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Self-Paced Learning Material 4 Structural Theory Lecture

LESSON 4: Classical Methods of Structural Analysis for Statically

Indeterminate Structures

Methods of in Analyzing Statically Indeterminate Beams and in Determining Beam De-

flections:
1. Area-Moment Method
2. Integration Method
3. Conjugate Method
4. Virtual Work Method
5. Three-moment Equation
6. Moment Distribution Method
7. Partial Derivative Method
8. Castigliano’s Second Theorem
9. Slope-Deflection Method; Matrix Analysis
10. Method of Consistent Deformation/ Superpositiom

In our lesson, we will only cover the first six methods since the other approaches are
somewhat related to the other.

Deflection of Beams
The deformation of a beam is identified in terms of its deflection from its original position. It is
represented by the elastic curve or the deformed shape of the beam after the application of the
loads. Deflection is being measured from the original neutral surface of the beam to the neutral
surface of the deformed beam. The deflection of a structure is caused by its internal loadings
such as normal force, shear force, or bending moment. For beams and frames, however, the
greatest deflections are most often caused by internal bending, whereas internal axial forces
cause the deflections of a truss.

Support Restrictions or Boundary Conditions:

slope
Original Beam

Tangent line pass-

Elastic Curve ing at the support

deflection
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The elastic curve can be easily drawn if the moment diagram is established. Positive moment
tends to bend the member or beam concave upward. Likewise, the negative moment tends to
bend it concave downward

Sample Illustrations showing the relationship of moment and elastic curve.

Pt. where the

curve changes
its direction
from concave
downward to
upward
This corre-
sponds to ZERO
MOMENT
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Method 1: AREA-MOMENT METHOD

This method is used to determine the slopes and deflections in beams. This involves the use of
the area of the moment diagram.

Theorem 1: The change in slope between any two

points on the elastic curve equals the area of the M/EI dia-
gram between these two points.
Sample Beam
The notation ØB/A is referred to as the angle of the tangent
at B measured with respect to the tangent at A. From the
proof it should be evident that this angle is measured
counterclockwise from tangent A to tangent B if the area of
the M/EI diagram is positive. Conversely, if this area is
negative, or below the x axis, the angle is measured clock-
wise from tangent A to tangent B.
M-diagram

ØB/A = Area of the M-diagram

Elastic Curve

Theorem 2. The vertical deviation of the tangent at a

point (A) on the elastic curve with respect to the tangent
extended from another point (B) equals the “moment” of
the area under the M/EI diagram between the two points
(A and B). This moment is computed about point A (the
point on the elastic curve), where the deviation tA/B is to
be determined.
Procedure of Analysis:

The following procedure provides a method that may be used to determine the displacement and slope at
a point on the elastic curve of a beam using the moment-area theorems.

M/EI Diagram
• Determine the support reactions and draw the beam’s M/EI diagram.

(Sample Beam)

Using the equilibrium equations, the support

reactions are equal to: Ay=40KN &Cy=80KN
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• If the beam is loaded with concentrated forces, the M/EI diagram will consist of a series of
straight line segments, and the areas and their moments required for the moment-area theorems
will be relatively easy to compute.

• If the loading consists of a series of concentrated forces and distributed loads, it maybe simpler to
compute the required M/EI areas and their moments by drawing the M/EI diagram in parts, us-
ing the method of superposition. In any case, the M/EI diagram will consist of parabolic or per-
haps higher-order curves, and it is suggested that the table on the inside back cover be used to
locate the area and centroid under each curve.

M/EI diagram by superposition:

Elastic Curve
• Draw an exaggerated view of the beam’s elastic curve. Recall that points of zero slope occur at
fixed supports and zero displacement occurs at all fixed, pin, and roller supports.
• If it becomes difficult to draw the general shape of the elastic curve, use the moment (or M/EI)
diagram. Realize that when the beam is subjected to a positive moment the beam bends concave
up, whereas negative moment bends the beam concave down. Furthermore, an inflection point or
change in curvature occurs where the moment in the beam (or M/EI) is zero.
• The displacement and slope to be determined should be indicated on the curve.
• Since the moment-area theorems apply only between two tangents, attention should be given as
to which tangents should be constructed so that the angles or deviations between them will lead
to the solution of the problem. In this regard, the tangents at the points of unknown slope and dis-
placement and at the supports should be considered, since the beam usually has zero displacement
and/or zero slope at the supports.

