A RESEARCH PROPOSAL

ON

THE ROLE OF SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE

ENTERPRISES ON THE ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT OF TANZANIA

(A Case study in Dar es Salaam Region)

By

Seth Edessius Gwera

2018

DISCLAIMER: This document contains different sources of information of which many

are cited, I do not take responsibility for those which are not. The document is prepared
and shared for academic purposes and knowledge for those interested in the subject. It is
made by one’s perspective and so It might contain errors, clarification is advised for
readers and there is freedom to leave a comment in case of anything.
List of Figures

Figure 1: Difference between SMEs and Large Businesses............................................................6

i
List of Tables

Table 1: Calendar of Events..........................................................................................................12

ii
List of Abbreviations

BBA – Bachelor of Business Administration

BOT – Bank of Tanzania

DSE – Dar es Salaam Stock of Exchange

GDP – Gross Domestic Product

SMEs – Small and Medium Scale Enterprises

TCCIA – Tanzania Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture

TRA – Tanzania Revenue Authority

URT – United Republic of Tanzania

iii
 ABSTRACT

This study sets to investigate the role of Small and Medium Scale Enterprise (SMEs) on the
economic development in Tanzania. The introduction part of this study is contained in chapter
one, extensively dealt with the purpose of the study, enumeration of problem in small scale
business in Tanzania.

In Chapter two, literatures related to the study are reviewed. The review dealt basically with the
historical background of SMEs, meaning, problem, planning and launching of SMEs in
Tanzania. Also evaluated what is missing from the previous studies so as to justify why this
study is important.

Chapter three, deals with the design and methodology to be employed for the research.
Essentially describes the research design, Determination of sources of data, Data collection
method and instruments, Sample design, and Ethical consideration of the study.

iv
Table of Contents
List of Figures...................................................................................................................................i

List of Tables...................................................................................................................................ii

List of Abbreviations......................................................................................................................iii

ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................................iv

Table of Contents.............................................................................................................................v

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................1

1.1 Background of the study........................................................................................................1

1.2 Statement of the Problem.......................................................................................................2

1.3 Objectives of Study................................................................................................................3

1.3.1. General Objectives.........................................................................................................3

1.3.2 Specific Objectives.........................................................................................................3

1.4 Research Questions................................................................................................................3

1.4.1 Major Research Question...............................................................................................3

1.4.2 Minor Research Questions..............................................................................................3

1.5 Research Hypothesis..........................................................................................................3

CHAPTER THREE: LITERATURE REVIEW..............................................................................5

2.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................5

2. 2 Theoretical Literature review...............................................................................................5

2.2.1 The concept of SMEs......................................................................................................5

2.2.2 Characteristics of the SME sector...................................................................................6

2.2.3 Factors Influencing SMEs..............................................................................................6

2.2.4 Governmental Policies....................................................................................................7

2.2.4.1 Policy in Tanzania.......................................................................................................7

2.2.5 Access to Finance...........................................................................................................7

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 2.2.6 Geographical Location....................................................................................................7

2.2.7 Competition....................................................................................................................8

2.2.8 The Contribution of SMEs in Economic Growth...........................................................8

2.3 Empirical Literature Review......................................................................................................8

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY.......................................10

3.1 Research Design..................................................................................................................10

3.2 Sources of Data....................................................................................................................10

3.2.1 Primary Sources of Data..........................................................................................10

3.2.2 Secondary Sources of Data......................................................................................11

3.3 Data Collection Method and Instruments............................................................................11

3.3.1 Secondary Method of Data Collection........................................................................11

3.4 Sampling Design.................................................................................................................11

3.5 Ethical Consideration........................................................................................................12

REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................13

vi
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

The impact of Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SMEs) to the economic development
cannot be neglected in every economy, more especially developing nations like Tanzania where
sustainable economic development is highly desirable. Small and Medium Scale business
enterprises have such a crucial impact to play in the development of an economy in such a way
that they cannot be ignored.

