapter deals with the engineering design of the components of the project viz., civil
structures, in line with the design principle and guidelines. The design of the project
components is based on the design discharge of the river. Design basis and description of
each component are discussed in the following sections, while the details of calculations are
included in ANNEX B. (Baral, 2016)
6.1 Engineering Design of Structures
Civil structures of the project comprise weir, intake, undersluice, gravel trap, settling basin,
surge tank, penstock, powerhouse, headrace tunnel. These structures are designed on the
ground of international codes, national standards and guidelines. Brief description on the
design and the final dimensions of aforementioned components is discussed below. (•
Department of Electricity Development, “Headworks Design Guidelines for Hydropower
Projects”, Kathmandu, Nepal., 2018)
6.1.1 Weir and Undersluice
A broad-shaped weir was designed to divert the discharge of 5.94 m 3/s which was founded on
alluvial deposit. The length of over flow section of the weir is 20 m long, while the height of
the weir is 2.16m. Thus, the crest level of weir is at 1240.36 m which is assumed as normal
water level at design discharge. The maximum head over crest at design flood i.e. 242.74
m3/s (100 years flood) is 3.195 m. Therefore, the RL of bed level is 1238.2 masl.
An undersluice of B x H) is designed to remove the bed load from the intake front. A vertical
uplift gate of size 4 x 3 m (B x H) is provided to regulate the flow through undersluice. The
slope of the undersluice is maintained at for the flushing purpose. Detail drawing of
undersluice and weir is presented in Sheet Number 03 in ANNEX C. The detailed
calculations of weir and undersluice is presented in ANNEX D.
6.1.2 Intake and Trashrack
Two side intakes each of size 2.25 m x 2.0 m are provided to divert the designed discharge
into the system. The intake is capable of passing 30% extra discharge for flushing
requirements. The sill level of intake is kept 1.50 m above the invert of under-sluice to the
level of 1239.7 m to prevent entry of bed load into the system. The intake is equipped with
coarse trash rack to control entry of floating debris through the intake. The detailed drawing
and of undersluice and weir is presented in Sheet Number 04 in ANNEX C. The detailed
28
calculations of weir and undersluice is presented in ANNEX D. (IS: 9761. Hydropower

Intakes – Criteria for Hydraulic Design (First Revision). New Delhi: Bureau of Indian
Standards. , 1995)
6.1.3 Gravel Trap
The gravel trap is designed to trap sediments larger than 10 mm. The width of the gravel trap
is 2.25 m while the flushing velocity is 4.49 m/s. The length of gravel trap is 12.26 m &
depth is 2.10 m .The area of the each gravel trap basin is 27.35 m 2. Details of drawing is
presented in. Sheet No. 05 in ANNEX D. The detailed calculations of Gravel Trap presented
in ANNEX B.
6.1.5 Approach Canal
Approach canal is designed to transport design discharge of 5.94 m 3 /s from gravel trap to the
settling basin. The length & width of the approach canal is 210 m and 3.0 m respectively. The
height of the canal is 2.1 m. The velocity in the canal is 1.075 m/s & slope for canal is
1:1000. Details of drawing is presented in Sheet No 05 in ANNEX D. The detailed
calculations of Approach Canal is presented in ANNEX B.
6.1.6 Settling Basin and Head Pond
Settling basins are designed for sediment exclusion in Naugad HPP. The settling basin is
located on the left bank of the river. It consist of two surface settling basin chambers
consisting of length, breadth and depth of basin as 45 m, 5 m and 4 m respectively.
The invert of each settling basin has a slope of 1 in 50. By Camp’s Method, the settling
efficiency of the basin for particles size equal to or more than 0.2 mm is 100%. A head pond
of sufficient size of length 23 m and width 6 m is used to accommodate the required volume
of water at the outlet part of settling basin which connects to the 1.6 m diameter of headrace
pipe. The steel headrace pipe conveys water to the headrace tunnel. Detail drawing of settling
basin is presented in Sheet No. 06 in ANNEX D. The detailed calculations of settling basins
area presented in ANNEX B.
6.1.7 Headrace Pipe
Clear water from settling basin is conveyed by pipe to headrace pipe. The length of headrace
pipe is 658.17 m and diameter of pipe is 1.7 m of thickness 0.006 mm which is obtained from
the pipe optimization. (Dynamics, 2012)
6.1.8 Headrace Tunnel
29
Clear water from settling basin is conveyed by pipe to headrace tunnel. To the end of
headrace tunnel, a restricted orifice type surge tank is provided. The headrace tunnel is 2338
m long and aligned along the right bank of Naugad River. Bends in the tunnel alignment has
been avoided to minimize the head loss. An inverted D shape tunnel with diameter 2.5 m is
optimized.
The support system for tunnel has been designed according to the RMR table (After
Bieniawski, 1989) and by the tunnelling quality index Q (After Grimstad and Braton, 1993).
Details of the support design has been discussed in Geology and Geotechnical study. Detail
drawing of support systems for various classes in the headrace tunnel is presented in Sheet
No. 07 of ANNEX D. (O.Bickel, 1997)
6.1.9 Surge Tank
A surge shaft is provided at the end of headrace tunnel to reduce pressure forces during the
acceleration of the large water masses directed at powerhouse. A tank of 6 m diameter is
provided. The height of the surge tank is calculated considering the possible surges due to
various loadings such as full load rejection, full load acceptance and their worst possible
combinations. A freeboard of 2.0 m is provided at top section to restrict spilling of water
during high surge. Similarly, another freeboard (submergence depth) of 2.5 m is provided to
avoid air suction by penstock during low surges. Total height of surge tank considering down
surge, up surges and both freeboards is found to be 22.80 m. Detail drawing of surge is
presented in Sheet No.08 of ANNEX D. The detailed calculations is presented in ANNEX B.
(Codes, I. S., 1985)
6.1.10 Penstock and Anchor block
The flow form the surge tank is further conveyed to powerhouse through 325.25 m long
penstock pipe moving on the surface. The penstock is aligned as per the ground profile. From
the optimization calculations, the optimized internal diameter of penstock is 1.5 m.
The thickness of pipe is calculated assuming that 100% of the stress developed will be
resisted by the steel.Thus, the thickness of penstock pipe is 10 mm and the penstock requires
anchor block to withstand the horizontal and vertical thrust exerted in the penstock. Hence, 7
anchor blocks are provided are provided in between them. Detail calculations of penstock as
well as anchor block is presented in ANNEX B. The detailed drawing is shown in Sheet. No
10 and Sheet No. 00 and 10 of ANNEX D.
6.1.11 Powerhouse, turbine and generator
30
Surface powerhouse is located towards right bank of Naugad River. Based on the
computation of data, the total length of power house is 36.95 m. the total width and height of
the powerhouse is 15.83 m and 21.72 m respectively. Similarly, Outer diameter of generator
barrel is 8.23 m and total clearance between the units is 1.6 m. (• IS 12800 (part
2):Guidelines for Selection of Turbines, Preliminary Dimensioning and layout of Surface
Hydro-electric Power Houses, 1989)
Based on the available head, discharge and specific speed, two vertical axis of Pelton turbine
of 4.686 MW capacity is designed for 5 number of nozzles. Similarly, the rated capacity of
each generator is found to be 4,522.41 KW. The core length of stator is found to be 0.14 m
with weight of generator rotor to be 11 ton. The detailed calculation is given in ANNEX B.
The detailed drawing is shown in Sheet. No 11 of ANNEX D. (Department of Electricity
Development Powerhouse Design Guidelines for Hydropower Projects”, Kathmandu, Nepal,
2018)
31
CHAPTER 7: TUNNEL SUPPORT SYSTEM
7.1 Headrace Tunnel (HRT):

The headrace tunnel is 2338 m with an optimum diameter of 2.2 m. The shape of the
headrace tunnel is “Inverted D” and passes through the right bank of the Naugad Khola.
Based on the available information and sources, the tunnel passes through moderately strong
rock mass to weak slope zones. The rock mass encountered in the tunnel alignment is
dolomite with calcareous phylite. The geological cross-section is prepared along the headrace
tunnel with tentative support pattern. Q and RMR values are used for rock mass classification
which were provided from the different sources. (Khadka & Maskey, 2017)
7.2 Rock Mass Classification of Headrace Tunnel

The rock mass classification is carried for the head race tunnel alignment of Nauagad
Hydropower Project. Geomechanical classification using both Rock Mass Rating (RMR)
system (Bieniawski,) and Tunneling Quality (Q) (Barton) for the rock mass is carried out and
the rock mass along the tunnel is classified based on the classification shown in Table
Bieniawski (1976) published the details of a rock mass classification called the
Geomechanics Classification or the Rock Mass Rating (RMR) system. Over the years, this
system has been successively refined as more case records have been examined and the
reader should be aware that Bieniawski has made significant changes in the ratings assigned
to different parameters. The discussion which follows is based upon the 1989 version of the
classification (Bieniawski, 1989). Both this version and the 1976 version deal with estimating
the strength of rock masses. The following six parameters are used to classify a rock mass
using the RMR system.
32
i. Uniaxial compressive strength of rock material.

ii. Rock Quality Designation (RQD).
iii. Spacing of discontinuities.
iv. Condition of discontinuities.
v. Groundwater conditions.
vi. Orientation of discontinuities.
Table 5 Rock Mass Classification using RMR System (Bieniawski, 1989)
Rating 100-81 80-61 60-41 40-21 <21

Class Number I II III IV V
Description Very good rock Good rock Fair rock Poor rock Very poor rock
The Q-system is developed to classify rock masses around an underground opening, as well
as for field mapping. Based on estimation of six rock mass parameters, a Q-value for a rock
mass can be calculated. This value gives a description of the rock mass quality. The Q-value
depends on the underground opening and its geometry, and is therefore not an independent
characterization of the rock mass.
The different Q-values are related to different types of permanent support by means of a
schematic support chart. This means that by calculating the Q-value it is possible to find the
type and quantity of support that has been applied previously in rock masses of the similar
qualities. The Q-system can therefore be used as a guideline in rock support design decisions
and for documentation of rock mass quality. Different parameters such as Rock Quality
Designation (RQD), number of joint sets (Jn), roughness of the most unfavorable joint or
discontinuity (Jr), degree of alteration or filling along the weakest joint (Ja), water inflow
(Jw), stress condition given as the Stress Reduction Factor (SRF) are considered for the
computation of this value.
The above six parameters are grouped into three quotients to give the overall rock mass
quality:
33
RQD Jr Jw
Q= x x
Jn Ja SRF
Q-value Rock Mass Description Class Number

> 40 Very good rock A
10-40 Good rock B
4-10 Fair rock C
1-4 Poor rock D
0.1-1 Very poor rock E
0.01-0.1 Extremely Poor F
0.001-0.01 Exceptionally Poor G
Table 6 Rock Mass Classification from Rock Tunneling Quality Index, Q (Barton, 1994)
Based on the provided geological information and data of the tunnel alignment, the RMR
rating and Q-values ranging from 20-90 and 0.44-40 was obtained. The rock mass quality for
both RMR and Q system was then determined following these values.
7.3 Empirical Design of Tunnel Support System

Using the empirical method for tunnel support, the rock support is estimated from the
empirical chart developed by Grimstad and Barton in 2002 and shown in figure below.
34
Figure 15 Barton’s Rock Support Chart
The estimated support categories using this chart are based on the tunneling index, Q, derived
from the rock mass classification and the equivalent dimension, De of the excavation, which is
defined as:
Excavation span diameter∨height

De =
ESR
Where,
ESR is defined as the Excavation Support Ratio and is related to the use for which the
excavation is intended and the extent to which some degree of instability is acceptable. For
excavation of tunnel ESR is recommended to be 1.6 as per Table 8 of IS: 13365 (Part-2). The
chart in above figure gives the thickness of the shotcrete and the bolting pattern for various
combinations of Q and De.
As per section 3.6 of IS 13365 (Part-2):1992, the equivalent self-supporting dimension (D e)

for tunnel is given by:
De = 2.0 x Q0.4
35
The Limiting unsupported span is calculated by multiplying above value with excavation
support ratio (ESR). Hence, limiting unsupported span is given by:
Le=De x ESR
Here, ESR=1.6, which gives: Le= 1.6 De = 3.2 Q0.4
Table 7 Maximum Length of Unsupported Span
Rock Mass Class I Class II Class III Class IV Class V Class VI

Q>40 10<Q<40 4<Q<10 1<Q<4 0.1<Q<1 0.01<Q<0.1
Qadopted 40 25 7 2.5 0.55 0.055
Unsupported 14 12 7 5 2.5 1.0
Span (m)
Rock Mass Class I Class II Class III Class IV Class V Class

Designatio Q>40 10<Q<40 10<Q<40 10<Q<40 10<Q<40 VI
n
RMR 81<RMR≤100 61<RMR≤80 51<RMR≤60 41<RMR≤50 21<RMR≤40 RMR
Range Below
20
RMR 90 70 55 45 30 20
Spacing of 0 1.80 1.60 1.40 1.20 1.00
rock bolt as
per
empirical
relation
(m)
Table 8 Spacing of Rock Bolts for Different Rock Classes for HRT
Table 9 Length of Rock Bolts for Different Rock Classes for HRT
Rock Mass Class I Class II Class III Class IV Class V Class VI

Designation Q>40 10<Q<40 4<Q<10 1<Q<4 0.1<Q<1 0.01<Q<0.1
RMR 81<RMR≤100 61<RMR≤80 51<RMR≤60 41<RMR≤50 21<RMR≤40 RMR
Range Below 20
RMR 90 70 55 45 30 20
Spacing of 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4
rock bolt
As per
36
empirical
relation
(m)
Rock Mass RMR Range RMR Primary Concrete Steel Rib

Designation Adopted SFRS Lining
Class I 81<RMR≤100 90 50 mm 200 mm at invert
Q>40
Class II 61<RMR≤80 70 50 mm 200 mm at invert
10<Q<40
Class III 51<RMR≤60 55 50 mm 200 mm at invert
4<Q<10
Class IV 41<RMR≤50 45 100 mm 200 mm at invert
1<Q<4
Class V 21<RMR≤40 30 150 mm 200 mm at invert
0.1<Q<1
Class VI RMR Below 20 150 mm 200 mm ISMB 150 x 0.75
0.01<Q<0.1 20 throughout the m/cc
tunnel
Table 10 Support System Required for Different Classes of Rock (Empirical Method)
7.4 Determination of Stresses and Displacement of HRT Opening

With the help of Phase 2.0 software program, the stress and total displacement of HRT
Opening of Naugad Hydropower Project (NGPP) is examined before and after the support
installation. An inverted- D shaped tunnel, 2.5 ×2.5 m as shown in Figure was modeled in
the presence of without support and with support. The geometry of the model was taken as 3
times the equivalent tunnel diameter and restraint along x- and y- direction for the tunnel.The
model consists of 3381 six nodded triangular elements and 7075 nodes for the headrace
tunnel. The numerical results obtained from 2D analysis are shown in figure below for tunnel.
The stresses and displacements observed in crown, walls and invert of tunnel and cavern are
represented for various classes (Class I-Class VI).
37
Figure 16 Discretized finite model element 2D model
Figure 17 Stresses & Displacement around the tunnel before and after support installation (Class I )
38
Figure 18 Stresses & Displacement around the tunnel before and after support installation (Class II)
Figure 19 Stresses & Displacement around the tunnel before and after support installation (Class III)
Figure 20 Stresses & Displacement around the tunnel before and after support installation (Class IV )
39
Figure 21 Stresses & Displacement around the tunnel before and after support installation (Class V)
Figure 22 Stresses & Displacement around the tunnel before and after support installation (Class VI)
40
CHAPTER 8: ENVIRONEMENTAL STUDY
8.1 General
It is necessary to keep a record of existing environmental conditions and establish a baseline
which will be necessary later to be used as the base to measure actual impact and also to
perform monitoring works. Existing environmental condition, covering the environmental
issues identified during scoping for all environmental domains, within the spatial extent of
NHPP.
Naugad Hydropower Project (NHPP) is a RoR type scheme with the installed capacity of
8.958 MW. The available gross head for this project is 183.18 m. The estimated design
discharge is 5.94 m3 /sec at Q40 exceedance. The project is emphasizing to minimize the
environmental problems in land acquisition for access roads to surge shaft, construction
camps, borrow area and dumping of the spoil.
The current scope of the project is to conduct environmental study of the project. The
environmental study of the project should be carried out adhering the process required by the
Environmental Protection Act (EPA) 2076 and Environmental Protection Rules (EPR) 2077.
According to the statutory requirement of the Government of Nepal (GoN) defined by

Environment Protection Act (EPA) 2019 in Article 3 and Environment Protection Rules
(EPR) 2020 in Schedule 1 under Rule 3 in Water Resource and Energy Sector (2(A)) to
develop hydropower project with capacity 1 to 50 MW it is mandatory to conduct Initial
Environmental Examination (IEE) and approve the report from the concerned Provincial
ministry, here the Ministry of Physical Infrastructure and Development (MoPID), Sudur
41
Pashchim Province. This provision encourages the proponent for its roles and responsibility
to protect environment by minimizing any possible environmental adversities. Since, the
project has a capacity of 8.958 MW and the project site does not lie in and around any
protected area or inside forest area, therefore, an IEE is suffice. (Ghimire, 2021)
8.2 Objectives of IEE Study

The main objectives of the Initial Environment Examination (IEE) study of the project are:
 To identify the major environmental impacts including beneficial impacts, adverse

impacts and degree of impacts.
 To identify environmental issues with issues related to the physical, biological and
socioeconomic and cultural environments both in construction stage and operational
stage; and
 To suggest mitigation measures for the adverse impact enhancement measures for
beneficial impacts
 To inform decision makers and interested parties about the environmental implication
of the project;
 To prepare outline of an environmental management and monitoring plan.
8.3 Scopes of Work of IEE Study

The scope of services for the Initial Environmental Examination Study will include the
followings:
 Collect and review of previous study reports, manuals, standards, guidelines,

legislations, policies & plans, maps, drawings etc.
 Conduct desk study and preliminary research and analyze the available data.
 Delineate the project areas to be covered in the IEE study.
 Identify, examine and assess project implementation activities of hydropower
project
 Evaluate and analyze environmental and related legislation, environmental
standards, policies, plans and international conventions for the IEE study.
 Assess, examine and analysis consequence of the impact and issues on existing
environment.
 Analyze the significance of environmental impacts in terms of magnitude, extent
and duration.
42
 Identify and analyze the various alternatives in planning and design of the projects
from environmental considerations.
 Enable the authorities, stakeholders, local people, and affected communities to
adequately participate in discussions/ hearings that dwell on the acceptability of
the project, availability of alternatives, potential impacts and possible mitigation
measures.
 Propose specific and cost-effective mitigation measures to avoid or minimize
potential adverse environmental impacts and suggest enhancement measures to
enhance the beneficial impacts.
 Prepare an environmental management plan to implement the proposed mitigation
measures.
 Prepare environmental monitoring plans.
 Involve the local public people and Monitor water quality, air quality, and noise
levels for establishment of baseline monitoring data.
 Inform and aware decision makers and interested parties about the environmental
implication of the proposed project together with conclusion and recommendation.
 Incorporate the comments provided by the client and agencies in authority.
43
CHAPTER 9: COST ESTIMATION AND FINANCIAL

ANALYSIS
This chapter presents the project cost estimates with details of cost breakdown to be acquired
for the project. The cost estimate prepared here are the development costs for the final
project. The estimated cost of a hydropower project provides the project proponent with vital
information on the amount and schedule of funds for project development. It is also a key
input to the economic and financial analysis of the project for project evaluation. The detailed
economic analysis is presented in ANNEX C. (Ojha, 2019)
9.1 Project Cost

The total cost of the project is estimated to be NRs. 1,811,621,876 (One Billion, Eight
Hundred Eleven Million, Six Hundred Twenty One Thousand and Eight Hundred Seventy
Six Rupees) including IDC of 10%. The construction period of the project is estimated to be
3 years with the economic life of project to be 32 years. The total investment cost of the
project is shown in ANNEX C.
9.2 Expected Annual Revenue

The energy shall be sold to NEA at the rate NRs. 4.8 per kWh during the wet months and
NRs. 8.40 per kWh during the dry months. The project will generate maximum of NRs
128.0087 million revenue in dry months and NRs 135.6063 million revenue in wet months
making the total monthly revenue as NRs. 263,615,005 (Two Hundred Sixty Three Million,
Six hundred Fifteen Thousands and Five Rupees).
Overall efficiency of the plant is considered as 88% with the inclusion of turbine efficiency,
generator efficiency and transformer efficiency. The installed capacity of 8.958 MW is
44
calculated with the downstream release of 0.29 m3/s and design discharge of 5.94 m3/s. The
calculation of total energy is shown in ANNEX C.
9.3 Depreciation
Depreciation is simply an accounting tool, a way of spreading the cost of the equipment over
its usable life. In the project, the deprecation of civil components of 3 %, hydro mechanical
components of 20 %, and electro mechanical components of 20 % and transmission line of 5
% is estimated to determine the opening and closing balance for the end of the year.
9.4 Payback Period

The payback period is the time required to recover the initial cost of an investment. It is the
number of years it would take to get back the initial investment made for a project. For the
project, the payback period for 8 years is estimated under which the revenue generated was
NRs. 263,615,005 (Two Hundred Sixty Three Million, Six Hundred Fifteen Thousand and
Five Rupees) and Net cash flow was NRs. 238,123,666 (Two Hundred Thirty Eight Million,
One Hundred Twenty Three Thousand and Six Hundred Sixty Six Rupees).
9.5 Financial Indicators

