Edited by Nanno Marinatos & Robert K. Pitt THUCYDIDES THE ATHENIAN, College Year in Athens Papers 1‘manteis themselves. Pets the problem resin our own inability to undestand the mentality ofthe ancient Greeks ~ ad in particular thor atiae to what we consider tobe religion mater. Te aval ale cvidence suggest that what we call eign wast them pat of 1 indivisible nd unified universe, So the sm and the moan were ot aiogetber separated fom human society and the harsh su But this understanding ries liogeter deen questions. References Coos We 98 Ter nc. Mea 10e: Mayer nf elon Kinin Ist: Toa ond Ore 8, ‘So OR Pcs ire Ne lalla Sas on, 1 i: hai a a Say Pa Ch “tn 2008 Pa i Deo Spero a oA. ‘ine pf Pas ck Moat Ths er ROBERT K. PITT Naming Strategies in the Sicilian Expedition: ‘Characters under the Spotlight and Actors in the Wings Inrodtion! “The deamati qualities of Thueyddesnarative ofthe Sicilian Bx pdition ae undenihle. Boos six and seven ae ote considered a fly workedap section of he Mitra set-poce hat deploys asi nifcant armament of naratologialtchnigues, influenced to some degree both by Atheian tragedy and Homer, performance Iiterature that Thacydes ad no doubt Been steeped in fom an ety age? 1 wishin this paper to explore one aspect ofthe narative's eons tin: the maring and no-aming of actors inthe ext and how this is employed a foes the reader's tention onto cet carters and aay fom others, Lute the word acon" deliberately ere a hope ‘las on or and of Tye 200; a nt tel hin ‘tatepetie nec ot dw wrkngs of ou ret iar fn These pges wl ve paps shal ave syed # ene had ‘ed mh sport sine way nk fe aswel Dv Brn for 2 For Tyee aged be Maceo 198, 14-88 ad Rute 4201, $9 fr peal natin th Gk ar Harlow 201to demonstrate that Thucydides choice to ame an individual, or ot, and how tats presened can wsfily be understod trough srumatc lens, with ead characters front of stage and hosts of chorus members and extras pushed aside ‘Thucyes" omissions have long been objects of study. There ae several groups of people and instiations tht he setvey up presses, such a the Council of S00 and other eos inthe Athenian skemocratie machinery, something particularly noticeable in books six and seven? Thucydides choices in naming character were to doubt mutfacsted. Te inclusion ofa ame, partculatly with {ional information suchas patonymics, detotis or ethics, clearly ads a truth effect othe narrative. This is the historian re ordng names from decrees and military reports and preserving the details, perhaps simply to demonstrate knowledge o research, but also to assert the authority of that knowledge. Single names without Frther elaboration may’ occur dae toa ibility to a certain particu, but they may also sigh reduse the attention tiven oa protagonist ishited by the autor, or they may simply be the sl of fame rendering fier elaboration unnecessary. The reasons for omissions of peronl names are more dificult pa dow. Tauydides could nat be expected to know the names ofall the poople he includes i the History, but we can prove with cr tainty shat be suppressed a lage number of names of which he was well avare, And so we mst ask what such choices tell eno ly about the constuction of his History but also bow naming srt les might be used to ascertin more sbou the mind of Thosydies snd his personal opinions about characters ‘What I hope to show in this papers that these naming strategies were not oly eet 6 Thucydides” poraayal of the Sian ep sede, bu they should alo be central to our understanding of wi be Nisei hough about the mai protagonists Th order o deny and analyze thes srtegies, the mn body of what allows will once ‘uate ona close reading ofthe text oF books sx and seven pointing ‘ut whom and in what form we ae presented with personal names. “The should shed some light ont how on a mcro-ev! the naming or nonnaming of inv or even groups proces et of fed ising elec, ether by how characters are introdsed and removed or how others are cloaked by veil of anonymity These device cn centrale our gaze on those whom Thueydider has mos interest tur oberving: they alto silence those we mig ati fl onthe she nattiv lies on past them, the woo pulled over ou eyes. To decode Thucydides’ naming rates itseems appropriate ‘ake them in the ode in which they appear. number ofthe eects are cumulative and nod Yo be observed a the native progresses andthe focus nd intensity of such ecgues nerease, especially as ‘we shal see around the figure that above al thers most hight «aby this maratolgiealstaepy ~ Nika, son of Nikerats, Prelude tothe semng oft fleet, “The debates and preparations leading up tothe expedition to ic ly are presented with some peominent omissions of speches, argu mont and personae, a well as meetings ofthe Council and Assen ‘iy silenced or summarily dealt with by Thueyddes. nthe winter of 41615, anonymous envoys fom Egest ae in Athens puting forward argument for military acistance'onsanty epee inthe ase Mies