5 The use of 

scientific names eliminates confusion between nationalities

that may have different common names for organisms by assigning them a
universal name that acts as a code. Scientists from one nation can converse
with scientists from another about a specific organism with the aid of the
scientific name, avoiding confusion that may arise from differing common
names.

Autotrophs and Heterotrophs

“Autotrophs are organisms that prepare their own food through the process of
photosynthesis, whereas heterotrophs are organisms that cannot prepare their own food and
depend upon autotrophs for nutrition.”

Autotrophs
Autotrophs are organisms that undergo autotrophic mode of nutrition. These are the organisms that
can prepare their own food from simple substances like carbon dioxide and water. All green plants
are examples of autotrophs. These green plants contain chlorophyll pigment in the plant cell that
helps in the synthesis of their own food by absorbing energy from the sunlight. All autotrophs are
producers and are placed at the primary level in the food web.
Carbohydrates can be converted to fatty acids to produce lipids. Other elements may be added to
synthesize organic compounds such as proteins.  Carbohydrates, proteins and lipids can be used as
energy sources during respiration by both autotrophs and heterotrophs, recycling carbon dioxide so
that it may again be used in photosynthesis.

Heterotrophs
Heterotrophs are organisms which cannot prepare their own food and depend upon producers or
green plants and other animals for their food. This mode of nutrition is known as the heterotrophic
mode of nutrition.
Heterotrophs rely on autotrophs to provide a continuous supply of new organic
molecules. Heterotrophs are considered as consumers in the food web and are placed at a
secondary or tertiary level.
All the non-green plants and animals, inclusive of human beings, are the best examples of
heterotrophs.
The heterotrophs are benefited from photosynthesis in many ways.

 Directly by consuming plants as herbivores

 Indirectly by attacking, killing and consuming other herbivores animals (carnivores) or both
animals and plants (omnivores)
 By using oxygen for the cellular respiration process

Some organisms such as plants make their own food from simple substances. They are called
autotrophs and the mode of nutrition is known autotrophic nutrition. Organisms that depend on
plants or autotrophs for food are called heterotrophs and the mode of nutrition is known as
heterotrophic nutrition.
Herbivores Carnivores Omnivores

Refer to animals that only Refer to animals that only Refer to animals that rely on
rely on plant matter. rely on meat. both meat and plant matter.

Have complex facial Have reduced facial Have reduced facial

muscles. muscles. muscles.

The jaw is above the plane The jaw is on the same The jaw is on the same
of the molars. plane as molars. plane as molars.

They have masseter and

They have temporalis. They have temporalis.
pterygoids.

Mouth to head ratio is Mouth to head ratio is

Mouth to head ratio is large.
small. large.

They have broad, flat, They have short pointed They have short pointed
spade-shaped incisors. incisors. incisors.

They have extremely

They have dulled short or They have sharp, long, and
sharp, long, and curved
long canines. curved canines.
canines.

They have flat molars with They have long, sharp, They have long, sharp, and
cusps. and curved molars. curved molars.

They have a very high They do not chew but may

They do not chew.
chewing capacity. use simple crushing.

It is moderately It is extremely
It is extremely concentrated.
concentrated. concentrated.

It is simple, short, and It is simple short and

It is long and complex.
smooth. smooth.

They have extremely longer

intestines; 10-12 times the It is 3-6 times body length. It is 4-6 times body length.
body length.

They have a simple

Their stomach is simple They have a simple stomach
stomach with one
with multiple chambers. with one chamber.
chamber.
 They can detoxify vitamin They cannot detoxify They cannot detoxify vitamin
A. vitamin A. A.

They have flat nails or They are modified into They are modified into sharp
modified into hooves. sharp claws. claws.

They include; giraffe, goat, They include; lion, tiger, They include; humans,
cow, deer. hyena, and leopard. bears, and dogs.

5. Thereis so much we can be doing to protect these animals and vulnerable

species from extinction, but we must make these changes now.  Our kids
need to see us upgrading our own behavior and taking the issues seriously

1. Don’t kill spiders. Simply remove them and place them outside.

2. Support whale watching. One solution to ending whaling is to support
whale-watching, which is both educational and humane and supports local
communities.
3. Educate yourself. Read books about living with Wildlife.
Wild Neighbors: The Humane Approach to Living with Wildlife
4. Teach respect for animals. We instinctively grasp the natural bond
between children and animals. We fill babies’ cribs with stuffed animals,
put floating rubber ducks in their baths, and enjoy animals as the main
characters in many children’s books. This natural connection, the child-
animal relationship, provides a great opportunity for parents and teachers
to instill the core value of leading a compassionate life.
5. Support the connection. A child’s bond with a companion animal builds
social competency, social sensitivity, interpersonal trust, and empathy —
all necessary qualities to building emotional intelligence and compassion.
6. Educate your children. Provide your children books about caring for
animals.

Difference between Intensive and Extensive properties

INTENSIVE EXTENSIVE
 Independent property Dependent property

Size does not change Size changes

It cannot be computed It can be computed

Can be easily identified Cannot be easily identified

Example: melting point, colour, ductility, conductivity, pressure, Example: length, mass,

boiling point, lustre, freezing point, odour, density, etc weight, volume

In your case, sodium metal, Na, reacts with chlorine gas, Cl2, to form sodium
chloride, NaCl.
You can also say that the reaction given to you is an example of a redox reaction.
20Na(s)+0Cl2(g)→2+1Na−1Cl(s)
The oxidation number of sodium increases from 0 on the reactants' side to +1 on the
products' side, which means that sodium is being oxidized.
On the other hand, the oxidation number of chlorine decreases from 0 on the reactants'
side to −1 on the products' side, which means that chlorine is being reduced.

Decomposition
A decomposition reaction is a type of chemical reaction in which a single compound
breaks down into two or more elements or new compounds. These reactions often
involve an energy source such as heat, light, or electricity that breaks apart the
bonds of compounds.

The friction is introducing an extra force which changes the tensions on each side. As far as
your question about rope stretching goes, if you anchor a rope on one side and pull, the rope
will pull back, creating a tension.
Newton’s third law states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. Let F1
be the force exerted by the body A on body B, F1 is called action. Then force F2 exerted by B
on A is called reaction. According to the third law F1 = – F2Read more on Sarthaks.com -
https://www.sarthaks.com/607077/state-and-explain-newtons-third-law-of-motion-give-
illustrations-for-the-same

A dependent variable is a variable whose variations depend on another variable

—usually the independent variable. An Independent variable is a variable whose
variations do not depend on another variable but the researcher experimenting.
a nucleon can be either a proton or a neutron, Its role is considered as a
component of an atomic nucleus. The number of nucleons in a nucleus describes
the mass number of an isotope. 
Isotopes are two or more types of atoms that have the same atomic number (number of protons in
their nuclei) and position in the periodic table (and hence belong to the same chemical element), and
that differ in nucleon numbers (mass numbers) due to different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei.
While all isotopes of a given element have almost the same chemical properties, they have different
atomic masses and physical properties.

Half-life (symbol t1⁄2) is the time required for a quantity to reduce to half of its initial value.

scintillation detectors, and semiconductor detectors