LESSONPLAN

COURSENO:SSAC–242

Cour
seTi
tl
e: Pr
obl
emat
icSoi
lsandt
hei
rManagement

Cour
seCr
edi
ts:
2(1+1)

SEMESTERI
V(New)

(
FACULTYOFAGRI
CULTURE)

DEPARTMENTOFSOI
LSCI
ENCEANDAGRI
CULTURALCHEMI
STRY

2018

1
Cour
seTi
tl
e:Probl
ematicSoi
l
sandt hei
rManagement(
B.Sc.(Agr
i.
)
Cour
seNo.:SSAC-242Semester
:IV(New) Cr edit
:2(1+1)

Teachi
ngSchedul
e
a)Theor
y

Lectur
e Topi
c Wei
ghtage
No. (%)
1-
2 Soil degr adat i
on: Concept ,types, f
actorsandpr ocesses. 6
Soil qualityandsoi l heal th:def i
niti
onandconcept ,Soi
l
Qual it
yI ndi cators.Char act eristi
csofheal t
hysoi l
s.
3-
4 Distributionandext entofwast elandandpr obl
emat i
c 6
soilsinI ndi aandMahar asht r
a.Categorizationofpr obl
em
soilsbasedonsoi lproper t
ies.
5-
6 Salinesoi ls,alkaliSoils, saline-al
kalisoils,degradedalkali 12
soils,coast alsalinesoi ls: def i
nit
ion,format ion,
char acter isti
cs,ef f
ectonpl antgr owthr eclamat ionand
management .AcidandAci dSul phateSoi ls:defi
niti
on,
format ion, characteristics, effectonpl antgr owth,
reclamat ionandmanagement .
7-
8 Calcar eous Soi l
: def initi
on,f or mation,char act
eri
sti
cs, 8
effectonpl antgr owt h,recl amat ionandmanagement .
9 Erodedsoil
sandCompact edSoil
s:defi
nit
ion,f
ormati
on, 6
charact
eri
sti
cs,effectonpl antgrowt
h,reclamati
onand
management .
10 SubmergedSoi l
sandf l
oodedSoil
s:defi
nit
ion,f
ormati
on, 10
charact
eri
sti
cs,effectonpl antgrowt
h,reclamati
onand
management .
11 Poll
utedsoil
s:defi
nit
ion,sour
cesandthei
rremediat
ion. 10

12 Wat
erpol
l
uti
on:
def
ini
ti
on,
sour
cesandt
hei
rremedi
ati
on 6

13 Qual
i
tyofI
rr
igat
ionwat
erandi
tssui
tabi
l
ityf
ori
rr
igat
ion 6

14 Ut
il
izat
ionofSal
i
neandsewagewat
eri
nAgr
icul
tur
e 6

15 RemotesensingandGI
Sindi
agnosi
sandManagementof 6
Probl
em soi
ls
16 Mul
ti
pur
poset
reespeci
esandBi
oremedi
ati
onofSoi
l
s 6

17 Landcapabil
i
tycl
assi
fi
cat
ionandLandsui
tabi
l
ity 6
Classi
fi
cat
ion
18 Pr
obl
emat
icSoi
l
sunderdi
ff
erentAgr
o-ecosy
stem 6

2
b)Pract
ical
Exper
iment Topi
c

1&2 Pr
epar
ati
onofsat
urat
ionpast
eext
ract
.

3 Det
ermi
nat
ionofpHeandECe.

4&5 Det
ermi
nat
ionofcat
ions(
Ca,
Mg,
NaandK)andcomput
ati
onof
SAR

6&7 Det
ermi
nat
ionofESPofsoi
l
s.

8 Det
ermi
nat
ionofESPofsoi
l
s.

9 Det
ermi
nat
ionofcal
ci
um car
bonat
efr
om soi
l
.

10 Det
ermi
nat
ionofl
i
mer
equi
rementofaci
dicsoi
l
.

11 Col
l
ect
ionofi
rr
igat
ionwat
erandsewagewat
er.

12 Det
ermi
nat
ionofPhandECf
rom i
rr
igat
ionwat
er.

13&14 Det
ermi
nat
ionofcat
ions(
Ca,
Mg,
NaandK)f
rom i
rr
igat
ionwat
er.

15&16 Det
ermi
nati
onofani
ons(CO3,HCO3,
ClandSO4)f
rom i
rr
igat
ion
wat
erandcomputat
ionofRSCandSAR.

17 Det
ermi
nat
ionofBODandCOD.

18 Sat
ell
i
tei
mageanal
ysi
sbyv
isual
met
hod.

Suggest
edReadi
ng

1)Richar dsL.A.1954.Di agnosi sandI mpr ov ementofSal i

neandAl kalisoil
s.Uni
ted
StateDepar tmentofAgr i
culture.
2)Mal iwal ,G. LandSomaniL. L.2010. Nat urePr opertiesandManagementofsal i
ne
andal kalisoi l
s.AgrotechPubl ishingAcademy ,
Udai pur .
3)Mahendr an etalSoi lResour ce I nvent ory and Managementofpr oblemat i
c
soil
s. Agr otechPubl ishingAcademy ,Udai pur.
4)Abrol,I
.P.,Yadav ,j
.s.
p. and Masood, F.I
. 1988. Salt –Af f ected Soils and t hei
r
Management .
FAO Soi l
s Bulletin 39. Food and Agr iculture Organizati
on oft he
UnitedNat ions,
Rome.
5) Ty agi ,
N. k. and P. S.Minhas, 1998. Agricul
tural Sal init
y Management i n
India.Publ ishedbyCSRI ,
Karnal.
6)Yaduv anshi ,
N.P.S.2008.Chemi calChanges and Nut r i
entTransf or
mat i
on in
Sodi c/PoorQual i
tyIrr
igatedSoi ls.PublishedbyCSRI ,Kar nal.
7)Dey ,P.andGupt aS. K.2012.Di agnost ics,Remedi ationandManagementofPoor
Qual it
yWat ers:Lecturesf orSummerSchoolbyR. L.Meena,S. K.Gupta,R.K.Yadav
andD. K.Shar ma.2011. Sali
nit
yManagementf orSust ainabl eAgricult
ureinCanal

3
 Commands. PublishedbyCSRI .
,Karnal
.
8)Twent yfi
veYear sofResear chonManagementofSal tAffect
edSoils&Useof
Sal
ineWat erinAgr i
cultur
e.1998.Publi
shedbyCSRI ,Karnal.
9) Pat i
l V.D. and Mal i
, C. V.
2007 Fundament als of Soi l Science,
Aman
Publi
cati
onMeer ut.
10)Das,D.K.
IntroductorySoilScience.
11)Brady,
N.C.2016. TheNat ureandPr opert
iesofSoi ls.15edn.
12)TheChemi styofSoi l–FirmanBear
13)TextBookofPedol ogyConcept sandAppl ications-J.Sehgal
14)FAOUni t
edNat ionsSoi l
sPor tal
.
15)Fundament alsofSoilScience-ISSSPubl i
cat i
on.
16)ManagementofDegr adedLandsandSoi lHeal th-
Ver ma,Tri
vedi
,Si
nghandTomar
17)ManagementofSal ineSoilsandWat er
s–S. K.Gupt aandI .
C.Gupta
18)ManagementofSal taf f
ectedSoilsandWat ers-L.L.Somani andK.L.
Totawat

LessonPl
an1-
2

Topi
c:Soil
degr adat
ion:
Concept,t
ypes,
fact
orsandprocesses.Soi
lqual
it
yandsoil
heal
th:defi
nit
ionandconcept,Soi
lQual
ityI
ndi
cator
s.Charact
eri
sti
csofheal
thysoi
l
s.

Land/
Soi
ldegr
adat
ion:r
efer
stodecl
i
nei
nasoi
l
’si
nher
entcapaci
tyt
oper
for
m
env
ironment
alandsoci
o-economi
cfunct
ions.
Degr
adedsoi
l
:Soi
l
shav
ingunf
avor
abl
ephy
sicochemi
calandbi
ologi
calcondi
ti
on
t
hati
tisunsui
tabl
eforagr
icul
tur
epr
oduct
ionunl
essr
ecl
aimed.
Ty
pesofl
anddegr
adat
ion:
Groupedi
nsi
xcl
asses1.Wat
erer
osi
on2.Wi
nder
osi
on.
3.
Soi
lFer
ti
li
tydecl
i
ne.
4.Sal
i
nizat
ion5.Wat
erl
oggi
ng6.Lower
ingoft
hewat
ert
abl
e.
1.Wat
erer
osi
on:Cov
ersal
lfor
msofsoi
ler
osi
onbywat
er,i
ncl
udi
ngsheetandr
il
l
er
osi
onandr
aveni
ng.Human-
inducedi
ntensi
fi
cat
ionofl
andsl
i
dingcausedby
v
eget
ati
vecl
ear
ance.
2.Wi
nder
osi
on:
Ref
erst
olossofsoi
lbywi
nd,
occur
ri
ngpr
imar
il
yindr
yregi
ons.
3.Soi
lfer
ti
li
tydecl
i
ne:Ref
erst
owhati
smor
epr
eci
sel
ydescr
ibedasdet
eri
orat
ioni
n
soi
lphy
sical
,chemi
cal
andbi
ologi
cal
proper
ti
es.
4.Wat
erl
oggi
ng:Ref
erst
hel
ower
ingi
nlandpr
oduct
ivi
tyt
hrought
her
isei
ngr
ound
wat
ercl
oset
othesoi
lsur
face.
5. Sal
i
nizat
ion: i
s used i
n t
he br
oad sense,
to r
efer t
o al
l
types of soi
l
degr
adat
ionbr
oughtaboutbyt
hei
ncr
easeofsal
tint
hesoi
l
.
6.Lower
ingoft
hewat
ert
abl
e:I
tissel
f-
expl
anat
oryf
orm ofl
anddegr
adat
ionbr
ought
aboutt
hrought
ubewel
lpumpi
ngofgr
oundwat
erf
ori
rr
igat
ionexceedi
ngt
he

4
 nat
ural
rechar
gecapaci
ty,
Causesofdegr
adat
ion:
1.
Def
orest
ati
on2.Ov
ergr
azi
ng3.
Agr
icul
tur
alpr
act
ices4.
Overexpl
oit
ati
onoft
he
v
eget
ati
vecov
erand5.
Indust
ri
alact
ivi
ti
es.
Pr
ocessesofsoi
ldegr
adat
ion t
hatr
esul
tindegr
adat
ionofsoi
lphy
sicalpr
oper
ti
es
i
ncl
ude:
1.
Sur
facecr
ust
ingandcompact
iont
hrought
hei
mpactofr
aindr
ops,ani
malhoov
es
andf
arm machi
ner
y;
2.
Lossoft
opsoi
lst
ruct
uret
hroughexcessi
vet
il
lageandl
ossofsoi
lor
gani
cmat
ter
;
3.
Sub-
soi
lcompact
ionduet
othepassageofheav
yfar
m machi
ner
yand/
or
pl
oughi
ngt
oaconst
antdept
h.
Pr
ocessest
hatr
esul
tindegr
adat
ionofsoi
lhy
drol
ogi
cal
proper
ti
esi
ncl
ude
1.
Wat
erl
oggi
ngi
nvol
vi
ngar
isei
nthewat
ert
abl
ecl
oset
othesoi
lsur
faceduet
o
poori
rr
igat
ionpr
act
ices,
orl
ossofdeepr
oot
edv
eget
ati
onwhosewat
erneeds
woul
dhav
ekeptt
hewat
ert
abl
elow;
and
2.
Ari
dif
icat
ioni
nvol
vi
ngadecr
easei
nsoi
lmoi
stur
eav
ail
abi
l
ity
,ty
pical
l
yduet
o
r
educedr
ainwat
eri
nfi
l
trat
ionf
oll
owi
ngdet
eri
orat
ioni
nthesoi
l
’sphy
sical
st
ruct
ure.
Pr
ocessest
hatr
esul
tindegr
adat
ionofsoi
lchemi
cal
proper
ti
esi
ncl
ude:
1.
Decl
i
nei
nthenumberandav
ail
abi
l
ityofsoi
lnut
ri
ent
s(N,
P,K,
secondar
yandt
race
el
ement
s)e.
g.t
hroughl
eachi
ng,
gaseousl
osses,
remov
ali
nhar
vest
edpr
oduct
s
et
c.
2.
Chemi
cal
imbal
ancesandt
oxi
cit
iese.
g.t
hroughappl
i
cat
ionofi
nappr
opr
iat
ety
pes
andquant
it
iesoff
ert
il
izer
,pest
ici
deset
c.;
3.
Changesi
nsoi
lpH(
aci
dif
icat
ionoral
kal
i
nizat
ion)
;
4.
Stal
i
nizat
ion(
bui
l
dupofsal
tst
hroughpoori
rr
igat
ionpr
act
icesi
ncr
opl
andsand
poorgr
azi
ngpr
act
icesi
ngr
assl
ands)
;
5.
Chemi
cal
pol
l
uti
onf
rom ov
eruseofagr
o-chemi
cal
s,pl
ast
icmul
chesorpoor
managementofi
ndust
ri
alandmi
ningwast
es.

Pr
ocessest
hatr
esul
tindegr
adat
ionofsoi
lbi
ologi
cal
proper
ti
esi
ncl
ude:
1.
Reduct
ioni
nthenumber
soract
ivi
tyofbenef
ici
alsoi
lor
gani
smssuchasbact
eri
a,
r
hiz
obi
a,my
cor
rhi
za,
ear
thwor
ms,
ter
mit
eset
c;

5
2.I
ncr
easei
nthenumber
sandact
ivi
tyofhar
mful
soi
lor
gani
smssuchas
nemat
odes,
par
asi
ti
cweedset
c.

Soi
lqual
i
tycanbedef
inedast
hef
it
nessofaspeci
fi
cki
ndofsoi
l
,tof
unct
ionwi
thi
n
i
tscapaci
tyandwi
thi
nnat
uralormanagedecosy
stem boundar
ies,t
osust
ainpl
ant
andani
malpr
oduct
ivi
ty,mai
ntai
norenhancewat
erandai
rqual
i
ty,andsuppor
t
humanheal
thandhabi
tat
ion(
Kar
lenetal
.1997,
ArshadandMar
ti
n2002)
.
Soi
lheal
thdef
inedast
hecont
inuedcapaci
tyofsoi
ltof
unct
ionasav
ital
li
vi
ng
sy
stem,
wit
hinecosy
stem
andl
and-
useboundar
ies,
tosust
ainbi
ologi
cal
product
ivi
ty,
mai
ntai
norenhancet
he
qual
i
tyofai
randwat
er,
andpr
omot
epl
ant
,ani
mal
andhumanheal
th(
Dor
anetal
.
1996,
1998,
Dor
anandZei
ss2000)
.