alongside named (Athenian?) indvidvals. In order clarify certain issues, the Athenians send their ov anonymous envoys 1 Egesta (662-3), The absence of any named individuals involved in the ation led cursory tone tothe proceeding that doe allow the reader ode upon questions of how the pohies worked on he round in Athen leading to this Fgesan diplomatic success, The gests are ot given shape tough idntfeation, and thule wordsare presented only inde. The anonymity ofthe east cloaks them in gecepion, ad likely (sso often with nortan in Thucydides) indicates contempt on the author's pat ~ they ae of couse later fund o have deceived the Athenians in hese negations Inthe simmer of 5 hth st of ensoy etm nd present their rept, Coun meeting are soppresed (CTI 316), a the assem Dy votes to appt thes genera to command the Foren this in stance the otal absence of names up until now sarpes the conkast when Thucydides inoduees these generals wih due pomp, giving ‘hei fil pony Alebides son of Kins, Nikis soa of Nike sos, and Lamach son of Xenophanes’ (6:82), While Thucydides? ‘se of patrenymiss is dial to classy, they hee provide quite fr ral inoducions to men we have already met before inthe Histon: Hombloner rogges tht his reste the language ofthe ofl «roe and ams to stress the importance of the information conveyed (CTINL318) The is ertainly stands out fom the sounding ext nd mack formal a slam start he enerrve proper ba it als at oll eal for hoe charstr, the itlson a omission of whose ames dusing the ening expedition wil play an important role in oensing ur atten onto thei nate, eagles wd ales, ‘That thet isa sustanedoratoriel fous on Nika in books si and seven comes a5 no suis. From his enty onto the stage of the Sicilian story Nikias is given two direct speches (he oly such occurence in Thucydides) during the so~alled Redepras, allowing us to concentrate on the two opposing postions and characters of Niki and Alcbindes at his important juncture * Lamacbos alone ofthe elected expedition leaders isnot given voice ding these debates = plot device that will almost define his oe in the fot coming raged, Niki melons noone by name in either of his speeches here, Gre 2,494 sone spe nd fceation hat wl be ‘pial fhe whl artnet Sin cme instead oly alluding o groups and individuals, a frm of indest saul on hase of whom he disapproves hat lends weight and dignity tos omtry a resai hat isin complete contrast with Abies rang of his opponent, Niki claims tht he tray ith Spat as become nominal wing to "certain individ (ups), Athenian and Sparta (6102), and he must have Abies in mind aren them, Resources should be spent at home and nat on behalf ofthese exer hase itrst it itolieas well a they en (imp au guy oe (6.12. 1these eee fren Leontine are to imagine preter ome ‘wher inthe Assembly, Alibiads and his rns ar certainly to be understood by if tbr be any man here, overjoyed at being chosen 1 ‘command’ (612.2) and when Tee such persone now siting ere sre ‘he side of ha same indvida nsuamaned By bin, alam ss ‘sme (ols ys opcan wn de rd arg dbl napaxehevots atrssous goon, 6.13.1, Niki then exhort the olde men 0 ep thew younger izes check, and he eal othe sane py tani the nesting otto be ado puting te mater nee agin the vse. We may re some theatrical into Niki pointing ut such re the adr ean vias the pestizes he makes owards Alibi ds, those added aroun hin, the prytans. Thee i drama here and tudenoe ato, a atrial ih ‘We geta sense of how much ele urecorded ofthe mosing in wha follows uly Nala vader Kae, 0 BE Adal” Hapenes oy ‘sieve orpaveiny rapivou xa ynpcntoa ie Beet nal avon. vie Be npowonaa thy ovpatlay Ahan Kawau BovhSutvay 1 ve Nal avoid Gist Sock wee the words of Niklas, Mort fhe Atedan who came ‘onward spoken avouroftheexpedton not aig what Forte sei of They reps pets be, se CF I 397-8 Rood 1988 17ben ote, athough some spoke onthe ther ie. By farthe cess avoct of tieexpedon was however Alike Sonol Cnn, ha ihe to appse Nia (rane. Cray Serr, pie? “The personal ames leap out fom the backdrop of anonymity, focus: ing what was no doobt along and involved set of proceedings oxo jt these fv opponens In contrast to Nika’ careful avoidance of rectly naming his rival, Aleibiades immediately accures Niki of having stacked him (6.16.1). Ning and nor-aaming are here sed asa device fo show the maturity and gravitas ofthe older Nias ‘eras the brash, younger Alcibiades, rushing to eounteratinck. The covering wp of Lamachos continues with Alebides calling on the ‘Athenians to aval themselves f the services of us bah’ (17.1). Thueyuides then allows us & glimpse at further unecorded speeches of th Egestns and exes fom Leoni dough a gup inthe curtain (6.191), and Nikias takes to the podium once more “There are murmurs of uncertainty among the ero ut: a hos rapeton v5 nov Renu esi rapaxaMogs roe Nadav oox fn ove: npopalgeay Bt EoutANay (625.1) Arla on fhe hone came fra ancl po Niki ‘tld hin that he ough to make