It is now increasingly recognized that the Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) play a crucial
role in employment creation and income generation in Tanzania. SMEs all over the world and in
Tanzania in particular, can be easily established since their requirements in terms of capital;
technology, management and even utilities are not as demanding as it is the case for large
enterprises. These enterprises can also be established in rural settings and thus add value to the
agro products and at the same time facilitate the dispersal of enterprises. Indeed SMEs
development is closely associated with more equitable distribution of income and thus important
as regards poverty alleviation. At the same time, SMEs serve as a training ground for emerging
entrepreneur (Small and Medium Enterprises Development Policy, 2002)

Economic history is well stocked with enough it sights into the humble beginnings of present
Great Corporation, evidence abound that almost all of the multinational giant corporation in
America, Europe and even Tanzania were cottage enterprises, growing as their industry grew and
through their own sheer ability, marketing skills, and effort to reproduce and produce existing
products better cheaply. Great economy countries were dominated by traditional industries,
cottage firms and by many SMEs, who drew their strength, not only from the abundance of
capital, but from the role of marketing in guaranteeing the growth of small scale enterprise. The
role of SMEs has been recognized as important by every nation around the world in poverty
reduction and sustainable economic growth (Trust Funds Annual Report, 2004)

95% of the businesses in Tanzania are Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), and they
represent about 35% of the country’s GDP, according to the Tanzania Chamber of Commerce,
Industry and Agriculture (TCCIA, 2018), Hence the government of Tanzania has been adopting
various measures for economic development through fiscal and monetary policies for many
years. In the early 1980’s Tanzania economy was not doing so well in many sectors including
industries, hence to further improve the economy, Tanzania introduced the private sector to the
economy.

The central government has pulled out from doing Business and instead the private sector is
encouraged to invest in the provision of goods and services. The SMEs under the umbrella of
private Sector is still growing to the economy and therefore the sector is facing many challenges

1
such as weak financial capital, poor infrastructure, poor communication and lack of entrepreneur
skills, low technology, and limited access to finance and working premises.

Despite of these challenges SMEs through the private sector contribute to the National and
Socio-economic development through creating self-employment of individuals also contribute
about 50% of the industrial products GDP and its main creator of new product and service.

SMEs contribute greatly to Tanzania’s development by the provision of employment, marketing

of goods and services and the growth and development of the rural areas. It has also brought
about the growth of indigenous entrepreneurship in Tanzania, the government through the
Ministry of Finance and Planning aims at improving private sectors with regards to SMEs under
its Five Years Development Goals which aims at “Nurturing Industrialization for Economic
Transformation and Human Development” (Five Years Development Plan, 2016).

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The ineffective and inefficient performance of small scale enterprises as a result of poor
environmental forces in Tanzania calls for necessity of this research. It is important to note that
all other management factors considered; the success or failure of SMEs is heavily dependent on
environmental influences.

Poor or inadequate knowledge of the operating environment of small scale enterprise adversely
affects the performance, survival, growth and eventually success of small and medium scale
business enterprises. Development of small entrepreneurship in relation to the growth of private
sector depends on the strongest and powerfulness of the government policies. This is because
entrepreneurship in economic development involves more than just increasing output and per
capital, it involves initiating and conducting change in the structure of the business and society.

Despite SMEs plays an important role in the economy, still they fail to show their clear role or
their contribution to the overall economic developments of Tanzania economy in terms of
Employment opportunities, creation of wealth and as well as provision of goods and services.
This is caused by lack of business skills to the owners of the business, Lack of sufficient capital
due to lack of knowledge to assess financial management activities such as source of capital
from Financial sector, low skills on financial management as a result most of the SMEs grow
very slowly while others remain stagnant and others are closed down.

Many research studies have been done concerning SMEs but only few have tried to show the
exact role of SMEs and most of the studies have ignored the factors for failure of SMEs, hence it
is worth to undertake this Research. Therefore this research will analyze the role of SMEs to the
development to Tanzania economy.

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1.3 Objectives of Study

1.3.1. General Objectives

The main objective of this study is to determine the role and importance of small and medium
scale enterprises in the economic development.

1.3.2 Specific Objectives

 To examine the extent to which is necessary for the government to support the small and
medium scale enterprises.

 Examine the effectiveness and ineffectiveness of the various government or

environmental issues like financial institutions; power sectors and level of corruption in
the stage.

 To assess the contribution of small scale entrepreneurs to the economy

1.4 Research Questions

1.4.1 Major Research Question

What is the role of small and medium scale enterprises to the economic growth of Tanzania?

1.4.2 Minor Research Questions

 What are the contributions of small and medium scale enterprises to the economy of
Tanzania in term of tax payment, employment and wealth creation?

 How does small and medium scale enterprises create job in economic development?

 Are small and medium scale enterprises in the market the engine of economic
development?

 Howe does small and medium scale enterprises improve the standard of living?