Concept
:
To some,t
heconceptofsoi
lqual
i
tyseemsunnecessar
yand r
edundant
amongt
hesoi
lsci
encepr
ofessi
on.Af
teral
l
,"ev
ery
one"knowswhatconst
it
utes
goodsoi
landwher
egoodsoi
l
sar
efound.Toot
her
s,quant
if
yingsoi
lqual
i
tyi
s
i
mpossi
blebecauseof"
nat
uraldi
ff
erences"amongsoi
lor
der
sandev
enbet
weent
he
samesoi
lser
iesf
oundi
ndi
ff
erentpl
aces.Oner
easonf
ort
heseopi
nionsi
sthatt
he
pr
ocessofev
aluat
ingsoi
lisnotnew.Asnot
edbyWar
kent
in(
1995)
,ev
aluat
ionsf
or
cr
opgr
owt
happeari
nthef
ir
stwr
it
tenl
i
ter
atur
eandcer
tai
nlypr
edat
ethoser
ecor
ds.
Keen(
1931)r
epor
tedonst
udi
esmadewi
thr
egar
dtodr
aftr
equi
rement
sfort
il
lage
andt
hef
it
nessofsoi
l
sasseedbedsf
orcr
oppr
oduct
ion.Pr
oduct
ivi
tyi
ndi
cesbased
onpl
ant
-av
ail
abl
ewat
ercapaci
ty,bul
kdensi
ty,aci
dit
y,andaf
act
orf
orpl
antr
oot
di
str
ibut
ionwer
edev
eloped(
Pier
ceetal
.,1983,1984)andusedt
oev
aluat
esoi
l
er
osi
onef
fect
soncr
oppr
oduct
ivi
tyt
hroughoutt
heMi
dwest
.Tof
aci
l
itat
etheuseof
soi
lmaps and cl
assi
fi
cat
ion i
nfor
mat
ion,soi
lsur
veyi
nter
pret
ati
ons hav
e been
wr
it
tent
opr
edi
ctt
hebehav
iorofeachsoi
lunderdef
inedsi
tuat
ions.

Whydoweneedsoi
lqual
i
tyconcept
?
1. To addr
ess t
he pr
obl
ems ofnon agr
icul
tur
alar
eas ofsoi
l(eg.Mi
ne l
and
r
est
orat
ion,ur
banusesanddi
sposalofur
banwast
e,soi
lcont
ami
nat
ionand
pol
l
uti
onbyi
ndust
ri
alact
ivi
ti
es)
2.
Todev
elopappr
opr
iat
eindi
cat
orsofsoi
lqual
i
tyi
nrel
ati
ngt
ospeci
fi
csoi
lfunct
ion

6
 (
eg.Agr
icul
tur
al,
urban,
indust
ri
al,
recr
eat
ional
,ast
het
ic,
env
ironment
alandwast
e
di
sposal
)

Soi
lHeal
th-
Soi
lqual
i
tyi
ndi
cat
orsi
nsoi
lheal
thassessment
Soi
lqual
i
tyi
ndi
cat
ors 
toev
aluat
ehow wel
lsoi
lfunct
ionssi
ncesoi
lfunct
ion
of
tencannotbedi
rect
lymeasur
ed.Measur
ingsoi
lqual
i
tyi
sanexer
cisei
nident
if
ying
soi
lpr
oper
ti
es t
hatar
eresponsi
vet
o management
,af
fectorcor
rel
ate wi
th
env
ironment
alout
comes,
andar
ecapabl
eofbei
ngpr
eci
sel
ymeasur
edwi
thi
ncer
tai
n
t
echni
calandeconomi
cconst
rai
nts.Soi
lqual
i
tyi
ndi
cat
orsmaybequal
i
tat
ive(
e.g.
dr
ainagei
sfast
)orquant
it
ati
ve(
inf
il
tr
ati
on=2.
5in/
hr)
.
I
deal
indi
cat
orsshoul
d:
1.Cor
rel
atewel
lwi
thecosy
stem pr
ocesses.
2.I
ntegr
atesoi
lphy
sical
,chemi
cal
,and
bi
ologi
calpr
oper
ti
es&pr
ocesses.
3.Beaccessi
blet
omanyuser
s.4.
Besensi
ti
vet
o
management&cl
i
mat
e.5.
Becomponent
sofexi
sti
ngdat
abases.
6.Bei
nter
pret
abl
e
Ther
ear
ethr
eemai
ncat
egor
iesofsoi
lindi
cat
ors:chemi
cal
,phy
sicaland
bi
ologi
cal
.Ty
picalsoi
ltest
sonl
ylookatchemi
cali
ndi
cat
ors.Soi
lqual
i
tyat
tempt
sto
i
ntegr
ateal
lthr
eet
ypesofi
ndi
cat
ors.Thecat
egor
iesdonotneat
lyal
i
gnwi
tht
he
v
ari
oussoi
lfunct
ions,so i
ntegr
ati
on i
snecessar
y.Thet
abl
ebel
ow showst
he
r
elat
ionshi
pbet
weeni
ndi
cat
ort
ypeandsoi
lfunct
ion.

I
ndi
cat
orcat
egor
y Rel
atedsoi
lfunct
ion

Chemi
cal Nut
ri
entCy
cli
ng,
 
Wat
erRel
ati
ons,
 
Buf
fer
ing

Phy
sical Phy
sical
Stabi
l
ityandSuppor
t,
 Wat
erRel
ati
ons,
 
Habi
tat

Bi
ologi
cal Bi
odi
ver
sit
y,
 Nut
ri
entCy
cli
ng,
 
Fil
ter
ing

Or
gani
cmat
ter
,ormor
especi
fi
cal
l
ysoi
lcar
bon,
transcendsal
lthr
eei
ndi
cat
or
cat
egor
iesandhast
hemostwi
del
yrecogni
zedi
nfl
uenceonsoi
lqual
i
ty.Or
gani
c
mat
teri
sti
edt
oal
lsoi
lfunct
ions.I
taf
fect
sot
heri
ndi
cat
ors,suchasaggr
egat
e
st
abi
l
ity(
phy
sical
),nut
ri
entr
etent
ionandav
ail
abi
l
ity(
chemi
cal
),andnut
ri
entcy
cli
ng
(
biol
ogi
cal
);andi
sit
sel
fani
ndi
cat
orofsoi
lqual
i
ty.
Somei
ndi
cat
orsar
edescr
ipt
iveandcanbeusedi
nthef
iel
daspar
tofaheal
thcar
d.

7
Ot
her
smustbemeasur
edusi
ngl
abor
ator
yanal
yses.Someexampl
esofi
ndi
cat
ors
t
hatf
alli
ntot
het
hreebr
oadcat
egor
iesofchemi
cal
,phy
sicalandbi
ologi
cal
,ar
e
pr
ovi
dedbel
ow.
I
ndi
cat
orCat
egor
ies
Chemi
cali
ndi
cat
ors 
cangi
vey
oui
nfor
mat
ionaboutt
heequi
l
ibr
ium bet
weensoi
l
sol
uti
on(
soi
lwat
erandnut
ri
ent
s)andexchangesi
tes(
claypar
ti
cles,
organi
cmat
ter
);
pl
antheal
th;t
henut
ri
ti
onalr
equi
rement
sofpl
antandsoi
lani
malcommuni
ti
es;and
l
evel
sofsoi
lcont
ami
nant
sandt
hei
rav
ail
abi
l
ityf
orupt
akebyani
mal
sandpl
ant
s.
I
ndi
cat
orsi
ncl
udemeasur
esof
:1.El
ect
ri
cal
conduct
ivi
ty2.
Soi
lNi
tr
ate3.
Soi
lreact
ion
(
pH)
.
Phy
sical
indi
cat
ors 
prov
idei
nfor
mat
ionaboutsoi
lhy
drol
ogi
cchar
act
eri
sti
cs,
suchas
wat
erent
ryandr
etent
iont
hati
nfl
uencesav
ail
abi
l
ityt
opl
ant
s.Somei
ndi
cat
orsar
e
r
elat
edt
onut
ri
entav
ail
abi
l
itybyt
hei
rinf
luenceonr
oot
ingv
olumeandaer
ati
on
st
atus.Ot
hermeasur
est
ell
susabouter
osi
onalst
atus.I
ndi
cat
orsi
ncl
udemeasur
es
of
:
1.
Aggr
egat
e st
abi
l
ity
.2.
Avai
l
abl
e wat
er capaci
ty.
3.Bul
k
densi
ty.
4.I
nfi
l
trat
ion.
5.Sl
aki
ng.
6.Soi
lcr
ust
s.7.
Soi
lst
ruct
ureandmacr
opor
es
Bi
ologi
cali
ndi
cat
ors 
cant
ellusaboutt
heor
gani
smst
hatf
ormt
hesoi
lfoodwebt
hat
ar
eresponsi
blef
or decomposi
ti
on of or
gani
c mat
ter and nut
ri
ent cy
cli
ng.
I
nfor
mat
ionaboutt
henumber
sofor
gani
sms,bot
hindi
vi
dual
sandspeci
es,t
hat
per
for
m si
mil
arj
obsorni
ches,
cani
ndi
cat
easoi
l
'sabi
l
ityt
ofunct
ionorbounceback
af
terdi
stur
bance(
resi
stanceandr
esi
l
ience)
.Indi
cat
orsi
ncl
udemeasur
esof
:
1.
Ear
thwor
ms.
2.Par
ti
cul
ateor
gani
cmat
ter
.3.
Pot
ent
ial
l
ymi
ner
ali
zabl
e
ni
tr
ogen4.
Respi
rat
ion.
5.Soi
lenzy
mes.
6.Tot
alor
gani
ccar
bon
Char
act
eri
sti
csofheal
thysoi
l
s.
1.Goodsoi
lti
l
th2.Suf
fi
cientsuppl
y,butnotexcessofnut
ri
ent
s.3.Smal
lpol
l
uti
onof
pl
antpat
hogensandi
nsectpest
.4.Lar
gepopul
ati
onofbenef
ici
alor
agni
sum.
5.Lar
ge
popul
ati
onofbenef
ici
alor
gani
sm.
6.Lowweedpr
essur
e.

8
 LessonPl
an3and4

Topi
c:Di
str
ibuti
on and ext
entofwast
el and and pr
obl
emati
csoi l
sinI
ndi
a and
Maharasht
ra.Cat
egori
zati
onofpr
obl
em soi
lsbasedonsoi
lpr
opert
ies.

Distributi
onofsal taff
ectedsoi lsinIndia
Accor di
ngt otheest i
mat esofCent ralsoilsalini
tyResear chinsti
tute( CSRI,
Kanal )suchsoi l
sar eoccupyabout10M ha, ofwhichamaj orf r
acti
on( 2/3)issodi c
i
nnat ureandoccur sinthei ndoGanget i
cpl ai
n,foll
owedbtt heDeccan( Paninsula)
plateaudomi nantl
ysupportingBl ack( Cott
on)Soils;therest(1/3)lar
gelyoccur ri
ngi n
thesemi -ar
iedand ari
edcoast alregionsaresal i
ne.Thesal ine–sodicsoi lsrecently
termedassodi c)oft heIndo- ganeticplai
nr eceiveanannualr ainf
allrangingf r
om
500- 800mm.Thesal inesoi lsont heot herhandr eceiv
eanannualr ainfallofless
than500mm excepti nt hecoast alarea.Thewor staffectedstatesar eGujrat,
Rajast han,Haryana,U.P.andBi har(forsodicity
)andt hecoast alregi
on(forsalinit
y).

Tabl
e1–Di
str
ibut
ionofsal
taf
fect
edsoi
l
sinI
ndi
a.(
Lakhha)

9
Sr. St
ate Water Wi nd Water Sali
ne Degr
aded Tot
al
No. Er
oded er
oded l
ogged and for
est
alkal
i soi
l
soi
ls

1 Andhra 74.
42 -
- 3.
39 2.
40 37.
34 117.
55
Pradesh

2 Assam 9.
35 -
- -
- -
- 7.
95 17.
30

3 Bi
har 38.
92 -
- 1.
17 0.
04 15.
62 55.
75

4 Guj
arat 52.
35 7.
04 4.
84 12.
14 6.
83 83.
20

5 Har
yana 2.
76 15.
99 6.
20 5.
26 0.
74 30.
95

6 Hi
machal 14.
24 -
- -
- -
- 5.
34 19.
58
Pr
adesh

7 J&K* 5.
31 -
- 0.
10 -
- 10.
34 15.
75

8 Kar
nat
aka 67.
18 -
- 0.
10 4.
04 20.
43 91.
75

9 Ker
ala 10.
37 -
- 0.
61 0.
16 2.
26 13.
40

10 Madhya 127.
05 -
- 0.
57 2.
42 71.
95 201.
99
Pr
adesh

11 Mahar
asht
ra 110.
26 -
- 1.
11 5.
34 28.
41 145.
12

12 Mani
pur 0.
14 -
- -
- -
- 14.
24 14.
38

13 Meghal
aya 8.
15 -
- -
- -
- 11.
73 19.
88

14 Nagal
and 5.
08 -
- -
- -
- 8.
78 13.
86

15 Or
issa 27.
53 -
- 0.
60 4.
04 32.
27 64.
44

16 Punj
ab 4.
63 -
- 10.
90 6.
88 0.
79 23.
2

17 Raj
ast
han 66.
59 106.
23 3.
48 7.
28 19.
33 202.
91

18 Si
kki
m 1.
31 -
- -
- -
- 1.
50 2.
81

19 Tami
lNadu 33.
88 -
- 0.
18 0.
04 10.
09 44.
19

20 Tr
ipur
a 1.
08 -
- -
- -
- 8.
65 9.
73

21 Ut
tarPr
adesh 53.
40 -
- 8.
10 12.
95 14.
26 88.
71

22 WestBengal 13.
27 -
- 18.
50 8.
50 3.
59 43.
86
23 Union 8.
73 -
- 0.
01 0.
16 27.
15 39.
05
ter
itor
ies
10
Tot
al(
ha) 736.
00 129.
26 59.
86 71.
65 358.
89 1355.
57
 maetal
Ver (2015)
:InManagementofDegr
adedLandsandSoi
lHeal
th,
pp.
06

Di
str
ibut
ionofAci
dsoi
l
s.
Outof157M haofcul
ti
vabl
elandi
nIndi
a,49M haofl
andar
eaci
dicofwhi
ch
26M haofl
andhav
ingsoi
lpH<5.
6andt
her
est23M hal
andhav
ingsoi
lpHr
ange
5.
6-6.
5.

