o Amendment-sprememba

o duly authorised- pooblaščeni predstavnik

o the Court held- sodišče je odločilo
o justified- upravičeno
o to safeguard-zaščititi, zavarovati
o *statue of pleading- zagovor na sodišču
o merchandise-blago/proizvodi
o consignment=shipment-pošiljka
o inferior quality=lower quality
o liable (to be liable)- biti odgovoren
o performance-izpolnitev; to perform-izpolniti
o Old Bailey- Central criminal court
o *Death recorded- biti oproščen smrti
o *here under-tu notri= „v tem dokumentu“
o *there under-tam notri= „v tistem dokumentu“
o legal INSTRUMENT- pravni AKT ( ni legal act)
o executive acts-izvršilni predpisi
o constitution-ustava
o *statutory-zakonski
o statutory instrument- zakonski akt( akt, ki podpira zakon= podzakonski predpis)
o prescribe- predpisati
o proscribe /ban /prohibit-prepovedati
o regulate- urediti
o *provide- določati, predpisovati  to provide service, provision of services
o *determine-določati
o order-odrediti, zapovedati
o *impose- naložiti (taxes are imposed)  je vedno neko breme, ki je naloženo
o *enact- uzakoniti, naložiti this act was enacted by the parliament
o *adopt/pass- sprejeti
o *consolidate-prečistiti  consolidated version=prečiščena verzija
o codify-kodificirati
o declare-razglasiti
o enforce-uveljaviti/izterjati/izvršiti
o *apply- uporabiti/zaprositi  application= ko sodnik uporablja pravna pravila in application
kot prošnja; applicant= prosilec/vlagatelj
o interpret-razlagati
o *adjudicate-prisoditi/razsoditi
o *notify-sporočiti/objaviti
o *bind-obvezati
o *bound-zavezan
o repeal-preklicati/razveljaviti
o jurisprudence – pravna teorija
o jurisdiction – sodna pristojnost
o spouse – soprog/soproga
o *competence - pristojnost

SOURCES OF LAW: constitution, law act, executive acts( regulations-uredba, rules, decrees,
orders, guidance..), judicial case law (precedent), customs, textbooks
 traties = pogodbe; charter = listina; EU regulation = uredbe, EU directive = direktiva; EU Decision
= sklep

PAZI NA:
N advice / V advise  nasvet/svetovati
N effect / V affect  učinek /učinkovati
anonymous / unanimous  anonimen / soglasen
N dependant / AD dependent  vzdrževan (družinski član) / odvisen
advocate / to advocate  odvetnik /zagovarjati
damage / damages  škoda /odškodnina
council /counsel svet / svetovalec

osebni zaimki se v pravnem jeziku ne uporabljajo, uporablja se passive.

shall pomeni v pravu MUST!

1. THE STUDY OF LAW

core (cumpulsory) subjects-obvezni predmeti

compulsory/mandatory/obligatory-obvezni
optional (elective) courses- izbirni predmeti

 criminal law, contract law, tort law (odškodninsko), land law (nepremičninsko), equity and trusts
(razmerja, ki temeljijo na enakosti in zaupanju), administrative law (upravno), constitutional law,
commercial law (trgovsko pravo)
+ family law, employment law, housing law(stanovanjsko), company law

sole practitioner-samostojni podjetnik (=works on his/her own, has no partners and usually handles
smaller cases).
litigation- sojenje na sodišču, civilno, procesno
arbitration-arbitraža (alternativno reševanje sporov)
law clinic- pravna klinika (= gives student an opportunity to deal with real clients and to develop their
legal skills; clinics offer free legal assistance (pravno svetovanje) to the local community and provide
a useful introduction to some of the day-to-day work of a lawyer.)
recruits-kandidati (za zaposlitev)
partnership- d.n.o. (=managed by partners who share profits and responsibility equally)

formation (sklenitev), interpretation (razlaga), performance (izpolnitev) and enforcement (izvršitev) of

contracts.
public policy- javni red
offer and acceptance-sprejem ponudbe
breach-kršitev
remedy-pravno sredstvo (=a method of equally solving a problem of disagreement to recover a
right or to prevent or obtain redress for a wrong)
liability-odgovornost
liable-odgovoren
negligently-malomarnost intentional-namerno
strict liability-objektivna odgovornost
vicarious liability-odgovornost za 3. osebo
slander-obrekovanje
defamation / libel-žalitev časti; libellous (v povezavi z zvezdniki, politiki)
ultra-hazardous activities-posebej nevarne dejavnosti
product liability- odgovornost za proizvode
nuisance-emisije
damages-odškodnina
losses-škode
emphasis- poudarek
rationale-smiselno
relevancy-smiselno
hearsay-govorice
impeachment-ustavna pritožba
cross examination-navzkrižno zaslišanje
criminal procedure-kazenski postopek
law enforcement conduct- ravnanje policije
l.e. officer-policist
l.e. agent/agency- policija
constitutional and statutory limitations- ustavne in zakonske omejitve
search and seizure- preiskava in zaseg
entrapment-zaseda
acquaint-seznaniti se
expert witnes-izvedenec
legal concepts-pravni institut
transactions-pravni posel
commercial litigation-gospodarski spori

instant  present
in essence basically
persuasive convincing
hesitant reluctant
mere simple

assist help
commence start
comprehend understand
deem think
desist stop
endeavour try
enquire ask
ensure make sure
evince show
inform tell
intimate suggest
peruse look through
posess have
receive get
retain keep

2. LEGAL SYSTEMS

Public law relates to the state. It is concerned with laws which govern processes (urejajo procese)
in local and national government and conflicts between the individual and the state in areas such as
immigration and social security (socialno varstvo).

Private lawconcerns (se nanaša, ureja) with relationships between legal persons (pravni subjekt),
that is, individuals and corporations, and includes family law, contract law and property law.

Criminal law deals with certain forms of conduct (ravnanje) for which the states reserves the
punisment(pridrži kaznovanje). The state prosecutes the offender(kršitelj).

Civil law concerns relationships between private persons, their rights and their duties. It is also
concerned with conduct which may give rise to a claim (sproži zahtevek) by legal person for
compensation (nadomestilo) or an injunction (an order made by the court sodna odredba).
distinguishes-razlikuje
distinction-razlika

Substantive law (materialno pravo) creates, defines or regulates rights, liabilities and duties in all
areas of law and it is contrasted with procedural law.