1.5 Research Hypothesis

Hypothesis can be defined as a tentative statement about the relationship that exists between two
or more variables and such statement are conjectured that must be validated.

There are two types of hypothesis, which are null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis.

3
The null hypothesis is denoted by (Ho) while the alternative hypothesis is denoted by (Hi).The
alternative hypothesis is accepted while the null hypothesis indicates rejected. Testing the
following hypothesis will provide answers to the research questions:

1. Ho: SMEs does not play any role in the economy development.

Hi: SMEs plays a vital role in the economy development.

2. Ho: SMEs do not create job opportunities in the economy development.

Hi: SMEs creates job opportunities in the economy development.

3. Ho: SMEs in the market are no: the engine of economy development.

Hi: SMEs in the market are the engine of economy development.

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CHAPTER THREE: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

In this chapter, the researcher reviewed the available literature relevant to the study in order to
obtain broader insights of what has already documented so far by different writers regarding the
contribution of SMEs on economic growth and poverty reduction. This review is divided into
two parts, the first part is on theoretical review and the other provides an empirical literature
review.

2. 2 Theoretical Literature review

2.2.1 The concept of SMEs

There is no universally accepted definition of SME. Different countries use various measures of
size depending on their level of development. People in different countries tend to define SMEs
in different ways. For example, (Robinson, 1983) Define SMEs as an entity engaging in the
economic activity irrespective of its legal form such as sole proprietorships and family
businesses. Frank C. Lee and Keith Newton define SMEs on the basis of number of employees,
turnover and an economic definition that was based on the essential characteristics of the small
firms (Frank C. Lee, 2012).

Different country uses different measurement techniques to determine SMEs and it depends on
their purposes. The commonly used yardsticks are total number of employees, total investment
and sales turnover (URT, 2002). The SMEs nomenclature is used to mean micro, small and
medium enterprises. It is sometimes referred to as micro, small and medium enterprises
(MSMEs). The SMEs cover non-farm economic activities mainly manufacturing, mining,
commerce and services. According to kessy and Urio (2006), SMEs can be defined as a
productive activity either to produce or distribute goods and or services, mostly undertaken in the
informal sector The Tanzanian government defines SMEs according to sector, employment size,
and capital investment in machinery (Kessy, 2006).

A micro-enterprise is one with fewer than five employees, a small enterprise with 5-49
employees, a medium enterprise with 50-99 employees and a large enterprise with more than 100
employees. Capital investments range from less than Tshs 5 million to over Tshs 800 million.

This definition would exclude a number of informal economy enterprises, peasant farmers, and
Tanzanians engaged in lower-level income-generating activities (URT, 2003).

There is a wide range of definitions for MSEs, but for the purpose of this study, SMEs is defined
as a productive activity either to produce or distribute goods and or services, mostly undertaken

5
in the informal sector. A typical micro enterprise employing fewer than ten workers, usually
family members and has very limited fixed assets.

2.2.2 Characteristics of the SME sector

This study noted that the small business segment of the economy is heterogeneous with
businesses ranging in size from micro-enterprises to relatively large firms. Small businesses are
very diverse and have different needs. They operate in the formal and informal economies. Some
are simply survivalist whereas others are run by people with an entrepreneurial flair. Some are
startups, some are growing rapidly, and others are experienced and highly sophisticated. They
operate in different markets, local, national and global (Small and Medium Enterprises, 2018).

No single policy can cover all these businesses, formal and informal, operating in different
industrial sectors and with many sector specific challenges. Thus, data categories should be
sufficiently differentiated to provide detailed and nuanced information to support targeted policy
approaches and practical interventions.

Figure 1: Difference between SMEs and Large Businesses.

CATEGORY SMEs LARGE COMPANY

Management · Proprietor entrepreneurship · Manager-entrepreneurship
· Functions-linked personality · Division of labor by subject
matters
Personnel · Lack of university graduates · Dominance of university
· All- round knowledge graduates
· Specialization
Organization
Sales · Highly personalized contacts · Highly formalized
Buyer's relationship · Competitive position not defined communication
Production and uncertain · Strong competitive position
Research · Unstable ·Based on long- -term contracts
development · Labor intensive · Capital intensive, economies of
· Following the market, intuitive scale
approach · Institutionalized
Finance · Role of family funds, self- · Diversified ownership structure,
financing access to anonymous capital
market

2.2.3 Factors Influencing SMEs

Factors influencing SMEs are of two fold including internal and external factors, these factors
may affect SMEs as opportunity and as a challenges depending on scenario they stand for.

