Social report

What is drainage
The concept drainage denotes to a province's water
system. Small streams located in multiple directions
join to form the main river, which eventually
discharges into a big body of water like a lake, sea,
or ocean. A drainage basin is the area drained by a
single river system. Two drainage basins are
separated by a mountain or highland. A water divide
is a type of upland like this.

The drainage systems of India are primarily

influenced by the subcontinent's wide relief
features.It consists of himalya and peninsular rivers

The Himalayan Rivers:

The Indus, Ganga, and Brahmaputra are the three
major Himalayan rivers. These rivers are long and
split out up into multiple tributaries therefore,
making a river system.

The Indus river system:

The System of the Indus Valley Tibet's river begins
at Mansarowar Lake in Tibet. It runs west and
reaches India in Jammu and Kashmir's Ladakh region.
The Zaskar, Nubra, Shyok, and Hunza are some of
the tributaries that join the Indus in this region. The
river then runs through Baltistan and Gilgit until
reaching Attock, where it emerges from the
mountains. The Satluj, Beas, Ravi, Chenab, and
Jhelum rivers all join the Indus at Mithankot in
Pakistan.

The Ganga river system:

The Gangotri Glacier feeds the Bhagirathi, which is
the Ganga's headwaters. At Devaprayag in
Uttarakhand, it is joined by the Alaknanda. The
Ganga emerges from the mountains and onto the
plane in Haridwar. The Yamuna, the Ghaghara, the
Gandak, and the Kosi are just a few of the important
rivers that enter the Ganga. The Yamuna River rises
in the Himalayas from the Yamunotri Glacier. It
meets the Ganga on the right bank near Allahabad.
In Nepal's Himalaya, the Ghaghara, Gandak, and Kosi
rivers rise. The Chambal, Betwa, and Son are
tributaries that originate in the peninsular uplands.
These rivers do not transport a lot of water. The
Ganga travels east till it reaches Farakka, West
Bengal. The Ganga delta's northernmost point lies
here. The river splits at this point. The Ganga is
about 2500 kilometres long.
The Brahmaputra River System :
The Brahmaputra River begins in Tibet east of
Mansarovar Lake, near to the Indus and Satluj
Rivers' origins. It's a smidgeon longer than the
Indus. Its path is largely outside of India. After
there, the Brahmaputra flows eastward, parallel to
the Himalayas. It enters India through a gorge in
Arunachal Pradesh. In Assam, it is joined by the
Dibang, the Lohit, and a number of other tributaries.
Unlike other northern rivers, the Brahmaputra
deposits massive amounts of silt on its bed, causing it
to rise.

Rivers of the Peninsular

The Western Ghats, which stretch from north to
south near the western coast, are Peninsular India's
major water divide. The Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna,
and Kaveri are some of the Peninsula's major rivers
that flow into the Bay of Bengal. Only the Narmada
and Tapi are lengthy rivers that travel west and form
estuaries.
The Tapi basin:
The Tapi Basin is a river basin in Peru. In Madhya
Pradesh's Betul district, the Tapi rises in the
Satpura mountains. Parts of Madhya Pradesh,
Gujarat, and Maharashtra are included in its basin.
Sabarmati, Mahi, Bharathpuzha, and Periyar are the
major west-flowing rivers.
Narmada basin:
In Madhya Pradesh, the Narmada river rises in the
Amarkaantak hills. It forms a rift valley and flows
westward. It forms numerous attractive places along
the route to the sea, such as the "Marble rocks" and
the "Dhuadhar falls." The Narmada's tributaries are
all extremely short. Parts of Madhya Pradesh and
Gujarat are included in this basin.
The Godavari Basin:
The Godavari is the peninsula's biggest river. It
originates from the Western Ghats' foothills in
Maharashtra's Nasik district. The Godavari River is
roughly 1500 kilometres long. The river empties into
the Bay of Bengal. It is also home to the world's
biggest drainage basin. Maharashtra, Madhya
Pradesh, Odisha, and Andhra Pradesh are also part of
the basin. The Godavari's tributaries are rivers that
flow into it.