exces ples of is name ~ Demostatos~ is supplied by Plutarch, but was om ted (indeed i was known wo Thueyies) lest he take focus fom [Nikas and Alcibiades and we are let wit anything other thn the primary memory of a oatorcal del between two bg ites! (CT 101365) Its aso posible that Thucyides dd ot wish o name any ‘her Athenians who had eneny pressed forthe expedition, whether ‘mart yds, NY 1996, aapnins a edad ale soa fiom a desire to proc them oso as nto dilute the blame For pe suading the demas away from Akbiades. The Herms and the Mysteries ‘Thueydids’ portrayal ofthe vestigations surounding the mut lation ofthe Hers and the profanation ofthe Mysteries coma perhaps the most wellknown series of naming omissions in the whole Mitory and presents several posible reasons for naming tnd aot naming. Not one single person is named during Thucy idee telling of these notorious evens except Aleibades, upon ‘whom the spolight shines intensely. Why are so many accuses ‘witnesses, defendants and victims nt amed during tis infos episode of Athenian history? Mang ofthe details were krowable, no jot fom Andocies speech On the Msteries, delivered £00, BC, but from numerous public dacements held in he tate archives 2 ell as nsritions posted around the ity, suck the socalled [Ati stela, motto mention the ora tradton of such naorious scandal. Let us Took st how Thucydides presents the sequence of evens andthe protagonists wera ody and pero rE eal axon ep ie "Bu Epucy ook, AiNay BE ayahuaeay vapor tes psrrpov ind verépanyera rags yal lvouyeyeemsat ath oor dua eo toca tv okay OBpes Oy ea ‘os Rhubiatne temper nal aa srahapBoovrs oi Rova to Mhnpiaby axsinirs token dvr opin ato ‘ol Biusu Beaty pscoravy xa voploaves sae aon, pire By eva. (628) Infomation was acoringly ven by some resident aliens dn hd eran, not abo the Herma bi of some previo ‘ulations of other nage epee by young men adeaskesFlic, an of mac elaine ofthe Mysteries, led hse taken pce it peae bases, Whos Alsbiades was smplied im bees be tod inthe way fiona he uedisbeg leadership of Te People, an who hove fa He wee ose removed he ist place would bets Alcibiades denis the charges, but his enemies (ot Exod eared that he would have the army's sopport an pu forward the orators (Wdouspiropas, 6.29.3) who sais he shotld be allowed oa now rater than o wait for prosseations. That the shadowy figures were indeed Known to Thucydides he himself els ut the demagogue Androcles was one a those conspiring apna Aleibiaes (865.2) Hornblower (CT IIL 378) sees Thueyddes a8 keeping these people “eoutemptuously anonymous ere, at there i cena diser Ibe dsc of those men inthe language employed. Alcibiades is a vitim ete of jus the srt of dangerous, pling politicians that ‘Thucydies believed were the principal cause of Athens’ downfall and bis own exile, He wishes o drew anion both othe dangers of atonalism but ls to what x ontoversal individual Abies vas. The non-aming works to rete an stmosphere of backroom clings ané comupton by Keeping these groups cloaked and hood fd We wil ream tothe afi below ‘Ans te lest it prepared and Thucydides produces great isto the arbour with crowds of ets loading the hia ad fa iis waving thst menfolk goodbye. We naturally would nt expest ames ami such crowd scene, ad indeed ony Perils and Hag bon re mentioned in a comparison of fest sz. InSteily Wienextcutt Syracuse, where news ofthe amada had been reese, and an assembly is alle wih wha by now san atcipte presen {aon of limited numberof speakers, while others ae alluded 19 ‘offstage, Ther is sense of expectation tha Taueydides so bilan ly creates inthe bul upto imporant speeches, and wear given & formal introduction to Hermosrates~ figure who will present and ‘case he opposition ote Athenians forthe remaining expedition = wit is patronymic (lead given a 4.58 ad so perhaps unnecessary forthe reads, hut not fo he att ee play): edhrea yvonne deednoagDéybroay soe Myon B45 6 ihow, row utv mover Teme Hs ovpaTEIOS ws TO [Abin rv Bev vavvia eysven, xa EpvONDa My 8 “Epuovos napeABa einas (652) a sien wa lin which spesches, a wil be ren, were “aiveed by aliforet orators, blving or cotati the rept fof the Athenian expedition: amang whom Henmocates 2 of Herne came fowar Heemocratescontaues to Keep the other speakers anonymous (1 Shall pehaps be no beter elioved shan others’, 633.1), and abo ‘only alludes fo his opponent (their most expesienced general 634.6), mimoring the naming sages of Nika first specch of tbe edeias,Aenagoras next comes forward, but is ot introduced with a patronymic (surely Knowabl’); his speech consists ofall sono ndidals or groups of polticins who eman vague al evs dies oe Brae yee hoyonatevon. is bys 08 vou pion, Nal enone ex Novas Ye "otinbenai ts ovr eanoupyortpog py Pauhoytoous seavhagaviag tS outepor whos avtony iy HOReay Bo ye (638) vile, Nor shit St tine tat oe hese persons, heey ‘Capote dees ying by sec tread by ober even ‘more abasnablet igen The