The financial or economic indicator includes the financial analysis of the project. It focuses
on the source of funding for the project and annual income expenditures of the project such as
NPV, IRR and B/C ratio. In the project, the financial analysis depicts that the project is
financially sound and viable.
9.5.1 Net Present Value
Net present value (NPV) refers to the difference between the value of cash now and the value
of cash at a future date. It is a method used to determine the current value of all future cash
flows generated by a project. NPV in project management is used to determine whether the
anticipated financial gains of a project will outweigh the present-day investment meaning the
project is a worthwhile undertaking. In this project, the net present value for 32 years project
period is estimated to be NRs. 4,102,580,540 (Four Billion, One Hundred Two Million, Five
Hundred Eighty Thousand and Five Hundred Forty Rupees). A project is determined to be
financially viable if it results in positive Net Present Value (NPV). Since the NPV of the
project is positive, it is financially attractive and sound.
9.5.2 Internal Rate of Return (IRR)
45
The internal rate of return rule is a guideline for evaluating whether to proceed with a project
or investment. The IRR rule states that if the IRR on a project or investment is greater than
the minimum required rate of return, then the project or investment can be pursued. The IRR
Rule helps companies decide whether or not to proceed with a project. In the project, the IRR
of the project is estimated to be 14 % for the economic life of project for 32 years, 10.01 %
for 16 years and 8 % for 8 years. Since, the discount rate is 12 % for the project, IRR of the
project is feasible and investment worthy as it is greater than the discount rate.
9.5.3 Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR)
A benefit-cost ratio (BCR) is an indicator showing the relationship between the relative costs
and benefits of a proposed project, expressed in monetary or qualitative terms. If a project has
a BCR greater than 1.0, the project is expected to deliver a positive net present value to a firm
and its investors. For the project, the BCR ratio is found to be 2.57 for 32 years project
period, 1.33 for 16 years, and 0.67 for 8 years. Since, it is greater than 1, the project is
acceptable and viable.
46
CHAPTER 10: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The report entitled “Study of Naugad Hydropower Project (NHPP)”” is an outcome of the
study of hydrological analysis, design of hydraulic components and financial analysis of the
overall project. The conclusions as well recommendations are drawn from the project which
are briefed below.
10.1 Conclusion
 The hydropower potential of Naugad Hydropower Project project is found to be 8.958
MW with design discharge Q40 of 5.94 m3 /s and net head of 177.93 m.
 The most feasible and possible alternative alignments is adopted considering the
economic and financial benefits from the project.
 The hydraulic design of the hydropower components is performed following the
standard guidelines and practice.
 The tunnel support for different classes of rock is determined with the use of
empirical method.
 The total cost of the project is estimated as NRs 1,811,621,876 (One Billion, Eight
Eleven Million, Six Hundred Twenty-One Thousand and Eight Hundred Seventy Five
Rupees). The revenue of the project is found to be NRs. 263,615,005 (Two Sixty
Three Hundred Million, Six Hundred Fifteen Thousand and Five Rupees).
 The payback period of 8 years is estimated under which the benefit cost (B/C) ratio of
this project is found to be 2.57 for 32 years project period which is greater than 1 so,
the project is financially viable.
47
 The IRR of the project for 32 years useful life is found to be 14% which is greater
than the discount rate of 12 %. Similarly, the Net Present Value (NPV) of the project
is estimated to be NRs. 4,102,580,540 for the given project life.
10.2 Recommendations
 For the detailed design of the hydraulic components, field survey must be conducted
considering the hydrological and geological study of the project site.
 Hydraulic models of the each components should be designed and accordingly tested
for further optimization of hydropower project.
 Study of project as PROR or storage type could be conducted based on field/primary
data.
48
REFERENCES
• Department of Electricity Development, “Headworks Design Guidelines for Hydropower
Projects”, Kathmandu, Nepal. (2018).
• IS 12800 (part 2):Guidelines for Selection of Turbines, Preliminary Dimensioning and
layout of Surface Hydro-electric Power Houses. (1989).
Baral, S. (2016). Fundamentals of Hydropower Engineering (Third ed.).
Codes, I. S. (1985). Retrieved from Criteria for Hydraulic Design of Surge Tanks.
Department of Electricity Development Powerhouse Design Guidelines for Hydropower
Projects”, Kathmandu, Nepal. (2018).
Dynamics, N. (2012). Pressure Loss in Pipe.
Garg, S. (2020). Irrigation Engineering and Hydraulic Structures. Khanna Publisher.
Ghimire, H. R. (2021). Environmental compliance of hydropower projects in Nepal.
Environmental compliance of hydropower projects in Nepal. Environmental
Challenges, 5, 100307.
IS: 9761. Hydropower Intakes – Criteria for Hydraulic Design (First Revision). New Delhi:
Bureau of Indian Standards. . (1995).
Jha, R. (2010). Total Run-of-River type Hydropower Potential of Nepal. Hydro Nepal.
Journal of Water, Energy and Environment, 8-13.
Khadka, S. S., & Maskey, R. K. (2017). Stability analysis and design of rock support for
tunnel and cavern of Kathmandu University Geo-lab. Kathmandu University Journal
of Science, Engineering and Technology,, 13(1), 1-19.
O.Bickel, R. (1997). Tunnel Engineering Handbook. New Delhi: CBS Publishers .
Ojha, K. P. (2019). Thematic Review on Economic Cost,. PRAVAHA, 25(1).
Subramanya, K. (2013). Engineering Hydrology. McGraw-Hill Education (India) Private
Limited.
49
ANNEX A HYDROLOGICAL ANALYSIS
1
The total catchment of Naugad Khola at the proposed weir site is 135.79 km2 and at the proposed powerhouse site is 148.756 km2.
Figure: Catchment Characteristics
2
Average Monthly Discharge of Naugad Khola
Average Monthly Discharge of Naugad Khola

Year Months
Jan Feb Mar April May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
2000 - - - - - 18.74 42.8 51.96 30.29 12.02 6.67 4.9
2001 3.95 3.28 2.93 2.81 2.99 9.12 36.9 38.97 20.39 8.62 5.39 4.11
2002 3.47 3.22 3.32 3.24 3.65 5.72 27.84 39.96 35.68 10.44 6.72 4.76
2003 3.77 3.4 4 3.37 2.47 4.26 28.37 39.75 38.83 15.7 7.33 5.2
2004 4.01 3.33 2.79 2.51 3.47 4.86 31.4 59.48 19.02 10.61 7.23 4.89
2005 4.12 4.22 4.75 3.75 3.74 2.8 24.97 43.04 26.61 15.36 7.34 4.92
2006 3.85 3.16 2.91 2.7 2.818 3.89 26.56 39.11 37.6 12.33 6.89 5.17
2007 3.94 3.73 4.79 4.03 3.55 10.28 50.33 72.14 42.65 17.54 7.51 5.14
2008 3.75 2.97 2.49 2.65 3.68 10.28 39.37 73.69 30.23 13.02 8.25 6.57
2009 5.2 4.52 4.08 3.62 5 4.96 39.77 67.52 36.08 16.02 7.55 6.62
2010 5.52 4.92 4.56 3.93 3.82 4.125 29.02 68.94 43.95 14.55 7.36 5.21
2011 4.1 3.97 3.29 3.29 3.4 7.45 35.69 59.66 39.55 10.74 7.21 5.06
2012 4.09 3.35 3 2.65 2.82 3.14 32.03 52.58 39.89 12.73 6.89 4.67
2013 4.28 4.28 3.57 3.15 2.76 27.16 50.17 123.97 58.84 9.47 4.4 3.07
2014 2.12 2.81 4.58 3.96 3.46 3.99 29.11 73.1 48.36 16.82 9.02 5.24
Monthly Avg. 4.01 3.65 3.65 3.26 3.40 8.05 34.96 60.26 36.53 13.06 7.05 5.04
3
Fig: Hydrograph obtained from monthly flow data
4
Mean monthly discharge using CAR method

CAR * discharge* Ratio of mean annual
Years of Discharg precipitation Descending
records Months e order Rank(n) Frequency Probability
2000 -2014 Jan 4.01 3.79 57.02 1 12 8.33
2001 -2014 Feb 3.65 3.45 34.57 2 6 16.67
2002 -2014 March 3.65 3.45 33.08 12 1 100.00
2003 -2014 April 3.26 3.08 12.36 5 2.4 41.67
2004 -2014 May 3.40 3.22 7.62 11 1.09 91.74
2005 -2014 June 8.05 7.62 6.67 4 3 33.33
2006 -2014 July 34.96 33.08 4.77 3 4 25.00
2007 -2014 Aug 60.26 57.02 3.79 8 1.5 66.67
2008 -2014 Sept 36.53 34.57 3.45 9 1.33 75.19
2009 -2014 Oct 13.06 12.36 .3.45 6 2 50.00
2010 -2014 Nov 7.05 6.67 3.22 10 1.2 83.33
2011 -2014 Dec 5.04 4.77 3.08 7 1.71 58.48
5
F l o w D u ra tio n cu rv e
45.00
40.00
35.00
30.00
25.00
Flow discharge(m3/s)
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Probability of exceedence %
Fig: Flow Duration Curve from Monthly Flow Data
6
Flood Analysis
1. Flood Discharge using Gumbel's extreme value distribution
GUMBEL'S EXTREME VALUE DISTRIBUTION

S.No. Year Max discharge at headworks Discharge in descending order
1 2000 61.51 213.73

2 2001 50.92 99.83
3 2002 48.91 90.45
4 2003 57.29 83.08
5 2004 56.48 80.40
6 2005 56.58 61.51
7 2006 51.66 57.29
8 2007 83.08 56.58
9 2008 90.45 56.48
10 2009 99.83 52.86
11 2010 52.86 52.26
12 2011 45.36 51.66
13 2012 52.26 50.92
14 2013 213.73 48.91
15 2014 80.40 45.36
Average 73.42
σz 42.28
7
For Sample size(n)=15

Return Reduced Variate Mean of Reduced Standard Frequency Estimated Discharge
Period Variate Deviation Factor (m³/s)
T Yt = -(Ln(Ln(T/(T- Ȳn Sn K = (Yt-Yn)/Sn XT = ẋ +K.
1)))
2 0.366512921 0.5128 1.0206 -0.14 67.36
5 1.499939987 0.5128 1.0206 0.97 114.32
10 2.250367327 0.5128 1.0206 1.70 145.40
20 2.970195249 0.5128 1.0206 2.41 175.22
50 3.901938658 0.5128 1.0206 3.32 213.82
100 4.600149227 0.5128 1.0206 4.00 242.75
200 5.295812143 0.5128 1.0206 4.69 271.57
500 6.213607264 0.5128 1.0206 5.59 309.59
1000 6.907255071 0.5128 1.0206 6.27 338.33
8
Gumbel's extreme value distribution

390
340
290
Discharge (m3/s)
240
190
140
90
40
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Return Period (Year)
Fig: Gumbel’s extreme value distribution
9
2. Flood Discharge analysis using Log Pearson Type III method
S.No. Year Headwork site Q. (x) z = log(x) ẑ (z-ẑ)3

1 2000 61.51 1.79 1.82 -4.54902E-05
2 2001 50.92 1.71 1.82 -0.001631643
3 2002 48.91 1.69 1.82 -0.002472283
4 2003 57.29 1.76 1.82 -0.000295065
5 2004 56.48 1.75 1.82 -0.000384443
6 2005 56.58 1.75 1.82 -0.000372266
7 2006 51.66 1.71 1.82 -0.001385671
8 2007 83.08 1.92 1.82 0.000854167
9 2008 90.45 1.96 1.82 0.002289189
10 2009 99.83 2.00 1.82 0.005326913
11 2010 52.86 1.72 1.82 -0.001044545
12 2011 45.36 1.66 1.82 -0.004737538
13 2012 52.26 1.72 1.82 -0.001206103
14 2013 213.73 2.33 1.82 0.128979276
15 2014 80.40 1.91 1.82 0.000524405
0.17509
Standard Deviation σz
8
∑(z-ẑ)3 -0.0051
N 15
Coefficient of Skewness CS -0.07837
10
Frequency Factors K for Gamma and log-Pearson Type III Distributions (Haan, 1977, Table 7.7
Recurring intervals in T years
Coeffcient of skew, Cs
2 10 25 50 100 200 1000
0 0.000 1.282 1.751 2.054 2.326 2.576 3.090
-0.1 0.017 1.207 1.716 2.000 2.252 2.482 2.950
-0.078371158 0.013323097 1.223222 1.723570095 2.011679575 2.268005343 2.50233 2.98028
LOG PEARSON TYPE III METHOD

Return Period (Years) K Zt Xt = antilogZt
2 0.013323097 1.826947953 67.13483914
5 0.467035047 1.906391819 80.61053781
10 1.223221632 2.038798262 109.3448321
20 1.420336117 2.073312532 118.3893216
50 2.011679575 2.176855342 150.2641373
100 2.268005343 2.221737365 166.6239266
200 2.502331112 2.26276724 183.1332659
500 2.681562087 2.294150151 196.8566776
1000 2.980280379 2.346455002 222.05216
11
Log Pearson Type III method

240
220
200
180
Discharge (m3/s)
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Fig: Log Pearson Type III method
3. Flood Discharge analysis using Log Normal method
LOG NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

Return Period, T K Zt Xt=antilog Zt
2 0 1.824615111 66.77518664
5 0.48075 1.908793274 81.05751283
12
10 1.282 2.049090212 111.9670439

20 1.475 2.082884046 121.0274954
50 2.054 2.184265546 152.8500364
100 2.326 2.231892089 170.5658524
200 2.576 2.275666485 188.6542028
500 2.76875 2.309416544 203.8996799
1000 3.09 2.365666642 232.0954585
13
Log Normal method

290
240
Discharge (m3/s)
190
140
90
40
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Fig: Flood Discharge analysis using Log Normal method
Flood Comparison between different methods
14
Flood Comparison
400
350
300
Discharge (m3/s)
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Gumbel's Distribution Log Pearson III Log Normal Distribution
Fig: Flood Frequency Curve Comparison for different method of peak flood analysis
Power and Energy Calculation
15
Months Months River Nepali Availa Days Design Friction loss Friction loss Friction loss due Total
in Nepali in Flow Discha ble flow due to Headrace due to Penstock to Headrace Pipe Headloss
English (m3/s) rge Flow (m3/s) Tunnel (m) (m) (m) (m)
(m3/s) (m3/s)
Baisakh Jan 4.01 3.38 3.684 31 3.684 0.008 0.096 0.14 0.851
Jestha Feb 3.65 5.73 3.324 28 3.324 0.124 0.078 0.11 0.924
Ashar Mar 3.65 21.21 3.324 31 3.324 0.124 0.078 0.11 0.924
Shrawan Apr 3.26 47.20 2.934 30 2.934 0.097 0.061 0.09 0.854
Bhadra May 3.40 48.64 3.074 31 3.074 0.106 0.067 0.10 0.878
Ashoj Jun 8.05 23.79 7.724 30 7.724 0.671 0.423 0.62 2.319
Kartik Jul 34.96 9.84 34.634 31 17.280 3.358 2.116 3.10 9.178
Mangsir Aug 60.26 5.96 59.934 31 17.280 3.358 2.116 3.10 9.178
Poush Sep 36.53 4.28 36.204 30 17.280 3.358 2.116 3.10 9.178
Magh Oct 13.06 3.89 12.734 31 12.734 1.823 1.149 1.68 5.261
Falgun Nov 7.05 3.75 6.724 30 6.724 0.508 0.320 0.47 1.905
Chaitra Dec 5.04 3.53 4.714 31 4.714 0.250 0.157 0.23 1.245
Gross Net Efficie Generation Dry Season Energy Wet Season Energy Energy Rate (Rs. Amount
Head(m) Head(m) ncy Capacity (kW) (kWhr) (kWhr) Per kW) (Rs.)
16
183.18 182.329 0.88 5798.636 4098476.229 8.4 34427200

183.18 182.256 0.88 5229.910 3338774.453 8.4 28045705
183.18 182.256 0.88 5229.910 3696500.287 8.4 31050602
183.18 182.326 0.88 4618.067 3158757.563 4.8 15162036
183.18 182.302 0.88 4837.784 3419345.435 4.8 16412858
183.18 180.861 0.88 12059.738 8248860.856 4.8 39594532
183.18 174.002 0.88 25956.768 18346243.86 4.8 88061971
183.18 174.002 0.88 25956.768 18346243.86 4.8 88061971
183.18 174.002 0.88 25956.768 17754429.54 4.8 85221262
183.18 177.919 0.88 19558.616 13824030.02 4.8 66355344
183.18 181.275 0.88 10522.477 7197374.132 4.8 34547396
183.18 181.935 0.88 7403.855 5233044.937 8.4 43957577
Total 57089845
4.8
Max Power 25956.76833

Generation, kW
Total Seasonal 16366795.91 90295285.26
Energy, kWhr
Annual 16.36679591 90.29528526
Generation,
GWhr
Total Revenue, 570898454.8
NRs
Total Energy, 106662081.2
17
kWhr
Total Energy, 106.6620812
GWhr
Ratio of Wet to 5.516979974
Dry
Actual energy produced by the plant(A), 106662081.2

kWhr
Max energy produced by plant(M), kW 227381290.6
Plant factor (A/M) 0.469089083
18
ANNEX B DESIGN OF HYDRAULIC COMPONENTS
1. Design of Weir and Stilling Basin
SN Provided Data Value Unit Reference

1 RL of river bed/undersluice crest level 1238.2 m
RL of weir crest (NWL) 1240.36 m
Height of weir 2.16 m
19
RL of high flood level 1243.14 m

Flood discharge of 100 year return period (Q) 242.74 m3/s
Discharge over the weir = 80% of Q 194.192 m3/s
Permissible specific discharge (q) 12 m3/s
Length of overflow section 20.2 m
Adopted length of overflow section (L) 20 m

2 Assumption
Particle size (dmm) 26.1 mm
Lacey's silt factor(f) 8.99
Coefficient of discharge for weir (Cw) 1.7 Broad Crested Weir
Specific Gravity of Concrete 2.4

3 Hydraulic Calculation
Specific discharge (q) 9.710 m2/s
Lacey's scour depth ( R ) = 1.35*(q^2/f)^(1/3) 2.955 m
Velocity of approach (v) = q/R 3.286 m/s
Velocity head = v^2/2g 0.550 m
Head over the weir crest (Ho) = (Q/(Cw*L))^(2/3) 3.195 m

4 Determination of Reduced Level
u/s TEL = RL of weir crest + Ho 1243.870 m
RL of u/s HFL = RL of u/s TEL - v^2/2g 1243.320 m

d/s HFL = RL of HFL before weir construction 1243.14 m
d/s TEL = d/s HFL + velocity head 1243.690 m

5 Hydraulic Jump Calculation (For flood discharge)
Energy loss (HL) 0.180 m
Specific energy after the jump (Ef2) 8.02 m From empirical relation
20
Specific energy before jump (Ef1) 9.000 m

Conjugate depth before jump (y1) 2.78 m
Conjugate depth after jump (y2) 7.06 m
RL of jump formation = RL of d/s TEL - Ef2 1235.670 m
Level of d/s floor: since jump formation occurs at 1236.670 m

So RL of d/s floor level: 1235 m
6 Design of stilling basin
Froude Number (F) = q/((gy1^3)^1/2) 0.67 CL 4.2 IS 4997: 1968
As Fr < 4.5, stilling basin I is selected as per IS 4997: 1968

Length of stilling basin
For F = 2.07 From graph: Lb/y2 = 3.3
Length of basin = y2 * 3.3 23.298 m
Adopting Length of Basin (Lb) 25 m

Design of end sill (Dentated one)
Slope (1 in 2)
Height of sill = 0.2*y2 1.412 m
Width of sill = 0.15*y2 1.059 m
Length of sill = 2*height 2.824 m
Width of top crest = 0.02y2 0.141 m
Spacing = 0.15*y2 1.059 m

Let 'n' be the total number of blocks of dentated one
Crest length = (n-1)*spacing + n*width
or, 50 = (n-1)*1.059 + n*1.059
or, 50 = 1.059n - 1.059 + 1.059n
or, 50 + 1.059 = 2.118n
21
n = 24.11
No of blocks (n) 25

7 Design of cutoff wall
RL of bottom of u/s pile = RL of u/s HFL - 1.5*R 1238.89 m

Since the level of u/s pile is 1.64m below river bed level. The cutoff
wall should be provided. So, provide 4m cutoff wall
depth of u/s cutoff d1 4.00 m
Revised RL of bottom of u/s pile = RL of bed level - floor thickness
- depth 1234.20 m d1
RL of bottom of d/s pile = RL of d/s HFL - 1.5*R 1238.708 m
Depth of d/s pile = RL of d/s floor level - RL of bottom of d/s pile 3.708 m
Since the depth of d/s pile is only 1.477 m. So providing 3m deep
cutoff wall for stability purpose

Revised RL of bottom of d/s pile = RL of d/s floor level - d/s floor
thickness - depth 1231 m d2

8 Total Floor Length (Lb) and Exit Gradient (Ge)
Length of u/s glacis slope
Assuming slope of u/s face to be 1:1
So length of u/s glacis slope = 1*(RL of weir crest - RL of river bed 2.16 m

Length of d/s glacis slope
Assuming the d/s glacis slope to be 2:1
So length of d/s glacis slope = 2*(RL of weir crest - RL of d/s floor
level 14.63 m
22
Assumed width of crest level 1 m

Calculation of floor length
We know for Shingle type soil, Khosla's Safe Exit Gradient can be
adopted between 0.25 to 0.20
Let us take safe exit gradient 0.2
Maximum static head = RL of weir crest level - RL of d/s floor level 5.36 m
Total floor length calculated 60.56 m
Adopted total floor length 60.56 m

Length of u/s impervious floor = ( Length of u/s glacis slope + Length

of d/s glacis slope + crest width + d/s floor length)- Lb 19.210 m

Levels of H.G. line at key points for various flow condition

Condition of u/s water level in d/s water Head Elevation of subsoil H.G. Line above datum
flow meters level in in
meters meters
Upstream pile Line No.1 Downstream pile line no.2

φE1 φD1 φC1 φE2 φD2 φC2
23
100 73.46 61.18 38.82 26.54 0

High flood 1243.32 1243.14 0.18 0.180 0.132 0.081 0.031 0.008 0.000
1248.206 1248.158 1248.107 1248.057 1248.034 1248.026

No flow (NWL 1240.36 1235 5.36 4.071 2.991 2.491 1.580 1.080 0.000
condition)
1240.36 1239.280 1238.780 1237.869 1237.369 1236.289
Pre-jump profile calculation
High flood flow with q = 30.06 cumecs/meter
Distance from the d/s end of the crest i.e the start of glacis Glacis level in
(2:1), in metres meters Ef1 = u/s TEL - glacis y1 from plate 10.2
level i.e.1247.149 -
col.2
0 1240.36 6.789 -
2 1239.36 7.789 3.3
4 1238.36 8.789 2.9
8 1237.36 9.789 2.6
10 1236.36 10.789 2.4
10.142 (point at which jump forms for high flood flow) 1236.289 10.86 2.3
10.72 1235 12.149 2.1
Post Jump Profile Calculation (High Flood)

24
x x/y1 where y1 = 2.78m High flood flow F1 = 2.07 and F1^2 = 4.2849
y/y1 from plate 10.3(a) y (m)
5 1.80 1 1.70
10 3.60 2.1 3.57
15 5.40 2.3 3.91
20 7.19 2.45 4.17
25 8.99 2.45 4.17
30 10.79 - -
35 12.59 - -
Downstream floor thickness calculation

Uplift ordinate for (2/3) of Thickness of floor =
Distance from the Uplift ordinate Maximum of Adopted floor
NWL case (No flow ordinate of Max. ordiante /(Gc -
d/s toe of glacis (x) for HFL case column 2 and 4 thickness (m)
case) HFL case 1), Gc = 2.24
0 3.048 6.987 4.658 4.658 3.756 4
5 2.673 4.705 3.137 3.137 2.530 3
25
10 2.297 3.447 2.298 2.298 1.853 2

15 1.922 2.53 1.687 1.922 1.550 2
20 1.547 1.86 1.240 1.547 1.248 2
25 1.171 1.283 0.855 1.171 0.944 1
30 0.796 0.704 0.469 0.796 0.642 1
32 0.646 0.439 0.293 0.646 0.521 1
2. Design of Undersluice
SN Provided Data Value Unit Reference
1 RL of river bed/undersluice crest level 1238.2 m
RL of weir crest 1240.36 m
Height of weir 2.16 m
Flood discharge of 100 year return period (Q) 242.74 m^3/s
Discharge over the weir = 80% of Q 194.192 m^3/s
26
Discharge through undersluice portion = 10% of Q 48.548 m^3/s

Permissible specific discharge (q) 35 m^2/s
Clear waterway for undersluice(L) 4 m
Pier thickness 1.5 m

2 Assumption
Particle size (dmm) 7.28 mm Medium gravel
Lacey's silt factor(f) 4.75
Coefficient of discharge for weir (Cw) 1.7 Broad Crested Weir
Specific Gravity of Concrete 2.4

3 Hydraulic Calculation
Specific discharge (q) 12.137 m^2/s
Lacey's scour depth ( R ) = 1.35*(q^2/f)^(1/3) 4.242 m
Velocity of approach (v) = q/R 2.861 m/s
Velocity head = v^2/2g 0.417 m
Head over the weir crest (Ho) = (Q/(Cw*L))^(2/3) 3.708 m

4 Determination of Reduced Level
u/s TEL = RL of weir crest + Ho 1243.880 m
RL of u/s HFL = RL of u/s TEL - v^2/2g 1243.463 m
RL of HFL before weir construction 1243.14 m
d/s HFL = RL of HFL before weir construction 1243.14 m
d/s TEL = d/s HFL + velocity head 1243.557 m

5 Hydraulic Jump Calculation (For flood discharge)
Energy loss (HL) = 0.323 m
Specific energy after the jump (Ef2) 6.89 m
Specific energy before jump (Ef1) 7.213 m
Conjugate depth before jump (y1) 1.79 m
27
Conjugate depth after jump (y2) 6.862 m

RL of jump formation = RL of d/s TEL - Ef2 1236.667 m
Level of d/s floor: since jump formation occurs at 1236.667
So RL of d/s floor level: 1235 m
6 Design of stilling basin
Froude Number (F) = q/((gy1^3)^1/2) 1.62 CL 4.2 IS 4997: 1968
As Fr < 4.5, stilling basin I is selected as per IS 4997: 1968