Di
str
ibut
ionofdegr
adedandwast
elandsoi
l
sinMahar
asht
ra.

Soi
l
s:Soi
l
s of t
he st
ate bel
ong t
o 5 or
der
s and 8 gr
eat gr
oups.Ent
isol
s
(
37%)
,I
ncept
isol
s(31%)
,andVer
ti
sol
s(26%)ar
ethepr
edomi
nantsoi
l
s,f
oll
owed
by
Alf
isol
s(6%)andMol
l
isol
s(<1%)
.Thedi
ff
erentgr
eatgr
oupsar
e:Rhodust
alf
s,
Hapl
ust
alf
s, Hapl
ust
oll
, Ust
if
luv
ent
s, Ust
ort
hent
s, Hal
aquept
s, Ust
ropept
s,
andChr
omust
ert
sorl
eftascul
tur
abl
ewast
e;12%oft
hecul
ti
vat
edar
eai
sir
ri
gat
ed.
Cr
oppi
ngpat
ter
nincl
udes r
ice-
wheat
,ri
ce-
must
ard and r
ice-
chi
ckpea.Cot
ton i
s
gr
own i
n Vi
dar
bha.Sugar
cane i
s gr
own i
n west
ern Mahar
asht
ra.Pr
esent
ly
soy
beanhasbeenadopt
ed asacashcr
op bymanyf
armer
s.Nashi
kand Pune
di
str
ict
sar
efamousf
orv
eget
abl
es,
oni
onandgr
apepr
oduct
ion.
Degr
adedandWast
elandssoi
ler
osi
oncoupl
edwi
thsoi
laci
dit
yisamaj
or
pr
obl
em i
nwest
ernMahar
asht
ra,andsoi
ler
osi
oni
samaj
orpr
obl
em i
nVi
dar
bha
r
egi
on.I
nthi
sst
ate,about8,
822t
housandha(
about29% ofTGA)i
saf
fect
ed
by
wat
erer
osi
oni
ncl
udi
nger
osi
onunderopenf
orest
.Hi
ghl
yaf
fect
eddi
str
ict
sar
e
Nashi
k(836t
housandha)
,Ahmednagar(
806t
housandha)
,Pune(
788t
housandha)
,
Sol
apur(
683t
housandha)
,Sangl
i(616t
housandha)
,Rai
gad(
570t
housandha)
,and
Rat
nagi
ri(
543t
housandha)
.Tot
alar
eaunderaci
dicsoi
l
s(i
ncl
udi
ngar
easaf
fect
ed
bywat
erer
osi
on)
cov
ers269t
housandha.TheSi
ndhudur
gdi
str
icthasanar
eaof
172t
housandha,
fol
l
owedbyRat
nagi
ri(
64t
housandha)andKol
hapur(
21t
housand
ha)
.
Hi
ghest
areas undersodi
c soi
l
s ar
efound i
n Ahmednagardi
str
ict(
265
t
housandha)
.Ot
her
aff
ect
eddi
str
ict
sar
eNashi
k(40t
housandha)
,Aur
angabad(
31
t
housandha)
,Pune(
26t
housandha)andSol
apur(
20t
housandha)
.
Pr
obl
emat
icSoi
l
:Thesesoi
l
sneedpr
operr
ecl
amat
ionandmanagementmeasur
es
f
ort
hei
reconomi
calusei
ncr
oppr
oduct
ion.Br
oadl
ythesesoi
l
sar
egr
oupedi
ntwo
set
s.

11
 Fi
rstsethaspr
obl
em i
nphy
sicalchar
act
eri
sti
csandi
ncl
udeshi
ghl
yer
oded
soi
l
s,r
avi
nel
and,
soi
lonst
eepl
ysl
opi
ngl
ands,
highl
yper
meabl
ecoar
set
ext
uredsoi
l
,
sl
owl
yper
meabl
eheav
ytext
uresoi
l
s,cr
ust
ingsoi
landr
edchal
kasoi
l
s
Thesecondseti
ncl
udesal
lthesoi
l
swhi
chhav
epr
obl
em i
nthei
rchemi
cal
char
act
eri
sti
cs.Aci
d,sal
i
ne,
sal
i
ne-
alkal
isoi
landal
kal
isoi
lconst
it
utet
hisset
.

Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofpr
obl
em soi
l
sbasedonpr
oper
ti
es

Phy sical Character

ist
ics Chemi
cal
Charact erist
ics
Highlyer odedsoi l
s
Sl
opi ngl ands
Ravinel and
Highlyper meabl ecoarsetextur
edsoil
Sl
owl yper meableheav yt
exturesoi
l
s
Crustingsoi l
Redchal kasoils
PeatSoi l
Submer gedSoi l
s
AcidSulphateSoil
s AcidSoi
l
s Cal
car
eousSoi
l Sal
tAf
fect
ed
Soil

Sal
i
neSoi
l Sal
i
ne-al
kal
isoi
l Al
kal
i
soi
l

12
 Lesson5and6

Topic:Sal
inesoil
s,al
kal
iSoil
s,sali
ne-
alkalisoil
s,degradedalkal
isoi
ls,coast
al sal
ine
soi
ls:defi
nit
ion,f
ormati
on,character
ist
ics,effectonpl antgrowthreclamationand
management .AcidandAcidSul phateSoi ls:defi
nit
ion,for
mat i
on,characterist
ics,
eff
ectonplantgrowth,
recl
amat i
onandmanagement .

Al
kal
i
nesoi
l
s:Al
kal
i
nesoi
l
shav
epHabov
e7.Soi
lal
kal
i
nit
ymaybeduet
ohi
ghbase
sat
urat
ion,par
ti
cul
arl
ywi
thsodi
um andt
othepr
esenceoff
reecar
bohy
drat
esof
cal
cium andsodi
um.I
nsoi
l
sofar
idandsemi
ari
dregi
ons,
lackofext
ensi
vel
eachi
ng
l
eav
est
hel
eav
esofbar
efor
mingcat
ionsqui
tehi
gh.Suchsoi
l
scont
ainexcessi
ve
concent
rat
ionofsol
ubl
esal
ts,orexchangesodi
um orbot
h.Duet
owhi
cht
heyar
e
r
egar
dedaspr
obl
em soi
l
sorsoi
laf
fect
edsoi
l
s.Dependi
ngupont
henat
ureof
sol
ubl
esal
tsuchsoi
l
sar
ecl
assi
fi
edi
ntot
hreegr
oups1.Sal
i
nesoi
l
s2.Sal
i
ne-
alkal
i
soi
l
s(sal
i
ne-
sodi
c)3.Al
kal
isoi
l
s(sodi
csoi
l
s)(
nonsal
i
neal
kal
i
).
Sal
i
nesoi
l
s:Sal
i
nesoi
l
shav
eel
ect
ri
calconduct
ivi
tyofsat
urat
ionext
ractmor
ethan
4dSm-1at250Candexchangeabl
esodi
um per
cent
agei
slesst
han15andt
hepHi
s
l
esst
han8.
5.Thesesoi
l
scor
respondt
oHi
l
gar
d’s(
1906)whi
teal
kal
isoi
l
sandt
o
sol
onachak’
soft
heRussi
ansoi
l
ssci
ent
ist
s.Thesol
ubl
esal
tsar
emai
nlyofNa+,
Ca++andCl
andSO4-2.
Sal
i
neal
kal
isoi
l
s:Sal
i
ne-
alkal
isoi
l
shav
etheel
ect
ri
calconduct
ivi
tyofsat
urat
ion
ext
ractgr
eat han4dSm-1 at250C andt
ert heexchangeabl
esodi
um per
cent
age
gr
eat
ert
han15andt
hepHoft
hesoi
labout8.
5,cont
ainneut
ralsol
ubl
esal
tsand
exch.Nai
ons.Thesal
tsar
eCl
;Sul esCa++,Mg++,Na+,
phat K+¬¬.Ther
ecanbeal
l
st
ageswi
thv
ary
ingdegr
eeofdomi
nanceofsal
tcont
ent
,hi
ghpH.
Al
kal
isoi
l
s:Al
kal
isoi
l
shav
eel
ect
ri
calconduct
ivi
tyofsat
urat
ionpast
eext
ractl
ess
han4dSm-1 at250Candexchangeabl
t esodi
um per
cent
agemor
ethan15.ThepH
r
angesbet
ween8.
5to10.Thesesoi
l
scor
respondt
oHi
l
gar
dsBl
ackal
kal
isoi
l
sand
i
nsomecasesSol
onet
z,oft
het
erm usedbyRussi
anSci
ent
ist
s.Hi
ghSAR,
Presence
ofl
argecomeofsodi
um car
bonat
e,t
ypesal
ts,andsoi
l
smaybeal
kal
i
nebutnot
necessar
il
yal
kal
i
.
Nat
ureandcl
assi
fi
cat
ionofsal
taf
fectsoi
l
s

1.Sal
i
nesoi
l
s

2.Al
kal
iSoi
l
s

13
 a)Sal
i
ne–Al
kal
iSoi
l

b)Nonsal
i
neAl
kal
iSoi
l

c)Degr
adedAl
kal
isoi
l
s

Char
act
eri
sti
csofSal
taf
fect
edsoi
l
s

1.Sal
ineSoi
ls–Soil
scont
ainschl
ori
de,
sul
phat
es,
bicar
bonat
esandsomet
imes
ni
tr
atesofsodi
um.

ESPi
sver
ylow(<15)
.

pHv
ari
esbet
ween7.
5to8.
35.

Tot
alsol
ubl
esal
tscont
enti
s>0.
1%.

EC>4dSm-1.

Thesesoi
l
sremai
nfl
occul
atedcondi
ti
on.

Char
act
eri
sti
csofAl
kal
i
/Sodi
csoi
l
s

A)NonSal
i
neAl
kal
iSoi
l
s

1.ESPi
s>15.

2.pHr
angesf
rom 8.
5to10.

3.Tot
alSol
ubl
eSal
tis<0.
1%.

0dSm-1.
4.EC<4.

5.Col
l
oidal
compl
exi
sdef
loccul
atedcondi
ti
on.

6.SARi
s>13.

B)Sal
i
ne–Al
kal
iSoi
l
s

1.ESPi
s>15.

2.pH i
s>8.
5.

3.Tot
alsol
ubl
esal
t>0.
1%.

0dSm-1.
4.EC>4.

C)Degr
adedAl
kal
iSoi
l
s

14
 1.pHofsur
facel
ayeri
saci
dicandl
owerl
ayerhashi
ghpH>8.
5.

2.ESP>15.

0dSm-1.
3.EC<4.

4.Bl
ackcol
ourandhaspr
ism l
i
kest
ruct
ure.

5.Soi
lbecomecompactandhasl
owi
nfi
l
trat
ion.

For
mat
ionofSal
i
neAl
kal
iSoi
l
s

1.Ar
idandsemi
ari
dregi
on.

2.Poordr
ainage.

3.Hi
ghwat
ert
abl
e.

4.Ov
erf
lowofseawat
erov
erl
and.

5.I
ntr
oduct
ionofi
rr
igat
ionwat
er.

6.Sal
tsbl
ownbywi
nd.

7.Sal
i
neNat
ureofpar
entr
ockmat
eri
al.

8.Excessi
veuseofbasi
cfer
ti
li
zer
s.

9.Humi
dandsemi
humi
dregi
on.

Det
ri
ment
alEf
fectofsoi
lSal
i
nit
yandAl
kal
i
nit
y

1.Sal
i
neSoi
l
s

A)Absor
pti
onofwat
erandnut
ri
ent
s.

B)Sal
ttoxi
ci
ty.

2.Al
kal
iSoi
l
s

A)Di
sper
sionofSoi
lpar
ti
cles.

B)Phy
sical
proper
ti
esofsoi
l
.

C)Av
ail
abi
l
ityofpl
antNut
ri
ent
s.

Recl
amat
ionofSal
i
neandAl
kal
iSoi
l
s

15
Sal
i
neSoi
l
s
A)Mechani
cal
Met
hods

1.Fl
oodi
ngandl
eachi
ngdownoft
hesol
ubl
esal
ts.

2.Scr
appi
ngoft
hesur
facesoi
l
.

B)Cul
tur
alMet
hods

1.Pr
ovi
dingpr
operdr
ainage.

2.Touseofsal
tfr
eei
rr
igat
ionwat
er

3.Pr
operuseofi
rr
igat
ionwat
er.

4.Pl
ant
ingorsowi
ngofseedi
nthef
urr
ow.

5.Useofaci
dicf
ert
il
izer
s.

6.Useofor
gani
cmanur
es.

7.Pl
oughi
ngandl
evel
l
ingofl
and.

8.Ret
ardat
ionofwat
erev
apor
ati
onf
rom t
hesoi
lsur
face.

9.Gr
owi
ngofsal
ttol
erantcr
ops.

Al
kal
iSoi
l
s

A)Chemi
cal
Met
hods

1.Appl
i
cat
ionofGy
psum andGy
psum r
equi
rement
.

2.Useofsul
phur
.

3.Addi
ti
onofsul
phur
icaci
d.

4.Addi
ti
onofOr
gani
cMat
ter
.

5.Addi
ti
onofmol
asses.

Cul
tur
alMet
hods/Managementpract
ices
Wat
erManagementandcr
oppingsyst
em ar
ever
yimpor
tant
.

1.Sol
uti
onofsal
ttol
erantcr
opsandcr
opv
ari
eti
es.
2.Adopt
ionofbestsui
tedcul
tur
alandf
ert
il
izerpr
act
ices.

Sal
ttol
erantcr
ops
Hi
ghsal
ttol
erant
:Bar
ley
,Sesabani
a,r
ice,
sugar
cane,
oat
s,ber
seem,
lucer
n.