People and theses ake oer‘This is followed by ‘one ofthe generals (6.41, who spoke up and prevented further disasson, His authority in closing down the Alscussion ~ and this scene ~ is magnified by his anonymity (CT 11416), and also keeps our atetion onthe two principal ramed speaker, aguin mioring the non-named speaker atthe end ofthe Reser, ‘Meanie, at Coreya, the Athenian generals divide the Meet into tree squadrons and assign themselves to their command by lot (62); a simile procedure wil follow after the removal of Alcibiades (6.52.1), when the army i diseibuted under tw com randers. This isthe ist occurrence of one ofthe great symphonic ‘hemes running trough the Siciin expeition: the gradual iso lation of Nikias, chiming out the motif threesvo-one, a5 one by fone the generals leave the stage until Nikas is let alone before reinforcements arive under Demosthenes, and beyond that as those two generals an their rekon ofthe army in their tr are separated end oad. “The generals earn at Rhea thatthe promised sams of money ‘om the Egetans have no matrilised al ro kv Nude npooBogoutv fv Td nap Tov Fysoralon, ‘ow Bticipow al ahoyesrepa (6462) kine was prepa orth noms ges, two calles ‘were taken complet by sui. “The reader is of couse aware wh the ater two genes ae, but only Nikias i signalled by name, perhaps emphasising his eoeect appraisal ofthe Egestans back in Atbons All hee ae named when they debate what action ist be taken inthe oder Nkias-Aeibia des-Lamachos ~ with relatively large numberof ines spoken by [Lamachos, the last ime we wil hea is name un his death. A ‘lhades sis avay in a led attempt o negotiate an alliance with Messina (named hereto point out fail), a 8s Si Angouvre Efovea wads naDdy ot o1par “ryoleaira nna hares manera ts Naga hy Se Dy eteani ty Pays navahnovres rl foe ope aura 02) Immediately up is return the generals mann and provisioned Teaving there ofthe armament bein th a Rg th one But which general and why not name hin, as Alcibiades was just above? Dover is surely right in asuming Thueydides must lave ‘own, although his suggestion that “he elt that his was the proper way in which to zfer o «command in which nothing bappene® \GHCT 1 316) is pehaps less relevant to the decision of omission ‘than Thucydides’ narative need t cut Lamachos cut as much as posible (It coud not, incidental, have Been Abad, who tv els to Ctara, and doubt Thucydides would miss an opportunity name Niki, unless theres perhaps suppression hee ofisilness, being left hehind to convalesce =a subject Thucydides does nat wish tointrdce quite yet) ‘avng sled Catan, the Athenian armaments not porited to caer the city, bt thei two general are invited to speak tothe assembly and “while Alcibiades was speaking andthe cizens were intent on the assembly, the soldiers broke down a badly walled-up poste gate (651.1, Only Aleibiaes i thus named a aking part in the ton, and itis part ofa eect. which may be relevant in pointing ot te or of tater we should expest fom thie charactor {athough surely th historia! Nika oo recs to the deception), Alcibiades recalled to Athens Arsiving back at Catana following some recomassance and dip mati missions, the Athenians receive the news of Alias" ealandthe non-naming seateges we met around the Herm and the “Mysteries investigations ars one> again brought Beara hee con al xavahaySévove Ty Tahauvlay vad be Tov Abrvow {eovoay ttre MheBidbny eo wchedowrtag AoW fe Aoyay Gu 47g eomshe, xa ev Bhhows ss TON apa ey tan Ue a0 wane Hpk tee onplay e SorBoieron, Tou Beal ep tos Eau (553) ‘There they und the ship alanis come om Athens fer Alb As, th rr fr hi os home to anew the charges which ‘he sate bough agit hia foc ohers of he solders ‘nh with hn were cused of sarge the tera Mi ‘eis a overs fe Hers rans. Cre Ste, apt) slob Boeuatovres tp mura. ak nome dvocsneay ‘Roms many yongrais nav mahiTow Guthaypawornes Kare Boon (6852) intend feng he formers. esting inpisoaing he boaters Buon rev ABroain . aden fy ore al ern ois wel Wy ory hy alta Raves yoMal Tera afihoyo dvfprone Ai TS Bours oav vrata variate, Tov Btn, donee ox useavor to, mo zo EeiouesT tat ve pa va {7s Beran sea ob xl Ou as xa fad aise Sy vie vo eu Epuce 3B Bos 57S AS aloe. 9 dv prey eG wa sos BARows yard Soa uh naryopn Ooo, ein Be ararativras pts rosfoavres Tos tv mica, Boo: Gwekplnoay, ray BE raguysvten Bavarow eevee ERaWHOD BPN 1S sroetivarr (650), The Athenians people grew uneasy aed suspicious of the perso hanged inthe iro be Mis. many persons of consi ale sts had aeady bee ow ino pean uta ast one of thane in cos thought be hemos ity of al, wat Indes elon prisoner give information. He sctdigly ‘made a cntesonimpletinghnsif nd tori the fai of ‘heHermee; andthe Athan people atone let 0h norm ‘ccnsed tal, exseted 3 ma as wer apprehended a ot Public fecling was aginst Alibiads, Thoeyddes tls us, de 1 ‘ose sume unnamed enemies (=v Exo 6611) harhad plagued him before the expedition. Further tonymou