Length of stilling basin
For F = 2.18 From graph: Lb/y2 = 3.3
Length of basin = y2 * 3.2 22.645 m
Adopting Length of Basin (Lb) 24 m

Design of end sill (Dentated one)
Slope (1 in 2)
Height of sill = 0.2*y2 1.372 m
Width of sill = 0.15*y2 1.029 m
Length of sill = 2*height 2.745 m
Width of top crest = 0.02y2 0.137 m
Spacing = 0.15*y2 1.029 m

Let 'n' be the total number of blocks of dentated one
Crest length = (n-1)*spacing + n*width
or, 50 = (n-1)*1.029 + n*1.037
or, 50 = 1.029n - 1.029 + 1.037n
or, 50 + 1.029 = 2.066n
n = 24.69
No of blocks (n) 24

28
7 Design of cutoff wall

RL of bottom of u/s pile = RL of u/s HFL - 1.5*R 1237.10 m
Depth of pile = RL of river bed - RL of bottom of u/s pile 1.10 m
Floor thickness assumed u/s 1.00 m d1
Revised RL of bottom of u/s pile = RL of bed level - floor thickness
- depth 1236.10 m
RL of bottom of d/s pile = RL of d/s HFL - 1.5*R 1236.777 m
Depth of d/s pile = RL of d/s floor level - RL of bottom of d/s pile -1.777 m
Floor thickness assumed d/s 1.5 m d2
Revised RL of bottom of d/s pile = RL of d/s floor level - d/s floor
thickness - depth 1230.5 m

8 Total Floor Length (Lb) and Exit Gradient (Ge)
Length of d/s glacis slope
Assuming the d/s glacis slope to be 3:1
So length of d/s glacis slope = 3*(RL of undersluice crest - RL of d/s
floor level 7.856 m

Calculation of floor length
We know for Shingle type soil, Khosla's Safe Exit Gradient can be
adopted between 0.25 to 0.20
Let us take safe exit gradient 0.2
Maximum static head = RL of weir crest level - RL of d/s floor level 5.36 m
Total floor length calculated 49.63 m
Adopted total floor length 49.63 m
Length of u/s impervious floor = Lb - ( Length of d/s glacis slope + d/s
floor length) 16.4 m
29

Levels of H.G. line at key points for various flow condition

u/s water d/s Head in Elevation of subsoil H.G. Line above datum
level in water meters Upstream pile Line No.1 Downstream pile line no.2
Condition of flow meters level in φE1 φD1 φC1 φE2 φD2 φC2
meters 100 79.75 69.02 30.98 20.25 0
1243.46272 1243.14 0.32272 0.323 0.257 0.178 0.055 0.011 0.000
High flood 1245.979 1245.914 1245.834 1245.711 1245.667 1245.656
1240.36 1235 5.36 7.000 5.583 3.853 1.194 0.242 0.000
No flow (NWL condition) 1240.36 1238.943 1237.213 1234.554 1233.602 1233.360
Pre-jump profile calculation

High flood flow with q = 30.460 cumecs/meter
Distance from the d/s end of the crest i.e the start of glacis (3:1), Glacis level in Ef1 = u/s TEL - glacis level i.e.
in metres meters 1247.149-col.2 y1 from plate 10.2
0 1240.36 6.789
2 1239.36 7.789 3.6
4 1238.36 8.789 3.2
6 1237.36 9.789 2.9
8 1236.36 10.789 2.8
9.743 the point at which jump occurs 1235.779 11.37 2.6
10 1235 12.149 -
30
Post Jump Profile Calculation (High Flood)
x/y1 where y1 High flood flow F1 = 2.18 and F1^2 = 4.75

x
= 2.8m
y/y1 from plate 10.3(a) y (m)
5 1.79 1.656 4.64
10 3.57 1.956 5.48
15 5.36 2.312 6.47
20 7.14 2.431 6.81
24 8.57 2.55 7.14
Downstream floor thickness calculation

Distance from the d/s toe of glacis (x) Uplift Uplift ordinate (2/3) of Maximum Thickness Adopted
ordinate for for HFL case ordinate of of column of floor = floor
NWL case HFL case 2 and 4 Max. thickness
(No flow ordiante (m)
case) /(Gc -1), Gc
= 2.24
0 3.143 5.012 3.341 3.341 2.695 4
5 2.596 3.086 2.057 2.596 2.094 3
10 2.05 2.159 1.439 2.050 1.653 2
31
15 1.504 1.082 0.721 1.504 1.213 2

20 0.957 0.655 0.437 0.957 0.772 1
24 0.412 0.256 0.171 0.412 0.332 1
3. Design of Intake
SN Description and available data
1 Available Data Value Unit Reference
River Bed Level 1238.2 m
Design Discharge (m^3/s 5.94 m^3/s
Intake discharge = 1.2* 16.73 7.128 m^3/s
2 Assumption
Velocity (v) 0.8 m/s less than 1
32
Depth of intake/orifice 2 m
Number of intake opening/orifice 2
Coefficient of discharge of orifice, C 0.7
Undersluice crest level 1238.2 m
Invert level of intake from undersluice crest level 1.5
Canal water level from upper edge of orifice 0.05
Intake loss coefficient due to sudden contraction (Ki) 0.05 fot bell mouth
Gradual contraction loss coefficient (Kt) 0.04 for 45 cone angle
Cone angle in degree 45 degree
3 Calculation
Cross section area required = Q diverted/v 8.91 m^2
Width of intake/orifice = Area required/depth 4.455 m
Width of each orifice 2.2275 m
Adopted width of each opening 2.25 m
Total width of intake 4.5 m
Total cross sectional area of intake opening 9 m^2
Velocity Through Intake = Qdiverted / actual area 0.792 m/s OK
4 Head Loss in intake

Loss Coefficient, K = Ki + Kt 0.09
Head Loss: k*(v^2/2g) 0.0029 m
5 Final dimensions
Width of each opening 2.25 m
Total no. of opening 2
Depth of opening 2 m
RL of river bed 1238.2 m
RL of intake invert level 1239.7 m
33
RL of intake sill level 1241.7 m

Top level of Intake orifice 1243.7
RL of water level in approach canal 1241.75 m

4. Design of Trashrack
SN Description
1 Assumption Value Unit Reference
Clear Spacing of vertical rack bar (a) 0.1 m
Spacing of horizontal members of trash rack(b) 0.4 m
Thickness of bar(t) 0.02 m
Adopting rectangular bar, Shape factor (K) 2.42
Angle of inclination with horizontal (α) 70 degree
34
Width of pier between two intakes 0.5 m

Width of pier on edge 0.3 m
2 Calculations
Total Submerged width of trashrack 5.6 m
Submergence depth of trash rack = depth of intake 2 m
Gross submergence area of trash rack: (14*1.5)/sin(60) 11.92 m^2
Percentage opening: (a*b)/((a+t)*(b+t)) 79.37 %
Effective opening area of trashrack (Aeff)= 79.37% of gross area 9.46 m^2
Approach velocity (Vo) = Qdiverted/Aeff 1.34 within limit Ok(0.6 to 1.5)
3 Head loss
Head loss Hr = k*(t/a)^(4/3 )* (v^2/2g)* sinα 0.0244 m
4 Final Dimension
Trashrack vertical opening 0.1 m
Trashrack horizontal opening 0.4 m
Thickness of bar 0.02 m
Angle of inclination with horizontal 70 Degree
Width of pier between intakes and at edge 0.5 m
Submergence depth of trashrack 1.5 m
Total Submergence width of trashrack 5.6 m

35
5. Design of Approach Canal
S.N Description Formula Value Unit Remarks

1 Assumption IS:10430:2000
Canal Shape: Rectangular Section Criteria for design of
Canal Type: Concrete lined concrete canal
Bed Slope,S 0.001
Critical Velocity 2.700 m/s
Limiting velocity 1.000 m/s
36
Free board 0.600 m

Manning's rugositry coefficient (n) 0.015
2 Provided data
Design Discharge(Q)=5.94 m3/s
3 Calculation:
Diverted discharge,Qd 1.2*Q 7.128 m3/s
No.of canal 1.000
Considering Most economical section

then b=2y
R=A/P=y/2
Wetted perimeter, P P=b+2y=4y
Area of channel, A A=b*y=2y^2
Qd=(1/n)*A*R^(2/3)* S^(1/2)
7.128=2.656y^(3/8)
therefore,
Depth of water in canal,y y=(7.128/2.656)^8/3=1.448,take,1.5 1.500 m
As per calculation, free board(f) f=0.3+(y/10) 0.450 m
since,(F.B>f),choose greater F.B 0.600 m
height of canal,y' 2.100 m
width of canal b=2y 3.000 m
4 Check:
Area of flow in canal 2y^2 4.500 m2
Area of canal b*y' 6.630 m2
since, (2y^2)<(b*y') Ok
Velocity in canal,V Qd/Area of flow in canal 1.075 m/s
since,V lim<V<Vcritical 1 m/s<1.075m/s<2.7m/s OK
37
6. Design of Settling Basin

SN Description value unit References
1 Assumptions
Design Discharge (Q) 5.94 m3 Baral, S. (2013)
Number of basins 2 Fundamentals of
Discharge for each basin = 1.1*10.5/2 3.267 m3 Hydropower
Engineering
Limiting diameter of the particle(d) 0.2 mm
Particle fall velocity ,w 0.02 m/s
38
Sediment concentration 5 mg/l

Time for settling/detention 6 hrs
Hazen’s coefficient 0.17
Specific gravity of particle 2.6
Kinematic viscosity 1*10^(-6) m2/s
Specific gravity of water 1
Acceleration due to gravity 9.81 m/s2
horizontal component of velocity 0.15 m/s
Factor of safety for basin area 1.5
2 Calculations
Plan area of the basin(A) 245.025 m/s
limiting flow velocity, Vc= a.d^(1/2) 0.196773982
Adopting length to breadth ratio = 8 m
Length of settling basin 44.27 m
breadth of settling basin 5.534
checking the basin width m
B =4.75*Q^0.5 11.45282034 m
adopting smaller dimension for easment of flushing
So, B = 5.534 m
Depth of settling basin H= Q/(Vc*B) 3.000145416
Also from continuity equation, H=Q/B*V 3.935670401 m
taking higher value H= 3.935 m Baral, S. (2013)
3 Checking efficiency Fundamentals of
a. Vetters equation, Hydropower
Engineering
Efficiency = 77.68 %
39
b.Camps equation
Cross sectional area(Ax) 21.78 m2
Wetted perimeter(P) 13.4 m
Hydraulic radius (R) 1.62
Shear velocity(v*) 0.0058
Ratio(w/v*) 3.44
ratio(wAs/Q) 1.5
Efficiency(from camps chart) 100%
c. Hazens equation
Taking performance coefficient as 0.17(for very good)
Efficiency 73.71%
4 Calculation of sediment volume
Sediment concentration 500.00% mg/l
Density of sediment 2600 kg/m3
flushing time 6 hrs
sediment load= Q*T*C 352836 kg
volume of sediment 271.412 m3
height of sediment 1.1 m

5 Transition profile
inlet expansion ratio 1 in 4
width of two basins,BT 12 m
canal width at inlet,Bi 2 m
length of transition 20 m

outlet expansion ratio, 1 in 2
width of two basins,BT 12 m
canal width at output,Bo 2 m
length of outlet transition 10 m
40

5 Flushing outlet of basin
Discharge of flushing outlet,Qf=10% of Q= 0.32 m3
Qf= CA√2gH where C = 0.6
head of flushing canal, H 4 m
area of flushing canal, A 0.06 m2
let’s adopt Breadth of flushing canal= 0.6 m
and height of flushing canal= 0.1 m
wetted perimeter, p 0.8 m
Hydraulic radius, R 0.075 m
take n = 0.01
Take slope of flushing canal as 1 in 50, i.e. s= 0.02
using Manning’s equation 0.01
V=1/n*(R)^2/3* 0.04^0.5 2.51 m/s

Angle of inclination of side slope = 40 degree
Width of each basin 6 m
Width of flushing canal 0.6 m
7. Design of Headpond
SN Description Value Unit Remarks
1 Provided Data
Design Discharge (Qd) 5.94 m3/s
Detention time (t) 1 min adopted
Adopted discharge (Qt)= 2* Qd 11.88 m3/s
Diameter of pipe (D) 2 m
Width of desanding basin (b) 11.45 m
41
2 Assumptions
Depth of settling zone 0.5 m
Free board 1 m
Velocity (v) 0.5 m/s Baral
3 Calculations
Volume Stored in head pond (V) = Qt*t*60 712.8 m3
Vp = Qt/A 3.783 m/s
Submergence head (hs) = (1.5*Vp^2)/2g and 1.094374 m Baral
0.5Vp*(Dp)^1/2 whichever is greater
2.675296 m
Adopted submergence depth (hs) 2 m
Effective depth of head pond (he) = Pipe diameter 4 m
+ Submergence head
Total depth (h)= effective depth + depth of settling 5.5 m
zone + free board
Width of head pond (b) = Qt / (v*he) 5.940 m
Adopted width of head pond = width of desanding 6 m
basin
Length = Volume/(Width * total height) 21.6
Adopt length of head pond (L) 23 m
Check the length of spillway in head pond
Limiting head over crest 0.6 m

Adopt sharp crested weir , C 1.7
Length of spillway = Qf/(C*H^3/2) 15.03629
Therefore, Length of spillway 16 m Less than headpond , Ok
42
Checking the limiting velocity in head pond
velocity = Q/(B*h) 0.495 m/s which is greater than limiting

velocity i.e. 0.2m/s, Ok
8. Design of Headrace Pipe

S.No Descriptions Symbol
Value Unit
1 Design Discharge Qd
5.94 M3/s
2 Galvanized
Pipe Material commercial
steel
3 2E+11 N/mm2
Young's Modulus of elasticity E
2*105 N/mm2
43
4
Coefficient of linear expansion α
0.000012 /°C
5 Density of steel ρs
7850 kg/m3
6 Density of water ρw
1000 kg/m3
7 Suction Head Ho
1.99
8
Ultimate tensile strength S
410 N/mm2
9
Yield Strength Y
250 N/mm2
10
Allowable stress
11
2/3 of yield strength
167 N/mm2
12
1/3 of ultimate strength
137 N/mm2
13
Design Stress σ
13700000 kg/m2
14 Factor of safety FoS
3
15 Project life
30 years
44
16
Cost of Pipe Per KG
145 NRs
17 Joint efficiency ηj
0.9
18
Bulk modulus of water K 2000000000
N/m^2
19
Wave velocity = ((K/ρ)/(1+(DK/tE)))^1/2 C
Water Hammer and Thickness Calculation
Total Head (H)= 23.06 m
Internal Pressure (Pi) = 23060 kg/m^2
Length (L) = 658.172 m
Diam 0.6 0.8 0. 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 2.1
eter 9
45
(D) m
Cross 0.28 0.50 0. 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 2.0 2.2 2.5 2.8 3.1 3.4
sectio 64 9 5 3 3 4 7 1 7 4 4 4 6
n
area
(A)
m/s^2
Veloc 21.01 11.82 9. 7.5 6.2 5.2 4.4 3.8 3.3 2.9 2.6 2.3 2.1 1.8 1.7
ity 34 6 5 5 8 6 6 5 2 3 0 9 1
(V0)
Hand 0.002 0.002 0. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
ling 5 00 03 03 03 03 04 04 04 04 05 05 05 05
and 27 25 5 75 25 5 75 25 5 75
5
trans
porta
tion
thick
ness
(tmin
)m
Wall 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
thick 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03
ness
of
pipe
(t)
(meth
od 1)
46
m
Wall 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
thick 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02
ness
of
pipe
(t),m
(meth
od 2)
Adop 0.006 0. 0. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
ted 0 00 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06
thick 0 6
6
ness,
m
Wave 1002. 929.1 89 87 84 82 80 78 76 74 72 71 70 68 67
veloci 33 0 8. 0.2 4.8 1.5 0.1 0.4 2.1 5.1 9.3 4.4 0.5 7.4 5.0
ty (a) 17 2 0 5 9 7 9 9 2 7 4 2 6
m/s
Critic 1. 1. 1. 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.9
al 3 4 47 1 6 0 5 9 3 7 0 4 8 1 5
time 1 2
(Tc)
sec =
2L/a
Outer 0. 0. 0. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1
Diam 6 8 91 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
ter ,m 1 1
Aver 0. 0. 0. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1
47
age 6 8 90 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Diam 0 0
eter,
m
Weig 5 7 89 99 10 11 12 13 14 16 17 18 19 20 21
ht of 9 9 18 21 92 93 94 96 98 00 02 05 08 11 15
steel, 2 1 3. 1.9 71. 61. 81. 31. 13. 24. 66. 38. 41. 74. 38.
7 8 04 68 32 11 33 99 07 59 54 92 74 99 67
kg
8. 4. 36 74 6 56 73 12 74 57 63 9 4 12 06
8 5
6 5
2 1
Cost 8 1 12 14 15 17 18 20 21 23 24 26 27 29 30
of 5 1 93 38 84 30 77 24 72 20 68 17 67 17 67
Pipe 9 4 15 57 43 73 47 66 28 35 86 81 20 03 31
5 8 41 35. 42. 61. 93. 38. 96. 66. 49. 44. 52. 73. 07.
NRs
4 1 .3 47 28 76 91 73 22 38 21 71 88 72 24
3 7
4. 6
9 0
Diameter Optimization Table

Data Provided Value Unit
Design Discharge 5.94 M3/s
Length of Pipe 658.17 m
Overall Efficiency of system 85 %
48
Interest Rate 11%

Capital Recovery Factor 0.122
Dry season energy rate 8 Rs per KWhr
Wet season energy rate 4 Rs per KWhr
Dry season outage 5%
Wet season outage 5%
Environmental flow 10%
Galvanized
Commercial
Pipe material steel
Roughness coefficient of commercial steel 0.15 mm
Head Loss Calculation

Diame
ter ,D 0.6 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 2.1
(m)
Cross
Sectio
0.283 0.503 0.636 0.785 0.950 1.131 1.327 1.539 1.767 2.011 2.270 2.545 2.835 3.142 3.464
n Area
(m2)
49
Wette
d
1.885 2.513 2.827 3.142 3.456 3.770 4.084 4.398 4.712 5.027 5.341 5.655 5.969 6.283 6.597
Perime
ter(m)
Velovit
y, v 21.008 11.817 9.337 7.563 6.250 5.252 4.475 3.859 3.361 2.954 2.617 2.334 2.095 1.891 1.715
(m/s)
Reynol
ds 12579 94349 83866 75479 68617 62899 58061 53913 50319 4717 44399 41933 39726 37739 35942
numbe 911.67 33.752 07.78 47.002 70.002 55.835 13.078 90.716 64.668 466.9 68.82 03.89 03.685 73.501 60.477
r, Re
0.0002 0.0001 0.000 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
e/D
5 9 17 5 4 3 2 1 0 09 09 08 8 8 7
f
(From
Moody 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002
0.002 0.002 0.0021 0.0022 0.0022 0.0022 0.0023 0.0023 0.0023 0.0024 0.0024
's 1 3 3 3
Diagra
m)
Head 49.352 11.711 6.824 4.030 2.621 1.696 1.137 0.821 0.581 0.421 0.311 0.234 0.178 0.144 0.113
loss, hf
50
(m)
Gross
head, 126 126 126 126 126 126 126 126 126 126 126 126 126 126 126
(m)
hf % 39.168 9.295 5.416 3.198 2.080 1.346 0.902 0.651 0.461 0.334 0.247 0.185 0.141 0.114 0.089
Optimization of Cost
Diame
ter 0.6 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2
(m)
Dry 6766 16056 93558 55245 35936 23258 15587 11250 79679. 5770 42614 32021. 24436. 19730. 15459.
season 254.3 63.864 0.842 1.132 3.387 9.992 6.445 2.515 411 3.545 .540 368 241 398 283
energ
51
y loss 05
Wet
9420
season 22354 13025 76913 50031 32381 21701 15662 11093 8033 59329 44580. 34020. 27469. 21522.
156.5
energ 47.295 40.158 6.938 5.122 7.880 5.270 8.948 1.763 6.387 .079 988 775 176 818
02
y
Dry
season
5413
energ 12845 74846 44196 28749 18607 12470 90002 63743 4616 34091 25617 19548 15784 12367
0034.
y loss 310.91 46.738 09.052 07.095 19.934 11.559 0.1181 5.2856 28.36 6.318 0.9449 9.9299 3.1804 4.2621
44
cost
(Rs)
Wet
season
3768
energ 89417 52101 30765 20012 12952 86806 62651 44372 3213 23731 17832 13608 10987 86091.
0626.
y loss 89.18 60.633 47.752 60.487 71.519 1.0802 5.7933 7.0519 45.55 6.314 3.9503 3.1009 6.7054 2738
01
cost
(Rs)
Total
energ 9181
21787 12694 74961 48761 31559 21150 15265 10811 7829 57823 43449 33157 26771 20976
y loss 0660.
100.09 807.37 56.805 67.582 91.453 72.639 35.911 62.338 73.91 2.632 4.8952 3.0308 9.8859 5.5359
cost 45
(NRs)
Prese 7981 18941 11036 65170 42392 27437 18388 13271 93994 6807 50270 37774 28826 23275 18236
52
nt
value
of 8283
2528.9 6022 032.36 389.51 535.06 002.8 386.57 01.1 012.8 34.56 08.493 27.153 01.156 58.058
energ 8
y loss
(NRs)
Cost
1761 3158
of 18564 19517 20474 21618 23461 25378 27371 29438 33799 36093 38461 40905 43424
2847 1835
Pipe 0592 8356.5 1764.1 9376.5 1410.1 5325.1 1121.5 8799.3 9799 3121.4 8325 5409.9 4376.3
0.4 9
(NRs)
Unifo
rm
annua 2150
22666 23831 24998 26396 28646 30987 33420 35944 3856 41269 44069 46961 49945 53021
l cost 5286.
716.28 277.33 969.4 722.87 053.17 188.19 127.93 872.4 1422 775.5 934.13 897.48 665.55 238.35
of 24
pipe
(NRs)
Incre
ment
of 11614 23259 34936 48914 71407 94819 11914 14439 1705 19764 22564 25456 28440 31515
0
pipe 30.038 91.092 83.162 36.627 66.926 01.948 841.69 586.16 6135 489.3 647.88 611.24 379.31 952.11
cost
(NRs)
53
7981
Total 19057 11269 68663 47283 34578 27869 25186 23838 2386 24791 26342 28339 30767 33339
8283
Cost 3959 2013.1 715.52 826.14 301.98 904.75 228.26 987.26 3148 523.8 056.38 238.39 880.47 610.17
8
54
Optimization Chart of Headrace Pipe diameter

200000000
150000000
Total cost (NRs)
100000000
PV of energy loss
Increment in pipe cost
Total Cost
50000000
0
0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 2.1
Diameter (m)
n
55
9. Design of Penstock
S.No Descriptions Symbol Value Unit
1 Design Discharge Qd 5.94 m^3/s
Galvanized
Pipe Material
2 commercial steel
3 2E+11 N/m^2
Young's Modulus of elasticity E
4 2*10^5 N/mm^2
5 Coefficient of linear expansion α 0.000012 /°C
6 Density of steel ρs 7850 kg/m^3
7 Density of water ρw 1000 kg/m^3
1 Numbers of pipe 1
8 Ultimate tensile strength S 410 N/mm^2
9 Yield Strength Y 250 N/mm^2
10 Corrosion allowance є 0.002 m
11 2/3 of yield strength 167 N/mm^2
12 1/3 of ultimate strength 137 N/mm^2
13 Design stress σ 13700000 kg/m^2
14 Factor of safety FoS 3
15 Project life 32 years
16 Cost of Pipe Per KG 145 NRs
56
17 Joint efficiency ηj 0.9

18 Bulk modulus of water K 2000000000 N/m^2
Wave velocity =
C
19 ((K/ρ)/(1+(DK/tE)))^1/2
57
Water Hammer and Thickness Calculation

