RAC - Week 2

CCSS, NGSS
Refrigeration &
Air-Conditioning
(ME-319)
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (ME-331) Dr. Haider Ali

Refrigeration Cycles
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (ME-331) Dr. Haider Ali 2

Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
❖ Refrigeration is defined as the process of extracting heat from a

lower-temperature heat source, substance, or cooling medium and
transferring it to a higher-temperature heat sink.
❖ Refrigeration systems are also used extensively for providing thermal
comfort to human beings by means of air conditioning.
❖ Air Conditioning refers to the treatment of air so as to simultaneously
control its temperature, moisture content, cleanliness, odour and
circulation, as required by occupants, a process, or products in the
space.
❖ A refrigeration system is a combination of components and equipment
connected in a sequential order to produce the refrigeration effect.
Refrigerator Air-Conditioner

Rating Refrigeration Equipment
❖ The cooling capacity of a refrigeration system—that is, the rate of heat removal from
the refrigerated space—is often expressed in terms of tons of refrigeration.
❖ The capacity of a refrigeration system that can freeze 1 ton (2000 𝑙𝑏𝑚) of liquid water
at 0℃ (32℉) into ice at 0℃ in 24h is said to be 1 ton.
One ton of refrigeration is the amount of heat required to melt 1 ton of ice in a 24-hour
period.

Rating Refrigeration Equipment
Energy required to melt 1𝑙𝑏 of ice = 144𝐵𝑇𝑈
Energy required to melt 2000𝑙𝑏 of ice= (2000 ∗ 144)𝐵𝑇𝑈 = 288000𝐵𝑇𝑈
1 ton of refrigeration (TR):

Energy required to melt 2000𝑙𝑏 of ice in 24hr= 288000/24 𝐵𝑇𝑈/ℎ
1 TR= 12000 BTU/h or 200 BTU/min 1 ton of refrigeration (in SI
Units): (1𝐵𝑇𝑈 = 1.055𝑘𝐽)
𝟏𝐓𝐑 = 𝟐𝟏𝟏𝐤𝐉/𝐦𝐢𝐧 = 𝟑. 𝟓𝟏𝟔𝟕𝐤𝐖

Refrigerators and Heat Pumps
Coefficient of Performance
Desired Output 𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑄𝐿
𝐶𝑂𝑃𝑅 = = =
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑖𝑛
Desired Output 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑄𝐻
𝐶𝑂𝑃𝐻𝑃 = = =
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑖𝑛
𝑄𝐿 ∴ 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑖𝑛 = 𝑄𝐻 − 𝑄𝐿
𝐶𝑂𝑃𝑅 + 1 = +1
𝑄𝐻 − 𝑄𝐿
𝑄𝐿 + 𝑄𝐻 − 𝑄𝐿
𝐶𝑂𝑃𝑅 + 1 =
Heat Pumps Refrigerators
𝑄𝐻
The objective of a refrigerator is to remove heat (𝑄𝐿 ) from 𝐶𝑂𝑃𝑅 + 1 =
the cold medium; the objective of a heat pump is to supply
heat (𝑄𝐻 ) to a warm medium 𝐶𝑂𝑃𝑅 + 1 = 𝐶𝑂𝑃𝐻𝑃
Reversed Carnot Cycle
Reversible Isothermal Heat Addition (process 1-2, TL = constant)

Reversible Isentropic Compression (process 2-3, temperature rises from TL to TH)
Reversible Isothermal Heat rejection (process 3-4, TH = constant)
Reversible Isentropic Expansion (process 4-1, temperature drops from TH to TL)
𝑇𝐿 𝑇𝐻
𝐶𝑂𝑃𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑡,𝑅 = 𝐶𝑂𝑃𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑡,𝐻𝑃 =
𝑇𝐻 − 𝑇𝐿 𝑇𝐻 − 𝑇𝐿
Carnot
Refrigerator

Reversed Carnot Cycle
Isothermal Processes heat
transfer processes are not
Process 1-2 Possible to be
difficult to achieve since
and Process achieved
maintaining a constant
3-4 practically
pressure automatically fixes
the temperature.
Cannot be Requires compression of a
approximated liquid-vapor mixture, which
Process 2-3
closely in requires a compressor that
practice will handle two phases.
Cannot be
approximated Requires expansion of high-
Carnot Process 4-1
Refrigerator
closely in moisture content in turbine.
practice
Ideal and Actual Vapor-Compression
Refrigeration Cycles

Ideal Vapor-Compression
Fluids Refrigeration
Properties for Analysis of Fluids Cycle
Behavior
Removed the impracticalities of reversed Carnot cycle
❖ Complete vaporization of the refrigerant before compression
❖ Replacing the turbine with a throttling device such as an
expansion valve or capillary tube
• Isentropic compression in a compressor (process 1-2)

• sat. vapor to superheated vapor
• Constant-pressure heat rejection in a condenser (process 2-3)
• superheated vapor to sat. liquid
• Throttling (irreversible) in an expansion device (process 3-4)
• sat. liquid to sat. mixture
Ideal Vapor-Compression • Constant-pressure heat absorption in an evaporator(process 4-1)
Refrigeration Cycle • sat. mixture to sat. vapor
Behavior
Household Refrigerator (example)
(Heat Absorbed From