16
Medi
um sal
ttol
erant
:Cast
or,
cot
ton,
sor
ghum,
pear
lmi
l
let
,mai
ze,
must
ard,
wheat
.

Lowsal
ttol
erant
:Pul
ses,
pea,
sunhemp,
gram,
li
nseed,
sesamum.

Scal
eofconduct
ivi
tyf
orsal
ttol
eranceofpl
ant 2dSm-1
s0-

Noef
fectofcr
ops(
2-4dSm-1)
.Sensi
ti
vecr
opr
est
ri
ct 8dSm-1.Manycr
ed4- ops
r
est
ri
cted(
8-16dSm-1)Mostcr
opsr
est
ri
ct 12dSm-1.
ed16- Fewcr
opst
oler
ant
.
For
mat
ionofsal
i
ne-
alkal
isoi
l
s
1.Thesal
tsar
eaccumul
atedi
nsomesur
facesoi
l
sofar
idandsemi
ari
dregi
ons.
2.Thesesoi
l
sar
efor
medduet
ocombi
nedpr
ocessofsal
i
nizat
ion(
Processof
accumul
ati
on ofneut
ralsol
ubl
e sal
ts)and al
kal
i
zat
ion (
Process wher
eby
exchangeabl
esodi
um cont
enti
sincr
eased)
.
3.Leachi
ngofsodi
csoi
lwi
l
lrai
sepH,
unl
esscal
cium andmagnesi
um sal
tsar
ehi
gh
i
n soi
lpH i
ncr
eases occur
s due t
oremov
alofneut
ralsol
ubl
e sal
ts and
exchangeabl
esodi
um hy
drol
ysesandshar
plyi
ncr
easeOHi
onsconcent
rat
ion,
pH
r
isesabov
e8.
5.
Ef
fect
sofpl
antgr
owt
h
Pl
ant
ssuf
ferduet
o hi
ghsal
i
nit
yaswel
lasduet
o hi
ghal
kal
i
nit
y.Hi
gh
al
kal
i
nit
yresul
tedi
ndi
sper
sionofcl
ay.
Recl
amat
ionofsal
i
neal
kal
isoi
l
s:
Sodi
um f
rom exchangecompl
exshoul
dber
emov
ed,t
henwashi
ngofsal
ts
wi
thgoodqual
i
tywat
er.
For
mat
ionofal
kal
iorsodi
csoi
l
s(Nonesal
i
neal
kal
i
)
Thr
eedi
sti
nctst
agesi
ntheev
aluat
ionofal
kal
isoi
l
sar
e:
1.Sal
i
nizat
ion2.Sal
i
neal
kal
isoi
l3.Al
kal
i
nisat
ionoft
heexchangecompl
ex.Sal
t
accumul
ati
oni
sthef
ir
stst
age.Maj
orcat
ioni
ssodi
um.Thepr
ocessi
nthef
ormat
ion
ofsodi
csoi
list
her
esul
tofexchangeofcat
ionsi
nsoi
lsol
uti
onwi
tht
hosepr
esent
ont
heexchangecompl
exoft
hesoi
l
.Thecondi
ti
onswhi
chr
esul
tini
ncr
easeofSAR
ofsoi
lsol
uti
onl
eadt
othef
ormat
ionofsodi
csoi
l
.Sodi
csoi
l
soccurgener
all
yin
r
elat
ivel
ylowl
yi
ngwi
thi
nsuf
fi
cientnat
uraldr
ainage.Thedi
spl
ayedcal
cium f
rom t
he
exchangecompl
expr
eci
pit
atesatahi
ghpH.Thepr
ocessr
epeat
edov
erl
ongper
iod
r
esul
tsi
nthef
ormat
ionofsodi
csoi
l
s.
Recl
amat
ionofsodi
corAl
kal
isoi
l
s
Thepr
obl
em ofsodi
csoi
list
hehi
ghESP.Repl
acementofexchangeabl
e

17
sodi
um bycal
ci
um andl
eachi
ngoutofsodi
um sal
tsf
rom r
ootzonear
eimpor
tant
.
Useofamendment
sandadequat
edr
ainageandl
eachi
ngar
ebasi
crequi
rement
sfor
r
ecl
amat
ionofsodi
csoi
l
s.Scr
appi
ng and gr
owi
ng sal
tst
oler
antcr
opsar
enot
sui
tabl
eforr
ecl
amat
ionofal
kal
isoi
l
s.
Amendment
susedf
orr
ecl
amat
ionofsodi
csoi
l
1.Sol
ubl
ecal
ci
um sal
ts:Gy
psum andcal
cium chl
ori
de– React
ionwi
th
equat
ion.
2.Aci
dsoraci
dicf
ormer
s:Sul
phur
,Sul
phur
icaci
d,i
ronsul
phat
es,
ironpy
rit
es
wi
thequat
ions.
Gy
psum r
equi
rement:
Theamountofgy
psum r
equi
redt
obeaddedt
oasodi
csoi
ltol
owert
heESP
t
odesi
redv
aluei
sknownasgy
psum r
equi
rement(
Mil
l
iequi
val
entofCa/
100gof
soi
l
).
Managementpr
act
ices:
1.Pr
operchoi
ceofcr
opv
iz.sal
ttol
erantcr
ops
2.Gr
eenmanur
ingandor
gnai
cmanur
es.
3.Pr
opercr
opr
otat
ion
4.Opt
imum useofgoodqual
i
tyi
rr
igat
ionwat
er
Ef
fectofal
kal
isoi
lonpl
antgr
owt
h
1)Lossofdesi
rabl
esoi
lst
ruct
ure
2)Ef
fectofphy
sicalpr
oper
ti
esv
iz.Reduceddr
ainage,
aer
ati
onandmi
crobi
al
act
ivi
ty.
3)Reducedsol
ubi
l
ityandav
ail
abi
l
ityofmacr
oandmi
cronut
ri
ent
s.

Coast
alsal
i
nesoi
l
:i
sthesoi
lwhi
chi
tsamountofsal
i
nit
yishi
ghenought
obe
danger
ousf
oreconomi
ccr
ops.Suchsoi
lisf
oundi
nthecoast
alar
eawher
ethesea
i
sreached.
Pr
obl
emsexi
sti
ngi
ncoast
alsal
i
nesoi
l
s:
1.Thel
andsar
esubj
ect
edt
othei
nfl
uenceoft
idalwav
esandper
iodi
cali
nundat
ion
byt
idal
wat
er.
2.
Shal
l
ow wat
ert
abl
eenr
ichedwi
thsal
tscont
ri
but
est
oincr
easei
nsoi
lsal
i
nit
y
dur
ingwi
nterandsummermont
hs.
3.
Heav
yrai
nfal
lexcepti
nsomepar
tofGuj
arat
.
4.Poorsur
faceandsubsur
facedr
ainagecondi
ti
ons.

18
5.Lackofgoodqual
i
tyi
rr
igat
ionwat
erdur
ingdr
yper
iodi
ncer
tai
nar
eas.
Dev
elopmentofsoi
lsal
i
nit
yincoast
all
ands
Thepr
ocessesr
esponsi
blef
ort
hedev
elopmentofsoi
lsal
i
nit
yincoast
al
ar
easar
e:
1.Seawat
eri
nundat
ioni
soneoft
hepr
ocessesbywhi
chsoi
lsal
i
nit
ydev
elopsi
nthe
coast
alr
egi
ons.
2.Useofsal
i
negr
oundwat
erf
orcr
oppr
oduct
ional
socausessoi
lSt
ali
nizat
ioni
n
manyar
eas.
3.
Wher
eev
ergr
oundwat
eri
ssal
i
ne,hi
ghwat
ert
abl
edur
ingt
hepostmonsoon
season,br
ingsupdi
ssol
vedsal
tsi
nther
ootzonet
hroughcapi
l
lar
yri
se.
Sal
i
nizat
ion
pr
ocessi
smostact
ivedur
ingt
hesummerseason.
4.
Deposi
ti
onofwi
ndbor
nesal
ts.
Managementofcoast
alsal
i
nesoi
l
s
1.
Soi
lmanagement–a.Soi
ler
osi
onb.
Leachi
ngofsal
ts
2.
Engi
neer
ingmanagement–a.
Hei
ghtofembankment
sb.
Str
uct
uraldesi
gnofsea
di
kesc.
Embankmentconst
ruct
iond.
Otheract
ivi
ti
es.
3.
Wat
ermanagement–a.Sur
facedr
ainageb.
Stor
ageandr
ecy
cli
ngonr
ainwat
erf
or
summercul
ti
vat
ionc.Tappi
ngt
hecr
eeksd.Useofgr
oundwat
erf
orcr
oppr
oduct
ion.
4.
Crop management– a.Cr
oppi
ng sy
stem b.
Far
ming sy
stem c.
Agr
onomi
cand
cul
tur
alpr
act
icesd.I
mpr
ovedi
rr
igat
ionpr
act
icese.Mul
chi
ng
5.Fer
ti
li
tyManagement–Ni
tr
ogen,
phosphor
us,
Pot
assi
um andmi
cronut
ri
ent
set
c
+ 3+
AcidSoi
ls–Asoi lhav
ingdominanceofhydr
ogen(H )andal
umi
nium (
Al)r el
ati
ve
-
tohydr
oxyl(
OH)i onsiscal
ledasacidsoi
l
.AcidSoi
li
sabaseunsatur
atedsoil
which
giv
esthesoi
ltoapHl owerthan7.0

Ki
ndsofaci
dit
y– a)
Act
iveaci
dit
y(Pot
ent
ial
aci
dit
y),
b)Exchangeabl
eaci
dit
y,
C)Resi
dual
(Reser
ved)aci
dit
y.
Char
act
eri
sti
csofaci
dsoi
l
s

1.LowpHandhi
ghpr
opor
ti
onofexchangeabl
eAl
umi
nium andHy
drogen.

2.Domi
nanti
nKaol
i
nit
icandI
ll
i
tict
ypesofcl
aymi
ner
als.

3.Lowbasesat
urat
ionandCEC.

4.Lowi
nav
ail
abl
eP.

19
 5.Mi
crobi
ali
mbal
anceandef
fectonBNF.

For
mat
ion(
sour
ces)ofaci
dsoi
l
s

1.Car
bondi
oxi
de.

2.Aci
dfor
mingf
ert
il
izer
s.

3.Aci
dpar
entmat
eri
alandsul
phur
.

4.Pl
antr
oot
sandHumus.

5.Leachi
ngduet
oheav
yrai
nfal
l
.

6.Aci
drai
ns.

7.Remov
alofbasesbycr
ops.

8.Hy
droxi
des.

Managementofaci
dSoi
l
s

LimeRequir
ement–isdef
inedastheamountofl
i
mingmat
eri
alt
hatmustbeadded
torai
sethesoi
lpHtosomeprescr
ibedval
ue.

I
nfl
uenceofl
i
mingmat
eri
alonsoi
lpr
oper
ti
esi
nrel
ati
ont
opl
antnut
ri
ti
on

Di
rectEf
fect: 1.
Toxi
cit
yofAl
andMnandr
educedupt
akeandMg.
2.Remov
alofhy
drogeni
on.

I
ndi
rectEf
fect
1.Phosphor
ousav
ail
abi
l
ity
.
2.Mi
cronut
ri
entav
ail
abi
l
ity
.

3.Ni
tr
if
icat
ion.

4.Ni
tr
ogenf
ixat
ion.

5.Soi
lphy
sical
condi
ti
on.

6.Di
seases.

7.Ef
fi
ci
encyoff
ert
il
izer
s.

AcidSulphateSoil
s–Soi lwit
hsuffi
cientsul
phides(
FeS2andot her
s)tobecome
str
ongl
yaci di
c(pH<3)whendr ai
nedandaer at
edenoughforcul
ti
vati
onaret
ermed
aci
dsulphatesoil
s,al
socall
edascatcl
ay s.

Ty
pesofaci
dsul
phat
esoi
l
s

20
Pot
ent
ial
aci
dsul
phat
esoi
l
s

ASSwhichhavenotbeenoxi di
zedbyexposur
et oairareknownaspot ent
ial
aci
dsul phatesoi
l
s( PASS).Theyareneutr
alinpH(6.5-7.
5),
cont
ainunoxi
disedir
on
sul
fi
des,areusual
lysoft
,st
ickyandsat
urat
edwithwaterandareusual
lygel
li
kemuds
butcani ncl
udewetsandsandgr avel
shavethepot
entialt
oproduceacidi
fexposed
tooxygen.

Act
ual
aci
dsul
phat
esoi
l
s

WhenPASSar eexposedt ooxygen,thei r

onsulfi
desareoxidi
zedtoproduce
sulf
uricacidandt hesoilbecomesst r
onglyaci di
c(usuall
ybel
owpH4. 0).
Thesesoil
s
arethencal ledactualaci dsulphatesoils( ASSS).TheyhaveapH ofl essthan
4.0,
containoxidi
zedironsulfi
des,varyi
nt extureandof t
encontai
njarosi
te(ayel
low
mottleproducedasaby -productoftheoxidationprocess).

Occur
ancei
nIndi
a

Soilwi thsuf fi
ci
entsul phi
des( FeS2 andot hers)tobecomest rongl
yaci di
c
whendrainedar et ermedaci dsulphatesolsorast heDutchr ef
ert othosesoilscat
cl
ays.
Whenal l
owedt odevelopacidit
y,
thesesoil
sar eusual l
ymor eacidicthanpH4. 0.
Bef
oredr ainage,suchsoi l
smayhav enor malsoi lPhandar eonl ypot enti
alacid
sul
phatesoils.Generall
yacidsulphatesoil
sar efoundi ncoastalareaswher etheland
i
si nundated by sal t water.InI ndia,
acid sulphat e soi
li s most lyf ound in
Ker
ala,
Orissa,Andhr aPradesh,TamilNaduandWestBengal .