Procedural law (procesno pravo) defines the procedure by which a law is to be enforced.

head of state-šef države

chamber-zbornica
sit saparately-zaseda ločeno
principles-načela
elected body-izvoljen organ
appointed-imenovani
peers-ljudje istega stanu
constitutional conventions-ustavne Komisije?/ustavni običaji

Parliament has two chambers House of Lords (upper house) and House of Commons
There is no written constitution, but constitutional law consist of statute law, common law and
constitutional conventions.

jurisdiction-pristojnost/pravni red
jurisprudence-teorija prava
legislature-zakonodajalec
legislation-zakonodaja
power to legislate-sprejemati zakone
lex-zakon
legis-zakoni
under an Act- v skladu z zakonom
assembly-skuščina (drugi izraz za parlament)
accesion to-pristom ?????
incorporated into-implementirano
devolution-prijenos pristojnosti navzdol
trade union(s)- sindikati

VERB NOUN ADJECTIVE

Constitue constitution constitutional

Legislate Legislation/lagislature legislative

proceed Procedure/proceeding procedural

Convene (sklicati) convention Conventional (dogovorjen)

regulate regulation regulatory

accede accession /

elect election elected

authorise Authorisation/authority Authorised/authoritive

 3. THE PRACTISE OF LAW
general overview-splošen pogled
sources of law-pravni viri
law-making process-zakonodajni proces
justice system-pravosodje
contact points-iztične točke
civil-law system-kontinentalni sistem /anglo-saxon case law system
insight-vpogled
superiority-prevlada
application-uporaba development-razvoj
plain-jasen
unambiguous-nedvoumen
legal codes-zakoniki
provisions-določbe
customs-običaji
breach of contract-kršitev pogodbe
ordinance-odlok
bill-predlog zakona Anglija, ko je sprejet je Act; v Ameriki pa ko je predlog sprejet rečejo Bill.--> v
ANG je predlog zakona, v USA je zakon
by-law/bye-law- občinski odlok
regulations-uredba (je podzakonski akt v Angliji in se piše v množini) (=rules issued by a government
agency to carry aout the intent of the law)
statute-statut
directive-direktiva (=legal device used by European Union to establish policies at the European level
to be incorporated into the laws of the Member States)
court rulling-sodna odločitev
local government document-dokument lokalne oblasti

WHAT A LAW SAYS:

-stipulates that
-provides that
-specifies that
-states/ sets forth/ determines/ lays down/ prescribes that..

LEGAL LATIN:
ad hoc- for this purpose
et alii (et. al.)- and others
et cetera (etc.)- and so on; and other things of the same kind
exempli gratia (e.g.)-for example
id est (i.e.)- that is
per se-by itself
sic-thus
versus-against
de facto-in fact
ipso facto- by that very fact itself
de jure-by right
inter alia-among other things
per annum-per year
pro forma-as a matter of form
pro rata-proportionally (sorazmerno)
pro bono-without charge
quorum-number of shareholders of directors who have to be present at a bord meeting so that it can be
validly conducted
sui juris-of one's own right
ultra vires-beyond the legal powers of a person or a body. (izraz pravne moči)
videlicet-as follows (poimensko)
bona fide- in good faith
affidavit-witnessed, signed statement
caveat-warning
in camera-hearing a case in private
in curia-in open court
in situ-in its original situation
per pro-on behalf of another
prima facie-at first sight
quasi-as if it were
sub judice-in the course of trial

to draft (=to produce a piece of writing or a plan that you intend to change later)
to issue  izdati (=to produce something official)
to file (with)  vložiti (=to officially record something, especially in a court of law)
to serve (on someone) vročiti (to deliver a legal document to someone, demanding that they go to a
court of law or that they obey an order)
submit predložiti (=to deliver a document formally for a decision to be made by others)
the judiciary-sodstvo (vsi sodniki v eni državi)

CRIMINAL LAW:
prosecutor-tožilec
claimant-tožnik
defendant-obdolženec
suspect-osumljenec
the accused-obtoženec
convict-obsojenec

CIVIL LAW:
plaintiff-tožnik
defendant-toženec

4. COMPARATIVE LAW /primerjalno pravo

 is the study of differences and similarities between different jurisdicstions, including civil-law
systems, common law systems and religious legal systems.

commercial lawyers-gospodarski pravniki

harmonisation/unification-približanje/poenotenje
private international law-mednarodno zasebno pravo
sovereign-suveren
uniform law-poenoteno pravo
intergovernmental organisation-medvladna organizacija
statutory mission-statut
progressive unification-postopno poenotenje
jurisdiction of the court-pristojnost sodišča
applicable law-pravo, ki se uporabi
the recognition and enforcement of judgements-prepoznavanje in izvršitev sodnih odločb
subsequently-naknadno (later)
compelled-prisiliti (force)
rendere-made (dicisions rendered/made in..)
paramount-najpomembnejše (of greates importance)

applicability of law-uporaba prava

international civil procedure-mednarodni civilni postopek
enforcement of judgements-izvršba sodnih odločb
progressive unification of law-postopno poenotenje prava

common law-legal system which is the foundation of the legal systems of most of the English-
speaking countries of the world, based on customs, usage and court decisions. + heavy reliance on
case law

civil law-legal system developed from Roman codified law, established by a state for its regulation +
area of the law concerned with non-criminal matters, rights and remedies.

5. SOURCES OF LAW

LEGISLATION

HOW ARE LAWS MADE IN THE UK?

predominant sources of law:

-primarly legislation: Acts of Parliament or statutes, which begin life as drafts called Bill.
-secondary or delegated legislation: statutory instruments(podzakonski akti) + bye-laws (občinski
akti) + professional regulations.