friends of his at rgos ‘nd aso boen implicated ina plano atack the Argive demos (61.3), and so the Athevians decided to ving him ol sealing he ship Salaminia for him and “the others (61.4) who had been informed ‘gain. The group around Alibinds is kept ily atthe periphery ‘four soo: they are with im when is ship et lip heSalamin fa where they are “o-aceased, of ErabiaBePhnfvo, and “those around hin 005 ve’ rod, 6.617) and seotences of death ae Zande down upon the in absentia, ‘The air ofthe Hers andthe Mystere isthe most stiking example of Thcydides'notrmaing! ao one single person is amed cr than Alcibiades ammang the many in Athens working eganst ‘im, thse accused with him ia Sie. tase who ad escaped fom “Ans, he imprisoned (one of those in custody was ofcourse A ‘ecides). those who finaly confessed, and those exected. Thuy ides cannot have been contemptuous of al those implicated (some are described as the best etizes) and pethas in cra eases is rnon-aming i kindness o avid tamishing reputations father Bt the overriding naratve principle seems to e tit no one a lowedto dilate the foes of tht mow traumatic of Akeni religious cries away from Alefbiades. And forthe reader of Theydide" ver Pag 0, 25-5 w 4 ms ta Tees nw-aming of And- cis mayb fm contr he ave spay ing we sedsion there could be noone cee to blame or remember. i white “washing ofthe event ad personalities, and considering the efor “Thuopldes expends on comeing his predecessors and Athenian collective memory over the yrannicides afr, be ds litle er to Set down a record that fate generations would have found useful ‘riparia For the Athenians who lived though the pid, and forthe succeeding generations, the fats were knowable: we have the benef of contemporary literary source in Andocies" On the Mmeris; how mach more writen and orl information must have boon avilable a th time? The historians desire to eck out and it ‘yough the fies of his chosen subject i ea seis Blow in this arative, and one wonders wit this nou-naming was woth such sscrice,Alibiade at all coms was to bear the Brot of suspicion and guilt before he fles to Sparta and eauses so much harm to the Athenians, Anonymity and individual fous are bee employed as brutal weapons against a igure for whom Thucydides cant co. seal his anger and contempt, Continued Athenian operations in Silly erat rave ol owns ov Abneaaw parva tv Nig, Bouton wovjoauce Tod or paveiuaoy wal Ray ede 5. (65) The Athenian generale Sly now vided he rae et ‘wep nec aking on yf led with he wl Aso, fom thee general to two (642). Why not tll us which seal ol each ston ofthe fee” suggest that Thucydides is Foner CF 461 suggest a he sapresin of Lana” ae rhe sce af of ok sh fae ett egg he shock of det ceria dos, nt kh imp eases get of ot allowing Lamachos to sare the stage with Nika, afc pani ary noticeable now that only two geneals ave command. Th ‘ylides has ogo to considerable efor to achieve the erasing of La Imachos fom the scripts the “Athenian generale (ol orparnyo}, tie at 6.68.1) ho devise a plan to draw out the Syracuseans 10 tana uous dupa api uy mtd of BE iy Fapauosion ‘rparnyots 1h Boron aix Foaoy ennfsov! fu Bt Kav safer 8 ip, eat an” antpy te iy Kaan ha Een oe svn ra tara Eyiyinoou val iaravro fy ese Gnahaineus Bras 1v opiow ees. (6842) ‘They sento Syrocse aman devoted the andy he rasan generar hough oben he eet be Wate nate of eres, ad side ame fom persons inch plas, whose names the Syacusan genera were segs with and wom ey “new to be among he members oftheir pays et inthe i. “The Syracusn generals believed the man, who is unnamed, despite his evident inporizce to the story and his iirity with senior ‘igus on bth sides ofthe wa. Iti oni (so CTI 467) thatthe ruse evolves wound the deploymest of sonal ams which ae not ‘offered to the reader These shadowy fih-oluma elements, as Inter ‘with Nika informants inside Syracse, remain jst that, shadows ‘Ourside Syracuse the Athenian pepare fr bale, and one ge eral steps forward to adres the troops, Nika 6673), after which "Nikias at ones led an the ary" (6.68.1). The render could be or ven for assuming he is now in sole command the ations or even presence of Lamachos are studiously avoided ellowing an intial Atbenian victory, the Syracieans hold an assembly and Hermoerats is agai inrodaced wit is paoymic before his spoee (6.721), Presumably thre were further speakers ‘who are suppressed inorder to emphasise te main characters in the uma, conbuing the focus on two opponents, Hermocrates and Nias Alhoughtheassembly vote Hermocates to commandalongsie Heracles son of Lysimachos and Sianus Son of Fxeeestes (673), only Hermocrtes is named agin when the bourd are mentioned at 696. they are rece to ol prov Epuoxprn expan, and 3699.2 we ear thatthe Syracusans were “guided by their generals, ‘nd shovel by Hermoerats (No dou the ado generals was ahistorical ely, but italso sels up neat parle withthe orignal thre Athenian commanders) ‘An Athenian