For
mat
ionofAci
dsul
phat
esoi
l
s:

Land i nundated wi t
h wat erst hat cont ain sul phates,par ti
cularl
y sal t
waters,accumul at
esulphurcompounds, whi chi npoorlyaer atedsoi l
sarebact eri
all
y
reducedt osul phates.
Suchsoi l
sar enotusual lyveryaci dicwhenf ir
stdr ainedi n
water.Whent hesoi li
sdrainedandt henaer ated,t
hesul phidei soxi di
zedt osul phate
bya combi nation ofchemi caland bact erialacti
on,formi ng sul phuri
c acids. The
magni t
udeofaci ddevelopmentdependsont heamountofsul phidepresenti nthe
soilandt hecondi ti
onsandt imeofoxi dation.I fi
ronpy r
iteispr esent,
theoxi dized
i
ronaccent uatest heaci di
tybutnotasmuchasal umi nium i nnor malaci dsoi l
s
becauset het hei onoxidesarelesssolublet hanalumi nium oxi desandsohy dr ol
yze
l
ess.

Char acter
isti
csofAci dsulphatesoi l
s:Aci dsulphatesoil
scontai
nsul phuri
chor i
zon
whi chhasaPhoft he1:1 soi l:wat errati
o ofl essthan3.5,plussomeot her
evidences of sul
phidecont
ent (yel
low
colour ).
Sulphaquepts,Sul
phihemists,Sulphohemi st
s andSulphaquents greatgroups
arei ncludedinaci dsulphatesoils.Suchst r
ongaci dit
yinacidsulphatesoil
sr esult
s
toxiciti
esofal uminium andi r
on, solublesalts,
manganeseandhy drogensulphide
gas. Hydrogensul phideoftenformedi nl ow landr i
cesoil
scausingaki ochidiseae
thatpr eventsri
cer ootsfr
om absor bingr oot
s.

21
ManagementofAci
dsul
phat
esoi
l
s

1.Keepi
ngt
hear
eaf
looded.

2.Cont
rol
l
ingwat
ert
abl
e.

3.Li
mingandl
eachi
ng.

Lesson7and8
Topi
c:Cal
car
eousSoi
l
:def
ini
ti
on,f
ormat
ion,char
act
eri
sti
cs,ef
fectonpl
antgr
owt
h,
r
ecl
amat
ionandmanagement
.

Def
ini
ti
on:
Soi
lcont
aini
ngsuf
fi
cientf
reeCaCO3 and/
orMgCO3 t
oef
fer
vescev
isi
bil
i
ty
t
reat
edwi
thcol
d0.
1NHCl
.Scal
etoknowcal
car
eousness(
NBSSLUP)
.

22
 Cl
ass %CaCO3
Noncal
car
eous Ni
l
Sl
i
ght <5
Moder
ate 5-
15
St
rong >15
For
mat
ion
1.
Insuf
fi
cientpr
eci
pit
ati
on.
2.
Preci
pit
ati
onofCal
ci
um andMagnesi
um asCal
cium Sul
phat
eorCar
bonat
eand
Magnesi
um Sul
phat
eorCar
bonat
e.
3.Thi
spr
eci
pit
ati
ongr
adual
l
yincr
easesandaccumul
atesi
nthesoi
latv
ary
ingdept
h,
dependi
ngupont
hepenet
rat
ionofr
ainwat
er.
Char
act
eri
sti
csof
Cal
car
eousSoi
l
s
1.
The cl
ay compl
ex i
s base sat
urat
ed and cal
cium f
orms t
he pr
edomi
nant
exchangeabl
ebase.
2.
Thesoi
l
sar
ehi
ghl
ybuf
fer
edi
npr
esenceofwat
er.
3.
Thesoi
lreact
ioni
ssl
i
ght
lyt
omoder
atel
yal
kal
i
ne(
pH7.
5to8.
5)
Ef
fect
sonpl
antgr
owt
h
1.
Accumul
ati
on ofCaCO3 f
orms har
dpan bycement
ing t
he soi
lpar
ti
cles.The
har
dpani
susual
l
yimper
meabl
eandi
sver
yof
tencauseofwat
erl
oggi
ng.
2.
Responsi
blef
orphy
siol
ogi
caldi
sor
der
s-I
ronchl
orosi
scanbeapr
obl
em wi
th
somecr
opsonhi
gh-
pH,
cal
car
eoussoi
l
s.Sor
ghum andsoy
beansar
emor
eaf
fect
ed
byi
ronchl
orosi
sthancor
n,wheat
,oral
fal
fa.Mar
keddi
ff
erencesi
ntol
eranceof
cal
car
eoussoi
l
sal
soexi
stamonghor
ti
cul
tur
alcr
ops.
3.
Depr
essi
ngef
fectonabsor
pti
onofnut
ri
ent
s
Managementofcal
car
eoussoi
l
s
Impr ovementofcal careousi nCaCO3 i spr esentinpr oblemat i
camountmay
bedonebyi mpr ovi
ngt hedr ainage, subsoi l
ingforbr eaki
ngt hehar dpanformeddue
toCaCO3 accumul ati
onatl owerdept hsandl eachi ng.Al soacidf ormingsubst ance
l
ikeS, Fe,SO4, Al2(SO4)maybeusedf ollowedbyl eaching.
1.Calcareoussoi l
sar ethoset hatcont ainenoughf r
eecal cium carbonate(CaCO3)
andgi veef ferv
escencev isibl
yr eleasi ngCO2gaswhent reatedwi t
hdilut
e0. 1N
hydrochloricaci d.ThepHofcal car eoussoi lis>7. 0andal soregardedasan
al
kaline( basic)soil.
2.Fer ti
li
zermanagementi n cal careous soi lsi s di f
ferentf rom thatofnon
calcareoussoi lsbecauseoft heef fectofsoi lpHonsoi lnutr
ientavail
abi
lit
yand
chemi calr eacti
onst hataf f
ectt hel ossorf ixationofsomenut ri
ents.The
presenceofCaCO3di r ectl
yori ndir ect l
yaf f
ectst hechemi str
yandav ail
abil
ityof
nit
rogen( N)Phosphor us( P) ,Magnesi um ( Mg) ,Pot assium (K),Manganese

23
 (Mn) , Zi
nc(Zn)andi r
on( Fe).Theav ail
abil
it
yofcopper( Cu)al soisaffect
ed.
3.Applicationofaci df ormingf erti
l
izerssuchasammoni um sul phateandur ea
ferti
lizers,sulphurcompounds,or ganic manur es and gr een manur es i s
consi deredasef fecti
vemeasur estor educethepHofsoi l
toneut ralpHv alue.
4.Element alsul f
urisoneamendmentt hatcanbeusedt ol owert hepH ofa
calcar eoussoi l
.Ev ensul furwi l
ltakesomet imet obeef fecti
ve.Element al
sulfuri smicrobiall
yconv ertedinthesoi lt
osul fate, andsoi lacidifi
cati
onisaby
-productoft hi
spr ocess.Thi sacidi
tyr eact
swi tht heexcessl i
met oneut ral
ize
thesoi l
.Unfortunately
,ittakesqui teabi tofel ement alsulfurt oneutral
izet he
excessl imei nacal careoussoi l.Asoi lwithoneper centexcessl imewoul d
hav e20, 000poundsofexcessl i
meperacr ei nt het op6- 7inchesofsoi l.This
woul dmean6, 600poundsofel ement alsulf
urperacr ewoul dbeneeded.  At
$0.30t o$0.40perpound, thisisnoteconomi cali nmostagr onomi csit
uat i
ons.
Manyoft hecal careoussoi lscausingsev erechl or osisongr ainsorghum and
soy beanshav emor ethanoneper centexcessl ime.

24
 LessonPl
an9
Topi
c:ErodedandCompact
edSoi
ls;def
ini
ti
on,
for
mat
ion,
char
act
eri
sti
cs,
eff
ecton
pl
antgrowth,r
ecl
amati
onandmanagement.

Soil
Erosion–Thedetachmentandtr
ansport
ati
onofsoi
lmassf r
om onepl
aceto
anothert
hroughtheact
ionofwi
nd,wateri
nmot i
onorbythebeati
ngact
ionofr
ain
andbioti
cfactor
s.

Fact
orscausi
ngSoi
lEr
osi
on

1.Soi
l
2.Water
3.Wind
4.Bi
oti
c

Ef
fectofSoi
ler
osi
on

1.Lossofsoi
ltosuppor
tthegr
owt
hofpl
ant
.

2.Deposi
ti
onsedi
ment
s,l
oadscausi
ngr
ever
set
ochangecour
se.

3.Var
iabl
eseasonal
flowofr
iver
sandf
loodi
ng.

4.Wat
erpol
l
uti
on.

5.Ai
rpol
l
uti
on.

Soi
lEr
odi
bil
i
tyFact
orsandDef
ini
ti
on

Cont
rol
measur
esofsoi
ler
osi
on

A)Bi
ologi
cal
Met
hods

1.Goodcr
opmanagement
.

2.Cr
opr
otat
ion.

3.Cov
ercr
opst
ost
abi
l
izesl
ope.

4.St
ri
ppl
ant
ing.

5.Mul
chi
ng.

6.Cor
rectst
alki
ngr
ateofpast
ures.

7. Useoft
reesandhedgesasawi
ndbr
eaks.

B)Cul
ti
vat
ionPr
act
ices

25
 1.Cont
ourpl
oughi
ng.

2.Useofgr
adedf
urr
ows.

3.Mi
nimum t
il
lage.

C)Mechani
cal
Prot
ect
ion

1.Gr
adedchannel
.

2.Absor
pti
ont
err
ace.

3.Bencht
err
ace.

4.I
rr
igat
iont
err
ace.

26
Soi
lCompact
ion

Soi
lcompacti
oni
stheprocessi
nwhi
chsoilpart
icl
esarepackedtoget
heri
na
cl
oserst
ateofcont
acti
ndi
cat
edbyachangeinbulkdensi
ty,
porosi
tyetc.

Changesoccur
redduet
osoi
lcompact
ion

1.Compr
essi
onofsoi
lsol
i
ds.

2.Compr
essi
onofl
i
qui
dandgases.

3.Changesinli
qui
dandgascont
ent
sint
hepor
espace(
bot
hmacr
oandmi
cro
porespaces)
.

4.Re-
arr
angementofsoi
lsol
i
ds.

SoilCr
acki
ng-Ithashighr
elat
ionshi
pwiththephenomenonoft
heshr
inkagewhi
ch
ari
sesduetoexpansi
onandcontract
ionofsoi
lmass.

Soi
lCrust
ing– Itisphenomenonassoci
atedwithdet
eri
orat
ionofsoi
lst
ruct
ure,
wheret
henatur
alsoi
laggregat
esbr
eakanddisper
se.

I
nfl
uenceofsoi
lcr
ust
ingonsoi
lpr
oduct
ivi
ty

1.Ser
iousbar
ri
erf
orseedl
i
ngemer
gence

2.Cr
ustcl
ogsthesurfacemacropor
esandi
nhi
bit
sther
ateofi
nfi
l
trat
ionof
wat
eri
nthesoi
lcausingr
unof
f.

3.Lossofwat
erst
oragei
nsoi
lpr
ofi
l
eandl
essav
ail
abi
l
ityofwat
ert
opl
ant
s

4.Causesi
nter
il
lsoi
ler
osi
on

5.Lackofsoi
laer
ati
on

Cont
rol
ofsoi
lcr
ust
ing

1.Sur
facemul
ch

2.Addi
ti
onofor
gani
cmat
ter

3.Appli
cat
ion of soil condi
ti
oners i.
epol
yi
onic condit
ioner
s l
ike HPAN
(Hydr
oly
zed pol y acryl
oni
tri
le)
, VAMA ( Vi
nyl acetate malei
c aci
d
copol
ymer)andnonsoi
lcondi
tionerl
i
kepoly
vinyl
alcohol
(PVA).

4.Appl
icati
onofgypsum,pyr
it
einsodi
csoi
l
,lower
ingofexchangeabl
esodi
um
per
centagemini
mizescr
ustfor
mati
on.

5.Al
i
ghtt
il
lagewhi
l
ethesoi
li
sst
il
lmoi
stbr
eakupt
hecr
ustbef
orei
thar
dens.

27
 LessonPl
an10

Topi
c:Submer
gedandFloodedsoi
l
s:def
ini
ti
on,
for
mat
ion,
char
act
eri
sti
cs,
eff
ecton
pl
antgrowt
h,r
ecl
amati
onandmanagement .

Upl
andSoi
l–Thesoi
lwhi
chi
sinoxi
dizedcondi
ti
onf
ort
hegr
eat
erpar
toft
he
gr
owi
ngseason.

Submergedsoil–Thesesoil
sarerefer
redt
osoi l
sthataresat
urat
edwithwaterfor
suff
ici
entl
ylongt
imeannuall
ytogivethesoilt
hedisti
nct
ivegl
eyhori
zonsresul
ti
ng
fr
om oxidat
ion–reduct
ionpr
ocesshavi
nghighwatertabl
e.

Changesoccur
ri
ngi
nsubmer
gedsoi
l
a)Depl
eti
onofOxy
gen.
b)Accumul
ati
onofCO2.
c)El
ect
rochemi
cal
changesi
)pH i
i
)Redoxpot
ent
ial i
i
i)Speci
fi
cconduct
ance.
d)Ni
tr
ogent
ransf
ormat
ion:
Miner
ali
zat
ionaccumul
ati
onofNH3.LossesofN1
(
i)Deni
tr
if
icat
i 12H2+10e=N2+6H204 (
on2NO3, ii
)NH2Vol
ati
l
izat
ionand
(
ii
i)l
eachi
ngl
osses.
e)Phosphor
ust
ransf
ormat
ion:
f
)Ir
on,
Sul
phurandManganeser
educt
ion.
(Oxi
dat
ion) (Reduct
ion)

Mn02+4H+2e = Mn2+ +2H20

2
Fe(
0H)
3 +e+ = Fe(0H)
2+OH-

S042++2H20+2e+ S032++2OH-
2
=

S042+ + 3H20+6e+ = S2++6OH-

2

28
 For
mat
ionofsul
phi S2+)occur
de( sinast
rongl
yreducedenv
ironment
.

Managementofsubmer
gedsoi
l

1.Lev
ell
i
ngofl
and.

2.Mechani
cal
drai
nage.

3.Cont
rol
l
edi
rr
igat
ion.

4.Fl
oodcont
rol
measur
es.

5.Pl
ant
ati
onoft
reeshav
inghi
ght
ranspi
rat
ionr
ate.

6.Checkt
heseepagei
nthecanal
sandi
rr
igat
ionchannel
s.

7.Sel
ect
ionofcr
opsandt
hei
rpr
operv
ari
eti
es.