A NEW ACT IS PASSED IN ORDER TO:

-update or amend existing legislation (posodobi ali spremeni);
-legislate for new circumstances and enforce government policies;
-ensure UK compliance with international or EU law (zagotoviti skladnost)
-consolidate laws by bringing together into one statute all the existing statutes on one topic. (združiti)
-codify rules by bringing together all the case law and statutes on a particular subject where the
principles are established. (zapisati v zakon)

 Parliament can enact any law it chooses or repeal obsolete laws which are no longer relevant, and
the courts must enforce it.

enact law-uzakoniti
repeal obsolete laws-razveljaviti zastarele zakone

initiate-začeti
proposals-predlogi
pressure groups-skupine za pritis;lobiji
public scrutiny-javna presoja
debate proposals-diskotiranje o predlogu
scrutinise-presojati/preučiti
eshrines-zajema
Parliamentary Counsel-pravna služba (v parlamentu)
Royal Assent-privolitev a Bill must receive royal assent from the monarch before it becomes law
on a specified date.
reduced-skrajšan

VERB-glagol NOUN-samostalnik ADJECTIVE-pridevnik

‘cite citation /

apply application applicable

precede precedent preceding

persuade persuasion persuasive

bind / binding

COMMON LAW

 consists the substantive law and procedural rules that are created by the judicial decisions made in
the courts.

principle of binding precedent-načelo zavezujočega precedensa

refet to existing precedents-sklicevati na obstoječe precedense
override-pretehta
relevant or pertinent-upoštevna (vsebinsko pomembna za nas)
cite cases-navaja primere
is applicable and should be followed – se uporabi in naj mu sledimo
hence-od tod
inevitabla involve-neizogibno vključuje
subsequent cases-sledeči primeri
cited as-citirano kot
persuasive-preprečljivi
law reports-zbirka odločb

6. STATE ORGANISATION

BRANCHES OF SLOVENIAN AUTHORITY-veje oblasti

 legislative
 executive
 judicial
Principle of separation of powers!

Head of State-the President of the Republic

LEGISLATIVE AUTHORITY
 the National Assembly (državni zbor)
-the highest legislative authority in Slovenia, composed of 90 deputies (poslanci=MPs)
-tasks? legislative powers, electoral powers, control power
 a) adopts the Constitution and constitutional amendments, laws, authentic interpretations of
law
b) adopts the state budget
c) ratifies treaties
d) calls referendums

-Central Bank-banka slovenije

-Court of Audit-računsko sodišče
- empies -člani parlamenta
-inquiries-parlamentarna preiskava
confidence/no confidence- zaupnica/nezaupnica

 the National Council

-representative of social, economic, professional and local groups such as employers,
employees, farmers etc.
-incomplete bicameral system-nepopolni dvodomni system  the upper chamber does not
have equal competences with the lower chamber but instead has less authority.

EXECUTIVE AUTHORITY-izvršilna oblast

 the Government of the RS
- body of executive power and the highest body of the state administration
- proposes laws to be adopted by the National Assembly, the state budget, national
programmes and other acts with which the fundamental and long-term political directions
are determined.
- consist of the Prime Minister (PM) and ministers

JUDICIARY-sodna oblast

- judicial powers in Slovenia are executed by judges.

- Judges are elected by National Assembly after a proposal of National Council.

Label Court-delovno sodišče

Court of Audit-računsko sodišče
state prosecutor-državni tožilec
state attorney-državni odvetnik
hr ombudsman-varuh človekovih pravic
municipality-občina
Municipal Council-občinski svet
Mayor-župan

LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT-lokalna samouprava

municipality-the basic unit of local self-government

NACIONAL INSIGNIA-nacionalni simboli

-coat of arms-grb
-flag-zastava
-national anthem-himna
+ EURO
 7. A CAREER IN THE LAW; LAWYERS, THE COURT SYSTEM

LEGAL EDUCATION: A CALL TO THE BAR

Bar= term for legal profession itself-odvetništvo
Bar association=association which regulates the profession. ; odvetniška zbornica
person who qualifies to practise law is admitted to Bar -je sprejet
disbar = to make a lawyer unable to practise law- odvzeti, ne more prakticirati kot odvetnik
bachelor degree (LLB)-diploma v pravu
vocational stage-poklicna faza
pupillage-pripravništvo
apprenticeship-vajeništvo
barristers cahmbers-zbornica barristerjev
in USA a law school graduate receives the degree of juris doctor (J.D.) diplomiran pravnik
bar examination-PDI

to plead zagovarjati
pleading ustni zagovor pred sodiščem
undertakelotiti se
drawing up contractssestavljanje pogodb
conveyancingprenos lastništva
right to audience pravica do zastopanja
tenants najemniki
laylaičen
conversion courseprehodni program
pleadingsprocesne vloge
chamberszbornice
acquisitionsprevzemi
vocation placement poklicno usposabljanje
gowntoga

SOLICITORS BARRISTERS

normally form partnerships with other  must act as sole traders with unlimited
solicitors and work in offices with support staff. liability (neomejena odgovornost)
 cannot appear in every court  provide representation in the court, draft
 can be employed directly by clients documents, give opinions

VERB-glagol NOUN-samostalnik NOUN-PERSON

 partner partnership partner

train Traineeship/training trainee

advise (svetovati) advice (nasvet) advisor

practise practise practioner

specialise specialisation specialist

infringement procedure
violation of rights
kršitev!
breach of contract

JUDGES
finegloba
commit to imprisonment odredijo zapor
suspended sentencepogojna kazen
interim injunctionzačasna odredba!
respondenttoženec (nasprotna stranka)
grand or refuse odobri ali odkloni

THE COURT SYSTEM

1.) CIVIL COURTS

2.) CRIMINAL COURTS

-petty crimes=less serious ones

appeal-pritožba

VERB NOUN-EVENT OR NOUN-PERSON

ACTION
‘sit (zasedati) sitting /

Appeal (pritožiti se) appeal appealant

Hear (obravnavati) hearing /

Try (soditi) trial /

Claim (zahtevati) claim claimant

SLOVENIAN JUDICIAL SYSTEM

There are four levels of the courts of general jurisdiction:

1.) 44 local courts okrajna sodišča
2.) 11 district courts  okrožna sodišča
3.) 4 higher courts  višje sodišče
4.) the Supreme Court  vrhovno sodišče
+ specialised courts  competent for determination of labour disputes and one of them also for
determination of social security disputes.

+Constitutional court.