Section 1
Static head= 14.52m
Surge Head (30% of static head)= 4.356 m
Total Head (H) 18.876 m
Internal Pressure (Pi) = 18876 kg/m2
Length (L) = 27.53 m
Handling
Wall Wall
Cross and
thicknes thicknes Adopte Critical Averag
Diame sectio transporta Wave Outer Weight
Velocity s of pipe s of pipe d time e Cost of
ter (D) n area tion velocity Diame of steel, Pipe
(V0) (t) (t) Thickn (Tc) sec Diamet
m (A) thickness (a) m/s ter ,m kg NRs
(method (method ess (m) = 2L/a er, m
m/s^2 (tmin)
1) m 1) m
mm
0.7853 7.563042 0.002266 0.000765 679.3662 0.081046 2039.848
1 295778.0
98 896 0.003 154 45 0.003 205 126 1.003 1.0015 668 568
0.9503 6.250448 0.002342 0.000841 0.0032 675.3816 0.081524 1.1032 1.1016 2430.764
1.1 352460.8
32 674 0.00325 769 995 5 335 278 5 25 499 524
1.1309 5.252113 0.002419 0.000918 672.0215 0.081931 1.2017 2855.669
1.2 414072.0
73 122 0.0035 385 54 0.0035 05 902 1.2035 5 322 517
1.3 1.3273 4.475173 0.00375 0.002496 0.000995 0.0037 669.1496 0.082283 1.3037 1.3018 3314.563 480611.6
58
23 311 085 5 051 543 5 75 136 547

1.5393 3.858695 0.002572 0.001071 666.6666 3807.445
1.4 552079.6
8 355 0.004 615 63 0.004 667 0.08259 1.404 1.402 941 614
1.7671 3.361352 0.002649 0.001148 0.0042 664.4986 0.082859 1.5042 1.5021 4334.317
1.5 628476.0
46 398 0.00425 231 175 5 392 462 5 25 737 718
2.0106 2.954313 0.002725 0.001224 662.5891 0.083098 1.6022 4895.178
1.6 709800.8
19 631 0.0045 846 72 0.0045 564 251 1.6045 5 524 86
2.2698 2.616969 0.002802 0.001301 0.0047 660.8945 0.083311 1.7047 1.7023 5490.028
1.7 796054.1
01 86 0.00475 462 265 5 523 324 5 75 302 038
2.5446 2.334272 0.002879 0.001377 659.3804 0.083502 6118.867
1.8 887235.7
9 499 0.005 077 81 0.005 734 624 1.805 1.8025 072 254
2.8352 2.095025 0.002955 0.001454 0.0052 658.0195 0.083675 1.9052 1.9026 6781.694
1.9 983345.7
87 733 0.00525 692 355 5 215 329 5 25 833 507
3.1415 1.890760 0.003032 0.001530 656.7895 0.083832 2.0027 7478.511
2 1084384.
93 724 0.0055 308 9 0.0055 774 025 2.0055 5 585 18
3.4636 1.714975 0.003108 0.001607 0.0057 655.6725 0.083974 2.1057 2.1028 8209.317
2.1 1190351.
06 713 0.00575 923 445 5 875 839 5 75 328 013
3.8013 1.562612 0.003185 0.001683 654.6536 0.084105 8974.112
2.2 1301246.
27 169 0.006 539 99 0.006 707 539 2.206 2.203 062 249
4.1547 1.429686 0.003262 0.001760 0.0062 653.7204 0.084225 2.3062 2.3031 9772.895
2.3 1417069.
56 748 0.00625 154 535 5 505 604 5 25 787 889
59
4.5238 1.313028 0.003338 0.001837 652.8625 0.084336 2.4032 10605.66

2.4 1537821.
93 281 0.0065 769 08 0.0065 492 282 2.4065 5 85 933
4.9087 1.210086 0.003415 0.001913 0.0067 652.0712 0.084438 2.5067 2.5033 11472.43
2.5 1663502.
39 863 0.00675 385 625 5 004 632 5 75 021 381
Section 2
60
Static head 41.27 m

Surge Head ( 30% of static head)= 12.381m
Total Head (H) = 53.651m
Length (L)= 40m
Handling
Wall Wall
Cross and
thicknes thicknes Adopte Critical Averag
Diame sectio transporta Wave Outer Weight Cost of
Velocity s of pipe s of pipe d time e
ter (D) n area tion velocity Diame of steel, Pipe
(V0) (t) (t) Thickn (Tc) sec Diamet
m (A) thickness (a) m/s ter ,m kg NRs
(method (method ess (m) = 2L/a er, m
m/s^2 (tmin)
1) m 1) m
mm
0.7853 7.563042 0.003681 0.002175 679.3662 0.117756 2963.819 429753.8
1
98 896 0.003 323 629 0.003 205 812 1.003 1.0015 35 058
0.9503 6.250448 0.003899 0.002393 0.0032 675.3816 0.118451 1.1032 1.1016 3531.804 512111.6
1.1
32 674 0.00325 456 191 5 335 548 5 25 576 635
1.1309 5.252113 0.004117 0.002610 672.0215 0.119043 1.2017 4149.174 601630.2
1.2
73 122 0.0035 588 754 0.0035 05 809 1.2035 5 46 966
1.3273 4.475173 0.004335 0.002828 0.0037 669.1496 0.119554 1.3037 1.3018 4815.929 698309.7
1.3
23 311 0.00375 72 317 5 051 729 5 75 002 053
1.4 1.5393 3.858695 0.004 0.004553 0.003045 0.004 666.6666 0.12 1.404 1.402 5532.068 802149.8
61
8 355 853 88 667 203 894

1.7671 3.361352 0.004771 0.003263 0.0042 664.4986 0.120391 1.5042 1.5021 6297.592 913150.8
1.5
46 398 0.00425 985 443 5 392 518 5 25 062 49
2.0106 2.954313 0.004990 0.003481 662.5891 0.120738 1.6022 7112.500 1031312.
1.6
19 631 0.0045 118 006 0.0045 564 469 1.6045 5 58 584
2.2698 2.616969 0.005208 0.003698 0.0047 660.8945 0.121048 1.7047 1.7023 7976.793 1156635.
1.7
01 86 0.00475 25 569 5 523 055 5 75 756 095
2.5446 2.334272 0.005426 0.003916 659.3804 0.121326 8890.471 1289118.
1.8
9 499 0.005 382 131 0.005 734 007 1.805 1.8025 59 381
2.8352 2.095025 0.005644 0.004133 0.0052 658.0195 0.121576 1.9052 1.9026 9853.534 1428762.
1.9
87 733 0.00525 515 694 5 215 94 5 25 083 442
3.1415 1.890760 0.005862 0.004351 656.7895 0.121804 2.0027 10865.98 1575567.
2
93 724 0.0055 647 257 0.0055 774 613 2.0055 5 123 279
3.4636 1.714975 0.006080 0.004568 0.0057 655.6725 0.122012 2.1057 2.1028 11927.81 1729532.
2.1
06 713 0.00575 779 82 5 875 116 5 75 304 891
3.8013 1.562612 0.006298 0.004786 654.6536 0.122202 13039.02 1890659.
2.2
27 169 0.006 912 383 0.006 707 019 2.206 2.203 951 279
4.1547 1.429686 0.006517 0.005003 0.0062 653.7204 0.122376 2.3062 2.3031 14199.63 2058946.
2.3
56 748 0.00625 044 946 5 505 468 5 25 064 443
4.5238 1.313028 0.006735 0.005221 652.8625 0.122537 2.4032 15409.61 2234394.
2.4
93 281 0.0065 176 509 0.0065 492 278 2.4065 5 642 381
62
4.9087 1.210086 0.006953 0.005439 0.0067 652.0712 0.122685 2.5067 2.5033 16668.98 2417003.
2.5
39 863 0.00675 309 071 5 004 989 5 75 687 096
Section 3
Static head= 93.1m
Surge Head (30% of static head = 27.93 m
Length (L)= 60 m
Handling
Cross Wall Wall
and
sectio thicknes thicknes Critical
Diame transport Adopted Wave Outer Average Weight Cost of
n Velocity s of pipe s of pipe time
ter ation Thickne velocity Diamete Diamete of steel, Pipe
area (V0) (t) (t) (Tc) sec
(D) m thickness ss (m) (a) m/s r ,m r, m kg NRs
(A) (metho (metho = 2L/a
(tmin)
m/s^2 d 1) m d 1) m
mm
0.785 7.56304 0.00643 0.00490 0.00490 811.439 0.14788 1.00490 1.00245 7280.06 1055609
1
398 2896 0.003 7025 7948 7948 3085 5367 7948 3974 3756 .245
0.950 6.25044 0.00693 0.00539 0.00539 811.439 0.14788 1.10539 1.10269 8808.87 1277287
1.1
332 8674 0.00325 0727 8743 8743 3085 5367 8743 9371 7145 .186
1.2 1.130 5.25211 0.0035 0.00742 0.00588 0.00588 811.439 0.14788 1.20588 1.20294 10483.2 1520077
63
973 3122 443 9538 9538 3085 5367 9538 4769 9181 .312
1.327 4.47517 0.00791 0.00638 0.00638 811.439 0.14788 1.30638 1.30319 12303.3 1783979
1.3
323 3311 0.00375 8132 0333 0333 3085 5367 0333 0166 0775 .623
1.539 3.85869 0.00841 0.00687 0.00687 811.439 0.14788 1.40687 1.40343 14268.9 2068994
1.4
38 5355 0.004 1835 1127 1127 3085 5367 1127 5564 2496 .119
1.767 3.36135 0.00890 0.00736 0.00736 811.439 0.14788 1.50736 1.50368 16380.1 2375120
1.5
146 2398 0.00425 5537 1922 1922 3085 5367 1922 0961 4345 .8
2.010 2.95431 0.00939 0.00785 0.00785 811.439 0.14788 1.60785 1.60392 18636.9 2702359
1.6
619 3631 0.0045 924 2717 2717 3085 5367 2717 6358 6322 .666
2.269 2.61696 0.00989 0.00834 0.00834 811.439 0.14788 1.70834 1.70417 21039.3 3050710
1.7
801 986 0.00475 2942 3512 3512 3085 5367 3512 1756 8425 .717
2.544 2.33427 0.01038 0.00883 0.00883 811.439 0.14788 1.80883 1.80441 23587.4 3420173
1.8
69 2499 0.005 6645 4307 4307 3085 5367 4307 7153 0657 .953
2.835 2.09502 0.01088 0.00932 0.00932 811.439 0.14788 1.90932 1.90466 26281.0 3810749
1.9
287 5733 0.00525 0347 5101 5101 3085 5367 5101 2551 3016 .373
3.141 1.89076 0.01137 0.00981 0.00981 811.439 0.14788 2.00981 2.00490 29120.2 4222436
2
593 0724 0.0055 405 5896 5896 3085 5367 5896 7948 5502 .979
3.463 1.71497 0.01186 0.01030 0.01030 811.439 0.14788 2.11030 2.10515 32105.0 4655236
2.1
606 5713 0.00575 7752 6691 6691 3085 5367 6691 3345 8116 .769
3.801 1.56261 0.01236 0.01079 0.01079 811.439 0.14788 2.21079 2.20539 35235.5 5109148
2.2
327 2169 0.006 1455 7486 7486 3085 5367 7486 8743 0858 .744
64
4.154 1.42968 0.01285 0.01128 0.01128 811.439 0.14788 2.31128 2.30564 38511.5 5584172
2.3
756 6748 0.00625 5157 8281 8281 3085 5367 8281 414 3727 .904
4.523 1.31302 0.01334 0.01177 0.01177 811.439 0.14788 2.41177 2.40588 41933.1 6080309
2.4
893 8281 0.0065 886 9075 9075 3085 5367 9075 9538 6723 .249
4.908 1.21008 0.01384 0.01226 0.01226 811.439 0.14788 2.51226 2.50613 45500.3 6597557
2.5
739 6863 0.00675 2562 987 987 3085 5367 987 4935 9848 .779
Section 4
Static head= 149.36 m
65
Total Head (H) = 194.168 m

Length (L)= 60 m
Handling
Cross Wall Wall
and
(D) m thickness ss (m) (a) m/s r ,m r ,m kg NRs
(tmin)
m/s^2 d 1) m d 1) m
mm
0.785 7.56304 0.00944 0.00787 0.00787 938.639 0.12784 1.00787 1.00393 11696.6 1696015
1
398 2896 0.003 891 3804 3804 4387 4617 3804 6902 5776 .375
0.950 6.25044 0.01024 0.00866 0.00866 938.639 0.12784 1.10866 1.10433 14152.9 2052178
1.1
332 8674 0.00325 38 1184 1184 4387 4617 1184 0592 5589 .604
1.130 5.25211 0.01103 0.00944 0.00944 938.639 0.12784 1.20944 1.20472 16843.1 2442262
1.2
973 3122 0.0035 8691 8564 8564 4387 4617 8564 4282 8717 .14
1.327 4.47517 0.01183 0.01023 0.01023 938.639 0.12784 1.31023 1.30511 19767.3 2866265
1.3
323 3311 0.00375 3582 5945 5945 4387 4617 5945 7972 5161 .984
1.539 3.85869 0.01262 0.01102 0.01102 938.639 0.12784 1.41102 1.40551 22925.4 3324190
1.4
38 5355 0.004 8473 3325 3325 4387 4617 3325 1663 4921 .135
1.5 1.767 3.36135 0.00425 0.01342 0.01181 0.01181 938.639 0.12784 1.51181 1.50590 26317.4 3816034
66
146 2398 3364 0706 0706 4387 4617 0706 5353 7996 .594
2.010 2.95431 0.01421 0.01259 0.01259 938.639 0.12784 1.61259 1.60629 29943.4 4341799
1.6
619 3631 0.0045 8255 8086 8086 4387 4617 8086 9043 4386 .36
2.269 2.61696 0.01501 0.01338 0.01338 938.639 0.12784 1.71338 1.70669 33803.3 4901484
1.7
801 986 0.00475 3146 5466 5466 4387 4617 5466 2733 4092 .434
2.544 2.33427 0.01580 0.01417 0.01417 938.639 0.12784 1.81417 1.80708 37897.1 5495089
1.8
69 2499 0.005 8037 2847 2847 4387 4617 2847 6423 7114 .815
2.835 2.09502 0.01660 0.01496 0.01496 938.639 0.12784 1.91496 1.90748 42224.9 6122615
1.9
287 5733 0.00525 2928 0227 0227 4387 4617 0227 0114 3451 .504
3.141 1.89076 0.01739 0.01574 0.01574 938.639 0.12784 2.01574 2.00787 46786.6 6784061
2
593 0724 0.0055 7819 7607 7607 4387 4617 7607 3804 3104 .5
3.463 1.71497 0.01819 0.01653 0.01653 938.639 0.12784 2.11653 2.10826 51582.2 7479427
2.1
606 5713 0.00575 271 4988 4988 4387 4617 4988 7494 6072 .804
3.801 1.56261 0.01898 0.01732 0.01732 938.639 0.12784 2.21732 2.20866 56611.8 8208714
2.2
327 2169 0.006 7601 2368 2368 4387 4617 2368 1184 2355 .415
4.154 1.42968 0.01978 0.01810 0.01810 938.639 0.12784 2.31810 2.30905 61875.3 8971921
2.3
756 6748 0.00625 2492 9749 9749 4387 4617 9749 4874 1955 .334
4.523 1.31302 0.02057 0.01889 0.01889 938.639 0.12784 2.41889 2.40944 67372.7 9769048
2.4
893 8281 0.0065 7383 7129 7129 4387 4617 7129 8564 4869 .561
2.5 4.908 1.21008 0.00675 0.02137 0.01968 0.01968 938.639 0.12784 2.51968 2.50984 73104.1 1060009
739 6863 2274 4509 4509 4387 4617 4509 2255 11 6.09
67
Section 5
Surge Head = 30% of static head= 53.412 m
Length (L)= 40 m
68
Handling
Cross Wall Wall
and
(D) m thickness ss (m) (a) m/s r ,m r kg NRs
(tmin)
m/s^2 d 1) m d 1) m
mm
0.785 7.56304 0.01099 0.00938 0.00938 984.028 0.08129 1.00938 1.00469 9302.09 1348803
1
398 2896 0.003 264 5726 5726 9988 8417 5726 2863 3566 .567
0.950 6.25044 0.01194 0.01032 0.01032 984.028 0.08129 1.11032 1.10516 11255.5 1632052
1.1
332 8674 0.00325 1904 4298 4298 9988 8417 4298 2149 3321 .316
1.130 5.25211 0.01289 0.01126 0.01126 984.028 0.08129 1.21126 1.20563 13395.0 1942277
1.2
973 3122 0.0035 1168 2871 2871 9988 8417 2871 1436 1473 .137
1.327 4.47517 0.01384 0.01220 0.01220 984.028 0.08129 1.31220 1.30610 15720.5 2279478
1.3
323 3311 0.00375 0432 1444 1444 9988 8417 1444 0722 3813 .028
1.539 3.85869 0.01478 0.01314 0.01314 984.028 0.08129 1.41314 1.40657 18232.1 2643654
1.4
38 5355 0.004 9696 0016 0016 9988 8417 0016 0008 0339 .991
1.767 3.36135 0.01573 0.01407 0.01407 984.028 0.08129 1.51407 1.50703 20929.7 3034808
1.5
146 2398 0.00425 896 8589 8589 9988 8417 8589 9294 1052 .026
2.010 2.95431 0.01668 0.01501 0.01501 984.028 0.08129 1.61501 1.60750 23813.3 3452937
1.6
619 3631 0.0045 8224 7161 7161 9988 8417 7161 8581 5953 .132
69
2.269 2.61696 0.01763 0.01595 0.01595 984.028 0.08129 1.71595 1.70797 26883.0 3898042
1.7
801 986 0.00475 7488 5734 5734 9988 8417 5734 7867 5041 .309
2.544 2.33427 0.01858 0.01689 0.01689 984.028 0.08129 1.81689 1.80844 30138.7 4370123
1.8
69 2499 0.005 6752 4307 4307 9988 8417 4307 7153 8315 .557
2.835 2.09502 0.01953 0.01783 0.01783 984.028 0.08129 1.91783 1.90891 33580.5 4869180
1.9
287 5733 0.00525 6016 2879 2879 9988 8417 2879 644 5777 .877
3.141 1.89076 0.02048 0.01877 0.01877 984.028 0.08129 2.01877 2.00938 37208.3 5395214
2
593 0724 0.0055 5281 1452 1452 9988 8417 1452 5726 7426 .268
3.463 1.71497 0.02143 0.01971 0.01971 984.028 0.08129 2.11971 2.10985 41022.2 5948223
2.1
606 5713 0.00575 4545 0024 0024 9988 8417 0024 5012 3263 .731
3.801 1.56261 0.02238 0.02064 0.02064 984.028 0.08129 2.22064 2.21032 45022.1 6528209
2.2
327 2169 0.006 3809 8597 8597 9988 8417 8597 4298 3286 .265
4.154 1.42968 0.02333 0.02158 0.02158 984.028 0.08129 2.32158 2.31079 49208.0 7135170
2.3
756 6748 0.00625 3073 717 717 9988 8417 717 3585 7496 .87
4.523 1.31302 0.02428 0.02252 0.02252 984.028 0.08129 2.42252 2.41126 53580.0 7769108
2.4
893 8281 0.0065 2337 5742 5742 9988 8417 5742 2871 5894 .546
4.908 1.21008 0.02523 0.02346 0.02346 984.028 0.08129 2.52346 2.51173 58138.0 8430022
2.5
739 6863 0.00675 1601 4315 4315 9988 8417 4315 2157 8479 .294
70
Section 6
Length (L)= 20 m
Diame Cross Velocity Handling Wall Wall Adopted Wave Critical Outer Average Weight Cost of
ter sectio (V0) and thicknes thicknes Thickne velocity time Diamete Diamete of steel, Pipe
71
transport
n s of pipe s of pipe
ation
area (t) (t) (Tc) sec NRs
(D) m thickness ss (m) (a) m/s r ,m r ,m kg
(tmin)
m/s^2 d 1) m d 1) m
mm
686847.
1 0.785 7.56304 0.01116 0.00955 0.00955 988.638 0.04045 1.00955 1.00477 4736.87
398 2896 0.003 9011 811 811 6191 9678 811 9055 7314 2105
831085.
1.1 0.950 6.25044 0.01213 0.01051 0.01051 988.638 0.04045 1.11051 1.10525 5731.62
332 8674 0.00325 5912 3921 3921 6191 9678 3921 6961 155 1248
989059.
1.2 1.130 5.25211 0.01310 0.01146 0.01146 988.638 0.04045 1.21146 1.20573 6821.10
973 3122 0.0035 2814 9732 9732 6191 9678 9732 4866 3332 9832
1160771
1.3 1.327 4.47517 0.01406 0.01242 0.01242 988.638 0.04045 1.31242 1.30621 8005.32
323 3311 0.00375 9715 5543 5543 6191 9678 5543 2772 2661 .786
1346220
1.4 1.539 3.85869 0.01503 0.01338 0.01338 988.638 0.04045 1.41338 1.40669 9284.27
38 5355 0.004 6616 1354 1354 6191 9678 1354 0677 9536 .533
1545406
1.5 1.767 3.36135 0.01600 0.01433 0.01433 988.638 0.04045 1.51433 1.50716 10657.9
146 2398 0.00425 3517 7165 7165 6191 9678 7165 8583 7396 .224
1758328
1.6 2.010 2.95431 0.01697 0.01529 0.01529 988.638 0.04045 1.61529 1.60764 12126.4
619 3631 0.0045 0418 2976 2976 6191 9678 2976 6488 0592 .859
1984988
1.7 2.269 2.61696 0.01793 0.01624 0.01624 988.638 0.04045 1.71624 1.70812 13689.5
801 986 0.00475 7319 8788 8788 6191 9678 8788 4394 7544 .438
1.8 2.544 2.33427 0.005 0.01890 0.01720 0.01720 988.638 0.04045 1.81720 1.80860 15347.4 2225384
69 2499 422 4599 4599 6191 9678 4599 2299 825
72
.962
2479518
1.9 2.835 2.09502 0.01987 0.01816 0.01816 988.638 0.04045 1.91816 1.90908 17100.1
287 5733 0.00525 1121 041 041 6191 9678 041 0205 271 .43
2747388
2 3.141 1.89076 0.02083 0.01911 0.01911 988.638 0.04045 2.01911 2.00955 18947.5
593 0724 0.0055 8023 6221 6221 6191 9678 6221 811 0926 .842
3028996
2.1 3.463 1.71497 0.02180 0.02007 0.02007 988.638 0.04045 2.12007 2.11003 20889.6
606 5713 0.00575 4924 2032 2032 6191 9678 2032 6016 2895 .198
3324340
2.2 3.801 1.56261 0.02277 0.02102 0.02102 988.638 0.04045 2.22102 2.21051 22926.4
327 2169 0.006 1825 7843 7843 6191 9678 7843 3921 862 .499
3633421
2.3 4.154 1.42968 0.02373 0.02198 0.02198 988.638 0.04045 2.32198 2.31099 25058.0
756 6748 0.00625 8726 3654 3654 6191 9678 3654 1827 8099 .744
4.523 1.31302 0.02470 0.02293 0.02293 988.638 0.04045 2.42293 2.41146 27284.4 3956239
2.4
893 8281 0.0065 5627 9465 9465 6191 9678 9465 9732 1333 .933
4.908 1.21008 0.02567 0.02389 0.02389 988.638 0.04045 2.52389 2.51194 29605.4 4292795
2.5
739 6863 0.00675 2528 5276 5276 6191 9678 5276 7638 8321 .066
Section 7
Surge Head(30% of static head)= 54.954 m
Length (L)= 40 m
73
Cros
Handlin
s Wall Wall
g and
secti thickne thickne Adopte Critical Averag
Diam transpor Wave Outer Weight Cost of Total
on Velocit ss of ss of d time e
eter tation velocity Diamet of steel, Pipe cost
area y (V0) pipe (t) pipe (t) Thickn (Tc) sec Diamet
(D) m thickness (a) m/s er ,m kg NRs of pipe
(A) (metho (metho ess (m) = 2L/a er, m
(tmin)
m/s^ d 1) m d 1) m
mm
2
0.785 7.56304 0.01126 0.00965 0.00965 991.228 0.08070 1.00965 1.00482 9571.93 138793 690073
1
398 2896 0.003 9905 6691 6691 9095 7896 6691 8345 4833 0.551 7.811
0.950 6.25044 0.01224 0.01062 0.01062 991.228 0.08070 1.11062 1.10531 11582.0 167939 833657
1.1
332 8674 0.00325 6895 236 236 9095 7896 236 118 4115 5.966 1.713
1.130 5.25211 0.01322 0.01158 0.01158 991.228 0.08070 1.21158 1.20579 13783.5 199861 990799
1.2
973 3122 0.0035 3886 8029 8029 9095 7896 8029 4015 8616 9.993 8.914
1.327 4.47517 0.01420 0.01255 0.01255 991.228 0.08070 1.31255 1.30627 16176.5 234560 116150
1.3
323 3311 0.00375 0876 3698 3698 9095 7896 3698 6849 6987 2.631 19.41
1.539 3.85869 0.01517 0.01351 0.01351 991.228 0.08070 1.41351 1.40675 18760.9 272034 134576
1.4
38 5355 0.004 7867 9367 9367 9095 7896 9367 9684 9227 3.879 33.21
1.767 3.36135 0.01615 0.01448 0.01448 991.228 0.08070 1.51448 1.50724 21536.8 312284 154358
1.5
146 2398 0.00425 4857 5036 5036 9095 7896 5036 2518 5337 3.739 40.3
1.6 2.010 2.95431 0.0045 0.01713 0.01545 0.01545 991.228 0.08070 1.61545 1.60772 24504.1 355310 175496
74
619 3631 1848 0706 0706 9095 7896 0706 5353 5317 2.21 40.7
2.269 2.61696 0.01810 0.01641 0.01641 991.228 0.08070 1.71641 1.70820 27662.8 401111 197990
1.7
801 986 0.00475 8838 6375 6375 9095 7896 6375 8187 9167 9.292 34.39
2.544 2.33427 0.01908 0.01738 0.01738 991.228 0.08070 1.81738 1.80869 31013.0 449689 221840
1.8
69 2499 0.005 5829 2044 2044 9095 7896 2044 1022 6886 4.984 21.38
2.835 2.09502 0.02006 0.01834 0.01834 991.228 0.08070 1.91834 1.90917 34554.6 501042 247046
1.9
287 5733 0.00525 2819 7713 7713 9095 7896 7713 3856 8475 9.288 01.67
3.141 1.89076 0.02103 0.01931 0.01931 991.228 0.08070 2.01931 2.00965 38287.7 555172 273607
2
593 0724 0.0055 981 3382 3382 9095 7896 3382 6691 3933 2.203 75.25
3.463 1.71497 0.02201 0.02027 0.02027 991.228 0.08070 2.12027 2.11013 42212.2 612077 301525
2.1
606 5713 0.00575 68 9051 9051 9095 7896 9051 9526 3261 3.729 42.13
3.801 1.56261 0.02299 0.02124 0.02124 991.228 0.08070 2.22124 2.21062 46328.1 671758 330799
2.2
327 2169 0.006 3791 472 472 9095 7896 472 236 6459 3.866 02.32
4.154 1.42968 0.02397 0.02221 0.02221 991.228 0.08070 2.32221 2.31110 50635.5 734215 361428
2.3
756 6748 0.00625 0781 0389 0389 9095 7896 0389 5195 3527 2.613 55.8
4.523 1.31302 0.02494 0.02317 0.02317 991.228 0.08070 2.42317 2.41158 55134.3 799447 393414
2.4
893 8281 0.0065 7772 6058 6058 9095 7896 6058 8029 4464 9.972 02.58
4.908 1.21008 0.02592 0.02414 0.02414 991.228 0.08070 2.52414 2.51207 59824.5 867456 426755
2.5
739 6863 0.00675 4762 1727 1727 9095 7896 1727 0864 927 5.942 42.65
Head loss calculation
75
Diame 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5
ter ,D
(m)
Cross 0.785 0.950 1.131 1.327 1.539 1.767 2.011 2.270 2.545 2.835 3.142 3.464 3.801 4.155 4.524 4.909
Sectio
n
Area
(m^2)
Wette 3.142 3.456 3.770 4.084 4.398 4.712 5.027 5.341 5.655 5.969 6.283 6.597 6.912 7.226 7.540 7.854
d
Perim
eter(
m)
Velovi 7.563 6.250 5.252 4.475 3.859 3.361 2.954 2.617 2.334 2.095 1.891 1.715 1.563 1.430 1.313 1.210
ty, v
(m/s)
Reyno 75479 68617 62899 58061 53913 50319 4717 4439 4193 39726 37739 35942 34308 32817 31449 30191
lds 47.00 70.00 55.83 13.07 90.71 64.66 466.8 968.8 303.8 03.68 73.50 60.47 85.00 16.08 77.91 78.80
numb 2 2 5 8 6 8 8 2 9 5 1 7 1 8 7 1
er, Re
e/D 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
15 14 13 12 11 10 09 09 08 08 08 07 07 07 06 06
f 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002
(From 6 5 4 4 3 8 8 8 7 7 7 6 6
Mood
y's
Diagr
76
am)
Head 3.417 2.063 1.297 0.869 0.582 0.375 0.272 0.201 0.141 0.107 0.083 0.063 0.050 0.040 0.031 0.025
loss,
hf (m)
Gross 183.1 183.1 183.1 183.1 183.1 183.1 183.1 183.1 183.1 183.1 183.1 183.1 183.1 183.1 183.1 183.1
head, 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
(m)
hf % 1.865 1.126 0.708 0.474 0.318 0.205 0.148 0.109 0.077 0.059 0.045 0.034 0.027 0.022 0.017 0.014
Optimization of Cost
Diamet 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5
er(m)
Dry 4302 2597 1633 1094 73334. 47217. 3419 2525 1771 1351 1045 7901. 6261. 5013. 3902. 3182.
season 65.54 39.91 07.73 45.07 415 069 4.43 2.86 0.449 5.250 7.843 351 587 704 575 053
energy 4 1 5 5 3 8
loss
Wet 7310 4413 2774 1859 12460 80225. 5809 4290 3009 2296 1776 1342 1063 8518. 6630. 5406.
season 57.81 20.23 73.75 56.50 1.419 824 9.25 6.77 1.562 3.562 8.766 5.069 8.970 710 807 579
energy 8 8 5 7 5 5
77
loss
Dry 3614 2181 1371 9193 61600 39662 2872 2121 1487 1135 8784 6637 5259 4211 3278 26729
season 230.5 815.2 784.9 38.63 9.0832 3.3825 33.2 24.0 67.77 28.10 5.881 1.349 7.331 5.109 1.626 .2429
energy 73 51 74 16 39 95 25 3 98 03 93 93 21 9
loss
cost
(Rs)
Wet 3509 2118 1331 8925 59808 38508 2788 2059 1444 1102 8529 6444 5106 4088 3182 25951
season 077.5 337.1 874.0 91.23 6.8091 3.9536 76.4 52.5 39.49 25.09 0.078 0.329 7.056 9.805 7.871 .5778
energy 28 43 26 55 26 2 74 69 8 6 12 68 94
loss
cost
(Rs)
Total 7123 4300 2703 1811 12140 78170 5661 4180 2932 2237 1731 1308 1036 8300 6460 52680
energy 308.1 152.3 658.9 929.8 95.892 7.3361 09.6 76.6 07.26 53.19 35.96 11.67 64.38 4.915 9.498 .8208
loss 93 99 67 65 15 98 99 08 86 81 61 15
cost
(NRs)
Presen 6246 3770 2370 1588 10645 68544 4963 3665 2571 1962 1518 1147 9089 7278 5665 46193
t value 1442. 6318. 7305. 8088. 921.75 79.273 989. 946. 017.3 002.4 160.0 035.3 91.59 36.93 34.87 7.067
of 38 07 43 99 45 78 89 02 58 4 63 76 24 2
energy
loss
(NRs)
Cost of 6900 8336 9907 1161 13457 15435 1754 1979 2218 2470 2736 3015 3307 3614 3934 42675
Pipe 737.8 571.7 998.9 5019. 633.21 840.3 9640 9034 4021. 4601. 0775. 2542. 9902. 2855. 1402. 542.6
(NRs) 11 13 14 41 .7 .4 38 67 25 13 32 8 58 5
Total 6936 4604 3361 2750 24103 22290 2251 2346 2475 2666 2887 3129 3398 3687 3990 43137
78
Cost(N 2180. 2889. 5304. 3108. 554.96 319.58 3630 4981 5038. 6604. 8935. 9577. 8893. 0692. 7937. 479.7
Rs) 19 78 34 4 .1 .2 77 07 31 47 91 73 45 2
79
Optimization Chart of penstock diameter