8.Sowi
ngonbundsorr
idges.

9.Nut
ri
entmanagement
.

Fl
oodedsoi
l
s

Floodedsoi l
s,nowknownasHy dri
csoil
s,arecharacteri
sti
cofwetlandsand
i
rri
gatedf ieldscroppedtori
ce(paddysoil
s).I
nt hem,wat ercoversthesoil,oris
presenteitheratornearthesur
faceofthesoi
lallyearorf
orv aryi
ngperi
odsoft i
me
duri
ngt hey ear.

I
mpactofFoodonsoi
l

Fl
oodedsoi
lscr
eatesigni
fi
cantchal
lengesforagr
icul
tur
all
ands.Thef
loods
hav
emanydir
ecti
mpact
s,themostprominentbei
ng:

1.Deposi
ti
onofsandanddebr
isonpr
oduct
ivel
ands;

2.Er
osi
onofagr
icul
tur
alsoi
l
s;and

3.Floodedsoilsyndrome—l ossofbenefici
alfungiwhichmobil
i
zesoil
-based
plantnutr
ients.Asar esultoftheseeffect
saf t
erfloods,f
armersarechal
l
engedby
yiel
dlossesanddev astati
onofar abl
eland.Subsequentl
y,pr
oducer
sneedtoplanfor
theslowrecov er
yoftheirarabl
esoi l
s.

Ef
fectofFl
oodi
ngonpl
antgr
owt
h

1.Cor
ngrowi
ngonf
loodedsoi
l
sshowedpur
plel
eav
est
hatwer
edi
sappear
edi
na
week.

2.Fl
oodedf
iel
dswi
thweedsorwi
thoutt
il
lageshowedl
esspur
pli
ngt
hant
hoset
il
led

29
 t
ocont
rol
weeds.

3.Fi
eldswithhighmanureappl
icat
ionhi
stor
y(i
.e.
,feedl
ots)showednoadv
erse
ef
fectforfl
oodedsoi
lsoncrop.

4.Cr
opspl
ant
edaf
teraf
all
ow/
floodper
iodgr
ewpoor
ly.

5.Pdefi
ciencysy
mpt
omsi
ncr
ops—f
orcor
niti
ssl
owear
lygr
owt
handpur
ple
col
orat
ion.

6.Fl
oodedsoi
l
smayhav
enor
mal
Ptestl
evel
andl
owAM popul
ati
on.

7.Toall
evi
atePdef
ici
ency
,highbandedPr
atesneeded—t
wiceormor
ethant
he
nor
mal r
ecommendedrate.

Post
-Fl
oodi
ngSoi
lManagement

LandLevel
ingandSandCleani ng 
—Sandcl
eaningdependsonthedepthof
accumulat
ion.
1.Few inches (
i.
e.2-4i nches)can be i
ncorporat
ed i
n soilusi
ng normalfi
eld
oper
ati
ons.
 Other
wise,mi nimum soi
ldi
sturbanceisadv
isabl
etopr omoteev
en
weedgrowtht
il
lnextspring.

2.I
fsandi
supto6i nchesdeep,t
henmol
dboar
dpl
ow t
oadept
htwi
cet
hesand
dept
htoi
ncor
por
ate.

3.Sand8-24inches,i
tisadvi
sabl
etoconsiderspr
eadi
ngtoareaswit
hlesssandand
i
ncorpor
atewi t
hspecialdeepti
l
lageequipment.However
,iti
sadvisabl
enotto
movesandt of i
l
llowerorsever
all
yerodedareasinthefi
eldwit
houtpropert
op
soi
ltocoverthesand.

4.Sandabov
e24inchesdeep,ev
aluat
ecostofr
emov
ingsandorst
ockpi
l
etodeci
de
whet
hert
oremovethesand.

5.I
ncaseofsever
eer
osionanddeepcut
s,t
opsoi
lfr
om sur
roundi
ngf
iel
dsshoul
dbe
usedtof
il
lsuchar
eas.

Soil
Testing
1.Soil
testi
ngshoul
dbeconduct
edaf
teranyl
andl
evel
i
ngi
sdone.

2.Soi
lsampl
esshoul
dnotbecol
l
ect
edi
mmedi
atel
yaf
tersoi
l
sdr
y,andmayneedt
o
becol
lect
edi
nthespri
ng.

3.Needt
oal
l
owt
imef
orPr
eact
ionsaf
tersoi
l
saer
ate.

4.Pot
assi
um (
K)def
ici
encycanoccurduet
osoi
lcompact
ion.

5.Soi
ltest
scoul
dincr
easef
rom sedi
mentdeposi
ti
on.

Cov
erCr
op

30
1.Useacovercr
opi
mmediat
elyaf
tersoi
ldr
iestopromotegr
owt
hof
micr
oor
ganismst
hatar
eessent
ialf
ornut
rientcy
cli
ng.

2.Pl
ant
ingcondi
ti
onsshoul
dpr
ovi
degoodsoi
lseedcont
actf
orcov
ercr
opsuccess.

3.Consi
derover
wint
eri
ngcovercr
opstopr
ovi
deaddi
ti
onal
benef
it
sofcont
inuous
growt
hinthespri
ngpri
ort
oplanti
ng.

4.Whenpl
antingsoybean,asapr
ecauti
onseedshoul
dbeinocul
atedwi
th
Br
adyr
hizobiumj
aponicum t
oensur
enodulat
ionandNfi
xati
on.

5.AM f
ungi
inocul
ati
onofsoi
li
snotf
easi
ble.

6.Oncesoi
l
sbecomeaer
obi
c,soi
lmi
crof
lor
awi
l
lrecov
ernat
ural
l
y.

LessonPl
an11
Topi
c:Pol
l
utedSoi
l
:def
ini
ti
on,
sour
cesandt
hei
rremedi
ati
on

Soi
lpol
l
uti
on:
soi
lpol
l
uti
on 
aspar
tofl
anddegr
adat
ioni
scausedbyt
hepr
esence
of
Xenobi
oti
c(human- made) chemi
cal
s or ot
her al
ter
ati
on i
n t
he nat
ural

31
soi
l
 env
ironment
.Iti
sty
pical
l
ycausedbyi
ndust
ri
alact
ivi
ty,agr
icul
tur
alchemi
cal
sor
i
mpr
operdi
sposal
ofwast
e.

Sour
cesofPol
l
uti
on

A)Soi
l–

(
a)Thr
ought
heai
rgasesandquant
ami
nant
semi
tt
edf
rom exhaust
s
(
b)Thr
oughdr
ainagesy
stem.
(
c)Thr
oughdumpedsol
i
dmat
eri
alsl
i
ker
efusesf
rom mi
nes,
ani
mal
slur
ri
esor
sewagesl
udgeet
c.
B)Wat
er-Wat
erhasuni
quepr
oper
tyofdi
ssol
vi
ngi
ndust
ri
alby
-pr
oduct
s,pest
ici
des,
chemi
cal
fer
ti
li
zer
set
c.Suchwast
ewat
erpol
l
utet
hesoi
l
.

Ki
ndsofSoi
lPol
l
uti
on
1.Pest
ici
des.
2.I
nor
gani
cquant
ami
nant
smost
lyheav
ymet
als.
3.Or
gani
cwast
es–muni
cipal
andi
ndust
ri
alwast
es.
4.Fer
ti
li
zer
sandot
hersal
ts
5.Radi
onucl
i
des.
Aci
dRai
n–
Chemi
cal
react
ionsi
nvol
vedi
naci
drai
n.
Soi
lPol
l
utant
s:i
.Agr
icul
tur
alpest
ici
desi
i
.Or
gani
cwast
e i
i
i.Heav
ymet
als
i
v.Fer
ti
li
zer
s v
.Redi
onucl
oti
desv
i.Aci
drai
ns

Pr
event
ive cont
rolmeasur
es:Reduci
ng chemi
calf
ert
il
izerand pest
ici
de use,
Appl
yi
ngbi
o-f
ert
il
izer
s andmanur
escanr
educechemi
calf
ert
il
izerandpest
ici
de
use.
Biol
ogi
calmet
hodsofpestcont
rolcanal
sor
educet
heuseof
 pest
ici
des 
and
t
her
eby
mini
mizesoi
lpol
l
uti
on.

LessonPl
an12

Topi
c:Wat
erpol
l
uti
on:
def
ini
ti
on,
sour
cesandt
hei
rremedi
ati
on

32
 Wat
eri
suni
ver
saldi
ssol
verandcl
eaner
,mustper
iodi
cal
l
ybecl
eanedi
tsel
f
bef
orei
tbecomesr
eusabl
e.Agoodqual
i
tywat
erbecomewast
ewat
ert
hrought
he
di
ssol
uti
onofdi
ff
erentdet
ergent
schemi
cal
sli
kepest
ici
deset
candot
heri
ndust
ri
al
ef
fl
uent
s andwhent
hiswast
ewat
eri
susedf
ort
hei
rr
igat
ionpur
poseandot
her
s
t
hani
tbecomesaser
iouspr
obl
em r
esul
ti
ngi
nwat
erpol
l
uti
on.

Wat
erpol
l
uti
on:
Impai
rmentofwat
erqual
i
tyf
rom i
ts nor
malwat
erqual
i
tyi
s
ev
aluat
edbyi
tsaest
het
ic,phy
sical
,chemi
calandbi
ologi
calpr
oper
ti
eswhi
chget
i
nfl
uencedbyAgr
icul
tur
al,
indust
ri
alandant
hropogeni
cuse.

Sour
cesofWat
erPol
l
uti
on
Someoft
he 
i
mpor
tant
sour
cesofwat
erpol
l
uti
onar
e:(
i)
 Domest
ic 
eff
luent
sand
sewage,(
ii
) 
Indust
ri
alef
fl
uent
s,(
ii
i)
 Agr
icul
tur
al 
eff
luent
s,(
iv)Radi
oact
ivewast
es,(
v)
Ther
mal
pol
l
uti
on,
and(
vi)
 Oi
l
 pol
l
uti
on.

CausesofWat
erPol
l
uti
on
1.I
ndust
ri
alwast
e:
2.Sewageandwast
ewat
er:
3.Mi
ningact
ivi
ti
es:
4.Mar
inedumpi
ng:
5.Acci
dent
alOi
ll
eakage
6.Bur
ningoff
ossi
lfuel
s:
7.Chemi
cal
fer
ti
li
zer
sandpest
ici
des:

Remedi
almeasur
est
ocont
rol
wat
erpol
l
uti
on

1.Muni
cipalwast
ewat
ert
reat
ment
.2.On si
tesani
tat
ion and saf
elymanaged
sani
tat
ion.3.I
ndust
ri
alwast
ewat
ert
reat
ment
.4.Agr
icul
tur
alwast
emanagement
t
reat
ment
.5Er
osi
onandsedi
mentcont
rolf
rom const
ruct
ionsi
te.
6.Cont
rolofur
ban
r
unof
f.

33
 LessonPl
an13

Topi
c:Qual
i
tyofI
rr
igat
ionwat
erandi
tssui
tabi
l
ityf
ori
rr
igat
ion.

Char
acteri
sti
cst hatdet
erminequalit
yofI rri
gati
onwater
1)Totalconcent r
ati
onofsolublesal
ts( EC).
2)Relati
vepropor t
ionofsodium t
oot hercations(
SAR).
3)Concent r
ationofboronorotherelement sthatmaybetoxi
c.
4)Bicarbonates concentr
ati
on as r elated tothe concent
rat
ion ofcal
cium +
magnesium.

Cr
it
eri
aandSt
andar
dsf
orAssessi
ngSui
tabi
l
ityofSal
i
neWat
erf
orI
rr
igat
ion
Thesui tabi
li
tyofwat erfori
rrigati
onshoul dbeev al
uat edont hebasisof
cri
ter
iaindicati
v eofit
spotenti
altocreatesoilcondit
ionshazardoust ocropgrowth
(ortoani mal sorhumansconsumi ngt hosecr ops).Rel
evantcr i
teri
af orj
udging
i
rri
gati
onwat erqual
ityi
ntermsofpotent i
alhazar
dst ocropgrowt harepri
mari
ly:

Permeabil
it
yandt i
lt
h-Thei nt
eract
ive,har mfuleffect
sofexcessiveexchangeable
sodium andhighpHi nthesoilandl ow el ect
roly
teconcentrat
ioni
nthei nf
il
trat
ing
wateron soilstr
ucture,permeabil
it
yand t i
l
:h.These effect
s ar
e evi
denced by
di
saggregati
on,crust
ing,and poor t
ilt
h( coarse,cloddy and compacted topsoi
l
aggregat
es)andbyar educedrateofwat erinfi
lt
rati
on.

Salini
ty-Thegener aleffectofsalt
soncr opt r
anspir
ati
onandgr owthwhi char e
thoughttobel argel
yosmot icinnat
ureand, hence,r
elat
edtototalsaltconcentrati
on
ratherthant ot hei ndi
vi
dualconcentrat
ionsofspeci fi
csal tconstit
uents.These
effect
sar egener al
l
yev i
dencedbyreducedt ranspi
rati
onandpr oport
ionall
yretarded
growth,producingsmal l
erplantswi
thfewerandsmal lerl
eaves.

Toxici
ty and nutri
ti
onalimbalance-The effect
s of specif
ic sol
utes,ort hei
r
proport
ions,onplantgr
owth,especi
all
ythoseofchlori
de,sodi
um andboron.These
ef
f ect
saregenerall
yevi
dencedbyleafburnanddefoli
ati
on.

Classi
fi
cationofI r
ri
gationwat er
1)Basedonsal ini
tyhazar d:Foursali
nityclasses.
Elect
rical Salt
Waterclass conduct ivi
ty concent rat
ion Suit
abi
li
ty
(dSm-1) g/l
Lesst han Saf ewi thli
keli
hoodofany
C1:LowSal ini
ty 01–0. 250
0.16 sali
nityproblem
C2: Medium
0. 25–0. 75 0. 16–0. 5 Wi llneedmoder at
eleachi
ng
sali
nit
y
Cannotbeusedonsoi l
swith
C3:Highsal i
nit
y 0. 75–2. 25 0.5–1. 5
rest
ricteddrainage

34
C4:Ver
yhigh Unsuit
ableunderor
dinar
y
2.
25–5. 00 1. 5–3.00
sal
i
nity condit
ions.
2)BasedonSodi um (Alkal
i)hazard:SAR(Sodium adsorpti
onrat
io)
+ ++
SAR =Na /( Ca + Mg)/2
WhereNa+,Ca2+andMg2+representt
heconcent
rati
onsinmi l
lequi
val
ent
sperlit
re.