Supreme court judgevrhodni sodnik

Higher court judgevišji sodnik
Misdemeanours judgesodnik za prekrške
Senior judgesodnik svetnik
President of the courtpredsednik sodišča
State prosecutor generalgeneralni državni tožilec
State attorney generalgeneralni državni pravobranilec

indictable offencesprotipravna dejanja

vesteddodeliti
disturbance of possession motenje posesti
tenancy relations najemniška razmerja
probate zapuščinski postopek
probate proceedings=inheritance=succession
exceed presegati
juvenile criminal cases kazniva dejanja mladoletnikov
execution of criminal sentences izvrševanje kazenskih sankcij
recognition of rulings of a foreign court priznavanje tujih sodnih odločb
commercial disputes gospodarski spori
bankruptcy stečaj
force settlements prisilna poravnava
liquidation zaprtje podjetja
copyright avtorska pravica
keeping of the company register vodenje registra družb
appellate jurisdiction pritožbena pristojnost
disputes of jurisdiction spor o pristojnosti
grounds of appealpritožbeni razlogi
extraordinary legal remedies izredna pravna sredstva
ordinary legal remedies redna pravna sredstva
substantive law materialno pravo
labour disputesdelovni spori
social security disputes socialni spori
ratified treaties- ratificirane pogodbe
stemming from izhajati iz
unconstitutional  neustavnost
independence of the judges  neodvisnost sodnikov
performance of the judicial functiontrajnost sodniške funkcije
be held accountable!! biti klican na odgovornost

TRIBUNALS razsodišča
supplemented bydopolniti
substantial numberpretežno število
essentially judicialv glavnem sodne
welfare statesocialna država
subject to judicial reviewpredmet sodne presoje
chairpersonpredsednik
lay representatives laična predstavnika
special expertise posebno strokovno znanje
hearing clerksreferenti
clerical staffreferenti (posebna vrsta teh uslužbencev)
hearing accommodation
claimantstožnik
respondentsnasprotni udeleženec
unfair dismissal odpoved brez utemeljenega razloga
*to broker a settlement izpodbijanje pravne domneve
public pursejavna sredstva
tax revenuedavčni prihodki

LITIGATION AND ARBITRATION

dispute=disagreement about something important

disputing parties stranki v sporu
to facilitateolajšati
a lawsuit before a court is commonly referred as a litigation. --> includes all stages before, during and
after a trial.

alternative dispute resolutions (ADR) alternativno reševanje sporov

negotiation

arbitration: is more formal and binding process where the dispute is resolved by the arbitrator
nominated by both parties.

the disputing parties refer it to one or more impartial referees (razsodniki) + the parties agree to be
bound by the referees decision.; often used to resolve commercial disputes; formal and binding
process

mediation: involves a type of structured meeting with the disputing parties and an independent
third party who works to help them reach an agreement between themselves.

*Med-Arb: the dispute is initially submitted to mediation but if mediated settlement cannot be
reached, then the matter is referred to arbitratin.
*Adjudication: most commonly used in construction disputes. A quick decision is made by
adjudicator and a time period is specified during which either party may give notice to refer the matter
to arbitration or litigation. The adjudicator's decision is binding upon the parties and must be
followed, unless and until a later decision is made by arbitrator or the court.

ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION (ADR)

small claimsspor male vrednosti
family mattersdružinske zadeve
complex international commercial disputes kompleksnejši mednarodni gopsodarski posli
cost-effective alternativecenejša alternativa
disputantssporniki/osebe v sporu
contractual provisionspogodbene določbe
*commercial agreements pogodba med gospodarskimi subjekti
dispute resolution clauses klavzula o reševanju spora
contention=disputespor
non-contentious nepravdno
referral obrniti se na
duty to mitigate zmanjševalna dolžnost v SLOdolžnost zmanjšati škodo
(V) remedypopraviti
(N)remedi sredstvo
legal remedypravno sredstvo
committeesodbor
general principlessplošna načela

VERB NOUN-CONCEPT NOUN-PERSON ADJECTIVE

OR OBJECT

re'fer refferal / /

dispute duspite /

resolve resolution resolver /

contract contract contractor contractual

VERB ABSTRACT NOUN

to remedy (pravno sredstvo) remedy (popraviti)

breach breach

intend intenT/intention

rely reliance

violate violation

enforce (izvršiti) enforcement

reverse reversal

anticipate anticipation

compute (proračunavati) computation (obračun)

perform (izpolniti) *performance (izpolnitev)

to reach an agreement
to file (vložiti)
to deliver (izdati)
to decide on (odločiti o )
to settle (rešiti/poravnati)

VERB ABSTRACT NOUN PERSONAL NOUN

settle settlement /

resolve resolution /

arbitrate arbitration arbitrator/arbiter

mediate mediation mediator

8. EU LAW

following the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon on 1 December 2009, the European
Union now has legal personality and has acquired the competences previously conferred on the
European Community.

is a unique economic and political union between 28 EU countries that together cover much of
the continent.

after Second Word War, in 1959 was created European Economic Community

what began as a purely economic union has evolved into an organization spanning policy
areas, from climate, environment and health to external relations and security, justice and
migration. A name change from the European Economic Community to the European Union in
1993 reflected this.

 single European currency-euro; abolition of borders control between EU countries; single

market

EU INSTITUTIONS AND BODIES:

- European Parliament directly elected MEPs represent European citizens in EP
- European Council the EU's broad priorities are set by EC, which brings together national
and EU-level leaders.
-Council of European Union governments defend their own country's interest in CEU
-European Commissionthe interests of EU as a whole are promoted by the EC, whose members
are appointed by national governments.
-Court of Justice of the European Union
-European Central Bank
-European Court of Auditors
-European External Action Service
-European Economic and Social Committee
-European Committee of Religions
-European Investment Bank
-European Ombudsman
-European Data Protection Supervisor
Interinstitutional bodies

EU LEGAL SOURCES:
1.) Treaty of European Union and Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
2.) Charter of the Fundamental Rights of the European Union
3.) International agreements
4.) General principles of Union law
5.) Secondary legislation

EUROPEAN LEGAL INSTRUMENTS: (secondary legislation)

a) regulation
b) directives
c) decisions
d)recommendations and options
+charter of the fundamental rights
acqui communotaire vsi akti skupnosti; dejansko:evropski pravni red

VALUES:
- human dignity
-freedom
-democracy Those values are an integral part
-equality of our European way of life.
-rule of law
-human rights

Regulationuredba (ko mislimo akt)

general application se splošno uporablja
direct effectdirekti efekt
direct applicability direktna uporaba
a decision sklep/odločba
EU-speak EU ima svoje besedišče
European citizens initiative evropska državljanska pobuda
a unique institutional set-up unikatna institucionalna struktura
law-making sprejemanje zakonodaje
*legal centerty pravna varnost
legitimate expectations legitivna pričakovanja
the Registrar sodni tajnik
references for preliminary rulings zahteve za predhodno odločanje
* action for failure to fulfil obligations tožba zaradi kršitve obveznosti=tožba proti d.č.
* action for annulment ničnostna tožba
* action for failure to act tožba zaradi nedelovanja
appealspritožbe
the liability of a Member state to individuals odškodninska odgovornost d.č. posamezniku
transparentpregleden
principle of proportionality načelo sorazmernosti
principle of non-refoulment načelo nevračanja
infringement/breach prestopek/kršitev
EU COURT OF JUSTICE
 Reviews the legality of the acts of the institutions of the European Union;
ensures that the Member States comply with obligations under the Treaties
interprets European Union law at the request of the national courts and tribunals.