80000000
70000000
60000000
50000000
Cost in NRs
Minimum Cost
40000000 Cost of pipe
Present energy loss cost
30000000
20000000
10000000
0
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5
Diameter,D
80
10.Design of Surge Tank

SN Descriptions Value Unit Remarks
1 Data Available:
Acceleration due to gravity (g) 9.81 m/s2
Discharge through headrace pipe (Q) 5.94 m/s3
Length of Headrace (Pipe+tunnel )(L) 2996.172 m
Equivalent Diameter of headrace pipe and tunnel (d) 1.85 m
Frictional coefficient (f) 0.0023 max( design)
Bend coefficient (b) 0.2 Assume
Gross Head (Hg) 183.18 m
No. of bends in pipe (n) 10 say
Head loss in head works 1.07 m (say)
Free Board of Surge tank 2 m Assume (As per Baral's Book)
2 Calculation:
Area of headrace pipe Ap=(πd^2)/4 2.69 m2
Velocity in headrace pipe v=Q/A 2.21 m/s
Head loss due to Entrance loss1= (Q*f*v^2 )/2g 0.0034
Head loss due to Frictions loss2= (f*L*v^2)/2gd 0.93
Head loss due to bend loss3= (b*n*v^2)/2g 0.50
81
Total Head loss in pipe loss 1.43 m

Head loss upto Surge tank = head loss in (head works+pipe) hf 2.50 m
Net Head Ho = Hg-hf 180.68 m

Min. area of surge tank Ast>(Ap*L*V^2)/(2g*hf*Ho) 4.44 m2 Thomas formula of surgetank
Area of Surge tank Ast= (45*d^(10/3))/Ho 1.94 m2 Baral (2013), page 452
Diameter of Surge tank (Dst) Dst=Sqrt.(4*Ast/π) 1.57 m
Final area of Surge tank considering FOS =2 (say) 3.87 m2
Final diameter of surge tank Dst 2.22 m
Maximum amplitude, Zmax Zmax=(Q/Ast)*((L*Ast)/(g*A))^0.5 32.18 m
Head Loss correction Factor (Po) = (Total hf / Zmax) 0.08 m

Zmax,upsurge Zup = Zmax*(1-(2/3)Po - (1/9)Po^2 30.49 m
Zmax,downsurge Zdown= Zmax*(-1+2*Po) -27.18 m
Since the upsurge and downsurge height is very high, the dia. of
surge tank needs to be increased to deduct those heights
From Table:
Taking diameter of surge tank Dst 6 m
Upsurge head from Static level Zupsurge 8.47 m
Downsurge head from static level Zdownsurge 5.21 m
Normal Water level at Intake RL of NWL at intake 1240.36 msl from intake design
82
Due headloss, RL of static level at surge tank = RLof NWL at 1237.86 msl
intake - head loss(hf)
RL of Crown level of headrace Tunnel 1221.85 msl
3 From Penstock Design:

Diameter of penstock 1.6 m
Area of Penstock Ap = (π*Dp^2)/4 2.01 m2
Velocity in penstock Vp= Q/Ap 2.95 m/s
Min. submergence head req. in ST Hsub =1.5* (Vp^2/2g) or 1.5 2.4 m
Dp, whichever is greater
4 Final Output
Therefore, RL of min. submergence level req. RL of crown level 1224.25 msl
of HRP+ Hsub
RL of downsurge from static level equals to RL at static level of 1232.65 msl OK
surgetank -Zdown,surge
Min. submergence head available 10.80 m OK
RL of top level of Surge Tank RL of static level+Zup,surge+F.B 1248.33
RL of Crown level of headrace Tunnel 1221.85 msl

Min. submergence head available equals to RL of Zdown,surge - 10.80 m OK
RL of Crown level of HRP
Total Height of Surge Tank (Hst) Top level of ST- Crown level of 26.48
83
HRP
Adopted height of Surge Tank (Hst) is 26.5 m
Optimised diameter of Surge Tank Dst 6 m
Time of oscillation T= 2π*( (Ast*L)/(g*Ap))^0.5 356.13 sec
11.Design of Headrace Tunnel
84
Efficiency (%) 0.883

Gross head (m) 183.15
Wet Outage (%) = 4% 0.04
Dry Outage (%) = 4% 0.04
Design Flow (m3/s) 5.94
10% D/S release (m3/s) = 0.326
Tunnel Excavation rate (NRs) = 12500 per m3 12500
Shotcrete Excavation rate (NRs) = 5397.02 per m2 5397.02
PCC rate (NRs) 12330.54
Length of tunnel (m) 2338
Discounted Interest rate(i) = 10.25% 0.1025
Life of project = 35 years 35
Wet season Energy rate(NRs) = 4.8 per unit 4.8
Dry season Energy rate(NRs) = 8.4 per unit 8.4
Manning's coefficient (n) = 0.012 0.012
85
Item Rate (NRs.) Unit

Excavation 12500 NRs./m3
R. Shotcrete (20 cm thick) 5397.02 NRs./m2
Invert RCC (20 cm thick) 1950 NRs./m2
Level PCC (10 cm thick) 1500 NRs./m2
Incremental Cost with Tunnel diameter
Rock bolt +
Hydraulic Total Excavation Total
Tunnel Inside area, Shotcrete RCC Cost PCC Cost
Radius, R Excavation Cost Annual Cost
Diameter, D A (m2) Cost (MNRs.) (MNRs.)
(m) Area (m2) (MNRs.) (MNRs.)
(m) (MNRs).
1.50 2.01 0.38 2.66 77.88 67.59 6.84 5.26 16.70
1.60 2.29 0.40 2.98 87.16 72.09 7.29 5.61 18.25
1.70 2.58 0.43 3.32 96.96 76.60 7.75 5.96 19.85
1.80 2.89 0.45 3.67 107.28 81.10 8.21 6.31 21.50
1.90 3.22 0.48 4.04 118.12 85.61 8.66 6.66 23.22
2.00 3.57 0.50 4.43 129.49 90.11 9.12 7.01 24.98
2.10 3.94 0.53 4.84 141.37 94.62 9.57 7.36 26.81
2.20 4.32 0.55 5.26 153.78 99.13 10.03 7.72 28.68
2.30 4.72 0.58 5.70 166.71 103.63 10.49 8.07 30.62
2.40 5.14 0.60 6.16 180.16 108.14 10.94 8.42 32.61
2.50 5.58 0.63 6.64 194.14 112.64 11.40 8.77 34.65
86
2.60 6.03 0.65 7.14 208.63 117.15 11.85 9.12 36.75

2.70 6.51 0.68 7.65 223.65 121.65 12.31 9.47 38.90
Energy Lost Cost
87
Tunnel Diameter, D (m) 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70
X-sectional area, A
2.01 2.29 2.58 2.89 3.22 3.57 3.937 4.32 4.72 5.14 5.58 6.03 6.51
(m2)
Wetted Perimeter, P
5.36 5.71 6.07 6.43 6.78 7.14 7.50 7.86 8.21 8.57 8.93 9.28 9.64
(m)
Hydraulic Radius, R
0.38 0.40 0.43 0.45 0.48 0.50 0.5250 0.550 0.58 0.60 0.63 0.65 0.68
(m)
Constant 2.67 1.89 1.37 1.01 0.76 0.58 0.44 0.35 0.27 0.22 0.18 0.14 0.12
Max. Power Lost
1231.82 873.09 631.89 465.85 349.15 265.59 204.74 159.75 126.03 100.44 80.79 65.54 53.59
(Pmax)
Mon Design Energ Energ Energ Energ Energ Energ Energ Energ Energ Energ Energ Energ Energ
th Flow y lost y lost y lost y lost y lost y lost y lost y lost y lost y lost y lost y lost y lost
95460. 67660. 48968. 36101. 27057. 20581. 15866. 12380. 9766.9 7783.6 6260.7 5079.0 4153.0
Jan 3.684 31 67 33 3 67 78 21 04 98 43 95 8 72
63334. 44890. 32488. 23952. 17951. 13655. 10526. 8213.7 6480.0 5164.2 4153.8 3369.8 2755.4
Feb 3.324 94 75 96 09 92 37 74 68 99 05 43 11 34
70120. 49700. 35969. 26518. 19875. 15118. 11654. 9093.8 7174.3 5717.5 4598.8 3730.8 3050.6
Mar 3.324 83 47 92 38 34 44 6 15 95 12 97 62 59
46666. 33076. 23938. 17648. 13227. 10061. 7756.2 6052.0 4774.6 3805.0 3060.6 2482.9 2030.2
Apr 2.934 35 33 47 34 31 53 95 56 56 81 28 39 55
88
55459. 39308. 28449. 20973. 15719. 11957. 9217.7 7192.4 5674.3 4522.0 3637.3 2950.7 2412.8
May 3.074 45 73 07 73 66 37 74 14 2 53 26 86 05
85143 60348 43675 32199 24133 18357 14151 11042 87114. 69424. 55841. 45301. 37042.
Jun 7.724 2.7 1.3 9.9 5.9 3.6 3.7 4.5 0.4 13 13 49 49 22
29471 20888 15117 11145 83534 63541 48983 38220 30153 24030 19328 15680 12821
Jul 11.557 30 77 91 49 6.8 7.8 5 6.8 4.9 3.1 8.5 5.6 7.1
29471 20888 15117 11145 83534 63541 48983 38220 30153 24030 19328 15680 12821
Aug 11.557 30 77 91 49 6.8 7.8 5 6.8 4.9 3.1 8.5 5.6 7.1
28520 20214 14630 10785 80840 61492 47403 36987 29180 23255 18705 15174 12408
Sep 11.557 61 94 24 96 0.2 0.5 3.8 7.5 8 1.4 3.4 7.3 1.1
29471 20888 15117 11145 83534 63541 48983 38220 30153 24030 19328 15680 12821
Oct 11.557 30 77 91 49 6.8 7.8 5 6.8 4.9 3.1 8.5 5.6 7.1
56170 39812 28813 21242 15921 12110 93359. 57470. 45800. 36839. 29886. 24437.
Nov 6.724 2.9 5.6 7.1 5.5 1.4 6.3 2 72846 49 13 47 07 3
20000 14175 10259 75636. 56689. 43121. 33241. 25937. 20463. 16307. 13117. 10641. 8701.2
Dec 4.714 1.3 7.5 4.8 73 19 39 7 72 08 7 15 31 04
Wet Season 13106 92897 67232 49566 37149 28258 21784 16997 13409 10686 85959 69735 57021
Energy Lost 587 30 94 66 86 54 12 64 97 85 9.8 1.6 1.9
Dry Season 53104 37639 27240 20083 15052 11449 88263. 68869. 54333. 43300. 34828. 28254. 23103.
Energy Lost 3.1 4.5 9.5 0.6 1.1 5.9 32 81 55 2 64 78 43
Total Energy 13637 96661 69957 51574 38655 29403 22666 17686 13953 11119 89442 72560 59331
89
Lost (TEL) 631 25 03 97 07 50 76 34 31 85 8.4 6.4 5.3

Total Energy 67372 47752 34560 25478 19096 14525 11197 87373 68931 54934 44186 35846 29310
Lost Cost 382 419 051 973 308 864 792 75 89 10 40 28 86
67372 47752 34560 25478 19096 14525 11197 87373 68931 54934 44186 35846 29310
TEL Cost 382 419 051 973 308 864 792 75 89 10 40 28 86
TEL Cost 67.372 47.752 34.560 25.478 19.096 14.525 11.197 8.7373 6.8931 5.4934 4.4186 3.5846 2.9310
(MNRs.) 38 42 05 97 31 86 79 75 89 1 4 28 86
Table for Optimization
Diameter, D (m) Incremental Cost (MNRs.) Energy Lost Cost (MNRs.) Total Cost (MNRs.)
1.50 16.70 67.37 84.07

1.60 18.25 47.75 66.00
1.70 19.85 34.56 54.41
1.80 21.50 25.48 46.98
1.90 23.22 19.10 42.31
2.00 24.98 14.53 39.51
2.10 26.81 11.20 38.00
2.20 28.68 8.74 37.42
2.30 30.62 6.89 37.51
90
2.40 32.61 5.49 38.10

2.50 34.65 4.42 39.07
2.60 36.75 3.58 40.33
2.70 38.90 2.93 41.84
Optimized Diameter (Dtunnel) 2.2 m
Velocity through tunnel (Vtunnel) 1.38 m/s
Check: For concrete-lined tunnel,
Critical velocity = 1 m/s OK
Maximum (limiting) velocity = 2.7 m/s (IS 10430: 2000) OK
a) Headloss in tunnel due to friction (Manning) 1.50 m
or Darcy-Weisbach's headloss 1.36 m
Other Minor losses
(V2/2g)*(Kentrance + Kbend + Ktransition) 0.10 m
Kent = 0.5; Kbend = 3*0.1; Ktran= 0.2)
Total headlosses in tunnel 1.46
Slope of tunnel 0.000623
(Assuming energy grade line is equal to longitudinal slope) 1 in
1700
e/4R 0.115385
Friction factor 0.01266
91
92
Tunnel Diameter Optimization
90.00
80.00
70.00
60.00
Cost (MNRs.)
50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70
Tunnel Diameter (m)

Incremental Cost Energy Lost Cost Total Cost
93
12.Design of Anchor Block
Design of anchor block 1

Description Value Unit
1) Pipe Dimensions
i. Pipe Diameter(d) 1.5 m
ii. Thickness(t) 0.01 m
iv. Distance to U/S expansion joint, L4u 0 m
v. Distance to D/S expansion joint, L4d 15 m
vi. U/S bend angle(α) 0 degree
vii. D/S bend angle (β) 15 degree
2) Soil Properties
i. Bearing capacity 350 KN/m3
ii. Friction angle (φ) 30 Degree
iii. Unit weight (ϒsoil) 20 KN/m3
iv. Uphill ground slope (i) 0 Degree
3) Heads
Static head at the center of block 26.36 m
Surge head = 30% of static head 7.908 m
Total head 34.268 m
4) Unit Weights
Mild steel pipe (γpipe) 77 KN/m3
94
Water(γw) 9.81 KN/m3

Concrete 24 KN/m3
5) Design Discharge 5.94 m3/s
6) Size of block
Height of upstream from ground (h1) 2.699 m
Force acting at 1/3h1 0.9 m
Length of block (L) 7.76 m
Breadth of block (w) 4 m
7) Position of bend
X (from left face .of block) 3.14 m
Y (from ground surface) 4.33 m
8) Centroid of block
X' (from left face of block) 4.78 m
Y' (from ground surface) 3.275 m
9) Calculations
i) Weight of pipe (Wp) = π(d+t)t*γ 3.653 KN/m
ii) Weight of water (Ww) = (π*d^2)/4 * γwater 17.336 KN/m
iii) Total weight = Wp + Ww 20.988 KN/m
iv) Velocity through pipe (V) 3.361 m/s
v) Area of block 31.127 m2

vi) Volume of block (V1) 124.508 m3
95
vii) Volume of penstock inside block (V2)

