Experiment no 6

To perform the torsion test and determine the modulus of resilience

of a given specimen.

6.1 Objective:
➢ Plot Ʈs –ε diagram and calculated modulus of rigidity(G)
➢ Plot Ʈ- θ diagram and calculated modulus of resilience

6.2 Apparatus:
➢ Torsion apparatus
➢ Vernier caliper

6.3 Theory:
Torsion is the twisting produced in the material when the torque is applied on the
material. Torsion is expressed in pascal and also in pound per square inch.

Fig # 1: Torsion in a circular bar

In non-circular section the twisting is accompanied by a distortion called the warping.

The amount of the twisting is depending on the

➢ Applied torque
➢ Length of the beam or rod
➢ Modulus of the rigidity
➢ Torsional constant
θ=ƮL/GJ

Fig 6.2: Torsion in a bar

6.3.1 Torsion test:

A torsion test is conducted on many materials to determine the torsional properties of the
material.

Like bending torsion is also a important test to determine the mechanical properties of the
material.

The properties included;

➢ Modulus of elasticity in shear=

➢ Yield shear stress
➢ Ultimate shear stress
➢ Modulus of rupture in shear
 ➢ ductility

6.3.2 Types of torsion test:

Torsional test is applied on the material using rotational motion or by applying both axial
(tension and compression) and torsional forces. Types of torsion testing vary from
product to product but can usually be classified as failure, proof, or product operation
testing.

1. Torsion only
2. Axial torsion
3. Failure testing
4. Proof testing
5. Operating testing

In torsion test only, the torsional load is applied on the test specimen

In axial torsion, both axial (tension and compression) and torsion forces is applied on the
test specimen

In Failure testing, twisting the specimen until failure.

In proof testing, applied the torsion load and holding this torque for a specific interval of
time.

In operating testing, testing the complete assemblies such as bottle cap, dial pen, or
steering columns to verify that the product perform as expected under the torsion loads.

During the torsion, measure the angle of twist θ, is measured in radian.

ϒ=tanɸ= rθ/L
 Fig 6.3: Angle verses torque curve

6.3.4 Modulus of resilience:

Resilience is defined as the ability of the material to absorb energy when it is deformed
elastically, and releasing when it is unloading.

Proof resilience is defined as the maximum amount of the energy absorbed by the
material within the elastic limit, without creating any distortion in the material.

Modulus of the resilience is defined the maximum amount of the energy that can be
absorbed per unit volume without creating permanent distortion. It can be calculated by
integrating the stress stain curve from zero to elastic limit.

The torque verses angle diagram looks same as the stress strain curve that might
generated in tensile test.
 Fig # 4: Modulus of resilience curve

6.4 Procedure:
1. Measure the dimension of the specimen (test piece) with the help of the vernier
caliper.
2. Place the specimen in the hexagonal socket.
3. Set the level indicator to zero.
4. Rotate the input hand wheel by one degree and check the torque.
5. Increases the span of number of rotation and check the corresponding torque
produce until the plastic region is reached and deflection is constant for next
increment of rotation.
6.5 Observation and calculation:

No.of Obs Angle of Angle of Torque 𝒓𝜽 Shear Stress

Φ=
Twist Twist T 𝒍 𝑻𝝋𝑳
𝝉=
(Degrees) (Radians) (lb.in) 𝑱𝜽
(Degrees)

1. 2 0.034097 32 0.106 259.9

2. 4 0.069813 56 0.212 517.9

3. 6 0.10472 81 0.318 749.6

4. 8 0.139626 115 0.424 1064.3

5. 10 0.174533 141 0.53 1304.9

6. 12 0.20944 170 0.636 1573.36

7. 14 0.261799 200 0.7956 1851.01

8. 16 0.314519 206 0.954 1906.55

9. 18 0.366519 206 1.1138 1906.55

6.5.1 Graph
2500

2000

1500
STRESS

1000

500

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

STRAIN

6.6 Comments:

There are many properties that can affect the properties of this experiment which are as
follows:

➢ Whenever there is torsion, there is change in its length and radius so it can affect
the value of modulus
➢ The temperature can do expansion and contraction so it can cause an increase and
decrease in size of the material hence the value of modulus can be affected
➢ Unskilled Observations
➢ Errors in the apparatus
Reference:
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torsion_%28mechanics%29
2. https://www.google.com/search?q=torsion&client=firefox-a&rls=org.mozilla:en-
US:official&channel=fflb&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi9ppC-
hKzhAhWbBWMBHXpYCX0Q_AUIDigB&biw=1024&bih=657#imgrc=Vrlbx8VdcM6
57M
3. https://www.testresources.net/applications/test-types/torsion-test/
4. https://www.instron.us/en-us/our-company/library/glossary/t/torsion-test
5. https://www.fxsolver.com/browse/formulas/Modulus+of+resilience\