Refrigerated Space)
Replacing the expansion
valve by a turbine is not
practical, also the added
benefits cannot justify
the added cost and
complexity.
(Heat Rejection
to Environment)
On T-s Diagram:
• The area under the process curve 4-1 represents heat
absorbed by refrigerant in the evaporator.
• The area under the process curve 2-3 represents heat
rejected by refrigerant in the condenser.
Behavior
Coefficient of Performance
𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑞𝐿 ℎ1 − ℎ4
𝐶𝑂𝑃𝑅 = = =
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑖𝑛 ℎ2 − ℎ1
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑞𝐻 ℎ2 − ℎ3
𝐶𝑂𝑃𝐻𝑃 = = =
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑖𝑛 ℎ2 − ℎ1
𝑃 − ℎ diagram of an ideal vapor-

compression refrigeration cycle

Problem #1
An ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle

that uses refrigerant-134a as its working fluid
maintains a condenser at 800 kPa and the
evaporator at -12°C. Determine this system’s
COP and the amount of power required to service
a 150 kW cooling load.

Problem #1
Solution
Required
(a)COP COP
(b)Work Input Win
Formula
Win = m ( h2 − h1 )
QL
COP =
Win
Solution
T = −12C  h1 = hvapor @ −12C = 391.46 kJ / kg
State-1 1
 s =s 𝑃
Sat.Vapor  1 vapor @ −12C = 1.7348 kJ / kgK
State-2
P s h
P2 = 800 kPa  1.7144 415.58
 h2 = 421.87 kJ / kg
s2 = s1  800 kPa 1.7348 421.87
1.7437 424.61
Problem #1
Solution
State-3 State-4
P3 = 800 kPa  h4 = h3 = 243.58 kJ / kg
 h3 = 243.58 kJ / kg
Sat. Liquid 
Energy Balance – Evaporator

QL 150
QL = m ( h1 − h4 ) m= m= = 1.014 kg / s
( h1 − h4 ) ( 391.46 − 243.58)
Part (a)
Win = m ( h2 − h1 ) Win = (1.014 )( 421.87 − 391.46 )

Win = 30.84 kW
Part (b)
QL 150
COP = COP = = 4.86
Win 30.84

Problem #2
A plant using R134a evaporates at 0℃ and condenses at 35℃.

The refrigeration capacity of the plant is 352 kW and it operates
on the ideal vapor compression cycle.
Determine the following:
a) the dryness fraction at entry to the evaporator,
b) the refrigeration effect (in kJ/kg)
c) the mass flow rate of refrigerant,
d) the volumetric flow rate at the suction state,
e) the compressor power,
f) the rate of heat rejection at the condenser, and
g) COP of the plant and its refrigerating efficiency.
Problem #2
Solution
Condenser and evaporator operated at constant pressures 𝑃1 = 𝑃4 ; 𝑃2 = 𝑃3

Point 1: 𝑇1 = 0°𝐶; Saturated Vapor=> ℎ1 = 398.60 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑠1 = 1.7271 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 𝑃
Point 2: 𝑠2 = 𝑠1 ; 𝑇2 = 35°𝐶; Superheated State
0.86263+0.91185
=> 𝑃2 = = 0.88724 𝑀𝑃𝑎
2
P = 1.000 MPa
P = 0.800 MPa

Problem #2
Solution
P = 1.000 MPa P = 0.800 MPa
s h s h
1.7139 419.99 1.7144 415.58
𝑃
1.7271 424.19 1.7271 419.49
1.7482 430.91 1.7437 424.61
P s h
1.000 1.7271 424.19
0.88724 1.7271 421.54
0.800 1.7271 419.49
ℎ2 = 421.54 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
Problem #2
Solution
Point 3: 𝑇3 = 35°𝐶; Saturated Liquid=> ℎ3 = 249.01 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
Point 4: ℎ4 = ℎ3 ; ℎ4 = 249.01 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

Part (a) - the dryness fraction at entry to the evaporator
ℎ = ℎ𝑓 + 𝑥ℎ𝑓𝑔
ℎ = ℎ4 , ℎ𝑓 = 200𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔; ℎ𝑓𝑔 = (398.6 − 200)𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑥 =0.252
Part (b) the refrigeration effect (in kJ/kg)
𝑅𝑒𝑓. 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 = ℎ1 − ℎ4 = 398.6 − 249.01
= 149.59
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (ME-331)
kJ/kg
Dr. Haider Ali 20
Problem #2
Solution
Part (c) - the mass flow rate of refrigerant
𝑄𝐿 = 𝑚(ℎ1 − ℎ4 )
𝑚 = 2.353 kg/s
Part (d) - the volumetric flow rate at the suction state
𝑉𝑠 = 𝑚𝑣1 = (2.353)(0.06931)
3
𝑉𝑠 = 0.163.1 m /s
Part (e) - the compressor power
𝑊 = 𝑚(ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) = (2.353)(421.54 – 398.6)
𝑊 = 54 kW
Part (f) - the rate of heat rejection at the condenser
𝑄𝐻 = 𝑚(ℎ3 − ℎ2 ) = (2.353)(421.54 – 249.01)
𝑄𝐻 = 406 kW
Problem #2
Solution
Part (g) - COP of the plant and its refrigerating efficiency
𝑄𝐿 352
𝐶𝑂𝑃 = = = 6.52
𝑊 54
𝑇𝐿 273
𝐶𝑂𝑃𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑡 = = = 7.80
𝑇𝐻 −𝑇𝐿 308−273
Refrigerating Efficiency = COP / COPCarnot
Refrigerating Efficiency = 83.6%