θC

θC θC/A
θC =θD/A

Moment-Area Theorems
• Apply Theorem 1 to determine the angle between two tangents, and Theorem 2 to determine
vertical deviations between these tangents.
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In the sample beam, Say if we will compute for the value of θC/A:
θ C/A= area of the M/EI diagram between C and A

/ 10 KN.m3

If we want to compute for the value of θD/A, we will compute the area between D
and A in the M/EI diagram. Notice also that θD/A= θA. Point D corresponds to the
location of the maximum deflection or the point where the slope is zero.

∆ /
/
15

• Realize that Theorem 2 in general will not yield the displacement of a point on the elastic curve.
When applied properly, it will only give the vertical distance or deviation of a tangent at point A
on the elastic curve from the tangent at B.

!
∆ / $ % & ' ( & * & + . (
"#

∆ / * - .* -

1 400 2 1 400 1
∆ / 0 2 5 3 5 5. 0 2 10 63 10 5 . 57
2 "# 3 2 "# 3
, 9:.;<
∆ /

∆ / 20,000 =>. ?
/"# 1,333.33 =>.
/
15 15 "#

For the location of the maximum deflection, know that at maximum

deflection the slope is zero, so its location also coincides to the point
of zero slope. Say in our example, the point of max deflection is at
point D with distance “xm” from A.
1,333.33 =>.
/ * & ' * @
"#

1,333.33 =>. 1 40-;

/ -;
"# 2 "#

-; 8.16
• After applying either Theorem 1 or Theorem 2, the algebraic sign of the
answer can be verified from the angle or deviation as indicated on the
elastic curve.
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Method 1: Double Integration Method

Procedure of Analysis:
Load or Moment Function
• For each region in which there is an x coordinate, express the internal moment M as a
function of x.

• Always assume that M acts in the positive direction when applying the equation of mo-
ment equilibrium to determine

Sample Beam:

Slope and Elastic Curve

• Provided EI is constant, apply the moment equation which requires two integrations.
For each integration it is important to include a constant of integration. The constants
are determined using the boundary conditions for the supports and the continuity con-
ditions that apply to slope and dis-
placement at points where two func-
tions meet.
E
CD I
G"
CF E M

J
GK LM +
F

G ∆ M N$

Summing up all the moment at the cut section with a distance x and considering
the left segment
J ! 15
G" 20 O -
- "# "#

First integration of the M/EI equation will give us:

J 15 -
GK e20- O f . (
F "# 2

Integrating once more:

i Fj
G 10- O .( -.(
k

Compute the two constants (C1 and C2) by establishing the boundary conditions
based on the given beam: (normally boundary conditions are based on the type
of support –see previous discussion)

At x=0, since it is a fixed support; θ=0, and y=∆=0

Therefore: C2=0 and C1=0
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• Once the integration constants are determined and substituted back into the slope and
deflection equations, the slope and displacement at specific points on the elastic curve
can be determined. The numerical values obtained can be checked graphically by com-
paring them with the sketch of the elastic curve.

Now if we want to compute for the value of slope and deflection at point B or at
x=20ft and using the values of EI and y’ and y equations will give us:

l O0.0197

Gl O0.262

• Positive values for slope are counterclockwise and positive displacement is upward.

l 0.0197 rad ↻

Gl 0.262 ft ↓

Method 3: Conjugate Beam Method

Concept:

M/EI diagram for a beam =load on fictitious analogous beam

• SHEAR ON FICTITIOUS BEAM = SLOPE OF ORIGINAL REAL BEAM
• MOMENT ON FICTITIOUS BEAM = DEF. OF ORIGINAL REAL BEAM

Properties of Conjugate Beam

1. Actual & conjugate beam = in length

2. Load of conjugate = M/EI diagram of the actual beam
3. Statically determinate real = statically determinate conjugate beam.
4. Statically indeterminate real = statically determinate conjugate beam.
5. Supports:
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6. Slope at a given point of the real beam = shear in the corresponding point of
conjugate beam.
7. Deflection at a given point of the real beam = bending moment at the point of
conjugate beam
8. Point of zero shear in conjugate = zero slope in real beam.
9. Max. moment in conjugate = max deflection of real beam & occurs at zero
shear in conjugate beam

Sign Convention:
• Positive ordinates of M/EI diagram = applied as upward loads (in the posi-
tive y direction) to the conjugate beams and vice versa.