contingent sail for Messna inthe hope tht it ‘would be beuayed to them, but tee plans are seuppered bythe igus of Aetbiaes, who ~a5 we might expect ~ stands out inthis sage of mary unnamed payers al piv impdaoers ok yer: NAB yp 8 df be “rapxie fn uerawarrrs, movaurvo, Sn pebkoro, rie ‘alg rov Fupanoolay hos rls ff Maori Geb 78 idhow 0 BE 706 1 dpo5 BkgtepaympSeepon (675) ‘The ingue, however, ame to mshing fo Abas, whe hag town te tert when he ef is oct pen th arent fom home ferexing athe won atid, gave nfomaton oul th plot othe end of te Sracacon i Mew, who had once pt death authors (n Jearing thatthe Athenians ae sending envoys Camarna, the Syracuant do likewise ect oy by Fypanovesy Fporpdrous xl Kw ‘sev Kanpiay dnd 88 raw Rlnvalon Fogo a rE, S EpioepamnsGeAASyou yout rox KayapielayBouhs: tas mpobaaen ry Abneatous eye rode (675.8) Tarr iaet mene y ume pain race a6 10 told earns gel se CT afc) Sans key seal a inthe war and enone 746,730,190. ermrrates, with sme others, asoigly ave at Camaroa from Sree, and Paper and others fom the Aberin: tnd an asembly af te Camarines ving been convened, ‘As with te Redetrias nd othe aired speches, iis naturally con ‘eaent to concentrate on wo speakers, but pte here that both Het moore and Buptenos are accompanied by ‘ater’ the sons of ‘ext we met throughout he narrative gles around named fg ures. One wonders why they are mentioned a al: woud it seem 00 implausible ifthey were removed completely ane the protagonist et alone to ener foreign ets or Nee acrost the seat? Thel presence ‘may lend eeduity othe proceedings without thee being named ‘ertng aur view away fam the leading me. ‘We meet Alebiades span at Spat, wit his sil-uanamed fe low fugitives OdesidBns wend ev EuguysBeny, 6883), giving a specch hat aloes to is unidentified enemies over the Pyls ep ‘ode and those who plod his banishment (Anérocles ae thous parculrty guilty of the ater charg, see CTI 513). He mentions the ‘remaining generals (Ondkommo: orparnyel, 691.1) without ‘stnguishing them, ae which the Spartans give command ofthe Syraesans to Gylippos son of Chandra (693.2), Tyee propriate giving the fll name ofthis man who will become the focus of opposition to Nikias andthe Alhenins for the rest of the Sicilian expedition, ‘One ofthe more curious incidents of Thuydideanmaing te tis ocars the Syacusns prepare to cont! Epipoa sting & foyce of sx hunted hoplites unde te command of one Disilos, anal om Andkos (Sv faye Asus guys if AvBpov, 6.963). ‘We might amiipate the inrodction of sucha figure with name and |wit biographical material fo signify his rita oe in the forthcom ing narative bt the Syracusans ae defeted and Diomils is killedslong with des hundked others just afew sentences Inter (697.4. ‘Wihy would he be brought on and immediately dispatched, without any prior mention, and with no known pat playin the stry other than oi art recorded command? His role may simply have ben known to Thueydses, and he eth infomation out ofa desire to recor adding reli by knowing the names of minor characters haps he en al be named sine hat does not eters wih tbe fas on any eajoe individual in the atrounding rare. Nie, weve, swith Lamachos be, his ming gives sense that be ies alone while simultaneously being surounded by 2 large rou of len competots tc addition around a named gues poignat ‘a suprise atack, the Athonans take the Syacusan coun oval with tree hundred handpicked men runing othe wall and theres ofthe army advancing in two divisions: 4 ps yer 00 Eefpo arparmyl pis ry mB Enon ote, ipo, Be pert Ekgoy Hs v6 otapanua TS ‘aod sea (61001) one with one ofthe general the ey i ease ofa sre, he ther ihe ther goer th acadey the poser pe, Why not mame them? We know who they are, and Thucydides mast have been aware of which genera led each division, We ate again tot allowed alts of Larnachos until his last fal ny the te sion therefore mous unt ei ily named ia his death scene in the flowing etaper \Bay BE 8 Aduayos napsPorie dd Ted ciawuou tod avecse a Tobony te ov HOAAEY Kat To\s ApyElous ‘rapahapiov, xa imBlaBts ragpov Tod wal yous Her ‘Alyeoy rcv GnbiaPdvean Gmotuocn cody renal whe ‘eG nav yer ar00 (1016) Secng hit one ie a pail, Lamas came hid foe ‘he Atenian ff with afew aohere and with he Arges, ane roing Sh, a eft alone wih fe that ha rose ith aad was led with ve ori of men ‘And now two genstals become one. Not only dost Lamachos like Demosthenes ~ fail to receive any obituary, the narative Triskly moves on without further comment. I is interesting here tat Lamachos" death, atnough among other Athenian see above for Diol)” is deseribed in terms of being “alone, something tbat may resonate here withthe inereased tensity of the theme oF Niki growing isolation, partly due to his sickness, kept back until now:he uceesafilly defends the Circe having been let hee soup ilies eos yap avr B dastunay imeheheyutios, 46.1022). The Athenians Setup a trophy and revive the body of| [Lamachos (6.1081), tbe prion on whose name is nov ited post mortem. ‘The Syracusans come clos to proposing terms of surende 19 \Nikias, "who ar the death of Lamacoe was lef soe commander” (oir05 yp Bh vos ys Aaudgou TeEcTO5 Tv ADH, 6.1083), “The alone’ maf continues, and can perhaps also be detected afew shapes ltr: "wile Nikiss didnot lead on the Athenians but ay still by his or all ea 5 Naas oi Eye vos Abuaius, AN oixate ods 75 tasrey ra, 133) (We will at be alowed 1 See the supporting commanders who lead such sorts unl ate in enanative) The Syracasns had become suspicious of thst generals, who were deposed and another three elected in thei stead: Heracles, cls, and Telias (6.1034) As we have see, only Heemocrares ‘yas named when the fist rad subsequently appeared ater ther ini tial inrodvtion. Now the new board is given without paronynies, possibly Tee formal presenti to minis tht role ahh spc eet lied ye etme wi ws,lighr the relative imprtance of Hermocrats or it may simply be due to incompleteness inthe historians notes (0 CTI 53). From this point onwards, Nike is named a great eal in the raratve 85s hs newly arived opponent, Gylippos their fequen identicaions give a sense of Swa-person game as we look into their thoughts nd ations. ‘Niki decides lo write eter to the Athenians ost dow wat has happened and what is needed in Sicily. I sent by unnamed emistares (183) who, ax well as delivering the leer, engage inex hanging messages and answering question. We woud like o know ‘what else was in his package of uews and where these procedings took plac, but Thucydides shrouds the democratic machinery. Ni. as mentions “your generals (715.1) bu des not single out La nachos, the news of whose death may well have bees dealt within «arircomespondence, but naratlogclly it continues his suppres sion (se CT It 560,567), Only Glipps snared (wie, 112 snd 12:1), continuing the Focus on the 0 opposing generals. The Athenians rofse o sceept Niki’ resignation, vole him col: leagues as generals, and forthe ie being they promote Menander and Euydemos, to ofcers already inthe ld ol thir places So tat Nikias “might not be left alone in his sickness to bear dhe hole weight of ass’ (Sneos sh wb tv doBewta tahaunopotn, 7161), Incontastto these “promote” generals in Sicily the oan ‘val sare! appointed to join Nikias are listed with paronymis, signifying their more prominent oles: Remostenes son of Ait. es, and Eurymedon son of Thcls Thucydides” naming stategy for Demosthenes and Erymedon ites fom that used forthe original board of three generals in hat they ae resuenty named together as performing ations on their way to Silly (7.33.3; 35.) Unt thi rival, and with Niki i the movements ofthe wo amis are habitually described by the poston *Gylippos versus ‘the Athenians (2,372), mala ing the suppression ofthe inerin commands (nd indeed anyother “Athenian officers). Whea the generals are nally rough ogee ‘we are given the thoughts of Demostienes ony, that he felt Nikas ad not followed upon hs intial success. When in his turn Demos ‘hone fils, Nike wil gsi be allowed a voice, damning tho al comment agaist Demosthenes tactics and assessment of Nika.” The ensuing ble narative connie the themes 9f Niki” il ess and oation ir ute db mpchrou dey wal Epa xl Miva pos ivahaBow ny maoay oxpariy fxope pbs Ths Eros. Nia By naaons eA AB) {emstheoes] af the st wae St et wih Euymeson and “Menander andthe whole my for Eppoal, Nika being It ind nthe ins Following the dsr Uppal “the Athenian genes conse” (7.47.1), but only Demosthenes and Niki re allowed to voice theit pions, Eurymedon simply ‘agreed’ (49.3) with Demosthenes, but histime was up, and in the following naval bute he sil of in short order (752) and—2s with Lamachos before him~ the narative slides on. Thucydides allows Nike two specches to aly his die heartened woop, the fist rousing the trace to action 8 BEN id raw rapdvray ernest pv fos 6 stbinos wag Ey i aly way tomedoxee fe feaovow burhn,marpibey ve frovoutuo Kal avtois rou nl qubiy, dun $6 ea! tere 888 Ansoote ‘nga Mévaupos xl EOD (obto yap Gr vay FO ‘Renae ovparnyalennoas). (7.69.24) Meanie Nikis, appalled by the state of airs, reaizing the gresines andthe nares f the danger again called ot Ta Died 33 ant it. N21 on oes wit Niki,‘he capaine one by ons, aldeting ech By Bit fathers mame ad by bs owe at by that of iste. while Demosthenes, Menande, an Paty ers, who tok the comma on ost putout We eater aw knowledge of personal names being used spat of russ; ete Nike employs them in «very postive and emotive way to exhort he trerachs by name, patronymic and tial afiation(t 703, where the generals on both sds cal tt other captains by me). Menandros and Euthydemos are aed here forthe ast time, ther fae el uncomment upon, ‘At matters deteriorate forthe Athenians, Nik give his second exhorason tothe amy at 7.767, while Demosthenes i allowed 20 corollary be did as much fr his put of the amy, addressing them in