Watercl
ass SAR Suit
abil
it
y
S1:
Lowsodium 0–10 Canbeusedonal lsoil
swithl
itt
ledanger
ofexchangeablesodi um.
S2:
Medi
um sodi
um 10–18 Produce appr eciable hazar
d i n fine
text
ured soil
s,can be used i n coarse
text
uredsoil
s.
S3:
Highsodi
um 18–26 Producehar mfull ev
elsofexchangeable
sodium
S4:
Ver
yhi
ghsodi
um mor
ethan26 Unsuit
ableforir
rigati
on.

3)BasedonResidualsodium car
bonat
e(RSC)
RSC ={C032-+HCO3-}+{Ca2++Mg2+}
Expr
essedasmil
liequi
valent
sperlit
re(
me/1)

Watercl
ass RSC(Meq/
1) Sui
tabil
it
y
LowRSC Lesst
han1.
25 Saf
ef ori
rri
gat
ion

Medi
um RSC 1.
25–2.
50 Mar
ginal
l
ysaf
e

Hi
ghRSC Mor
ethan2.
5 Unsui
tabl
efori
rr
igat
ion

4)Concentr
ati
onofBor
on:
Per
missi
bleli
mit
sofbor
oni
nppm f
ori
rr
igat
ionwat
er:

Bor
oncl
ass Sensi
tiv
ecrop Semi cr ops Tolerantcr
ops
1 Lessthan0.
33 Lesst
han0.67 Lesst han1.
00
2 0.33–0.67 0–1.33 1.00–2. 00
3 0.67–1.00 1–2.00 2.00–3. 00
4 1.00–1.25 2–2.50 3.00–3. 75
5 Morethan1.25 Morethan2.50 Mor ethan3.75

Tol
eranceofpl
ant
stoBor
on:

Tol
erant -Sugar
beet
,oni
on,
Tur
nip,Cabbage,l
ett
ice,

Semi
tol
erant -Sunf
lower
,pot
ato,
Tomat
o,Radi
sh,
wheat
,

Sensi
ti
ve -Appl
e,gr
ape,
fig,
cher
ry,
Apr
icot
,Or
ange,

35
 Lesson14
Topi
c:Ut
il
izat
ionofSal
i
neandSewageWat
eri
nAgr
icul
tur
e

Managementf
orCr
opPr
oduct
ion

Managementpr
act
icesf
ort
hesaf
euseofsal
i
newat
erf
ori
rr
igat
ionpr
imar
il
yconsi
st
of
:

1.Sel
ect
ionofcr
opsorcr
opv
ari
eti
est
hatwi
l
lpr
oducesat
isf
act
oryy
iel
dsundert
he
exi
sti
ngorpr
edi
ctedcondi
ti
onsofsal
i
nit
yorsodi
cit
y;
2.Speci
alpl
ant
ingpr
ocedur
est
hatmi
nimi
zeorcompensat
eforsal
taccumul
ati
oni
n
t
hev
ici
nit
yoft
heseed;
3.I
rr
igat
iont
omai
ntai
nar
elat
ivel
yhi
ghl
evelofsoi
lmoi
stur
eandt
oachi
eveper
iodi
c
l
eachi
ngoft
hesoi
l
;
4.Useofl
and pr
epar
ati
ont
oincr
easet
heuni
for
mit
yofwat
erdi
str
ibut
ionand
i
nfi
l
trat
ion,
leachi
ngandr
emov
alofsal
i
nit
y;
5.Speci
alt
reat
ment
s(such ast
il
lageand addi
ti
onsofchemi
calamendment
s,
or
gani
cmat
terandgr
owi
nggr
eenmanur
ecr
ops)t
omai
ntai
nsoi
lper
meabi
l
ityand
t
il
th.Thecr
opgr
own,t
hequal
i
tyofwat
erusedf
ori
rr
igat
ion,t
her
ainf
allpat
ter
n
andcl
i
mat
e,andt
hesoi
lpr
oper
ti
esdet
ermi
net
oal
argedegr
eet
heki
ndand
ext
entofmanagementpr
act
icesneeded.̀

Fi
g.1Pat
ter
nofsal
tbui
l
d-upasaf
unct
ionofseedpl
acement
,bedshapeand

36
 l
evel
ofsoi
lsal
i
nit
y

Fi
g.2I
nfl
uenceoftheir
ri
gati
onsystem onthesoilsal
i
nit
ypat
ter
nandy
iel
dofbel
l
pepperatt
wolev
elsofir
ri
gat
ionwaterqual
i
ty

Managi
ngsoi
l
sundersal
i
newat
eri
rr
igat
ion
Til
lage- i
samechani cal operati
onthatisusual l
ycarri
edoutf orseedbedpr eparati
on,
soilpermeabi li
tyimpr ovement ,tobreakupsur f
acecr ustsandt oi mprovewat er
i
nf i
lt
rati
on.Ift i
l
lageisi mpr operl
yexecut ed,itmightform apl oughl ayerorbringa
saltylayerclosertot hesur face.Sodicsoi l
sar eespecial
lysubj ecttopuddlingand
crusti
ng;t heyshould bet ill
ed careful
lyand wetsoi lconditionsav oided.Heav y
machi nerytraff
icshoul dalsobeav oi
ded.Mor efr
equentirri
gation,especial
lyduri
ng
theger minationandseedl i
ngst ages,tendst osoftensurfacecr ustsonsodi csoils
andencour agesbet t
erst ands.

37
Deeppl oughi
ng-  r
eferstodepthsofploughi ngf r
om about40t o150cm.I tismost
benefi
cialonst rati
fi
edsoilshav i
ngimper meabl elay ersl yi
ngbet weenper meable
l
ayers.Deeppl oughi ngto60cm l oosenst heaggr egates,i mprovesthephy sical
condit
ionoft hesel ayer
s,incr
easessoi l
-wat erstor
agecapaci tyandhelpscont rol
sal
taccumul ati
onwhenusi ngsal i
newaterf orirr
igat
ion.Cr opy iel
dscanbemar kedly
i
mpr ovedbypl oughingtot hi
sdept heveryt hreeorfoury ears.Theselecti
onoft he
ri
ghtploughtypes( shapeandspacingsbet weenshanks) ,sequence, pl
oughingdepth
andmoi st
urecont entatthet i
meofpl oughi ngshoul dpr ovi
degoodsoi lt i
l
thand
i
mpr ovesoilst
ructure.

Sanding 
-i s used in some cases t o make a f ine t
extured surf
ace soilmore
permeablebymi xi
ngsandi nt
oi t
,thusar elat
ivelypermanentchangeinsurfacesoil
text
urei s obtained.When pr operly done,sandi ng result
si ni mproved r
oot
penetrat
ionandbet terai
randwat erper meabil
itywhichfacil
i
tatesl
eachingbysali
ne
sodicwat erandwhensur f
aceinfil
tr
ationli
mi t
swat erpenetrati
on.Themet hodcan
becombi nedwi t
hiniti
aldeepploughing.

Chemi calAmendment s-Gy psum isbyfarthemostcommonamendmentf orsodic

soilreclamation,part
icular
lywhenusi ngsal i
newaterwit
hahi ghSAR val
uef or
i
rri
gation.Calcium chl
ori
dei shighl
ysolubleandwouldbeasat i
sfactor
yamendment
especiall
ywhenaddedt oi r
rigat
ionwater.Li
me-i snotaneffect
iveamendmentf or
i
mpr oving sodiccondi t
ionswhen used al one butwhen combi ned wi
thal ar
ge
amountofor ganicmanur eithasabenef i
cialef
fect
.

Sulphur-toocanbeef fect
ive;i
tisinertunt i
liti
soxidi
zedtosulphur
icaci
dbysoil
micro-organisms. Ot her sulphur
-containi
ng amendment s( sul
phur
ic aci
d,ir
on
sul
phat e,aluminium sulphate)aresimilarl
yef f
ecti
vebecauseofthesul
phuri
caci
d
ori
ginall
ypr esentorformeduponmi crobialoxi
dati
onorhydrol
ysi
s.

Organicandgr eenmanur esandmul ching: I

ncorporatingor ganicmat terintothesoi l
hast wopr incipalbenef icialeff
ectsofsoi lsir
ri
gatedwi thsalinewat erwi t
hhighSAR
andonsal inesodi csoi ls:improvementofsoi lpermeabi l
i
t yandr eleaseofcar bon
dioxideandcer tainorgani cacidsdur ingdecomposi tion.Thi swi l
lhel pi nlower i
ng
soilpH,r eleasi ngcal cium bysol ubil
izationofCaCO3  andot hermi nerals,thereby
i
ncr easingECe  andr eplacementofexchangeabl eNabyCaandMgwhi chlowerst he
ESP.
Growi ngl egumesandusi nggr eenmanur ewi lli mprov esoi lstructur
e.Gr een
manur ehasasi mi l
areffectt oorganicmanur e.
Mul chingt oreduceev aporati
onl osseswi l
lalsodecr easet heoppor t
unityfor
soilsalinizati
on.Whenusi ngsalinewat erwheret heconcent rationofsol ublesaltsin
thesoi lisexpect edtobehi ghint hesur f
ace,mul chingcanconsi derablyhelpl each
salts,r educe ESP and t hus facil
it
at et he product i
on oft oler
antcr ops.Thus,
whenev erf easibl e,mulchi ngtor educet heupwar df luxofsol ublesal t
sshoul dbe
encour aged.

38
Ef
fectofSal
i
newat
eron

1.Soi
lpr
oper
ti
es:
a.Sal
i
nit
yb.
SARc.Phy
sical
proper
ti
esd.Nut
ri
entav
ail
abi
l
ity
.
2.Pl
antgr
owth.

LessonPl
an15

Topi
c:Remot
esensi
ngandGI
Sindi
agnosi
sandManagementof

Pr
obl
em soi
l
s
Remot
eSensi
ng
`
Remot
eSensi
ngcanbedef
inedasobt
aini
ngi
nfor
mat
ionaboutanobj
ectby
obser
vingi
tfr
om adi
stanceandwi
thoutcomi
ngi
ntoact
ualcont
actwi
thi
t.Exampl
e:
Ey
esi
ght
,Phot
ost
akenf
rom acamer
a.I
ngener
al,t
hewor
dremot
esensi
ngi
sused
f
ordat
acol
l
ect
ionf
rom ar
ti
fi
cialsat
ell
i
tesor
bit
ingt
heear
thandpr
ocessi
ngsuch
dat
atomakeusef
uldeci
sions.Hence,r
emot
esensi
ngcanal
sobedef
inedast
he
sci
enceandar
tofcol
l
ect
ingi
nfor
mat
ionaboutanobj
ect
,ar
eaorphenomenonf
rom
af
ar-
offpl
acewi
thoutcomi
ngi
ncont
actwi
thi
t.

Mappi
ngsal
t-
aff
ect
edsoi
l
sofI
ndi
a
Remot
elysenseddat
afr
om sat
ell
i
tesar
ebei
ngoper
ati
onal
l
yusedt
oder
ive
i
nfor
mat
ionondegr
adedl
andsandmoni
tort
hem per
iodi
cal
l
yint
imeandspace
domai
nusi
ngmul
tit
empor
aldat
ainI
ndi
a.AtNRSA,t
hemapsofsal
t-
aff
ect
edsoi
l
s

39
wer
epr
epar
edat1:
250,
000scal
eforent
ir
ecount
ryusi
ngsat
ell
i
tedat
afr
om Landsat
MSS/
TM/
IRS sensor
sin associ
ati
on wi
th ot
hercent
raland st
ate gov
ernment
or
gani
zat
ions.Accor
dingt
othi
sst
udy
,thear
eaundersal
taf
fect
edsoi
l
sinI
ndi
ais
6.
727mi
l
li
onhect
ares.Thesemapsar
ebei
ngut
il
izedf
orpl
anni
ngr
ecl
amat
ionof
sal
t-
aff
ect
edsoi
l
satr
egi
onall
evel
.NRSAhasal
sopr
epar
edmapsofsal
t-
aff
ect
ed
soi
l
sat1:
50,
000scal
einpar
tsofUP,Guj
arat
,Sout
hcoast
aldi
str
ict
sofAPand
v
ari
ousi
rr
igat
edcommandsofI
ndi
a.
Appl
i
cat
ionsofRemot
esensi
ngi
nagr
icul
tur
e
Agr
icul
tur
eappl
i
cat
ionsofr
emot
esensi
ngar
echar
act
eri
zedbynumberof
phonol
ogi
cal
,landmanagementandeconomi
cfeat
ureswhi
chcombi
neensur
ethat
r
emot
esensi
nghassi
gni
fi
cantr
olei
nmoni
tor
ingagr
icul
tur
alt
ract
.

Br
iefaccountofRemot
esensi
ngappl
i
cat
ionsi
nagr
icul
tur
e
a)Sci
ent
if
icappl
i
cat
ionsofr
elev
ancei
nagr
icul
tur
e.
b)Managementappl
i
cat
ionsofr
emot
esensi
ngi
nagr
icul
tur
e.

Geogr
aphi
cal
Inf
ormat
ionSy
stem (
GIS)
A 
geogr
aphi
cinf
ormat
ionsy
stem 
or(
GIS)i
sasy
stem desi
gnedt
ocapt
ure,
st
ore,
mani
pul
ate,
anal
yze,
manage,
andpr
esentspat
ial
or 
geogr
aphi
cal
dat
a.
I
ngener
al,t
het
erm descr
ibesany
 i
nfor
mat
ionsy
stem 
thati
ntegr
ates,st
ores,
edi
ts,anal
yzes,shar
es,and di
spl
ays 
geogr
aphi
c i
nfor
mat
ion.
 GI
S appl
i
cat
ions 
are
t
ool
sthatal
l
owuser
stocr
eat
eint
eract
ivequer
ies(
user
-cr
eat
edsear
ches)
,anal
yze
spat
iali
nfor
mat
ion,edi
tdat
ain maps,and pr
esentt
he r
esul
ts ofal
lthese
oper
ati
ons.
 