The Mahanadi Basin:

In the hills of Chhattisgarh, the Mahanadi rises.
After passing through Odisha, it enters the Bay of
Bengal. The Mahanadi river is 860 kilometres long.
Parts of Maharashtra, Chhatisgarh, Jharkhand, and
Odisha are included.
The Krishna Basin:
The Krishna river runs approximately 1400
kilometres from a source in Mahabaleshwar. It makes
it to the Bay of Bengal. The Tungabhadra, the
Koyana, the Ghatprabha, the Musi, and the Bhima are
Krishna's tributaries. Parts of Maharashtra,
Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh are served by its
drainage system.
The Kaveri Basin :
The Kaveri River starts in the Western Ghats'
Brahmagri range and flows into the Bay of Bengal
south of Cuddalore, Tamil Nadu. The Kaveri river is
760 kilometres long. Amravati, Bhavani, Hemavati,
and Kabini are the primary tributaries of the Kaveri
river. Parts of Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu are
included.

Rivers form an important part of any economy mainly

due to following reasons:

1. It is a fresh water source : All civilizations in

human history typically flourished alongside rivers.
This was mainly because of the availability of fresh
water easily for daily activities, and fertile land
available for agriculture.
2. Irrigation : India with a huge population needs
water resources to help in sustaining the agricultural
output necessary to support such a huge population. 
3. Dams : Many hydro power projects are made on
the rivers. This increases the energy production,
besides flood control and canalization of rivers. This
in turn becomes important to drive other industries.
4. Tourism : Rivers also drive the tourism industry in
India. The river Ganga for example is a huge source
of religious tourism. In the mountain stretches,
rivers serve as means for adventure sports.
5. Transportation Needs : Rivers serve as mode of
transport for carrying both people and goods. This
advantage has not been perhaps effectively utilised
in India compared to other countries.

Habitats

Rivers provide excellent habitat and food for many

of the earth's organisms.

Many rare plants and trees grow by rivers. Ducks,

voles, otters and beavers make their homes on the
river banks. Reeds and other plants like bulrushes
grow along the river banks.

Other animals use the river for food and drink.

Oil and Natural Gas Exploration:

India, understandably, needs to achieve energy self-
sufficiency. As a result, the Ministry of Petroleum
and Natural Gas auctions off oil and gas blocks to
Indian firms for exploration in various river basins on
a regular basis. While exploration companies claim to
take all required precautions to avoid contamination,
it is only inevitable that their techniques aren't 100%
effective.
Chemicals and Effluents:
Chemicals and other industrial effluents pollute the
water along the river belt as a result of
industrialization. While major organisations use
modern ways to cleanse effluents and chemicals to
eliminate or decrease their toxicity, smaller
businesses frequently ignore environmental safety
regulations.
Garbage Dumping:
Water contamination is exacerbated by high human
density along river banks and the indiscriminate
dumping of non-biodegradable trash, particularly
plastics. Despite warnings and stiff fines levied by
local governments on anyone caught throwing rubbish
into rivers and their estuaries, this barbaric
behaviour persists.
Washing and Sewage:
In India, it is typical to see people washing their
clothing on riverbanks. Chemicals used in modern
detergents harm river waterways. Defecating along
riverbanks is another another heinous behaviour
prevalent in rural India that adds to growing river
pollution. Local governments and commercial sewage
collection tanker operators are exacerbating the
problem by depositing trash in rivers and their
estuaries.
Last Rites & Cremation

Life beyond death is extremely important to devout

Hindus. As a result, cremation places in rural India
are found along riverbanks. Varanasi, also known as
Kashi, is one of these places, with cremation sites
placed directly on the banks of the Ganga, India's
longest river. Unfortunately, many Indian families
who cannot afford cremation send their loved ones'
dead remains to waterways. The water contamination
caused by these human cadavers is horrific.