The Substitution =

Certain rational functions of sines and cosines can be integrated

with the use of a special trigonometric substitution.
Let =
⇓
=2 ⟹ =

And = + = =

Exp:
❶∫
#$
Solu:
=∫ ' =∫ =∫ =∫ ( +
% &
()' * *
/ /
=∫ =∫ = ∫ = ∫
( + +
,
(
. 0 ( 0 ')(
* * √+ √+ √+ √+ √+

/ √0
= +1 = +1∎
0 √0 √0 √0
Other Substitutions
Exp:
❶∫
√

Solu:
(
Let 3=
⇓
=3 ⟹ = 23 3
5 5
∴ ∫ = 2∫ = 2∫ 1 − 3
√ 5 5

= 2[3 − 2 9 |3 + 2| +1] = 2√ − 4 9 =√ + 2= + 1 ∎
❷ ∫ +
?√ %/ √ &

Solu:
(
Let 3= @

⇓
= 3? ⟹ = 63B 3
?C5@ D5E 5 5F 5
∴ ∫ + =∫ =∫ 3
?√ %/ √ & ?5+ %/ 5 & / 5
H E ( (
(
@ / @ ? @
=⋯= − + − 65 @ + 130 M N+1∎
I B 0
 Q
❸ ∫   √ +1
+

Solu:
(
Let 3 = % + 1& +

⇓
+ 1 = 30
⇓
= 30 − 1 ⟹ = 33 3
Q
∴ ∫   √ +1 = 3 ∫Q   %30 − 1& √30 3 3
+ +

5H 5* 0 0 U
= 3∫ %3 − 3 ? 0&
3 = 3R − S = − = =− ∎
I / Q I / T T

The Integrals of VWXY & XVXY By Parts

Exp:
❶ ∫ sec 0
Solu: 3 = ^_1 ⟹ 3 = ^_1
` = ^_1 ⟹`=
∴ ∫ ^_1 0 = ^_1 −∫ ^_1
= ^_1 − ∫ %^_1 − 1& ^_1
= ^_1 − ∫ %^_1 0 − ^_1 &
= ^_1 + ∫ ^_1 − ∫ ^_1 0
= ^_1 + 9 |^_1 + | − ∫ ^_1 0
2∫ ^_1 0 = ^_1 + 9 |^_1 + |
∫ ^_1 0 = ^_1 + 9 |^_ 1 + |+1∎
Integrals of Positive Even Powers of VWX & by using the
Identity a + = VWX
Exp:
❶∫ /

Solu:
=∫ =∫ %^_1 − 1&
=∫ ^_1 −∫
=∫ ^_1 − ∫ %^_1 − 1&
+
= − + +1∎
0

Products of Vb & XcV

Integrals of the forms
∫ ^d e ^d ,∫ ^d e 1f^ & ∫ 1f^ e 1f^
Can be calculated by using the identities,
^d e ^d = [1f^ %e − & − 1f^ %e + & ]

^d e cos = [^d %e − & + ^d %e + & ]

1f^ e cos = [1f^ %e − & + 1f^ %e + & ]

Exp:
❶ ∫ ^d 3 1f^ 5
Solu:
= ∫ %^d %−2 & + ^d 8 &

ij# ij# T
= ∫ %^d 8 − ^d 2 & = − +1 ∎
/ ?
Even Powers of Vb & XcV
Exp:
❶∫ 1f^ /
Solu:
ij#
= ∫ %1f^ & =∫

= ∫ %1 + 21f^ 2 + 1f^ 2 &

/

= ∫ 1 + 21f^ 2 + %1 + 1f^ 4 &

/

= + ^d 2 + + ^d 4 + 1
/ T
0
= + ^d 2 + ^d 4 + 1 ∎
T / 0
Exp:
❷∫ ^d 1f^ /
Solu:
= ∫%1 − 1f^ &1f^ / = ∫ %1f^ / − 1f^ ? &
⋮
#$ / #$ +
= − + +1 ∎
? ?/ /T
Eliminating Square Roots By using the Identities
^d + 1f^ = 1, 1 + = ^_1 , 1 + 1f = 1^1 ,
ij# ij#
^d = & 1f^ =
Exp:
❶∫ √1 + 1f^ 4
Solu:
= ∫ √2 1f^ 2 = √2 ∫ √1f^ 2
√
= √2 ∫ 1f^ 2 = ^d 2 + 1 ∎
Note: Be care of the definite integrals of odd functions.
Exp:
l
❶ ∫ l   ^d

l l
Q
Solu: = − ∫ l   ^d + ∫Q   ^d = [1f^ ]Q l − [1f^ ]Q

= 1 − %−1& = 2 ∎
Exes:

❶∫ (ans) = m n+1
ij# √0 √0
+ 0
❷ ∫Q   E (ans) = − + + − = −
T √0 0√0 0√0 T
%0 &
o// /
❸ ∫Q   ^_1 / (ans) = %1 − 0& + %1 − 0& = 1 + =
0 0 0
l
I T U T I
❹ ∫Q   + B
^_1 / (ans) = + = + =
? T T T