9. INTERNATIONAL LAW

public international law mednarodno javno pravo

private international lawmzp
supranational law nadnacionalno pravo
nation state nacionalna država
compelledprisiljena
conflict of lawskolizijsko pravo
treatypogodbe (običajno med državami). =an internacional agreement concluded between States in
written form anf governed by internacional law
may be form of conventions, agreements, charters, framework conventions, outline conventions.
customary internacional lawobičajno mednarodno pravo
intergovernmental organizations medvladne organizacije.  United Nations ; League of
Nationsdruštvo narodov
advisory (tudi optional, non-binding) neobvezno, optional
nasprotje od advisory je mandatory, obligatory, compulsory
principal vehicle nosilec
business entities gospo. subjekti
"are not applicable"  je ne uporablja
customs union carinska unija

VERB NOUN ADJECTIVE

globalise globalisation global

harmonise harmony harmonised

enforce enforcement enforceable

unify unification unified

apply applicability applicable

SINONIMI:
converselyon the other hand
later subsequently
paramountvery important
compelforce
(regulation) unifyharmonise (directive)

applyuporabiti/zaprositi
enforceizvršiti
harmonise približati
modernise posodobiti
recognise priznati
*render narediti

adviseadvisory
bindbinding
customcustomary
enforceenforceable
governmentgovernmental
intellectintellectual

bytwo
interbetween
intrawithin
multimany
nonnot, other than
supraabove
interagencymedresorsko involving two or more agencies
non-alignedneutral
non-governmental without any participation of government
bilateral involving two groups/countries
multinationalinvolving several different countries
intrastate within the boundaries of state

AND BUT

 in addition/furthermore/moreover  however
 notably (zlasti)  on the other hand
 therefore  conversely (po drugi strani)
 thus  in contrast (za razliko)
 hence (od tod/torej)  nevertheless (ampak)
 indeed (prav res)  not with standing this, however (ne
glede na to pa..)

10. CONTRACT LAW

contract is formed when one party makes an offer that is accepted by the other party (konsenzualni
kontrakt)
 contract is formed when the parties give each other (realni konktrakt), or a promise to give each
other, something of value (=considiration)
offer and acceptance must match each other in order for the contract to be binding.
counter-offer nasprotna ponudba =a new offer to the first party which may be accepted or rejected.
parties must agree on essential terms. (bistvene sestavine)
when one party breach the contract, other party may file a lawsuit and try to get a court to award
damages for the breach or specific performance, where the court orders the breaching party to
perform the contract.

counter-claim nasprotna tožba!

subject matter of predmet
oral contractustna pogodba =contract make by spoken words
negotiated=barganing
to breach the contractkršiti pogodbo
breaching party vs. injured party
in compensation kot nadomestilo
specific performance izpolnitev pogodbe
assignmentasignacija (cesija)
assignorodstopnik
assigneeprevzemnik

FORMING A CONTRACT

established principles vzpostavljeni običaj

leasezakup
a loan agreement posojilna pogodba
a sales agreement prodajna pogodba
a consultancy agreement sporazum o svetovanju
a hire purchase agreement leasing pogodba
a binding agreement zavezujoč sporazum

FORMATION OF CONTRACT REQUIRES THE PRESENCE OF FOUR ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS:

1. OFFER
basic terms of agreement + be capable of acceptance (možno sprejeti)
auction situation dražba (seller known as vendor)
invite an offervabilo k ponudbi

2.ACCEPTANCE
unqualified agreement brezpogojno soglasje
qualified acceptance pogojni sprejem
offeror=person making an offer
offeree=the person receiving an offer
counter offernasprotna ponudba
reception rule sprejemno pravilo (contract formed when acceptance is received by the offeror)
acceptance ruleoddajno pravilo (contract formed when acceptance is send by the offeree)
agreement on essential terms, for example price and delivery must be certain (jasen) and not vague
(dvomljiv)

3.CONSIDIRATION (protivrednost) =something value must be given

4.INTENTION (namen sklenitve pogodbe)

rebuttal presumption izpodbojna domneva (presumption that can be contradicted if there is contrary
evidence)

FORM OF CONTRACT
a binding contract must be: in the form required by law
between parties with the capacity to contract (poslovna
sposobnost)
agents or representativeszastopniki/predstavniki
with authority to act s pooblastilom

It should be:
enforcable in the event that one of the contract parties fails to perform the contract

It may be:
made in writing
made orally
implied from cunduct (konkludentna dejanja); naprotnoexpress

Agreements to be made in writing:

contracts for the sale of land (nepremičninske pogodbe)
contracts of guarantee (poroštvo)
contracts for transfer of shares (prenos deležev)
contracts which must be made by deed (slovesna listina)

becomes effective on execution učinkuje ob izvršbi

formal execution requirementsformslnr izvršene zahteve
affixed with a seal opremljen s pečatom
certified mental incapacitypotrjena duševna nezmožnost
setting the contract asiderazveljaviti pogodbo
gambling deptdolg, ki izhaja iz iger na srečo
lapse of timepotek časa
limitation period zastaralni rok =statue of limitation
to bare/to forbidprepovedati
cause of actionnastanek vzroka
transactionpravni posel
omit(V) -omission(abs. N)  opustitev

VOIDničnost
VOIDABLEizpodbojnost
UNENFORCEABLE neizvršljiva

VERB ABSTRACT NOUN PERSONAL NOUN ADJECTIVE

assign assignment assignor/assignee assigning

to breach breach / (non) breaching

offer offer offeror/offeree /

rely reliance / reliable

VERB ABSTRACT NOUN

renew renewal

draft draft

include inclusion

omit omission (opustitev)

terminate termination

encrypt encryption
 adopt adoption

negotiate negotiation

propose proposal

transact transaction (pravni posel)

NASPROTJA:
enforceableunenforceable
impliedexpress
bindingnon-binding
validinvalid

11. TORT LAW

= odškodninsko pravo
punitive damages-kaznovalna odškodnina
assault-napad
battery-fizični napad s hujšo telesno poškodbo
standard of proof-dokazni standard
conviction-obsodba
relief-zadoščanje
tortfeasors-povzročitelj delikta