7.923
Length of penstock inside block = [(X/cosα) + (L-X)/cosβ)] m
V2 = (π(d+2t)^2)/4*[(X/cosα) + (L-X)/cosβ)] 14.377 m3
110.131
viii) Volume of block without penstock (Vb = V1-V2) m3
ix) Active earth pressure coefficient (Ka) 0.333
x) L1d = Half the distance from anchor block centerline to the centreline of first 4
downstream support pier m
xi) L1u = Half the distance from anchor block centerline to the centreline of first 0
upstream support pier m
xii) L2u = Distance between two consecutive support piers upstream of anchor
0
block m
xiii) L2d = Distance between two consecutive support piers downstream of anchor
block 7
m
xiv) L4u = Distance from the anchor block centreline to the upstream expansion
0
joint m
xv) L4d = Distance from the anchor block centreline to the downstream expansion
15
joint m
10) Calculations of relevant forces
96
F1 = Force due to weight of pipe and water

i) F1u = (Wp + Ww)*L1u*cosα 0 KN
ii) F1d = (Wp + Ww)*L1u*cosβ 81.093 KN
F2 = Friction force per support pier
iii) F2u = ±f(Wp + Ww)*L2u*cosα 0 KN
(expansion joint lies
iv) F2d = f(Wp + Ww)*L2d*cosα 0.000 KN immediately below anchor
block)
F3 = Hydrostatic force within a bend
F3 = 15.4*Htotal * d^2 *sin(β-α)/2 153.659 KN
F4 = Force due to component of weight of pipe parallel to pipe alignment

Because α is less than 20
0
F4u = Wp * L4u * sinα KN degree
Because β is less than 20
0
F4d = Wp * L4d * sinβ KN degree
F5 = Thermally induced force restrained by anchor block in the absence of an

expansion joint
Because expansion joint is
0
F5 = 0 KN provided
F6 = Force due to friction within the expansion joint

F6 = 100d 150 KN
97
F7 = Hydrostatic force on exposed ends of pipe in expansion joint

F7u = γw * (Htotal- L4u*sinα)* π*(d+t)*t 15.947 KN
F7d = γw * Htotal * π*(d+t)*t 15.947 KN
F8 = Dynamic force at bend due to change in direction of moving water

F8 = 2.5*(Q/d)^2*sin(β-α)/2 5.073 KN
Since no diameter is
0
F9 = Force due to reduction in pipe diameter from large to small KN changed
F10 = Force due to soil pressure upstream of block

F10 = (γsoil * h1^2 * cosi * Ka * w)/2 194.256 KN
Forces Calculation
Component Value
Forces Formula X component (+) →
s (kN) Y component (+) ↓
Value Value
Formula (kN) Formula (kN)
Components
F1u W*L1u*cosα
of weight of 0 (-)F1u*sinα 0.000 F1u*cosα 0.000
pipe and
water
F1d W*L1d*cosβ
perpendicula
r to the pipe 81.093 (-)F1d*sinβ -20.988 F1d*cosβ 78.330
Axial F2u ±µ*W*L2u*cosα 0 ±F2u*cosα 0.000 ±F2u*sinα 0.000
98
frictional
force due to
the pipe
sliding on
the support
piers
Hydrostatic
pressure at
bend due to
the vector
difference of F3 2*ϒw*h*πd2/4*sin((β-α)/2)
static
pressure and
acting (-)F3*cos((β+α)/
towards IP 153.659 F3*sin((β+α)/2) 20.057 2) -152.345
Components F4u Wp*L4u*Sinα 0 F4u*cosα 0.000 F4u*sinα 0.000
of weight of
pipe along F4d Wp*L4d*Sinβ
the pipe 0 F4u*cosβ 0.000 F4u*sinβ 0.000
Thermally
induced axial
force (if no
F5 1000*E*α*ΔT*π*(d+t)*t
expansion
joint is
provided) 0
Frictional F6 100*d 150 ±F6(cosα-cosβ) 5.111 ±F6(sinα-sinβ) -38.823
force in the
expansion
99
joint
Water force
F7u ϒw[h-(L4u*sinα)]*π*(d+t)*t]
on exposed 15.947 F7u*cosα 15.947 F7u*sinα 0.000
ends of pipe
within
F7d ϒw*h*π*(d+t)*t
expansion
joint 15.947 (-)F7d*cosβ -15.404 (-)F7d*sinβ -4.127
Dynamic
force at bead
due to
(2Q2/(0.25*π*d2)*sin((β-α)/
change in F8
2)
direction of
moving (-)F8*cos((β+α)/
water 5.073 F8*sin((β+α)/2) 0.662 2) -5.030
Force due to
reduction in
pipe
F9 ϒw*h*π/4*(dbig2-dsmall2)
diameter
from big to
small 0
Weight of
Wb Vb*ϒAB
the block 2643.146 0.000 Wb 2643.146
Force due to
soil pressure
F10 1/2*ϒsoil*hfu2*cosi*Ka*w
upstream of
the block 194.256 F10*cosi 194.256 F10*sini 0.000
∑Fx (expansion) 198.979 ∑Fy (expansion) 2526.181
∑Fx 189.419 ∑Fy (contraction) 2598.797
100
(contraction)
Stability Check

Sum of horizontal forces that act at the bend ∑H-F10x
Expansion case 4.723 ← KN
Contraction case -4.837 ← KN

Sum of vertical forces that act at the bend
Σv- F10y - WB
1. Expansion case -116.965 ↓KN
2. Contraction case -44.349 ↓KN

A) Check if structure is safe against overturning:

1.Expansion case
12462.184
Total momentum about O (Clockwise positive) KNm
d=Σm/ΣV 4.933 m
e = Lbase/2-d 1.053 m
e(allowable) = L/6 1.293333333 m

2.Contraction case
12648.802
101
d=Σm/ΣV 4.867 m
e = Lbase/2-d 0.987 m
e(allowable) = L/6 from point O 1.293333333 m

Since e < e allowable for both cases, the structure is safe against

overturning

B) Check if the structure is safe on bearing capacity:
1.Expansion case:
Area of base 31.04 m2
Pbase = (ΣV/Area of base)( 1 + 6e/Lbase) 147.659 KN/m2 (max)

2.Contraction case:

Since, Pbase < Pallowable = 350 kN/m2 in both case Hence, OK

C) Safety against Sliding
1. For Expansion
∑µFy/∑Fx >1.5 6.35 Greater than 1.5
µ = 0.5 for concrete or masonry on soil

2. For Contraction

102
Hence, OK
Thus the Anchor Block is stable from all criteria.

1) Pipe Dimensions

2) Soil Properties
i. Bearing capacity 350 KN/m3
iii. Unit weight (ϒsoil) 20 KN/m3

3) Heads
Static head at the centre of block 36.86 m
Total head 47.918 m

4) Unit Weight
103

9.81 KN/m3
Water(γw)
24 KN/m 3
Concrete


6) Size of block

7) Position of bend
X (from left face of block) 3.45 m


9) Calculations

104


9.528

107.511



15
block m
block 12
m
4
joint m
xv) L4d = Distance from the anchor block centreline to the downstream expansion 40 m
105
joint

i) F1u = (Wp + Ww)*L1u*cosα 87.001 KN
iii) F2u = ±f(Wp + Ww)*L2u*cosα 156.602 KN
block)

0
F4u = Wp * L4u * sinα KN
0
F4d = Wp * L4d * sinβ KN


expansion joint
0
F5 = 0 KN provided

106

F6 = 100d 150 KN


F8 = 2.5*(Q/d)^2*sin(β-α)/2 2.389 KN

0

Forces Calculations
Component Value
Value Value
107
Components
F1u W*L1u*cosα
of weight of 87.001 (-)F1u*sinα -48.650 F1u*cosα 72.127
pipe and
water
F1d W*L1d*cosβ
perpendicula
Axial
frictional
force due to
the pipe F2u ±µ*W*L2u*cosα
sliding on
the support
piers 156.602 ±F2u*cosα 129.829 ±F2u*sinα 102.740
Hydrostatic
pressure at
bend due to
the vector
static
pressure and
of weight of
Thermally F5 1000*E*α*ΔT*π*(d+t)*t 0
induced axial
108
force (if no
expansion
joint is
provided)
Frictional
force in the
F6 100*d
expansion
joint 150 ±F6(cosα-cosβ) 11.149 ±F6(sinα-sinβ) -14.530
Water force
ends of pipe
within
expansion
Dynamic
force at bead
due to
(2Q2/(0.25*π*d2)*sin((β-α)/
change in F8
2)
direction of
water 2.389 F8*sin((β+α)/2) 1.454 2) -1.895
Force due to
reduction in
pipe
diameter
from big to
small 0
Weight of Wb Vb*ϒAB 2580.266 0.000 Wb 2580.266
109
the block
Force due to
soil pressure
upstream of
∑Fx
(contraction) 579.433 ∑Fy (contraction) 2671.716
Stability Check

Expansion case 71.576 → KN

Σv- F10y - WB
1. Expansion case 172.967 ↓KN

1.Expansion case
13387.317
d=Σm/ΣV 4.697 m
e = Lbase/2-d 0.947 m
e(allowable) = L/6 1.25 m
110
2.Contraction case
11394.865
d=Σm/ΣV 4.265 m
e = Lbase/2-d 0.515 m
Since e < e allowable for both cases, the structure is safe against overturning

1.Expansion case:
Area of base 30 m2
2.Contraction case:

1. For Expansion
111
2. For Contraction
Hence, OK

1) Pipe Dimensions
2) Soil Properties
i. Bearing capacity 350 kN/m3
iii. Unit weight (ϒsoil) 20 kN/m3
3) Heads
Total head 47.918 m
112
4) Unit Weights
Concrete 24 KN/m3
6) Size of block
7) Position of bend
9) Calculations
113


9.528
107.511
x) L1d = Half the distance from anchor block centerline to the centerline of first 8
xi) L1u = Half the distance from anchor block centerline to the centerline of first 5
15
block m
block 12
m
xiv) L4u = Distance from the anchor block centerline to the upstream expansion
4
joint m
xv) L4d = Distance from the anchor block centerline to the downstream expansion 40 m
114
joint

block)

0
0

expansion joint
0
F5 = 0 KN provided
115

F6 = 100d 150 KN


F8 = 2.5*(Q/d)^2*sin(β-α)/2 2.389 KN
0

Forces Calculation
Component Value
Value Value
116
Components
F1u W*L1u*cosα
pipe and
water
F1d W*L1d*cosβ
perpendicula
Axial
frictional
force due to
sliding on
the support
Hydrostatic
pressure at
bend due to
the vector
static
pressure and
of weight of
induced axial
117
force (if no
expansion
joint is
provided)
Frictional
force in the
F6 100*d
expansion
Water force
ends of pipe
within
expansion
Dynamic
force at bead
due to
(2Q2/(0.25*π*d2)*sin((β-α)/
change in F8
2)
direction of
water 2.389 F8*sin((β+α)/2) 1.454 2) -1.895
Force due to
reduction in
pipe
diameter
from big to
small 0
118
the block
Force due to
soil pressure
upstream of
∑Fx
Stability Check

Expansion case 71.576 → KN

Σv- F10y - WB

1.Expansion case
13387.317
119
d=Σm/ΣV 4.697 m
e = Lbase/2-d 0.947 m
2.Contraction case
11394.865
d=Σm/ΣV 4.265 m
e = Lbase/2-d 0.515 m

1.Expansion case:
Area of base 30 m2
2.Contraction case:

1. For Expansion
120
2. For Contraction
Hence, OK

1) Pipe Dimensions
2) Soil Properties
121
3) Heads
Total head 109.018 m
4) Unit Weights
Concrete 24 KN/m3
6) Size of block
Height of upstrem from ground (h1) 6.563 m
7) Position of bend
9) Calculations
122



13.307
425.990
25
block m
123
xiii) L2d = Distance between two consecutive support piers downstream of

anchor block 32
m
65
joint m
xv) L4d = Distance from the anchor block centreline to the downstream
20
expansion joint m

block)

0
0
124
F5 = Thermally induced force restrained by anchor block in the absence of

an expansion joint
0
F5 = 0 KN provided

F6 = 100d 150 KN


F8 = 2.5*(Q/d)^2*sin(β-α)/2 1.708 KN
0

Forces Calculation
125
Component Value
Value Value
Components
F1u W*L1u*cosα
pipe and
water
F1d W*L1d*cosβ
perpendicula
Axial
frictional
force due to
sliding on
the support
Hydrostatic
pressure at
bend due to
the vector
static
pressure and
of weight of F4d Wp*L4d*Sinβ 0 F4u*cosβ 0.000 F4u*sinβ 0.000
126
pipe along
the pipe
Thermally
induced axial
force (if no
F5 1000*E*α*ΔT*π*(d+t)*t
expansion
joint is
provided) 0
Frictional
force in the
F6 100*d
expansion
Water force
ends of pipe
within
expansion
Dynamic
force at bead
due to
(2Q2/(0.25*π*d2)*sin((β-α)/
change in F8
2)
direction of
water 1.708 F8*sin((β+α)/2) 1.197 2) -1.219
Force due to F9 ϒw*h*π/4*(dbig2-dsmall2) 0
reduction in
pipe
127
diameter
from big to
small
Weight of
Wb Vb*ϒAB
the block 10223.771 0.000 Wb 10223.771
Force due to
soil pressure
upstream of
∑Fx
Stability Check

Expansion case -79.285 →KN

Σv- F10y - WB
2. Contraction case 81.151 ↓KN
128
1.Expansion case
54118.172
d=Σm/ΣV 4.928 m
e = Lbase/2-d 0.181 m
2.Contraction case
50406.196
d=Σm/ΣV 4.730 m
e = Lbase/2-d 0.017 m

1.Expansion case:
2.Contraction case:
129

1. For Expansion
2. For Contraction
Hence, OK

1) Pipe Dimensions
2) Soil Properties
130

3) Heads
Total head 172.38 m
4) Unit Weights
Concrete 24 KN/m3
6) Size of block
Breadth of block (w) 6.56 m
7) Position of bend
131
9) Calculations


11.793
296.406
xi) L1u = Half the distance from anchor block centerline to the centerline of 5
first upstream support pier m
xii) L2u = Distance between two consecutive support piers upstream of anchor 10 m
132
block
anchor block 10
m
112
joint m
xv) L4d = Distance from the anchor block centerline to the downstream
40
expansion joint m

block)

0
0
133

an expansion joint
0
F5 = 0 KN provided

F6 = 100d 150 KN


F8 = 2.5*(Q/d)^2*sin(β-α)/2 0.684 KN
0

Forces Calculation
134
Component Value
Value Value
Components
F1u W*L1u*cosα
pipe and
water
F1d W*L1d*cosβ
perpendicula
Axial
frictional
force due to
sliding on
the support
Hydrostatic
pressure at
bend due to
the vector
static
pressure and
135
pipe along
the pipe
Thermally
induced axial
force (if no
F5 1000*E*α*ΔT*π*(d+t)*t
expansion
joint is
provided) 0
Frictional
force in the
F6 100*d
expansion
Water force
ends of pipe
within
expansion
Dynamic
force at bead
due to
(2Q2/(0.25*π*d2)*sin((β-α)/
change in F8
2)
direction of
water 0.684 F8*sin((β+α)/2) 0.458 2) -0.508
Force due to F9 ϒw*h*π/4*(dbig2-dsmall2) 0
reduction in
pipe
136
diameter
from big to
small
Weight of
Wb Vb*ϒAB
the block 7113.754 0.000 Wb 7113.754
Force due to
soil pressure
upstream of
∑Fx
Stability Check
Descriptions Value Unit

Expansion case 16.736 →KN

Σv- F10y - WB
137

1.Expansion case
42160.563
d=Σm/ΣV 5.464 m
e = Lbase/2-d 1.083 m
2.Contraction case
40828.639
d=Σm/ΣV 5.377 m
e = Lbase/2-d 0.996 m

1.Expansion case:
2.Contraction case:
138

1. For Expansion
2. For Contraction
Hence, OK

1) Pipe Dimensions
2) Soil Properties
139

3) Heads
Total head 237.38 m
4) Unit Weights
Concrete 24 KN/m3
6) Size of block
Height of upstrem from ground (h1) 3.39 m
Length of block (L) 15 m
7) Position of bend
140

9) Calculations


34.937
253.930
141
10
block m
anchor block 10
m
97
joint m
xv) L4d = Distance from the anchor block centerline to the downstream
12
expansion joint m

i) F1u = (Wp + Ww)*L1u*cosα -28.926 KN
iii) F2u = ±f(Wp + Ww)*L2u*cosα -34.711 KN
block)
F3 = 15.4*Htotal * d^2 *sin(β-α)/2 -2179.350 KN
142
0
0

an expansion joint
0
F5 = 0 KN

F6 = 100d 150 KN


F8 = 2.5*(Q/d)^2*sin(β-α)/2 -10.387 KN
0
143
Forces Calculation
Component Value
Value Value
Components
F1u W*L1u*cosα
of weight of -28.926 (-)F1u*sinα 27.805 F1u*cosα 7.973
pipe and
water
F1d W*L1d*cosβ
perpendicula
Axial
frictional
force due to
sliding on
the support
piers -34.711 ±F2u*cosα 9.568 ±F2u*sinα -33.367
Hydrostatic F3 2*ϒw*h*πd2/4*sin((β-α)/2) -2179.350 F3*sin((β+α)/2) -2179.350 (-)F3*cos((β+α)/ 0.000
pressure at 2)
bend due to
the vector
difference of
static
144
pressure and
acting
towards IP
of weight of
Thermally
induced axial
force (if no
F5 1000*E*α*ΔT*π*(d+t)*t
expansion
joint is
provided) 0
Frictional
force in the
F6 100*d
expansion
joint 150 ±F6(cosα-cosβ) -82.691 ±F6(sinα-sinβ) 0.000
Water force
on exposed 67.077 F7u*cosα -18.489 F7u*sinα 64.478
ends of pipe
within
expansion
Dynamic F8 (2Q2/(0.25*π*d2)*sin((β-α)/ -10.387 F8*sin((β+α)/2) -10.387 (-)F8*cos((β+α)/ 0.000
force at bead 2) 2)
due to
change in
direction of
145
moving
water
Force due to
reduction in
pipe
diameter
from big to
small 0
Weight of
Wb Vb*ϒAB
the block 6094.320 0.000 Wb 6094.320
Force due to
soil pressure
upstream of
∑Fx (expansion) -1983.274 ∑Fy (expansion) 6046.298
∑Fx
(contraction) -1847.414 ∑Fy (contraction) 6113.031
Stability Check

Expansion case -2301.412 →KN

Σv- F10y - WB
1. Expansion case -59.131 ↓KN
146

1.Expansion case
26193.134
d=Σm/ΣV 4.332 m
e = Lbase/2-d 3.168 m
2.Contraction case
26558.304
d=Σm/ΣV 4.345 m
e = Lbase/2-d 3.155 m

1.Expansion case:
2.Contraction case:
147

1. For Expansion
2. For Contraction
Hence, OK

1) Pipe Dimensions
148
2) Soil Properties
3) Heads
Total head 237.38 m
4) Unit Weights
Concrete 24 KN/m3
6) Size of block
Height of upstream from ground (h1) 1 m
Length of block (L) 7 m
7) Position of bend
X (from left face of block) 0 m No bend
Y (from ground surface) 0 m No bend
149
9) Calculations


7.000
84.178
150
10
block m
block 10
m
20
joint m
xv) L4d = Distance from the anchor block centerline to the downstream expansion
5
joint m

block)
F3 = 15.4*Htotal * d^2 *sin(β-α)/2 0.000 KN No bend
151
0
0

expansion joint
0
F5 = 0 KN provided

F6 = 100d 150 KN


F8 = 2.5*(Q/d)^2*sin(β-α)/2 0.000 KN
0
152
Forces Calculation
Component Value
Value Value
Components
of weight of F1u W*L1u*cosα
104.942 (-)F1u*sinα 0.000 F1u*cosα 104.942
pipe and
water
perpendicula F1d W*L1d*cosβ
r to the pipe 104.942 (-)F1d*sinβ 0.000 F1d*cosβ 104.942
Axial
frictional
force due to
sliding on
the support
Hydrostatic
pressure at
bend due to
the vector
static
pressure and
towards IP 0.000 F3*sin((β+α)/2) 0.000 2) 0.000
153
pipe along
Thermally
induced axial
force (if no
F5 1000*E*α*ΔT*π*(d+t)*t
expansion
joint is
provided) 0
Frictional
force in the
F6 100*d
expansion
joint 150 ±F6(cosα-cosβ) 0.000 ±F6(sinα-sinβ) 0.000
Water force
on exposed F7u ϒw[h-(L4u*sinα)]*π*(d+t)*t]
110.469 F7u*cosα 110.469 F7u*sinα 0.000
ends of pipe
within
expansion F7d ϒw*h*π*(d+t)*t
joint 110.469 (-)F7d*cosβ -110.469 (-)F7d*sinβ 0.000
Dynamic
force at bead
due to
(2Q2/(0.25*π*d2)*sin((β-α)/
change in F8
2)
direction of
water 0.000 F8*sin((β+α)/2) 0.000 2) 0.000
Force due to
reduction in
pipe
diameter
from big to
small 0
154
the block
Force due to
soil pressure
upstream of
∑Fx
Stability Check


Σv- F10y - WB

1.Expansion case
5109.375
d=Σm/ΣV 2.291 m
e = Lbase/2-d 1.209 m
155
2.Contraction case
5109.375
d=Σm/ΣV 2.291 m
e = Lbase/2-d 1.209 m

1.Expansion case:
Area of base 28 m2
2.Contraction case:

1. For Expansion
156
2. For Contraction
Hence, OK

1) Pipe Dimensions
2) Soil Properties
3) Heads
157
Total head 237.380 m
4) Unit Weights
Concrete 24 KN/m3
6) Size of block
7) Position of bend
X (from left face of block) 0 m
Y (from ground surface) 0 m
9) Calculations
158


9.406
99.838
xi) L1u = Half the distance from anchor block centerline to the centerline of 5
first upstream support pier m
10
block m
anchor block 10
m
20
joint m
159
xv) L4d = Distance from the anchor block centreline to the downstream
0
expansion joint m

block)

0
0

an expansion joint
0
F5 = 0 KN
160

F6 = 100d 150 KN


F8 = 2.5*(Q/d)^2*sin(β-α)/2 0.000 KN
0

Forces Calculation
Component Value
Value Value
Components F1u W*L1u*cosα

104.942 (-)F1u*sinα 0.000 F1u*cosα 104.942
161
of weight of
pipe and
water F1d W*L1d*cosβ
perpendicula
r to the pipe 104.942 (-)F1d*sinβ 0.000 F1d*cosβ 104.942
Axial
frictional
force due to
sliding on
the support
Hydrostatic
pressure at
bend due to
the vector
static
pressure and
towards IP 0.000 F3*sin((β+α)/2) 0.000 2) 0.000
of weight of
induced axial
force (if no
162
expansion
joint is
provided)
Frictional
force in the
F6 100*d
expansion
joint 150 ±F6(cosα-cosβ) 0.000 ±F6(sinα-sinβ) 0.000
Water force
ends of pipe
within
expansion
joint 110.469 (-)F7d*cosβ -110.469 (-)F7d*sinβ 0.000
Dynamic
force at bead
due to
(2Q2/(0.25*π*d2)*sin((β-α)/
change in F8
2)
direction of
water 0.000 F8*sin((β+α)/2) 0.000 2) 0.000
Force due to
reduction in
pipe
diameter
from big to
small 0
Weight of
Wb Vb*ϒAB
the block 2396.118 0.000 Wb 2396.118
163
Force due to
soil pressure
upstream of
∑Fx
Stability Check


Σv- F10y - WB

1.Expansion case
8365.156
d=Σm/ΣV 3.210 m
e = Lbase/2-d 1.493 m
164
2.Contraction case
8365.156
d=Σm/ΣV 3.210 m
e = Lbase/2-d 1.493 m

1.Expansion case:
2.Contraction case:

1. For Expansion
165
2. For Contraction
Hence, OK
13.Design of Turbine and Powerhouse
Turbine Selection Value unit References