words very similar” (eal 8 AnuocdinnsoiBty Roeov ves xo jo eexal tapamhjows Aye). Silla, but unrest Te other commanders emai inthe wigs. The focus hough out the Athenians disasters i resolutely op these wo general, the 3.2.1 theme enjoying a resrgence with the second se of heer. ‘ced to, and Nika and Demosthenes are now offen mentioned together (ee, 7.782, 80.1, RD.) wat in ret thei divisions ae separate, wily Nias ahead, nd Demosthenes harassed by the Sy. cuanto the rea, ut both divisions are eaptured and leo their tiseable fate inthe stone quatre. tayrdv tot Nala 8a Aruoobin dovsoy Yoo uNanow dda [nae Be nou uv wahgaararoy arose, Anjo, is va woe na The, va BB avo teas ‘ov roup ya tetas wjoawBubpas Tou AaseBanouew BN a rpovtouin, onevbas elon, tons NBrains oleate, Bort agtivat ao uy rowing 8 Su Spears rare aig evn, jaota Bh bios dv Woy 7A God EAN croura Buorcasaptoda is rhe maua ts apety wou ‘out tron. (7862-5) ‘bt Nit and Demestenet wee butchered asi the will flippas. One of tem, happesol,Demostines as ose tf her pests enemies, om sau of he afi of he and and of yl wile the ahr, Ns, as forthe sae esons one of her pret! end, owing ot exertons lo pot the ese ofthe isonet. Ts ote ke was he cause ofthe dest of ¢ Sseing tht the whole couse of his ife had bee regulated with Demosthenes ~ ike Lamachos and Eurymedon before hin = fall fiom the stage without further comment, something of suprise considering tat he was a man Thucydides cloudy edmived in other ars of his work. But the focus remains on Nika, witha moving ‘binary fo the end of this man for whom Thusyes evident ft _sret admiration and pity. Conclusions We have seen thatthe chive to name a individual in Thuy des? naatve ean be to highlight or suppres, it ean focus attention on ‘characters abd bring them ta este stage of it can cloak theme in deceit and lay the blame of many onto on. Groups can remain anon yous out of authori contempt (Egestan envoys) or in de to ‘bing » named individual ino sharper focus (Aleibiades and those involved inthe Mysteries and the Hem scandals), The omission ff names inthe text an alo erat a reeondo eles hele thei trodution of important gars, heralded with thee paroynies for ater effec (a, the announcement ofthe intl tree Athenian ‘generals sent to Sil. There is natural tendency also to foeus on ‘wo opposing characters, wheter in debate ori the fl of hale Which requis the suppresion of other gues without necesar ly any negative authori intention. The use of names bythe actorsthomssves i instructive: both Nikas and Hermocrates studiously ‘void naming thei opponent in speches i ode to highlight their ratorcal skis and mats, and, nthe case of Niki, to comrast, with the bath behaviour of Aleibiads, who ston qe to name his rival, Nika also employs his knowledge of personal names 19 exo his ops in bate, andi doings highlights his ow talents commander (On a deeper naratolopical level, Thucydides user names scrost wide expanses ofthe txt to deve home cera overarching points. We have seen the symphonic way ia which Nkias isolation is tought out asthe Atheian generals are reduced from thee to two to one and again when the second set of generals arrive albeit within the necessities of hstorcl actuality). This is a masterpeoe of dramatic writing, the technique ststained and emotionally ef fective, 8 we watch Niki, pitbly il, bearing the brunt ofthe eater with Fewer and fewer ofcers for support The cst af uch strategies to historical accuracy may wel be hig the suppression of Lamachos could easily be misinterpreted as athoril contempt, far which theres litle evidence, The abuence of wellknown Athe ans fam the Mysteries ffaialso poses uncomfortable questions oF how far Thucydides is willing to distort the story in order to concentrate an atack. ‘hope to have shown tat one primary function of Thucydides” naming and non-taming strategies in books six and seven aims to focus our attention on Nikias, not merely to underinc his pivotal ole in Siily—ta is obvious asthe only general who served throughout the whole campaign but to shape the narative around him 5 much 1 historia ety would allow. The theme ofthe grad sltion DC Nikias is Brot out by the moments hes named, by thove who tre or ae not named longs his and by how bis fellow generals fallout ofthe serie one by one. We canna also help noticing the motional force that such devices lend to Nike tage role a8 good man whose woeds and deeds were the beste coud offer under, impossible ccumstances, Tat these strategies soften operate in favour of Nikie i, 1 believe, a serous rebut agains those — fl lowing Pitarch~ who Blame him forte disaster.” Thucydides as his tragic hes and he played his par. References ei 2 nia ii ok egg Takk soaye angie ee init "A Noten the Tear of Nici in Macy’ CAN 70, 18 isi nh rs ao ar on Ce Ss sing 200 aT nd th Gk iron NY ooh Pg Nere nf Speman Or ‘ret amen oon, a, Gar pps of Nii ed ny Pach ee Nala 198, 997, Matos 202 on tui asa Tare ee