TORT: a wrongful act that causes harm to another person for which the injured party may request
damages.
 civil wrong that can be remedied by awarding damages (other remedies may also be available)
 these civil wrongs result in harm to a person or property that forms the basis of a claim by the
injured party.
examples of torts: medical negligence (zdravniška malomarnost), negligent damage to private
property and negligent misstatements causing financial loss. (napačno prikazovanje)
 specific torts: trespass, assault and negligence + fraudulent misrepresentations, interference in
contractual relations and unfair business practices.
 intentional torts, negligence torts, strict liability torts (delikti, za katere obstaja objektivna
odgovornost)
 The injured person may sue for both the injunction to stop the tortious conduct (deliktno ravnanje)
and for monetary damages(denarna odškodnina).
 DAMAGES: compensatory damages : intended, as far as it possible, to put the victim in the
position he or she would have been in had the tort not occurred.
punitive damages: awarded to punish a wrongdoer.
Damages may also be awarded for: loss of earnings capacity (izguba zasluška), future expected losses
(bodoča pričakovana škoda), pain and suffering (telesne in duševne bolečine) and reasonable medical
expenses (razumni stroški zdravljenja).

 TORT LAW vs CRIMINAL LAW

- a private individual brings an action in tort -state brings action in crime
-standard of proof in higher
-action in tort may result in liability on -criminal action may result in
the part of the defendant and damages conviction and punishment
awarded to the claimant

ADJECTIVE-pridevnik NOUN-samostalnik

civil wrong

contractual relations

injured party

fraudulent Misrepresentation (goljufivo/nepravilno

prikazovanje)
medical expenses

Monetary (denarna) damages

CASE NOTE: case, facts, procedural history, legal issue, ruling and reasoning.

The person who brings an action in a court of law is called the claimant/plaintiff.
 The person against whom an action is brought in a court of law is known as the
defendant/respondent.
When a case is decided in favour of a certain party, the court finds for (found-odločilo) that
party.
To bring a case before a higher court so that it can review the decision of a lower court is to
appeal a case.
 A court which hears appeals from lower courts is called court of appeal (s) or appellate
court.
when a court states that a judgement of a lower court is true, it confirms/affirms that
judgement.
 when a court changes the judgement of a lower court to its opposite, it reverses that
judgement.

VERB NOUN

misrepresent misrepresentation

interfere interference

settle settlement

injure injury

sue suit

award award
 rule Ruling

NOUN-samostalnik ADJECTIVE-pridevnik
negligence Negligant/ negligent?
liability liable
intention intentional
compensation compensatory
procedure procedural
reason reasonable
appeal Appellate*

SYNONYMS:
voluntary-optional
key-important (key witness-ključna priča)
vast-huge (vast majority-velika večina)
confidential-private
conventional-traditional

To waive: to give something up (odreči/odstopiti)

To hear: to listen to a case at a relatively formal proceeding (obravnavati)  hearing-obravnava
To plead: to argue a case in court (zagovarjati/zastopati)
To apply: to make use of something (when deciding a case)
To appeal: to formally request that a decision of an inferior body be reviewed by a superior one
(pritožiti se)
To challenge: to question something (izpodbijati)

DEFAMATION: is the term used to describe the tort of making false statement of fact that injures
someone’s reputation. Two forms (in common law system):
- Libel: describes the publication of false and malicious statements or pictures that cause
injury to another person.
- Slander: describes the use of spoken words to harm someone’s reputation.

12. FAMILY MATTERS AND SUCCESSIONS IN THE EU

succession issues dedna vprašanja

maintenance obligations preživninske obveznosti

Contest- to argue that a decision or a ruling is wrong

Repeal- to do away with (a law/regulation..); to revoke, to annul. (=razveljaviti)
Have effect- to be in force
Legalise- to make lawful or legal

Access order- court order allowing a parent to see a child regularly, where the child is in the care of
someone else.
Circumstantial evidence- evidence which suggests that something has happened, but does not give
firm proof of it.
Conservation of property-taking care of property
Counterclaim- claim in a court by a defendant against the claimant who is bringing a claim against
him.
Custody rights- right of a parent to keep and bring up a child after a divorce.
Dilatory plea- plea by defendant, which has the effect of delaying the action.
Exequatur- the process for declaring a foreign judgment to be enforceable
Expert witness- expert who is a specialist in a subject and is asked to give his opinion on technical
matters.
Forum-court
Judgement by default- judgement without trial against a defendant who fails to respond to a claim
Litigant-a person engaged in a lawsuit.
Rectification- (popravek dokumenta)- making changes to a document or register to make it correct
Redress-(odškodnina)-compensation for injuries sustained; recovery or restitution for harm or injury;
damages or equitable relief.
Revocation-cancelling or annulment (e.g. of agreement, adoption, offer..)
Separate property-property owned by a husband and wife before their marriage (opposed to
“community property”)

Sham marriage-form of marriage arranged for the purpose of acquiring the nationality of the spouse
or for other reasons.
Cohabitation-people of opposite, or same sex, living together without being married or in a civil
relationship
Civil partnership-a state registered relationship between two people of the same sex.
Forced marriage- a marriage in which one spouse is compelled against their will to take part.
Get- a Jewish divorce
Marriage-a state registered relationship (which can take place in religious or other public places)
between man and a woman.
Bigamous marriages- one man and multiple wives in which each wife is unknown to the other. The
first wife to be married is involved in a legally recognised marriage. The second and subsequent
marriages are illegal and not recognised by the government.
Polygamous marriages- like bigamous relationships, except that all individuals involved are aware
of each other.
Divorce-a termination of marriage.
Transnational divorce – a divorce commenced in one country and concluded in another.
Marriage of convenience-a marriage concluded between a national of an EU Member State and a
third-country national with the sole aim of circumventing the rules on entry and residence of third-
country nationals.

Alimony- a colloquial term which refers to spousal maintenance.