Morrison (2006) stipulate that businesses are affected by external macro environments that they
cannot control such as political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal factors

6
which can rarely be influenced by management decisions since they are external to the company
(Morrison, 2006), in other words, they are beyond the control of SMEs.

As well Factors that are frequently considered part of the internal environment include the
marketing objectives, HR strategies such as employee motivation, staff turnover and provision of
training, leadership styles, investment in research and development and its organizational culture
(Morrison, 2006).

2.2.4 Governmental Policies

The significance of SMEs within an economy emphasize the importance of having governmental
policies that support SMEs; issuing regulations that help them and their ability to operate
efficiently and regulations that imply low administrative costs (Charles Harvie, 2005). Although
there has been an increase in governmental policies promoting and supporting SMEs in order to
achieve economic growth and reduce poverty, there is still a lack of laws, administrative
procedures and access to assistance from governmental agencies.

2.2.4.1 Policy in Tanzania

Tanzania economy cannot depend on the endowed natural resources only. It also depends on
innovative and upgrading characteristic of the indigenous country industries and entrepreneurs.
Through this, the government of Tanzania introduced the Small and Medium Enterprises
Development Policy, 2002 where it shows clearly entrepreneurship development in Tanzania In
chapter 5 section (e) sub-section 45, its policy statement states:-

“The government will promote entrepreneurship development through facilitating improved

access of SMEs to financial and non-financial services”. The strategies for overcoming the
situation are, “Inculcate through education, training and other programs, values and attitudes that
are conclusive to development of entrepreneurship and review school curricula to accommodate
entrepreneurship development”.

2.2.5 Access to Finance

According to APO (2001) insufficient capital or lack of financial sources is the major obstacle
for SMEs and usually entrepreneurs need to utilize personal financial sources to start up their
business and to expand the operations, since the internal financial sources are normally
insufficient.

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2.2.6 Geographical Location

According to Holt (2006) geographical location has an impact on firm growth. Some of the main
determinants of location are the availability of industrial sites, infrastructure, distribution and
transport logistics, subcontractors, access to raw materials and skilled labor.

2.2.7 Competition

By entering into competition an organization is searching for competitive advantage which to a

great extent depends to the success of the business. SMEs are generally facing low
competitiveness in terms of knowledge, innovation, prudent investment, business operation, and
good management, which are important factors required to elevate the quality level.

2.2.8 The Contribution of SMEs in Economic Growth

SME sector plays a crucial role in the economy. The assistance of SME as a support industry
helps to strengthen the large industries (LIs). SME development is the future candidate of LI
because every large enterprise (LE) has had the experience of starting their business as an SME.
The role of SMEs has been recognized as important by every nation around the world. It is
considered an engine for growth and poverty reduction for the country through the creation of
jobs and incomes for the people.

2.3 Empirical Literature Review

Baragwiha Frederick (2013) in his study “The role of small and medium scale enterprises
(SMEs) in Economy growth and Poverty reduction in Temeke Municipal” aimed at examining
the role of SMEs to the economy of Tanzania but significantly he widened his scope to further
study more about the government contribution to the growth of SMEs and not the exact role of
SMEs to the economy. His findings have helped to explain a lot about the concept of SMEs and
how they are connected to the government but his scope was wide enough and failed to pin-point
the major keys that are played by SMEs to the economy of the country.

Empirical studies find that the share of SMEs in GDP is significantly increasing in Tanzania with
average of 16% and 18%. This reveals the importance of SME growth and employment
generation. However, prevalence of credit market failure is an important constraint on the growth
of SMEs. Since the closure rate of SMEs is higher than larger enterprises, the financial service
providers tend to consider SME financing risky (Caves, 1998). Research and Development
Department of Akiba Commercial Bank carried out a research to assess the extent of SME
growth before and after financing, this study aimed at assessing the contribution of financing
sectors to SMEs and not the contribution of SMEs to National Economy.

8
The SMEs cover non-farm economic activities mainly manufacturing, mining, commerce and
services. There is no universally accepted definition of SME. Different countries use various
measures of size depending on their level of development. The commonly used yardsticks are
total number of employees, total investment and sales turnover. In the context of Tanzania, micro
enterprises are those engaging up to 4 people, in most cases family members or employing
capital amounting up to Tshs.5.0 million (UkEssays, 2015).