1. According to Head and Discharge
Gross Head 185.95 m
Net Head 176.653 m
166
Efficiency of Turbine 0.9 Assumed

Efficiency of Generator 0.96 Assumed
Discharge 5.94 m /s
3

Unit weight of Water 9.81 KN/m 3

From Graph, the selection of turbine was done according to low head and high discharge i.e. Pelton turbine
TURBINE DESIGN
Number of Units n 2
Number of nozzle z 5
Frequency f 50 Hz
Design Discharge per unit Qt 2.97 cumec
Rated Turbine Output O 4.686 MW
Limit of Specific speed of the turbine is governed by 55.10 rpm
Adopted Synchronous speed N 500 rpm
Number of Pair of Poles p 6 pair
Adopted Specific speed Ns(HP) 61 rpm
Ns(kW) 45.77 rpm
Coefficient of Peripheral velocity Cv 0.98
The actual velocity of nozzle is given by
Vj= Cv*Sqrt (2*g*H) Vj 57.90 m/s
Bucket velocity = 0.46*Vj u 26.64 m/s
Mean Diameter of the Pelton Wheel (pitch diameter) is D 1.01726257 1.067 m
Adopt D 1.10 m
Calculation of Nozzle Diameter -method 1
Nozzle Discharge Qt/nj Qj 0.59 m3/s
Diameter of Nozzle, d dj 0.114 m
167
Adopt Nozzle, diameter dj 0.12 m

Nozzle Area a 0.01 m2
Calculated jet ratio (D/d) m 9.17
Number of buckets Z 20 Nos
Full Weight of vertical axis multi jet Pelton turbine G 105.55 Tons/ MW
Weight of one piece cast (monocast) Pelton Runners 2.63 Tons
Calculation of Nozzle Diameter -method 2

total area of nozzle required for the discharge in unit a 0.051 m2
adopt jet ratio m 9.17
diameter of nozzle, D/m d 0.120 m
adopt nozzle diameter d 0.120 m
nozzle area a 0.011 m2
no. of nozzle nj 4.5 Nos
adopt nj 5 Nos
calculate jet ratio m 9.17
number of buckets Z 20 Nos
nozzle discharge Qt/nj Qj 0.66 m3/s
Bucket Dimensions in meter Min Max

Bucket Length(2.4 to3.2)dj L/a 0.29 0.38 m
Bucket Width(2.8 to 4)dj B 24.6422418 0.34 0.48 m
Bucket Depth 0.95dj C 0.11 0.11 m
Setting Parameters (For Vertical arrangement)

Outer Diameter of the bucket Do D+La 1.39 1.48 m
168
Housing diameter (0.78+2.06Do) 0.78+2.06Do 3.64 3.84 m

Setting height hs 1+Do-B/2 1.19 1.74 m
Free height (hs-B/2) hf hs-B/2 1.03 1.50 m
Maximum water depth (Q/v*Bt) ht 1+Do 2.39 2.48 m
Roof Height of the Housing hr 0.45Do 0.62 0.67 m
Width of Tailwater flume Bt 1.5+0.75Do 2.54 2.61 m
Maximum tailwater level MTWL 1053.28 m

Minimum Turbine Axis Level required hs(EL) hsp+MTWL 1055.02 m
Turbine axis provided 1055.02 m
Turbine axis level from Maximum TWL, hsp provided 1.74
Maximum outer dimension of the casing M=2+2.8Do 6.16 m
Generator
Rated capacity of each Generator P(G) 4,522.41 kW
Maximum peripheral rotor velocity Vr 91.00 m/sec IS 12800….1993 p 1
Air gap diameter Dg 3.50 m
Outer core diameter Do 4.42 m
Stator frame diameter Df 5.62 m
Inner diameter of generator barrel Db 7.23 m
Rated kVA of machine W 5,320.49 KVA Power factor 0.85
169
output coefficient Ko 6.00 from code

Core length of stator Lc 0.14 m
Length of stator frame Lf 1.64 m
Height of load bearing bracket hj 1.22 m for umbrella type construction,
number of arm of bracket N 4.00
Weight of generator rotor Wg1 11.00 tonne
Powerhouse
Length
Outer diameter of generator barrel Dbo 8.23 m
Total Clearance between the units C1 2.00 m
Length of erection bay Us 9.90 m pg 11, 1.2 times Dbo
Clearance on either side of unit and erection bay C2 2.50 m
Total length L 36.95 m
Width
width towards downstream from cl of turbine 6.91 m
width towards upstream from cl of turbine 8.91 m
Switchgear room, auxiliaries - m
Total width W 15.83 m
Height
Height from bottom level to turbine axis level H 4.48 m hs+ht
Height from cl of turbine to generator top Lf +hj +k 8.86 m
Height from generator top to crane hook 4.37 m
Height from crane hook to powerhouse top 4.00 m
Total height 21.72 m
170
Powerhouse crane
Main hook 14.00 tonne
Auxiliary Hook 10.00 tonne
Rail to rail distance 15.23 m
14.Total Headloss
S.N Description Symbol Value Unit Remark
1 Intake 5.94
Discharge Through Intake Q 7.13 m3/s
Area of intake A 9.00 m2
Velocity Through Intake Vi 0.79 m/s
Entrance loss H1 0.02 m Ke= 0.5 for sharp corner
171
Sudden Contraction Loss H2 0.05 m

Trash rack Loss H3 0.02 m From design of trashrack
Gate loss H4 0.02 m k=0.2444
Total Head loss 0.11 m
2 Approach Canal
Bed level of Canal After Intake 1,240.36 masl
Length L 210.00 m
Discharge Q 7.13 m3/s
Width B 2.00 m
Depth of flow H 2.00 m Average
Velocity of Flow Vig 1.78 m/s Manning Formula
Frictional Loss Hf 0.162 m
3 Settling Basin
Discharge in Settling Basin 7.13 m3/s
Length 45.00 m
Width of each bay 11.45 m
Height 4.00 m
Manning Coefficient 0.01
Avg Sectional Area of Section A 45.80 m2
Slope 0.02
Velocity Inside SB V 0.16 m/s
Wetted Perimeter P 19.45 m
Hydraulic Radius R 2.35 m
Loss 0.00 m
Inlet Transition Loss 0.00 m
172
Outlet Transition Loss 0.01 m

Gate Loss 0.00 m
Total Loss 0.014 m
4 Head loss In HRP

a. loss at pipe
i. Frictional Loss in HRP
Design Discharge Qd 5.94 m3/s
Adopted Velocity 2.00 m/s
Length of HRP Dp m 658.17 m
Area required Ap 2.97 m2
Dia of Penstock D 1.94 m
Adopted Penstock Dia 1.60 m
Area of Pipe 2.01 m2
Velocity Vp 2.95 m/s
Perimeter of Penstock P 5.03 m
Hydraulic Radius R 0.40 m
Mannig's Value n 0.01
frictional Coefficient f 0.01
Head loss by manning's 2.36 m
Head Loss by Darcy's 1.66 m
5 Tunnel Head Loss
A Adopted Roughness Parameter Symbol Value Unit Remarks
1 Lined headrace tunnel n 0.018
Value of k for Lined HRT k 55.56 1/n
2 Unlined headrace tunnel n 0.02
173
Value of k for unlined HRT k 45.45 1/n

3 Penstock n 0.01
Value of k for unlined Penstock k 86.96
B Design Discharge Calculation for Q-max Qdesign 5.94 m3/s
a Unlined headrace tunnel

Length of Unlined of Tunnel (IV) Lu 2338
Diameter of unlined tunnel 2.40
Shape of Tunnel Inverted D-shaped
Cross section of Tunnel Al 5.14
Wetted Perimeter Pl 8.57
R tunnel R 0.60
K-Strickler k 45.45
loss coefficient 0.0845966
Loss m 2.985
Total Length of Tunnel L 2,338.00
Total Head Loss in Tunnel m 2.98
Total Head Loss upto Tunnel 4.92 m
6 Penstock Head loss

Head loss in Penstock 0.33 m From Optimization sheet
Total Head Loss 5.25 m
174
ANNEX C ECONOMICAL ANALYSIS
175
Table 1: Quantity Estimation
Weir/Undersluice
S. No Breadt Heigh Plan Sectional Quantit Remark
N Description Unit s Length h t Area Area y s
Site clearance work
1 for weir m2 1 68.76 27 1856.52
Earth work in
2 excavation
7830.59
i Under Weir m 3
1 63.56 20 6.16 2
1555.90
ii Under sluice m3 1 49.63 5.5 5.7 1
700.207
iii Divide wall m3 1 75.78 1.5 6.16 2
Total 10086.7
3 Dry stone soiling
i Under weir 1 63.56 20 0.15 190.68
40.9447
ii Under sluice 1 49.63 5.5 0.15 5
iii Divide wall 1 75.78 1.5 0.15 17.0505
248.675
m3 total 3
Boulder rip rap(up to 1
4 m)
weir u/s portion 1 10 20 1 200
176
Undersluice 1 12.22 4 1 48.88

total 248.88
Machine mixed
concrete
5 works (M25) m3
7639.91
i weir 1 63.56 20 6.01 2
1514.95
ii Undersluice 1 49.63 5.5 5.55 6
683.156
iii Divide wall 1 75.78 1.5 6.01 7
9838.02
Total 4
Reinforcement works
for RCC 75 kg per cubic meter of 737851.
6 concrete Kg concrete 8
Providing, preparing
and
installation of
formwork
7 weir m2 1 63.57 20 1271.4
49.63 5.5 272.965
75.78 1.5 113.67
1658.03
5
177
178
Intake
S. uni no Breadt Heigh Plan Sectional Quantit Remark
N Description t s Length h t Area Area y s
1 Site clearance m2 1 5.56 3 16.68
179
Earthwork in
2 excavation m3 5.56 3 0.3 5.004
3 Dry stone soiling m3 1 5.56 3 0.15 2.502
Machine mixed
concrete
in foundations and
footing
4 up to gate level m3 1 5.56 3 1.65 27.522
Machine mixed
concrete
5 in side wall m3 2 0.3 3 4.04 7.272
Machine mixed
concrete
6 in divide wall m3 1 0.5 3 4.04 6.06
Machine mixed
concrete
7 slab m3 1 5.56 3 0.3 5.004
Total
concrete 45.858
Reinforcement works
for RCC 100kg per cubic meter of
8 concrete kg concrete 4585.8
180
2.25*2 Intake
gate Opening
EL 1238.20
SECTION B-B
(SCALE 1:75)
Gravel Trap
181
S.N Descriptions Units Nos Length Breadth Height Plan Area Sectional Area Quantity Remarks
1 Site Clearance m2 1.00 17.50 5.10 89.25
Total 89.25
2 Earthwork Excavation m 3
Settling Portion m3 1 2.1 65.56 137.676

Outlet m3 1 2.1 18.45 38.745
Total 176.421
3 Dry stone Soiling m 3
Settling Portion m3 1 12.5 5.1 0.15 9.5625

Outlet m3 1 5 3 0.15 2.25
Total 176.421
4 PCC 1:2:4
Settling Portion m3 1 0.15 65.56 9.834
Outlet m3 1 0.15 18.45 2.7675
Total 12.6015
Machine mixed RCC
Concreting works of grade m3
5 M25
Side Wall at Settling portion m3 2 12.5 0.3 2.1 15.75
Side Wall at Outlet portion m3 2 5 0.3 2.1 6.3
Total 22.05
Reinforcement works for
kg 100 kg per Cubic meter of Concrete
6 RCC Concrete. 2205
Total 2205
182
183
Approach Canal
S. Uni No Lengt Breadt Heigh Plan Sectional Quantit Remar
N Description t s h h t Area Area y ks
Site Clearance 1.0
1 m2 210.00 3.00 630.00
0
Total 630.00
Earthwork 1.0 1,323.0
2 m3 210.00 3.00
Excavation 0 2.10 0
1,323.0
Total
0
1.0
4 Dry Stone Soling m3 210.00 3.60
0 0.15 113.40
Total 113.40
PCC work1:2:4 1.0
5 m3 210.00 3.60
0 0.15 113.40
Machine mixed
RCC Concreting
6
works of grade
M25
Bottom
6.1
Waterways m3 1 210 3.6 1 756
2.0
6.2 210.00 0.30
Side Wall m3 0 2.10 264.6
1.0
6.3 210.00 3.60
Slab m3 0 0.30 226.8
Total 1247.4
184
Reinforcement
7 works for RCC kg 100Kg per Cubic meter of Concrete
Concrete. 124740 100
Settling Basin
S.N Descriptions Units Nos Length Breadth Height Plan Area Sectional Area Quantity Remarks
1 Site Clearance m2 1.00 75.00 13.30 997.50
Earthwork
m3
2 Excavation
At Inlet Transition m3 1 5.85 165.266 966.8061
At Settling Zone m3 1 5.85 607.5 3553.875
At Outlet Transition m3 1 5.85 104.5 611.325
Total 5132.0061
3 Dry Stone Soling m 3

Total 131.5899
4 PCC 1:2:4 m 3

Total 131.5899
Machine mixed
RCC Concreting m3
5 works of grade
185
M25
5.1 At Inlet Transition
Side wall m3 2 20 0.5 5.85 117
5.2 At Settling Zone
Side wall m3 2 45 0.5 5.85 263.25
Baffle wall m3 1 45 0.5 5.85 131.625
5.3 At Outlet Transition m3 2 10 0.5 5.85 58.5
Total 570.375
Reinforcement
works for RCC kg 75 kg per Cubic meter of Concrete
6 Concrete. 42778.125
186
Headpond
S.N Description Unit Nos Length Breadth Height Plan Area Sectional Quantity Remarks
Area
1 Site Clearance m2 1 23 6 138
.00 .00 .00 .00
Total 138.
00
187
2 Earthwork m3 1 23 6 5 759
Excavation .00 .00 .00 .50
Total 759
4 Dry Stone Soling m3 1 23 6 0 22
.00 .00 .60 .15 .77
Total 22
.77
5 PCC work 1:2:4 m3 1 23 6 0 22
.00 .00 .60 .15 .77
Total 22.
77
6 Machine mixed RCC
Concreting works of
grade M 25
6.1 Bottom Waterways m3 1 23 6.6 1 151.8
6.2 Side Wall m3 2 23 0 5 75.9
.00 .00 .30 .50
Total 227.7
7 Reinforcement works kg 100 Kg per Cubic meter of Concrete 100
for RCC Concrete.
Headrace Pipe
S. Uni Nos Breadt Heigh Plan Sectional Quantit Remark
N Description t . Length h t Area Area y s
Site clearance 1974.51
1 Work m3 1 658.172 3 6
Earthwork in
2 Excavation of m3 1 2.5 3000 7500
188
ground
3 Saddle Block
i Dry stone soiling m 3
1 76 3.89 0.25 73.91
Machine mixed
concrete (M15) mix
in foundation,
ii footing m3 76 3.89 0.1 29.564
Machine mixed
concrete(M20) mix
iii in superstructures m3 3.89 244 949.16
Providing,
preparing and
installation of
iv formwork m2 12 43 3.89 2007.24
Reinforcement
works for RCC 25 per cubic meter of
4 concrete kg concrete 23729
Surge Tank
S. un No Bread Heig Plan Sectional Quant
N Description it s Length th ht Area Area ity Remarks
1 Site clearance m2 1 20 10 200
500 mm
1019.7 concrete
2 Earthwork in excavation m3
1 26.5 38.48 2 lining
189
270.56 Area= area of

3 RCC lining work m3
1 26.5 10.21 5 lining
Providing, preparing and
installation of
4 formwork m2 1 18.84 26.5 499.26
Reinforcement work for 100 kg per cubic meter of 27056.
5 RCC concrete kg 1 concrete 5
6 100 mm thick shotcrete m2 1 21.98 26.5 582.47
Penstock and Anchor Blocks

S. Unit Lengt Breadt Heig Plan Sectional Quantit Remar
N Descriptions s Nos h h ht Area Area y ks
1 Earth work excavation m2
Anchor block & 325.5 4,069.5
m2 1.00 2.50
Penstock 6 5 0
4,069.5
Total 0
2 Dry Stone Soling m 3
Anchor Block AB1 m3 1 7.56 3.4 0.25 6.426

Anchor Block AB2 m3 1 7.5 3.4 0.25 6.375
Anchor Block AB3 m3 1 9.5 3.4 0.25 8.075
Anchor Block AB4 1 8.75 3.4 0.25 7.4375
Anchor Block AB5 1 15 3.4 0.25 12.75
Anchor Block AB6 1 7 3.4 0.25 5.95
190
3 Anchor Block AB7 m3 1 9.46 3.4 0.25 8.041

Total 55.0545
Machine mixed RCC
Concreting works of
3 grade M20
106.348
Anchor Block AB1 m3
1 3.4 31.279 6
Anchor Block AB2 m3 1 3.4 31.375 106.675
248.662
Anchor Block AB3 m3 1 3.4 73.136 4
166.382
Anchor Block AB4 m3 1 3.4 48.936 4
239.757
Anchor Block AB5 1 3.4 70.517 8
Anchor Block AB6 1 3.4 24.22 82.348
208.256
Anchor Block AB7 1 3.4 61.252 8
1158.43
Total 1
Reinforcement works 30kg per cubic meter of 34752.9
4 for RCC Concrete. Kg concrete 3
Powerhouse
S.N Descriptions Units Nos Length Breadth Height Plan Sectional Quantit Remarks
Area Area y
1 Site Clearance m2 1.00 1 606.1
37.35 6.23 9
Total 606.1
9
191
2 Earthwork in
excavation
Column m3 20 0.5 0.5 3.15 15.75
Wall m3
Long wall m3 2 37.35 0.3 1 22.41
Short wall m3 3 15.23 0.3 1 13.707
Total 51.867
3 Dry Stone Soiling m3
Column m3 20 0.5 0.5 0.25 1.25
Long wall m3 2 37.35 0.3 0.25 5.6025
Short wall m3 2 15.63 0.3 0.25 2.3445
Inner short wall m3 1 15.23 0.3 0.25 1.14225
Total 10.33925
4 Concreting
Column m3 20 0.5 0.5 10 50
Beam m3 0
Long Beam m3 2 37.35 0.3 0.6 13.446
Short Beam m3 2 15.63 0.3 0.6 5.6268
Inner short beam m3 1 15.23 0.3 0.6 2.7414
Total 71.8142
5 Reinforcement kg 100 kg per cubic meter of 7181.42
concrete
Tailrace Canal
192
S.N Description Unit Nos Length Breadt Height Plan Sectional Quantity Remarks
h Area Area
1 Site Clearance m2
Canal-I m2 2 5
1.00 7.50 2.17 9.73
Canal-II m2 1 4
1.00 9.50 2.17 2.36
Canal-III m2 1 3
1.00 5.00 2.17 2.58
Total 13
4.67
2 Earthwork Excavation m 3

Canal-I m3 2 12
1.00 7.50 2.17 2.09 4.60
Canal-II m3 1 8
1.00 9.50 2.17 2.09 8.35
Canal-III m3 1 6
1.00 5.00 2.17 2.09 7.96
Total 28
0.91
4 Dry Stone Soling
Canal-I m3 2
1.00 7.50 2.17 0.15 8.96
Canal-II m3 1
1.00 9.50 2.17 0.15 6.35
Canal-III m3 1
1.00 5.00 2.17 0.15 4.89
Total 2
0.20
5 PCC work1:2:4
Canal-I m3 2
193
1.00 7.50 2.17 0.15 8.96

Canal-II m 3
1
1.00 9.50 2.17 0.15 6.35
Canal-III m3 1
1.00 5.00 2.17 0.15 4.89
Total 2
0.20
6 Machine mixed RCC
Concreting works of
grade M 25
Canal-I
Bottom Waterways m3 1 27.5 2.77 1 76.175
Side Wall m3 27.5 34.419
2.00 0.30 2.09
Slab m 3
27.5 22.8525
1.00 2.77 0.30
Canal-II
Bottom Waterways m3 1 19.5 2.77 1 54.015
Side Wall m3 19.5 24.4062
2.00 0.30 2.09
Slab m 3
19.5 16.2045
1.00 2.77 0.30
Canal-III
Bottom Waterways m3 1 15 2.77 1 41.55
Side Wall m3 15 18.774
2.00 0.30 2.09
Slab m 3
15 12.465
1.00 2.77 0.30
Total 300.8612

7 Reinforcement works for kg 100 kg per cubic meter of concrete 30086.12 100
194
RCC Concrete.
Total 30086.12
Table 2: Local Rates
SN Material Unit Darchula District Rate Remarks
1 Fill material / Soil cum 630.00

2 Sand cum 1680.00
3 Boulder cum 80.00
4 cum 1650.00
Sub-Base, Filter Material,
195
Gravel etc.
8 Bitumen ton 71000.00
10 Reinforcement Kg 108.00 Internet
11
Aggregate 10 mm & down cum 2000.00
12 Aggregate 10-20mm cum 2000.00
13 Aggregate 20-40mm cum 1700.00
14 Aggregate size 40 - 70mm cum 80.00
15 Binding wire Kg 106.00
16 Bitumen Kg
17 Cement Kg 17.00
18 Diesel Ltr. 284.87
19 Bricks nos. 71.00
20 Kerosene Ltr. 102.50
21 Petrol Ltr. 301.87
22 Stone cum 80.00
23 Site Clearance Sqm 24.15 Consultancy
24 Earthwork Excavation cum 700.00 Internet
25 PCC 1:2:4 cum 11965.00 Internet
26 Machine Mixed concrete cum 16318.09 Consultancy
27 Machine Mixed Concrete(M15) cum 12677.58 Consultancy

28 Boulder Riprap(up to 1m) cum 5490.57 Consultancy
100 mm thick shotcrete Sq.m. 5120.43 consultancy
196
Table 3: Abstract of Cost

Item Description of Work Quantity Unit Rate(Nrs) Amount(Nrs)
Unit Remarks
No.
A. Weir/Undersluice
1 Site clearance Work m2
1856.52 24.14 44816.3928
2 Earth work in excavation m3 10086.6997 700 7060689.79
3 Dry stone soiling m3 248.67525 2535.23 630448.9541
m3
4 Boulder rip rap(upto 1 m) 248.88 12677.58 3155196.11
197
machine mixed concrete

5 works (M25) m3 9838.02445 16318.09 160537768.4
Reinforcement works for RCC
6 concrete Kg 737851.8338 108 79687998.05
Providing, preparing and
7 installation of formwork m2 1658.035 897.52 1488119.573
Total 252605037.3
B. Intake
1 Site clearance m2
16.68 24.14 402.6552
2 Earthwork in excavation m3 5.004 700 3502.8
3 Machine mixed Concrete m3 45.858 16318.09 748314.9712
Reinforcement works for RCC
4 concrete Kg 4585.8 108 495266.4
Total 1247486.826
C. Gravel Trap
1 Site Clearance m2 89.25 24.140 2154.495
2 Earthwork Excavation m3 176.421 700.000 123494.7
3 Dry Stone Solling m3 176.421 2535.230 447267.8118
4 Pcc work1:2:4 m3 12.6015 11965.000 150776.9475
Machine mixed RCC Concreting works of grade M m3
5 25 570.375 16318.090 9307430.584
6 Reinforcement works for RCC Concrete. Kg 2205 108.000 238140
Total 10269264.54
D. Approach Canal
1 Site Clearance m2
630.00 24.15 15,214.5
2 Earthwork Excavation m3 1,323.00 700 9,26,100.0
3 Dry Stone Solling m3 113.40 2535.23 2,87,495.1
4 Pcc work1:2:4 m3 113.40 11965.00 13,56,831.0
198
Machine mixed RCC Concreting works of grade M 2,03,55,185.5