Residence- A concept used significantly by countries to denote a connectedness with a county to form
the basis of jurisdiction for proceeding.
Child abduction- taking a child abroad without the consent of both parents; primarily one parent
taking abroad without the consent of the other parent.
Apostille (neke vrste štempl)- a process by which documents issued in one country have to be
authenticated or legalised before they are recognised as valid in another country.
Rights of custody- legal and practical relationship between a parent or a guardian and a child in the
person’s care, such as the right to make decisions on behalf of a child and the duty to care for and
support the child.
Child relocation-an application by one parent to take the child permanently abroad.
Matrimonial property- resources acquired during the marriage.
Notary- a form of lawyer found in some European countries, who acts for both parties and gives joint
advise and information.
Petitioner- the party who presents the divorce petition at court.
Parental responsibility- all the rights, duties, powers, responsibilities and authority which a parent
can have in relation to a child.
Petition- a document which starts e.g. a divorce
Maintenance- the provision made by court orders or administrative agencies for child support or for
spousal support.
Domicile- a legal term referring to the country/state with which a person has the strongest long term
connection.
Forum shopping- the most advantageous jurisdiction, where two or more countries may be able to
deal with the proceedings.
Freezing orders- an injunction order to prevent the use or disposal of assets until the final hearing.

Succession law terms:

Intestate (zakonito)-dying without leaving will, or leaving an invalid will, so that the property of the
estate passes by the laws of successon rather than by the direction of the deceased.
Testamentary (oporočno)- referring to a will
Executor(izvršitelj)/ Executrix -person who is named by the testator in the will to implement the
instruction in the will.
Legacy (zapuščina)/Bequest-giving of the property by the will
Heir-intestate taker of any type of property
Estate-the totality of the property which the deceased owned or had some interest in at the time of
death.
Codicil-a document which explains, alters, adds, or removes the contents of the will.
Attesting witness- person who has seen the testator sigh the will and who also sighs on the will.
Testate-dying having made a will
Specific bequest-the gift of an identifiable asset (sredstvo, premoženje) such as jewellery or furniture.
Legatee(volilojemnik)-beneficiary under the will.
Succession law (dedno pravo)-the law relating to wills and estates.
Testator/testatrix- person who makes the will
Pecuniary legacy-sum of money expressed as a gift in a will.
Will-a legal document expressing the intentions of a person for the distribution of ther assets after
death.

13. CIVIL PROCEDURE

concerning-glede
insolvency proceedings-insolvenčni postopek
non-contentious litigation- nepravdni postopek
case manager-sodnik
claim form-tožbeni obrazec
default judgement (zamudna tožba)- judgment given in favour of the claimant
time extention-podaljšan čas
counterclaim- nasprotna tožba

14. CRIMINAL LAW

Crime- any act, or omission of an act, in violation of public law.

offences-protipravno ravnanje
armed robbery-oborožen rop
arson-požig (a criminal act of deliberately setting fire to property)
assault- napad (verbalni) (= acting in such a way as to make someone believe he or she will be
hurt)
battery-fizični napad
burglary-vlom (=entering a building illegaly and stealing things)
domestic violence – družinsko nasilje
drug trafficking-preprodaja drog
drunk driving-voziti pijan/opit
embezzlement-poneverba (a person or entity misappropriates the assets entrusted to him
 using illegaly or stealing money which you are looking after for someone else)
extortion-izsiljevanje (=getting money from people by using threads)
forgery-ponarejanje (=making an illegal copy of a banknote or document)
froud-goljufija (=getting property or money from people by making them believe untrue things)
homicide-uboj/umor
insider dealing-trgovanje z notranjimi informacijami
joyriding-vožnja z vkradenim avtomobilom (the action or practise of driving fast and dangerously
in a stolen car for enjoyment)
kidnapping-
larceny-tatvina (theft)
manslaughter-nenaklepen uboj (the crime of killing a human being w/o malice aforethought)
money laundering- pranje denarja
obstruction of justice-oviranje organov, pri opravljanju njihovega dela (the crime or act od wilfully
interfering with the process of justice and law especially by influencing, threatening, harming,
etc. a witness, juror..or turnioting false information.)
rape-posilstvo
shoplifting-kraja v trgovini
stalking-zalezovanje
tax evasion-utaja davkov (a wilfull and especially criminal attempt to evade the imposition or
payment of a tax)
theft-kraja (=stealing, taking property which belongs to someone else)
vandalism -vandalizem
white collar crimes- crimes that are typically committed by office employers
commit-a crime
resolve-a dispute
bring-a suit
render-a verdict
sentence-an offender
suspend-a sentence
treason (= betraying your country to a foreign power)
piracy (=copying patented inventions or copyrighted works)
blackmail (= getting money from people by threatening to publicise facts they do not want revealed)
assassination (=killing a public figure illegally and intentionally)
murder (=killing someone illegal and intentionally
bribery (= offering money corruptly to get someone to do something to help you)
robbery (=stealing something by using force or threatening to use force)
smuggling (=taking goods illegaly into or out of a country)
perjury (=telling lies when you have sworn an oath to say what is true in court)
espionage (=trying to find out secrets by illegal means)
libel (=writing, publishing or broadcasting a statement which damages someone’s character)

prosecution-pregon
crime-kaznivo dejanje
offender-kršitelj/storilec
A court may sentence the offender to:
execution-usmrtitev
corporal punishment- fizično kaznovanje
imprisonment-zapor/odvzem prostosti
incarceration (nasprotje release)- zapreti
to suspend the sentence- pogojna obsodba
impose a fine-naložiti plačilo globe
parole-pogojni izpust
probation-pogojna obsodba
community service order-družbeno koristno delo

corporate crimes-gospodarski criminal

burden of proof-dokazno breme
trier-odločevalec
(guilty) beyond a reasonable doubt-onkraj razumnega dvoma ; in civil cases: claimant generally
needs to show a defendant is liable on the balance of probabilities.
charger-obdolžen
a verdict-izrek sodbe
balance of probabilities- ravnovesje verjetnosti
preponderance of evidence- večja teža dokaza na eni strani
felonies-kazniva dejanja
misdemeanours-prekrški
petty theft-mala tatvina
action in tort-tožba zaradi delicta

 most crimes are characterised by two elements: a criminal act and criminal intent.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS

to be charged-biti obtožen
apprehend-prijetje/aretacija
detain-pridržanje
custody-pripor
file on the case-spis primera
a realistic prospect of conviction- realistična možnost obsodbe
to go ahead with prosecution- nadaljevati s pregonom
caution-opomin/varščina
serving (to serve) -vročiti
a summon-sodni poziv (a formal order to attend the court.)
warrant of arrest-nalog za prijetje
public prosecutors-javni tožilci
duty solicitor-državni pravnik
legal aid-pravna pomoč
defence costs-stroški obrambe
CATEGORIES OF CRIMINAL OFFENCE:
summary offences-lažja k.d., ki se jim sodi brez porote
indictable offences-serious crimes (murder,..)
INDICTMENT-obtožnica (=formal document containing the alleged offences, supported by the
facts)
pleads guilty-priznati krivdo
a not guilty plea-ne prizna krivde
mode of trial-način sojenja
jury-porota