The majority of micro enterprises fall under the informal sector. Small enterprises are mostly
formalized undertakings engaging between 5 and 49 employees or with capital investment from
Tshs.5 million to Tshs.200 million. Medium enterprises employ between 50 and 99 people or use
capital investment from Tshs.200 million to Tshs.800 million (UkEssays, 2015). This study
aimed at examining the overall contribution of SMEs to Tanzania but it concentrated much on
the financing sector of the country.

Many studies have tried to assess the contribution of SMEs but so far many of them highlight
only few perspectives (government point of view) of assess broad scope of SMEs (policy,
contribution in general) but only a few have tried to address the role of SMEs in the economic
development considering the challenges faced by SMEs, nature of SMEs, difference in capacity
between SMEs and the exact contribution of SMEs to National Economy. Hence it is important
to take this study in Dar es salaam Region due to the fact that Dar es salaam covers almost all
kinds of SMEs i.e. SMEs operating in the formal and informal economies, those that are simply
survivalist, startups, those growing rapidly, and others are experienced and highly sophisticated
and SMEs that operate in different markets; local, national and global markets.

9
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

This chapter deals with the design and methodology to be employed for the research. Essentially
describes the research design, Determination of sources of data, Data collection method and
instruments, Sample design, and Ethical consideration of the study.

3.1 Research Design

A design is generally referred to as a strategic blueprint for the collection, measurement and
analysis of data whose choice is dependent on the stage to which knowledge about the research
topic has advanced. A research design is therefore a plan for a research work which aims at
providing guidelines, which the research work is to be conducted.
This study aims at examining the role of SMEs to the economic development of Tanzania. To
investigate and collect data to fulfill the study, proper research methods need to be used in order
to ensure a reliable result.
In carrying out this research, both quantitative and qualitative methodologies will be used. The
qualitative study does not focus on number details but on observations and the content of the
interview (Zikmund, 2000). Quantitative methods emphasize objective measurements and the
statistical, mathematical, or numerical analysis of data collected through polls, questionnaires,
and surveys, or by manipulating pre-existing statistical data using computational techniques.
Quantitative research focuses on gathering numerical data and generalizing it across groups of
people or to explain a particular phenomenon. (Babbie, 2010)
The reason of choosing qualitative methodology is that the study aims at discovering the role of
SMEs to the economic development of Tanzania; it will examine the contribution of SMEs to
Dar es Salaam Region.
The study more focuses on finding the exact percentage change in tax contributions, employment
opportunities and standard of living due to SMEs.

3.2 Sources of Data

In carrying out this research project the researcher collect data from two main sources.

3.2.1 Primary Sources of Data

This source provides firsthand information in relation to the study. Its sources include
questionnaire and direct oral interview, which was conducted among the SMEs owners located in
Dar es Salaam Region. Also some of the customers will be interviewed to get their perspective
on the role of SMEs on economic development.

10
3.2.2 Secondary Sources of Data
The theoretical framework of this study will be from secondary source of data. To make a
thorough decision on the role of SMEs to the economy of Tanzania, a further study will be made
on different published articles and financial reports of Government Agencies such as The
Tanzania Revenue Authority (TRA), Bank of Tanzania (BOT), Dar es Salaam Stock of
Exchange (DSE) to obtain quantitative data to better ascertain the role of SMEs to Tanzania’s
economy.

3.3 Data Collection Method and Instruments

In data collection, the researcher will orally interview participants to get different perspectives
SMEs, furthermore another instrument that will be used by the researcher in collecting useful
information on this is questionnaire. A questionnaire by definition is a list of question or
statement to which individuals are asked to respond by answering the questions. It is used when
factual information is needed.
In this study, the questionnaire designed by the researcher should be highly structural questions.
It should contain only relevant information for the study in order to make sure that adequate
numbers of the respondents are reached through questionnaires.
The questionnaire should carefully be designed to accommodate two sections. The first section is
personal data (Demographic characters) which will generate proper data regarding the
respondent characteristics like sex, age, educational background, etc. while the second section
will deal on relevant aspects of the topic under study (Role of SMEs to the Economy).

3.3.1 Secondary Method of Data Collection

The method of secondary data collection will be: Review of related literature using: textbooks,
magazines, journals, newspaper, and internet, in this case; Economy details and audited financial
reports of different SMEs, BOT Publications, National Bureau of Statistics and TRA.