GI
Scanbeef
fect
ivel
yusedt
ost
udysoi
lsur
vey
,soi
lcl
assi
fi
cat
ion,
land
usepl
anni
ng,
cropf
orecast
ing,
weat
herf
orecast
ing,
wat
err
esour
cest
udy
,int
egr
ated
nut
ri
entandpast
emanagementet
c.
Component
sofGI
S
1.Comput
ersy
stemsandsof
twar
e.
2.Spat
ial
dat
a.
3.Managementanddat
aanal
ysi
s.

40
 LessonPl
an16
Topi
c:Mul
ti
pur
poset
reespeci
es,
Bior
emedi
ati
onofSoi
l
s

Mul t
ipurposetreesaret r
eest hataredel iberatel
ygr ownandmanagedf ormor ethan
oneout put.Theymaysuppl yf oodint hef orm off r
uit
,nut s,orleavesthatcanbe
usedasav egetabl
e;whileatt hesamet imesuppl yi
ngf i
rewood,addni trogent othe
soil
,orsuppl ysomeot hercombi nationofmul t
ipl
eout puts.“Multi
purposet r
ee”i sa
ter
m commont oagrof orestry,part
icularlywhenspeaki ngoft r
opical
agrof orestr
y
wher ethetreeowneri sasubsi stencefar mer .
Whenamul ti
purposet reeispl anted,anumberofneedsandf uncti
onscanbe
ful
fil
ledatonce.Theymaybeusedasawi ndbreak,whi l
eal sosupplyi
ngast apl
e
foodf ortheowner .Theymaybeusedasf enceposti nalivi
ngf ence,whil
ealsobei ng
themai nsour ceoff i
rewoodf ortheowner .Theymaybei ntercr
oppedintoexi sti
ng
fi
elds,tosuppl ynit
rogent othesoi l
,andatt hesamet imeser v
easasour ceofbot h
foodandf i
rewood.

Commonmul ti
pur poset reesoft hetropi csinclude:
 Gliri
cidiasepi um –t hemostcommont reeusedf orl i
vi
ngf encesinCent ral
Amer i
ca, fi
rewood, fodder ,fi
xi
ngni tr
ogeni nt
ot hesoil.
 Mo rnga(
i Mor i
ngaol ei
fera)–edi bleleav es,podsandbeans,commonl yused
forani malf orage and shade ( itdoes notf ix ni
trogen as i s commonl y
[
1]
bel i
eved )
 Co conutpal m –usedf orf ood,pur ifi
edwat er(jui
cef r
om i nsidethecoconut ),
rooft hatching, fi
rewood, shade.
 Ne em -l imiteduseasi nsectr epellent,ant i
bioti
c,addi ngnitrogentot hesoi l
,
wi ndbreaks, biomasspr oduct ionf oruseasmul ch, f
ir
ewood.
I
deall
ymostt reesf oundont r
opi calfarmsshoul dbemul t
ipurpose, andprovidemor e
tothefarmert hansi mpl yshadeandf i
rewood.I nmostcasest heyshoul dbeni t
rogen
fi
xi
nglegumes, ort r
eest hatgreat l
yincr easet hef armer ’
sfoodsecur it
y.
AdvantagesofPhy t
oremedi ati
on:
1.I
trequiresnoout layforpur chaseofchemi cal amendment s.

41
2.Buildupsoi lst ructureandst abil
izesaggr egat est hr oughsol ubil
izationofCaf r
om
cal citewhi chhasf locculat i
ngef f
ectonsoi l particles.
3.Poor soi l f ertil
it
y i s associ ated wi th l ow pr oduct i
vit
y of al kali
soi ls.Phy toremedi ati
oni mpr ovest heav ailabili
tyofpl antnut ri
entsbysol ubil
i
zing
nut rient sadsor bed/ f
ixedwi t
hcal ci tebesidesenhancedN2f i
xati
on.
4.Amel iorationwi thr outinechemi calamendmenti sl argel
yconf i
nedt osurface
hor izonwi thl imi t
edi mpr ovementi ndeeperl ayer s.
Phy toremedi ati
onfacil
it
ates
gr eat erzoneofamel iorationi ntermsofsoi l dept h.
5.Thecr opbasedappr oachofphy toremidiat i
onhasshownpr omi seasanef fecti
ve
lowcostamel iorationi nt
er vention.
6.Phy toremedi ationismuchcheapert hanchemi cal amel iorat
ion.
Select i
onofpl antspeci es
1.Cropt olerancet osal i
nity.
2.Cr opt ol erancet oexchangeabl esodi um.
LessonPl an17

Topi
c:LandCapabi
l
ity
&Landsui
tabi
l
ityCl
assi
fi
cat
ion

On t
he basi
s oft
he soi
lsur
vey maps and r
epor
ts,a l
and capabi
l
ity
cl
assi
fi
cat
ionhasbeendev
elopedi
nwhi
chev
eryacr
eofl
andi
scl
assi
fi
edaccor
ding
t
oit
scapabi
l
iti
esandl
i
mit
ati
ons. Ther
ear
eei
ghtcapabi
l
itycl
asses,whi
char
e
number
edf
rom It
oVI
II
.Thosel
ands,
whi
chhav
ethemaxi
mum capabi
l
iti
esandt
he
l
eastl
i
mit
ati
ons,ar
e pl
aced i
n cl
ass 1,wher
eas t
hose l
ands,whi
ch hav
ethe
maxi
mum l
i
mit
ati
ons and t
he l
eastcapabi
l
iti
es,ar
e pl
aced i
n cl
ass VI
II
.The
Capabi
l
itycl
assi
fi
cat
ionconsi
stsoft
hreecat
egor
ies.

Capabi
l
itycl
asses–Cl
assIt
oCl
assI
Vencompassesl
andsui
tabl
eforcul
ti
vat
ion,
uni
tcl
assV t
oCl
assVI
IIi
ncl
udesl
andunsui
tabl
eforcul
ti
vat
ionbutsui
tabl
efor
per
manentv
eget
ati
on.

Capabi
l
itysubcl
asses:Thesear
ebasedonki
ndsofdomi
nantl
i
mit
ati
onsuchas
wet
nessorexcesswat
er(
w),
cli
mat
e(c)
,soi
l(s)ander
osi
on(
e).

Capabi
l
ityuni
ts:
-Thesear
efur
thersubdi
vi
sionsofcapabi
l
itysubcl
asses.Acapabi
l
ity
i
ncl
udessoi
l
swhi
char
esuf
fi
cient
lyuni
for
mint
hei
rchar
act
eri
sti
cs,pot
ent
ialand
l
i
mit
ati
onsandr
equi
redf
air
lyuni
for
m conser
vat
iont
reat
mentandmanagement
pr
act
ices.

LandSui
tabi
l
ityCl
assi
fi
cat
ion

42
c) Landsui
tabi
l
ityf
ori
rr
igat
ion

Sui
tabi
l
ityCr
it
eri
a-Thecr
it
eri
ausedar
eusual
l
ytheav
ail
abl
eWHC,Ef
fect
ive
r
oot
ingdept
handi
ntakechar
act
eri
sti
csoft
hesoi
l
.TheFAOwor
ker
sdev
elopeda
sy
stem ofsoi
lsui
tabi
l
ityf
ori
rr
igat
ion.The sy
stem i
s based on l
i
mit
ati
ons of
di
ff
erentl
and char
act
eri
sti
cs such as t
ext
ure,dept
h,per
meabi
l
ity
,sal
i
nit
y and
t
opogr
aphy
.Thesoi
luni
tsar
egr
oupedi
ntot
hef
oll
owi
ngsi
ssui
tabi
l
itycl
assesas
under
:

Cl
ass1t
o3:
Arabl
esui
tabl
eforagr
icul
tur
e.

Cl
ass4:
-Rest
ri
ctedar
abl
ewi
thsev
erel
i
mit
ati
onsofsoi
l
.

Cl
ass5:
-Undet
ermi
nedar
abl
e.

Cl
ass6:
Nonar
abl
eunsui
tabl
efori
rr
igat
ion.

LessonPl
an18

Topi
c:Pr
obl
emat
icsoi
l
sunderdi
ff
erentAgr
o-ecosy
stems

Agr
ocl
i
mat
icr
egi
oni
sthel
anduni
tint
ermsofmaj
orcl
i
mat
e,super
imposed
onl
engt
hofgr
owi
ngper
iod(
moi
stur
eav
ail
abi
l
ityper
iod)andanagr
o-ecol
ogi
cal
zonei
sthel
anduni
tcar
vedoutoft
heagr
ocl
i
mat
icr
egi
on,super
imposedont
he
l
andf
orm,
whi
chact
sasamodi
fi
ert
ocl
i
mat
eandl
engt
hofgr
owi
ngper
iod.

The ar
ea est
imat
es oft
he degr
aded and wast
elands i
n di
ff
erentAERs
r
eveal
edt
hatr
egi
on4i
shi
ghl
ydegr
adedwi
thar
eacov
erageof14,
960t
housand
hect
are.Theot
herAERshav
ingappr
eci
abl
yhi
ghar
eacov
eragear
eAER-
2,AER-
5,
AER-
10,
AER-
12andAER-
17.Thought
heAERsar
eaf
fect
edbutt
hel
eastaf
fect
edar
e
AER-
1andAER-
20.

Wat
erer
osi
on(
classes1,
2)hasaf
fect
edal
mostal
lAERsandAERswi
thl
arge
af
fect
edar
easar
e;AER-
4,AER-
66,AER-
5,AER-
12,AER-
14,AER-
7andAER-
8.Least
af
fect
edAERsar
eAER-
20,AER1andAER-
17.
Soi
laci
dit
yhasbeenobser
vedi
na
AERsexceptAER-
1.AER-
2AER-
3andAER-
20.Hi
ghl
yaf
fect
edAERsar
eAER-
17,
AER-
15,
AER-
12andAER-
11.

43
 Sal
i
nit
yaf
fect
ed (
classes7,8,9,10,11,12)agr
o-ecol
ogi
calr
egi
onsar
e
l
ocat
edi
nthesemi
-ar
idandsub-
humi
dcl
i
mat
iczonesoft
hecount
ry.Hi
ghestar
ea
cov
eragewi
thsal
i
nit
yisi
nAER-
2fol
l
owedbyAER-
18anAER-
4.

Sodi
cit
yand sal
i
nit
yar
eobser
ved i
n combi
nat
ion i
n someoft
heAERs.
Not
abl
eamongt
hem ar
eAER-
2,AER-
4,AER-
6andAER-
18.
Agr
ocl
i
mat
iccondi
ti
ons
coupl
edwi
thmanagementpr
act
icesar
ethemai
nreasonsf
ort
hedev
elopmentof
soi
lsodi
cit
y.Hi
ghestsodi
cit
y(cl
asses13,
14,
15,
16,
17)i
sobser
vedIAER-
4fol
l
owed
byAER-
9,AER-
6,AER-
2andi
tisnotpr
obl
em i
nAER-
1,AER-
11,
AER-
12,
AER-
15,
AER-
16,
AER-
17,
AER-
19andaer
-20.

Wi
nder
osi
on(
class-
6)i
spr
edomi
nanti
nAER-
2andhasal
i
ttl
eaf
fect
edar
ea
i
nAER-
4.

44
 Degr
adedandwast el
ands
AERs cl
asses*(
’000ha)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Total
degr
aded
ar
ea

(
’000ha)

1 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19

2 638 123 0 0 0 11,

419 1,
106 6 0 110 60 0 405 1 30 0 0 8 7 13,
913

3 2,
341 76 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 75 47 0 0 0 20 0 2,
560

4 12,
109 1,
024 0 1 0 6 367 7 0 0 0 0 929 423 0 1 11 14 68 14,
960

5 6,
455 983 3 22 0 0 184 2 0 0 0 0 25 15 0 0 5 6 0 7,
700

6 10,
374 257 0 0 0 0 171 6 0 0 0 0 269 175 0 0 1 17 0 11,
270

7 4,
376 465 12 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 79 15 0 0 1 31 0 4,
986

8 4,
412 391 272 151 60 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 287 36 0 17 2 48 5 5,
685

9 3,
122 378 3 3 0 0 2 3 0 0 0 0 368 293 0 2 0 9 89 4,
272

10 6,
934 822 119 308 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 35 20 0 1 0 21 0 8,
288

11 3,
843 514 653 726 159 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 3 0 0 0 16 0 5,
925

12 4,
917 1,
512 469 1,
089 142 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 38 24 8,
193

13 3,
803 48 41 41 0 0 40 9 0 0 0 5 2 24 0 0 0 1 163 4,
177

14 4,
009 1,
025 75 289 222 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 4 61 5,
695

Tabl
e:Ar
eaunderdegr
adedandwast
elandsofI
ndi
aunderdi
ff
erentAERs

45
 15 2,
011 213 647 1,
229 328 0 64 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 242 4,
735

16 576 229 275 651 782 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 2,

523

17 210 992 439 516 5,

330 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 31 7,
519

18 928 48 43 12 3 0 574 4 0 0 0 25 115 6 0 0 0 10 83 1,

851

19 2,
944 187 2,
029 674 76 0 40 1 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 76 6,
062

20 0 0 0 0 0 0 77 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 77

Tot
al 74,
021 9,
287 5,
080 5,
719 7,
130 11,
425 2,
631 39 20 110 60 30 2,
610 1,
058 30 21 20 260 859 120,
410
Not
e:Cl asses* :1.Excl
usiv
elywatererosion( >10tonnes/ ha/y
r);Waterer
osionunderopenf or
est,2.For est
;3.Excl usi
vel
yacidsoil
s( pH
<5.
5) ;4.Acidsoi
lsunderwatererosion;5.Acidsoilsunderopenforest
;6.Exclusi
velywinderosion;7.Exclusi
velysali
nesoil
s;8.Eroded
sal
inesoi l
s;9.Acidsal
inesoil
s;10.Sali
nesoi l
sunderwi nderosi
on;11.Sali
nesoi l
sunderopenf orest;12.
Wat erloggedsal
inesoil
s;13.
Exclusivel
ysodicsoil
s;14.
Erodedsodi csoi l
s;15.Sodicsoil
sunderwi nderosion;16.Sodicsoilsunderopenf orest
;17.Erodedsodic
soi
lsunderopenf orest
;18.
Mining/I ndustri
alwaste;19.Waterl
oggedarea(Permanent)

46