CRIMINAL COURT PROCEEDINGS:

adversarial- kontradiktorni postopek (each side collects and presents their own evidence and attacks
their oponent’s by cross-examination)
cross-examination-navzkrižno zaslišanje
ground-razlogi
preparatory hearing (for a complex case) -pripravljalni narok
the jury is sworn in-porota je zaprisežena
disclosure- razkritje
ALIBIS-alibiji
counsel-zagovornik
VERDICT-izrek sodbe
to be ACQUITTED-biti oproščen

15. EMPLOYMENT LAW

 employment law= individualno delovno pravo

Labour law= kolektivno delovno pravo
Employment Tribunal = delovno sodišče
settlement of disputes = reševanje sporov
contractional provisions = pogodbena določila
employer-delodajalec
employee-delavec
labour relations- kolektivna delovna razmerja
trade union-sindikat
collective agreements- kolektivna pogajanja
statutory rights-zakonske pravice
entitlement to-upravičenje do
national minimum wage-nacionalna minimalna plača
employment particulars=details of work-podrobnosti dela
intemised pay statement- določba/izjava glede plače
sick pay-zakonsko nadomestilo za primer odsotnosti
parental leave-porodniški dopust
transfer of buissines-prenos podjetja
notice of termination of employment-odpovedni rok
unlawful deductions(from wages)-prepoved nezakonitih odbitkov od plače
part-time-krajši čas
fixed-time-določen čas

trade union membership- članstvo v sindikatu

respective-medsebojno
commencement of employment-na začetku (at the start)
restrictive covenant-konkurenčna klavzula
giving notice-odpovedni rok
grievance procedures-pritožbeni postopki
variation of contract-sprememba pogodbe
unilaterally varied-enostransko spremenjen
made redundant- določen kot presežni delavec

sick pay-salary paid when employee cannot work because of illness.

fixed term: restricted period of employment set out in contract.
trade union: organisation which represents the workers, who are its mambers, in discussion of pay
and working conditions with their employer.
employment tribunal: specialist court dealing in disputes between employers and employees.
employment particulars: written details of a position in a company
collective bargaining: negotions between an employer and a trade union on terms and conditions of
employment and work.

16. COMPETITION LAW konkurenčno pravo

cartel: an association of manufactures or suppliers with the purpose of maintaining prices at hight
level and restricting competition. (or similar product)
mergel: the joining together of two or more companies. =koncentracija
monopoly: an organisation or group that has complete control of an area of business.
oligopoly: a market situation in which a small number of firms compete with each other.
monopsom: only one buyer on the market =edini kupec

barriers to entry-vstopne ovire oz. ovire za vstop na trg.

price-fixing- določanje cen
predatory pricing-roparske cene
tie-in-arragenment-vezani posli

collusion-zarota oz. dogovor v negativnem smislu

abuse of firms-prepovedano je zlorbljati prevladujoč položaj na trgu
market dominance-prevladujoč položaj na trgu
state aid-državne pomoči

to file a FINE PETITION- prijava zato, da se kaznuje

to limit ACCESS TO A MARKET- omejiti dostop na trg

PROSUMER: mixture of seller and costumer

VERB ABSTRACT NOUN ADJECTIVE

monopolise monopoly monopolistic

Collude (zarota) collusion collusive

abuse abuse abusive

compete competition competitive

discriminate discrimination discriminatory

restrict restriction restrictive

regulate regulation regulatory

Allocate (razporediti) allocation allocated

fine fine fined

notify notification notified

 17. COMPANY LAW

business entity-gospodarski subjekt

legal entity-pravni subjekt
companies-kapitalska družba
partnerships-osebna družba
shareholding members-družbeniki
limited liability-omejena odgovornost
tax treatment- davčna obravnava
inherent flexibility-vgrajeno v samo osnovo
sole trader = proprietor-samostojni podjetnik
public listed/limited company-d.d.
invest-naložbaaffairs-posli
creditors-upniki
shareholders-latniki

winding up (wind up)  likvidacija, redno prenehanje

bankruptcy-stečaj, izredno prenehanje

CEO- chef executive officer

VAT-value-added tax (ddv)
Ltd- limited company
PLC-public limited company

VERB NOUN

form formation

register registration

incorporate incorporation

regulate regulation

enforce enforcement

Wind up Winding-up

dissolve dissolution

fund funding
 VERB ABSTRACT NOUN

distribute distribution

merge merger

regulate regulation

submit submission

approve approval

consolidate consolidation

acquire acquisition

liquidate liquidation

cancel cancellation

alter alteration

ANTONYMS

compulsory – voluntary
asset - liability
hostile – friendly
oppose – approve
purchase – sale
consolidation – division
newly formed – pre-existing
dissolution – formation

18. COMMERCIAL LAW gospodarsko pravo

trade- trgovanje; traders- trgovci

commerce- trgovina (v smislu izmenjave dobrin)
commercial fields- gospodarska področja
agency- zastopstvo
carriage of goods- prevoz blaga
commercial dispute resolution- reševanje gospodarskih sporov
debtor and creditor- dolžnik in upnik
landlord- najemodajalec
tenant-najemnik
mortgage-hipoteka
negotiable instruments-prenosljivi vrednostni papirji
secured transactions-zavarovani spori
real-property-nepremičnine
UCC- uniform commercial code
WTO-word trade organisation
UNCITRAL- United Nations Commission on International Trade Law

to modity-spremeniti
renew-obnoviti
sign-podpisovati
terminate-preklicati

noun adjective

merchant merchantable

commerce commercial

negotiation Negotiable

finance Financial

bankruptcy benkrupt

terminate end
commence start
consent agree
redeem buy back
contravene go against
renounce give up
retain keep

VERB ABSTRACT NOUN

renew renewal

draft draft

include inclusion

omit omission

terminate termination

encrypt encryption
adopt adoption

negotiate Negotiable negotiation

propose proposition

transact Transaction

citation cite

VERB NOUN

disclaim disclaimer

exclude exclusion

indemnity indemnification

tolerate tolerance

specify specification

retain retention

postpone postponement

VERB ADJECTIVE

suit sued

accept acceptable

imply implied
bind binding

ascertain Ascertainable