3.4 Sampling Design

A sample is a subset of the population being studied. It represents the larger population and is
used to draw inferences about that population. It is a research technique widely used in the social
sciences as a way to gather information about a population without having to measure the entire
population.
In relation to this study, the researcher will use Non-Probability sampling technique due to
technicalities of the study. Non-probability sampling is a sampling technique where the samples
are gathered in a process that does not give all individuals in the population equal chances of
being selected. While choosing one of these methods could result in biased data or a limited
ability to make general inferences based on the findings, there are also many situations in which

11
choosing this kind of sampling technique is the best choice for the particular research question or
the stage of research. (Crossman, 2018). For this study the type of Non probability sampling that
will be used is Purposive Sampling.
Purposive sampling represents a group of different non-probability sampling techniques. Also
known as judgmental, selective or subjective sampling, purposive sampling relies on the
judgement of the researcher when it comes to selecting the units (e.g., people,
cases/organizations, pieces of data) that are to be studied. Usually, the sample being investigated
is quite small, especially when compared with probability sampling techniques. Hence for the
study we require Economy Specialists and so that the data collected should be relevant to the
study.

3.5 Ethical Consideration

Ethical issues will be considered especially in the qualitative research, where direct contact with
subject will be needed. Much information available on the government, the commercial and non-
commercial enterprises are termed as confidential, and employees of various organizations to be
contacted are holding the very sensitive information and data of these companies, which are not
supposed to be disclosed. The proposed study will be guided by ethical considerations, meaning
that during the course of the study, the dignity, and privacy of every respondent will be upheld.

Table 1: Calendar of Events

Research events Due date (tentative date)

1.Developing research proposal January 2018

2.Questionnaire development End of January to February 2018

3.Develoment of chapter 1:introduction and chapter February 2018

2:literature review

4.The proposal defense March 2018

5Data collection & classification, .Development of July to September 2018

chapter 3: preliminary questions, answers and discussion
of results

6.Chapter 4: Research questions and hypothesis testing October to November 2018

7.Chapter 5 Discussion of the findings and conclusions December 2018

8.subitting final drafting the final drafting and January 2019

dissertation

9.The dissertation defense (BBA) February 2019

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Babbie, E. R. (2010). The Practice of Social Research. 12th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth
Cengage.

Caves, R. E. (1998). Industrial Organization and New Findings on the Turnover and Mobility of
Firms. Journal of Economic Literature.

Charles Harvie, B.-C. L. (2005). Public policy and SME development. Cheltenham, UK: Edward
Elgar Publishing.

Crossman, A. (2018, January 18). Social Science. Retrieved from ThoughtCo:

https://www.thoughtco.com/sampling-designs-used-in-sociology-3026562

Frank C. Lee, K. N. (2012). Innovation of SMEs in the Knowledge-Based Economy. Jouranal of

Small business and Entrepreneurship, 2-18.

Group, W. B. (2004). Trust Funds Annual Report. Washington DC: Word Bank.

Kessy, U. (2006). The Contribution of Microfinance Institutions to Poverty Reduction in

Tanzania. Dar es salaam: Mkuki na Nyota Publishers.

Morrison, J. (2006). nternational Business Environment: Global and Local Marketplace in a

Changing World. Sunderland: Palgrave Macmillan.

Planning, M. o. (2016, June). Five Years Development Plan. Tanzania.

Robinson. (1983). Measure of small firm effectiveness for strategic planning. Journal of Small
Business Management, 22-29.

TCCIA. (2018, January 9). SMEs Tanzania. Retrieved from TanzaniaInvest:

https://www.tanzaniainvest.com/sme

times, B. (2018, January). Small and Medium Enterprises. Retrieved from Business Times:
http://businesstimes/SMEs

Trade, M. o. (2002). Small and Medium Enterprises Development Policy.

UkEssays. (2015, March 23). Role of Small and Medium Enterprises in Tanzania. Retrieved
from UKEssays: https://www.ukessays.com/essays/economics/role-of-small-and-
medium-enterprises-in-tanzania-economics-essay.php

URT. (2002). The National Poverty Reduction and Economic Growth Strategy. Tanzania:
Government Press.

URT. (2003). The National Poverty Reduction and Economic Growth Strategy. Dar es salaam:
Government Press.

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Zikmund, W. G. (2000). Business Research Methods 6th ed. The Dryden Press.

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