• Positive shear in the conjugate beams means a positive (counterclockwise)

slope of the real beam

• Positive bending moment in the conjugate beam means a positive (upward

or in the positive y direction) deflection of the real beam

Sample Actual Beam:

Step 1: Solve for the support reaction of the actual beam

Step 2: Construct the M/EI diagram. You can do the conventional way of illustrating the moment
diagram of use the method of superposition.

Step 3: Create a conjugate or fictitious beam and the load of this beam is the M/EI diagram but
applied as upward load.
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Step 4: To solve for the slope on a specific point of the actual beam, start by solving the reaction
of the new beam or conjugate beam and solve the shear on the same point on the conju-
gate beam by methods of section and applying the equations of equilibrium.

Say if we want to solve for the slope at Aon the actual beam. We will solve for the shear at
A on the conjugate beam.

Based on the conjugate beam cut after point A:

V=-Ay = - (8500 k.ft2/ EI)

So the slope at point A on the actual beam:

θ A = -8500 k.ft2/ EI = - 0.015 rad = 0.015↻

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Step 6. If we want to compute the deflection at point B of the

actual beam, the moment on the conjugate beam at
point B will be identified.

+ ↺ ΣMB=0,

O8500 1 800 1
!l
"#
20 . 2 "#
20 3
20

O116,666.67 3
!l
"#
p.

Substituting the value of E and I, the deflection at point B on the actual beam can be solve.
Note that the MB is negative so the deflection is below the beam.

Gl 2.43 in ↓

Method 4: Virtual Work Method

This method is used to determine the deflection and rotation at any point in the beam, truss, or
frame.

Virtual Work Equation for Beams and Frames

To solve for the deflection at a point on a beam or frame, a unit load is placed at that
point and applying the formula:

v I;t Cu
qr s

M=bending moment due to applied loadings, mn=bending moment due to the application
of unit load.

To solve for the slope at a point on a beam or frame, a unit couple is placed at that
point and applying the formula:

v I;t Cu
s

M=bending moment due to applied loadings, mn=bending moment due to the application
of unit couple.

Virtual Work for Trusses

xyv
q ∑

S= stress in a member due to actual loads, L=length of the member, A is the cross-
sectional of the member, E=modulus of Elasticity, and u=stress in the member due to
virtual load.
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Sample Beam: Compute for the deflection at point C.

For the real beam, solve first the value of support reaction:

Draw the FBD for the REAL BEAM for segments AB and CB due to actual loads.

Following the virtual system, the same beam will be utilized but without the actual
loadings, instead a unit load will be placed at point C since we are asked to solve for the de-
flection at C. If ever you wanted to compute for the slope at C, instead of a unit load, a unit
couple will be applied at point C.
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Draw the FBD for segments AB and CB due to unit load applied at C. Solve for the value of
M for each segment.

Tabulate the value of M due to the actual loads and due to the unit load.

m (k-ft)

Moment due to ACUAL LOAD

Moment due to UNIT LOAD

Use the equation in solving for the deflection at C.

v
! r F
qr z
"#
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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Method 5: Three-Moment Equation

The Three-moment equation gives us the relationship between moments between any three
points in a beam and their relative vertical distances or deviations. This method is widely used
in finding the reactions in a continuous beam.

The general equation for this method:

6* ||| 6* |||
! { .2!l { . { .! { . . 6"# .
{ { { {

If the supports are rigid, h1 and h2 is zero, reducing the equation to:

k } ||||
~} k E |||
•E
! { .2!l { . { .! { . . 0
v} vE

Source: www.Mathalino.com

Note: If the exterior support is a fixed support, an

imaginary beam beyond the restrained end
with all terms that refer to the imaginary span
have zero values.