5 m3
25 1247.4 16318.09
Reinforcement works for RCC Concrete. 108.00 1,34,71,920.0
6 kg
124740
Total 3,64,12,746.0
E. Settling Basin
1 Site Clearance m2
997.5 24.14 24079.65
2 Earthwork Excavation m3 5132.0061 700 3592404.27
3 Dry Stone Solling m3 131.5899 2535.23 333610.6622
4 Pcc work1:2:4 m3 131.5899 11965 1574473.154
Machine mixed RCC Concreting works of grade M
5
25 570.375 16318.09 9307430.584
Reinforcement works for RCC Concrete.
6 Kg
42778.125 108 4620037.5
Total 19452035.82
F. Headpond/Forebay
1 Site Clearance m2
138 24.14 3331.32
2 Earthwork Excavation
m3
759 700 531300
3 Dry Stone Solling m3
22.7 2535.23 57549.721
4 Pcc work1:2:4 m3 22.7 11965 271605.5
5 m3
25 227.7 16318.09 3715629.093
6 kg
22770 108 2459160
Total 7038575.634
G. Headrace Pipe
1 Site clearance Work m2
1974.516 24.14 47664.81624
199
Earthwork in Excavation of
2 ground 7500 700 5250000
3 Dry stone soiling m3
73.91 2535.23 187378.8493
4 Machine Mixed Concrete(M15) m3 29.564 12677.58 374799.9751
m3
5 Machine mixed concrete(M20) mix in superstructures 949.16 16318.09 15488478.3
m2
6 Providing, preparing andinstallation of formwork 2007.24 897.52 1801538.045
kg
7 Reinforcement works for RCC concrete 23729 108 2562732
Cost of Pipe from optimization 30406416.92
Total 56119008.91
H. Tunnel
Cost of Pipe from optimization 39069150.67
Cost of construction 400000000
Total 439069150.7
I. Surge Tank
1 Site clearance m2 200 24.14 4828
2 Earthwork in excavation m3 1019.72 700 713804
m3
3 RCC lining work 270.565 16318.09 4415104.021
Providing, preparing and installation of
4 formwork m2 499.26 897.52 448095.8352
5 Reinforcement work for RCC concrete kg 27056.5 108 2922102
6 100 mm thick shotcrete m2 582.47 5120.43 2982496.862
200
7 Total 11486430.72
J. Anchor Block and Penstock
Earthwork Excavation m3 4069.5 700 2848650
Dry Stone Solling m 3
55.0545 2535.23 139575.82
m3
25 1158.431 16318.09 18903381.32
Kg
34752.93 108 3753316.44
Cost of penstock from optimization 22290319.58
Total 47935243.15
K. Power house
1 Site Clearance m 2
606.1905 24.14 14633.43867
2 Earthwork in excavation m3 51.867 700 36306.9
3 Dry Stone Soiling m3 10.33925 2535.23 26212.37678
4 Concreting m3 71.8142 16318.09 1171870.579
5 Reinforcement kg 7181.42 108 775593.36
Total 2024616.654
L. Tailrace Canal
1 Site Clearance m 2 134.7 24.14 3,250.88
2 Earthwork Excavation m3 280.9 700 1,96,636.37
3 Dry Stone Soling m3 20.1996 2535.23 51,210.63
PCC work1:2:4 20.20
4 m3
11965 2,41,688.21
5 m3
25 300.8612 16318.09 49,09,480.14
201

6 kg
30086.12 108 32,49,300.96
Total 86,51,567.20
Grand Total 89,23,11,163.44
S.N Items Cost (NRs) Coverage % of

total cost
1 Civil Works
a Weir/Undersluice 252605037.3 13.944

b Intake 1247486.826 0.069
c Gravel Trap 10269264.54 0.567
d Approach Canal 36412746.05 2.010
e Settling Basin 19452035.82 1.074
f Headpond/Forebay 7038575.634 0.389
g Headrace pipe 56119008.91 3.098
h Tunnel 439069150.7 24.236
i Surge Tank 11486430.72 0.634
j Anchor block &Penstock 47935243.15 2.646
k Power house 2024616.654 0.112
202
l Tailrace Canal 8,651,567.20 0.478

m Total civil works cost 892311163.4 49.255
2 Hydro mechanical works 10000000 0.552
3 Electro-mechanical 446155581.7 24.627
4 Project Development Cost 40000000 2.208
5 Transmission line cost 89231116.34 4.925
6 Environmental Mitigation 10000000 0.552
7 Project Equipment and vehicle 20000000 1.104
8 Land Acquisition Cost 89231116.34 4.925
9 Contingencies 50000000 2.760
Total Cost 1646928978
Total Project Cost including IDC of 10% 1811621876
203
Land Acquisition Cost; 2.760 Contingencies; 2.761

Environmental Mitigation; Project Equipment and vehicle; 4.925 Weir/Undersluice; 13.944
1.104 Transmission line cost; 0.552 Intake; 0.069
Gravel Trap; 0.567
Project Development Cost;
4.925 Approach Canal; 2.010
Electro-mechanical; 2.208 Settling Basin; 1.074

0.389
Headpond/Forbay; 3.098
Hydro mechanical works; 24.627

Headrace pipe; 24.236
Total civil works cost; 0.552 Tunnel; 0.634
Surge Tank; 2.646

Anchor block &Penstock;
0.112
Power house; 0.478
Tailrace Canal; 49.255
Weir/Undersluice Intake Gravel Trap Approach Canal

Settling Basin Headpond/Forbay Headrace pipe
Tunnel Surge Tank Anchor block &Penstock Power house
Tailrace Canal Total civil works cost Hydro mechanical works Electro-mechanical
Project Development Cost Transmission line cost Environmental Mitigation Project Equipment and vehicle
Land Acquisition Cost Contingencies
204
Table 4: Details and Assumptions

Total Construction Period 3
Construction Cost Disbursement
Economic Life of Project 32 Years
Economic Life of Electromechanical equipment 20 Years
Economic Life of Transmission Line 20 Years

Discount Rate 12 %
Annual Cost of operation and Maintenance
1% of project cost
Installed Capacity 8.958 MW
Gross Head 183.18 m
Net Head 177.93 m
Head Loss 5.25 m
June, July, August,
September, October, November
Wet Months
January, February, March,
April, May, December
Dry Months
Dry energy rate 8.4 Rs/KWhr
Wet energy rate 4.8 Rs/KWhr
Turbine Efficiency 90.5 %
Generator Efficiency 96.5 %
Hydraulic Efficiency 98 %
Transformer Efficiency 99 %
Overall efficiency 88 %
205
Transmission Efficiency 98 %
Riparian Release 10% of minimum flow

Outage 5 %
Table 5: Project Cost Summary
Description of work Amount (NRs) Coverage % Remarks
Civil Works 89,23,11,163.4 49.25

Hydro mechanical works 10000000 0.55 Assumed
Electro-mechanical 446155581.7 24.63
Project Development Cost 40000000 2.21 Assumed

Transmission line cost 89231116.34 4.93
Environmental Mitigation 10000000 0.55 Assumed
Project Equipment and vehicle 20000000 1.10 Assumed
Land Acquisition Cost 89231116.34 4.93
Contingencies 50000000 2.76 Assumed
Total Cost 1646928978
Total Project Cost including IDC of 10% 1811621876
206
Table 6: Revenue Calculation

Outa Salabl
Power Normal Dry Wet
Availab Design Net Operati Total ge e PPA Monthly
Month genera Operation season season
le Flow Flow Head on time energy Losse Energ Rate Revenue
te al Time energy energy
s y
(NR
(m3/s) (m3/s) (m) (kW) (Hrs) (days) (kWh) (kWh) (kWh) (kWh) (kWh) (NRs)
s)
177.9 29076 29076 17446 27331 2295887
January 3.686 3.39 5211 18 31 8.40
3 58 58 0 99 1
177.9 23491 23491 14094 22081 1854867
February 3.328 3.03 4661 18 28 8.40
3 22 22 7 75 1
177.9 25948 25948 15568 24391 2048865
March 3.321 3.03 4650 18 31 8.40
3 14 14 9 26 4
177.9 21909 21909 13145 20594 1729966
April 2.935 2.64 4057 18 30 8.40
3 40 40 6 83 0
177.9 23848 23848 14308 22417 1883056
May 3.076 2.78 4274 18 31 8.40
3 23 23 9 34 4
177.9 49269 49269 29561 46313 2223054
June 7.726 5.94 9124 18 30 4.80
3 83 83 9 64 7
177.9 50912 50912 30547 47857 2297156
July 24.634 5.94 9124 18 31 4.80
3 16 16 3 43 6
177.9 50912 50912 30547 47857 2297156
August 59.932 5.94 9124 18 31 4.80
3 16 16 3 43 6
Septemb 177.9 49269 49269 29561 46313 2223054
36.205 5.94 9124 18 30 4.80
er 3 83 83 9 64 7
177.9 50912 50912 30547 47857 2297156
October 12.739 5.94 9124 18 31 4.80
3 16 16 3 43 6
207
Novemb 177.9 49269 49269 29561 46313 2223054

6.725 5.94 9124 18 30 4.80
er 3 83 83 9 64 7
Decemb 177.9 37844 37844 22706 35574 2988224
4.709 4.42 6782 18 31 8.40
er 3 79 79 9 10 6
2636150
Total 05
Table 7: Depreciation of Civil Components

Depreciation of civil components = 3%
End of Year Opening Balance Depreciation Cumulative Closing Balance
1 892311163.4 26769334.9 26769334.9 865541828.5
2 865541828.5 25966254.86 52735589.76 839575573.7
3 839575573.7 25187267.21 77922856.97 814388306.5
4 814388306.5 24431649.19 102354506.2 789956657.3
5 789956657.3 23698699.72 126053205.9 766257957.6
6 766257957.6 22987738.73 149040944.6 743270218.8
7 743270218.8 22298106.56 171339051.2 720972112.3
8 720972112.3 21629163.37 192968214.5 699342948.9
9 699342948.9 20980288.47 213948503 678362660.4
10 678362660.4 20350879.81 234299382.8 658011780.6
11 658011780.6 19740353.42 254039736.2 638271427.2
12 638271427.2 19148142.82 273187879.1 619123284.4
13 619123284.4 18573698.53 291761577.6 600549585.8
14 600549585.8 18016487.58 309778065.2 582533098.3
15 582533098.3 17475992.95 327254058.1 565057105.3
16 565057105.3 16951713.16 344205771.3 548105392.2
17 548105392.2 16443161.76 360648933 531662230.4
18 531662230.4 15949866.91 376598799.9 515712363.5
208
19 515712363.5 15471370.9 392070170.9 500240992.6

20 500240992.6 15007229.78 407077400.6 485233762.8
21 485233762.8 14557012.88 421634413.5 470676749.9
22 470676749.9 14120302.5 435754716 456556447.4
23 456556447.4 13696693.42 449451409.4 442859754
24 442859754 13285792.62 462737202.1 429573961.4
25 429573961.4 12887218.84 475624420.9 416686742.5
26 416686742.5 12500602.28 488125023.2 404186140.3
27 404186140.3 12125584.21 500250607.4 392060556.1
28 392060556.1 11761816.68 512012424.1 380298739.4
29 380298739.4 11408962.18 523421386.2 368889777.2
30 368889777.2 11066693.32 534488079.6 357823083.9
31 357823083.9 10734692.52 545222772.1 347088391.4
32 347088391.4 10412651.74 555635423.8 336675739.6
Table 8: Depreciation of Hydro Mechanical Component

Depreciation of Hydro mechanical components = 20%
End of
Year Opening Balance Depreciation Cumulative Closing Balance
1 10000000 2000000 2000000 8000000
2 8000000 1600000 3600000 6400000
3 6400000 1280000 4880000 5120000
4 5120000 1024000 5904000 4096000
5 4096000 819200 6723200 3276800
6 3276800 655360 7378560 2621440
7 2621440 524288 7902848 2097152
8 2097152 419430.4 8322278.4 1677721.6
9 1677721.6 335544.32 8657822.72 1342177.28
10 1342177.28 268435.456 8926258.176 1073741.824
209
11 1073741.824 214748.3648 9141006.541 858993.4592

12 858993.4592 171798.6918 9312805.233 687194.7674
13 687194.7674 137438.9535 9450244.186 549755.8139
14 549755.8139 109951.1628 9560195.349 439804.6511
15 439804.6511 87960.93022 9648156.279 351843.7209
16 351843.7209 70368.74418 9718525.023 281474.9767
17 281474.9767 56294.99534 9774820.019 225179.9814
18 225179.9814 45035.99627 9819856.015 180143.9851
19 180143.9851 36028.79702 9855884.812 144115.1881
20 144115.1881 28823.03762 9884707.85 115292.1505
Table 9: Depreciation of Electro Mechanical Components

Depreciation of Electro mechanical components = 20%
End of Year Opening Balance Depreciation Cumulative Closing Balance
1 446155581.7 89231116.3 89231116.34 356924465.4
2 356924465.4 71384893.1 160616009.4 285539572.3
3 285539572.3 57107914.5 217723923.9 228431657.8
4 228431657.8 45686331.6 263410255.4 182745326.3
5 182745326.3 36549065.3 299959320.7 146196261
6 146196261 29239252.2 329198572.9 116957008.8
7 116957008.8 23391401.8 352589974.7 93565607.05
8 93565607.05 18713121.4 371303096.1 74852485.64
9 74852485.64 14970497.1 386273593.2 59881988.51
10 59881988.51 11976397.7 398249990.9 47905590.81
11 47905590.81 9581118.16 407831109.1 38324472.65
12 38324472.65 7664894.53 415496003.6 30659578.12
13 30659578.12 6131915.62 421627919.2 24527662.49
14 24527662.49 4905532.5 426533451.7 19622130
15 19622130 3924426 430457877.7 15697704
210
16 15697704 3139540.8 433597418.5 12558163.2

17 12558163.2 2511632.64 436109051.2 10046530.56
18 10046530.56 2009306.11 438118357.3 8037224.446
19 8037224.446 1607444.89 439725802.2 6429779.557
20 6429779.557 1285955.91 441011758.1 5143823.646
Table 10: Payback Period Calculation

Revenue
Operation and Generated from
Years Maintenance Cost (NRs.) energy (NRs.) Net Cash Flow (NRs.) Cumulative Cash Flow (NRs.)
0 -1,81,16,21,876 -1,81,16,21,876
1 18116218.76 263615005 24,54,98,786 -1,56,61,23,090
2 19022029.69 263615005 24,45,92,975 -1,32,15,30,115
3 19973131.18 263615005 24,36,41,874 -1,07,78,88,241
4 20971787.74 263615005 24,26,43,217 -83,52,45,024
5 22020377.12 263615005 24,15,94,628 -59,36,50,397
6 23121395.98 263615005 24,04,93,609 -35,31,56,788
7 24277465.78 263615005 23,93,37,539 -11,38,19,249
8 25491339.07 263615005 23,81,23,666 12,43,04,417
9 26765906.02 263615005 23,68,49,099 36,11,53,515
10 28104201.32 263615005 23,55,10,803 59,66,64,319
11 29509411.39 263615005 23,41,05,593 83,07,69,912
12 30984881.96 263615005 23,26,30,123 1,06,34,00,035
13 32534126.06 263615005 23,10,80,879 1,29,44,80,913
14 34160832.36 263615005 22,94,54,172 1,52,39,35,086
15 35868873.98 263615005 22,77,46,131 1,75,16,81,216
16 37662317.68 263615005 22,59,52,687 1,97,76,33,903
17 39545433.56 263615005 22,40,69,571 2,20,17,03,474
18 41522705.24 263615005 22,20,92,299 2,42,37,95,774
211
19 43598840.5 263615005 22,00,16,164 2,64,38,11,938

20 45778782.53 263615005 21,78,36,222 2,86,16,48,160
21 48067721.65 263615005 21,55,47,283 3,07,71,95,443
22 50471107.73 263615005 21,31,43,897 3,29,03,39,340
23 52994663.12 263615005 21,06,20,342 3,50,09,59,682
24 55644396.28 263615005 20,79,70,608 3,70,89,30,290
25 58426616.09 263615005 20,51,88,389 3,91,41,18,679
26 61347946.9 263615005 20,22,67,058 4,11,63,85,736
27 64415344.24 263615005 19,91,99,660 4,31,55,85,397
28 67636111.45 263615005 19,59,78,893 4,51,15,64,290
29 71017917.03 263615005 19,25,97,088 4,70,41,61,378
30 74568812.88 263615005 18,90,46,192 4,89,32,07,570
31 78297253.52 263615005 18,53,17,751 5,07,85,25,321
32 82212116.2 263615005 18,14,02,888 5,25,99,28,209
Table 11: Project IRR and B/C ratio

Project Cost 1,81,16,21,8
76
212
Total Revenue 263615005

Year Cost Benefit Present Value Cumulativ
Capital O&M cost Total cost Total Net Cash flow PV cost PV NPV e
Cost Benefit Benefit Benefit Discounte
d Cash
Flow
0
1 54348656 54348656 0 0 - 48525586 - -
2.7 3 54348656 0 48525585 485255859
2.7 9.5 .5
2 72464875 72464875 0 0 - 64700781 - -
0.2 0 72464875 3 64700781 113226367
0.2 2.7 2
3 54348656 54348656 0 0 - 48525586 - -
2.7 3 54348656 0 48525585 161751953
2.7 9.5 2
4 18116218.7 18116218. 263615005 245498786 24549878 16175195. 15601891 13984372 -
6 8 5.9 3 7 1.4 147767581
0
5 19022029.6 19022029. 271523454 252501425 25250142 16983955. 16046922 14348526 -
9 7 .8 .1 5.1 1 0 5.4 133419054
5
6 19973131.1 19973131. 279669158 259696027 25969602 17833152. 16504152 14720836 -
8 2 .5 .3 7.3 8 0 7.4 118698217
8
7 20971787.7 20971787. 288059233 267087445 26708744 18724810. 16973890 15101408 -
4 7 .2 .5 5.5 5 0 9.6 103596808
8
213
8 22020377.1 22020377. 296701010 274680633 27468063 19661051 17456450 15490345 -

2 1 .2 .1 3.1 8 7.1 881064630
.9
9 23121395.9 23121396 305602040 282480644 28248064 20644103. 17952155 15887745 -
8 .5 .5 4.5 6 6 2.9 722187178
10 24277465.7 24277465. 314770101 290492636 29049263 21676308. 18461332 16293701 -
8 8 .7 6 7 2 3.1 559250165
11 25491339.0 25491339. 324213204 298721865 29872186 22760124. 18984314 16708302 -
7 1 .8 .7 5.7 2 6 1.9 392167143
12 26765906.0 26765906 333939600 307173694 30717369 23898130. 19521443 17131630 -
2 .9 .9 4.9 4 6 6 220850837
.1
13 28104201.3 28104201. 343957789 315853587 31585358 25093036. 20073066 17563762 -
2 3 .6 7.6 9 5 8.2 45213208.
91
14 29509411.3 29509411. 354276522 324767111 32476711 26347688. 20639537 18004768 134834472
9 4 .6 .2 1.2 7 0 1.7 .8
15 30984881.9 30984882 364904818 333919936 33391993 27665073. 21221215 18454708 319381555
6 .3 .4 6.4 2 6 3.1 .9
16 32534126.0 32534126. 375851962 343317836 34331783 29048326. 21818469 18913636 508517921
6 1 .9 .8 6.8 8 2 5.1
17 34160832.3 34160832. 387127521 352966689 35296668 30500743. 22431671 19381596 702333890
6 4 .7 .4 9.4 2 2 9
18 35868873.9 35868874 398741347 362872473 36287247 32025780. 23061201 19858623 900920126
8 .4 .4 3.4 3 7 6.7 .7
19 37662317.6 37662317. 398741347 361079029 36107902 33627069. 22947225 19584518 109676530
8 7 .4 .7 9.7 4 1 1.8 8
20 39545433.5 39545433. 410703587 371158154 37115815 35308422. 23587771 20056929 129733460
214
6 6 .8 .3 4.3 8 7 4.2 3
21 41522705.2 41522705. 423024695 381501990 38150199 37073844 24245141 20537756 150271217
4 2 .5 .2 0.2 2 7.8 0
22 43598840.5 43598840. 435715436 392116595 39211659 38927536. 24919718 21026964 171298182
5 .3 .8 5.8 2 5 9.3 0
23 45778782.5 45778782. 448786899 403008116 40300811 40873913 25611894 21524503 192822685
3 5 .4 .9 6.9 4 1.1 1
24 48067721.6 48067721. 462250506 414182784 41418278 42917608. 26322064 22030303 214852989
5 7 .4 .7 4.7 6 7 8.9 0
25 50471107.7 50471107. 476118021 425646913 42564691 45063489 27050630 22544281 237397270
3 7 .6 .9 3.9 9 9.7 9
26 52994663.1 52994663. 490401562 437406899 43740689 47316663. 27797999 23066332 260463603
2 1 .2 .1 9.1 5 2 8.5 8
27 55644396.2 55644396. 505113609 449469212 44946921 49682496. 28564581 23596331 284059935
8 3 .1 .8 2.8 7 0 3.8 2
28 58426616.0 58426616. 520267017 461840401 46184040 52166621. 29350792 24134130 308194065
9 1 .4 .3 1.3 5 4 2.8 4
29 61347946.9 61347946. 535875027 474527081 47452708 54774952. 30157053 24679558 332873624
9 .9 1 6 9 6.1 1
30 64415344.2 64415344. 551951278 487535934 48753593 57513700. 30983790 25232420 358106044
4 2 .7 .5 4.5 2 0 0 1
31 67636111.4 67636111. 568509817 500873705 50087370 60389385. 31831429 25792490 383898535
5 5 .1 .6 5.6 2 5 9.7 0
32 71017917.0 71017917 585565111 514547194 51454719 63408854. 32700404 26359518 410258054
3 .6 .6 4.6 5 4 9.9 0
Total 1129051882 29406737 117159766 105869248 26256015 67281821 41025805
58 90 07 70 10 40
215
Year IRR B/C ratio NPV

8 -8% 0.67 -881064630.9
16 10.01% 1.33 508517921
32 14% 2.57 4102580540
ANNEX D DRAWINGS
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227

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KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY

“STUDY OF NAUGAD HYDROPOWER PROJECT (NHPP)”

ASST. PROFF. MANISH PRAKASH

SUBMITTED BY: GROUP 03

DATE OF SUBMISSION: 2022/02/22

___________________ ______________________________ _______________

_________________ ______________________________ _______________

3. Head of the Department

नौगाड जलविद्यु त आयोजना (एनजीपीपी) को अध्ययनले ८ वर्षमा भु क्तानी अवधिसहित, यो

LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

HPP Hydro Power Project

1. Project Name Naugad Hydropower Project

Northing 29⁰ 44' 15"N to 29⁰ 46' 04"N.

Easting 80⁰ 39' 25"E to 80⁰ 41' 23"E

3. Type of Scheme Run of River (RoR)

Gross Head 183.18 m

Net Head 177.93 m

Design Flow 5.94 m3/s

Installed Capacity 8.958 MW

Catchment area at intake site 135.785 km2

Catchment area at powerhouse site 148.756 km2

Design Discharge (Q40) 5.94 m3/s

Type Broad Crested Weir

Crest Elevation 1240.36 m3/s

Bed level 1238.2 amsl

Type Orifice type side intake

Number; Size of opening 2 Nos; 2.25 m × 2 m

Invert Level 1239.7 m

Trashrack vertical opening 0.1 m

Trashrack horizontal opening 0.4 m

Submergence depth of trashrack 1.5

Submergence width of trashrack 5.6

Width of basin 2.25 m

Depth of basin 2.10 m

Length of basin 12.26 m

Depth of canal 1.5 m

10. Settling Basin

Reference particle size 0.2 mm

Depth (Settling Zone Only) 4m

11. Headrace Pipe

Length 658. 172 m

Material Galvanized commercial steel

12. Headrace Tunnel

13. Surge Tank

Material Galvanized commercial steel

Internal Diameter 1.5 m

Type Pelton Turbine

Rated Output 4.686 MW

Number of units, nozzle 2 Nos; 5 Nos.

17. Power and Energy

Gross Head 183.18 m

Net Head 177.93 m

Design Discharge 5.94 m3/s

Annual Energy 16.09863238 kWh

Dry Energy 6.612924296 kWh

Wet Energy 9.485708083 kWh

18. Project Cost and Financial Indicators

___ _

_ _