Imaginary Span
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Sample Problem: Compute for the moment at B.

Using the simplified three-moment equation:

By inspection, Moment at A and C is zero since these are simple end supports. Cancelling
the term containing MA and MC:

To determine the support reactions, we will use the methods of section and using the
equations of equilibriums.
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Sample Problem: Determine the reactions of the continuous beam shown.

Imaginary Span

Considering supports A’, A and B:

Eq.❶

Considering supports A, B and C:

Since segment CD is an overhang, we can compute directly the moment at C:

Using the value of Mc to the previous equation, we obtain:

Eq.❷

Solving equations 1 and 2:

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To determine the support reactions, we will use the methods of section and using the
equations of equilibriums.

Method 6: Moment Distribution Method

The method begins by assuming each joint of a structure is fixed. Then, by unlocking and locking each
joint in succession, the internal moments at the joints are “distributed” and balanced until the joints have
rotated to their final or nearly final positions.

Fixed End Moments (FEM)

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Sign Convention
Clockwise moments that act on the member are considered positive, whereas counterclock-
wise moments are negative

Stiffness Factor
The amount of moment M required to rotate the end of the beam θ = 1 rad.

Procedure of Analysis
The following procedure provides a general method for determining the end moments on beam
spans using moment distribution.

Distribution Factors and Fixed-End Moments

The joints on the beam should be identified and the stiffness factors for each span at the
joints should be calculated. Using these values the distribution factors can be deter-
mined from DF=K/ΣK. Remember that for a fixed end DF=0 and for an end pin or roll-
er support DF=1.0. The fixed-end moments for each loaded span are determined using
the table given on the inside back cover. Positive FEMs act clockwise on the span and
negative FEMs act counterclockwise. For convenience, these values can be recorded in
tabular form.

Moment Distribution Process

Assume that all joints at which the moments in the connecting spans must be deter-
mined are initially locked. Then:
1. Determine the moment that is needed to put each joint in equilibrium.
2. Release or “unlock” the joints and distribute the counterbalancing moments into
the connecting span at each joint.
3. Carry these moments in each span over to its other end by multiplying each
moment by the carry-over factor

By repeating this cycle of locking and unlocking the joints, it will be found that the moment cor-
rections will diminish since the beam tends to achieve its final deflected shape. When a small
enough value for the corrections is obtained, the process of cycling should be stopped with no
“carry-over” of the last moments. Each column of FEMs, distributed moments, and carry-over
moments should then be added. If this is done correctly, moment equilibrium at the joints will
be achieved.
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Sample Problem: Determine the internal moments at each joints of the beam shown.

Establish the stiffness factor :

= l =l =l = l = =
€

Determine the distribution factor

‚
@• l @• 0 @•l @•l }E
‚ ‚ 0.5
ƒ
}E }E

„ „
@• l
}E
„ „ 0.4 @• „
…
„ 0.6
ƒ ƒ
}E … }E }E

Compute for the Fixed End Moments: (Refer to the previous page for the formula)

Tabulate and solve for the value of moments:

CARRY OVER (CO)

MOMENT
This value is half
of the distributed
moment.

So, the moment

DISTRIBUTION (Dist) carried over to
The unbalanced moment the other end of
at Joint B= 0-240= (-240 ). span AB
Reverse the sign and =1/2(120)=60
multiply with the DF of BA
w/c is 0.5 Note: Do not
change the sign
So the moment distribut-
ed to AB = 240(0.5)=120

When the distributed moment obtained is relatively small, stop the cycle with no CO
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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
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REFERENCES:

o Kassimali, A., Structural Analysis, 5th Ed., 2014

o Hibbeler, R. C., Structural Analysis, 8th Ed., 2012
o www.Mathalino.com
o Besavilla, V. 2007. Structural Analysis. Punta Princesa, Cebu City: VIB Publisher
o DIT Gillesania 2012. Structural Engineering & Construction. Cebu City: Cebu DGPrint
Inc.
o NSCP 2015 Volume 1, 7th Edition, 1st Printing, 2016