Actual
Fluids Vapor-Compression Refrigeration
Properties for Analysis Cycle
of Fluids Behavior
Two Common Sources of Irreversibilities in various components of actual cycle
❖ Fluid Friction (causing pressure drop)
❖ Heat Transfer to and from the Surroundings Actual Compression with friction
Pressure drop and heat transfer in the line connecting the effects and heat transfer, case
compressor and condenser where combined effect decrease
o Pressure drop in the condenser the entropy
o Subcooled liquid as saturated liquid
condition can’t be controlled so Actual Compression with friction
precisely. effects and heat transfer, case
where combined effect increase
Pressure drop and heat transfer in the the entropy
line connecting the condenser and
throttling valve
Pressure drop and heat transfer
Pressure drop and heat transfer in the in the line connecting the
line connecting the throttling valve and evaporator and compressor
evaporator
o Pressure drop in the evaporator
o Slight Superheating as saturated vapor condition can’t be 23
controlled so precisely.
Actual
of Fluids Behavior
Two Common Sources of Irreversibilities in various components of actual cycle
❖ Fluid Friction (causing pressure drop)
❖ Heat Transfer to and from the Surroundings
This would result in decrease of COP when compared with ideal cycle
Difference Between Ideal and

Actual Vapor Compression Cycle
o Non-isentropic compression
o Superheated vapor at
evaporator exit
o Sub-cooled liquid at
condenser exit
o Pressure drops in condenser,
evaporator and connecting
lines.
o Heat Transfer in connecting
Actual Vapor-Compression lines and compressor
Refrigeration Cycle

Actual
of Fluids Behavior
Liquid-to-Suction Heat Exchanger
❖ Some Refrigeration Systems use a liquid-to-suction heat
exchanger, which subcools the liquid from the condenser
with suction vapor coming from the evaporator.
❖ Even though the refrigerating effect is increased, the

compression is pushed farther out into the superheat
region and the work of compression is also increased
because of higher specific volume at inlet of compressor.
The potential improvements in performance is thus
counterbalanced and probably has negligible
thermodynamic advantage.
❖ Heat exchanger however ensure the required degree of

sub-cooling and superheating, therefore no liquid enters
into the compressor and it also prevents any bubbles of
vapor to enter in expansion valve.
Actual
of Fluids Behavior
Factors Effecting Performance of Vapor Compression Cycle
Effect of sub-cooling of refrigerant at condenser exit
❖ By passing the liquid refrigerant from condenser through a heat
exchanger. This process subcools the liquid but superheats the
vapor. Thus, COP is not improved though refrigeration effect is
increased.
❖ By making use of enough quantity of cooling water so that the

liquid refrigerant is further cooled below the temperature of
saturation. In some cases, a separate sub-cooler is also used of for
this purpose. In this case, COP is improved as (ℎ𝐵 − ℎ𝐴′ ) >
(ℎ𝐵 − ℎ𝐴 ) .
Sub-cooling and superheating of refrigerant
Effect of superheating of refrigerant at exit of evaporator
❖ The refrigerating effect is increased as (ℎ𝐵′′ − ℎ𝐴 ) > (ℎ𝐵 − ℎ𝐴 ) .
However, COP may increase, decrease or remain unchanged
depending upon the range of pressure of the cycle.

Actual
of Fluids Behavior
Effect of Change in Suction Pressure (𝑃𝑠 )
❖ Let the suction pressure or the evaporating pressure in a simple
refrigeration cycle be reduced from 𝑃𝑆 to 𝑃′𝑠 .
Refrigerating Effect reduced to: (ℎ𝐵′ − ℎ𝐴′ ) < (ℎ𝐵 − ℎ𝐴 )

Work of Compression increased to: ℎ𝐶 ′ − ℎ𝐵′ > (ℎ𝐶 − ℎ𝐵 )
Both the effects tend to decrease the COP.
Effect of Change in Discharge Pressure (𝑃𝑑 )

❖ Let the discharge pressure or the condensation pressure in a simple Effect of change in evaporator and
refrigeration cycle is increased from 𝑃𝑑 to 𝑃′𝑑 . condenser pressure
Refrigerating Effect reduced to: (ℎ𝐵 − ℎ𝐴′′ ) < (ℎ𝐵 − ℎ𝐴 )

Work of Compression increased to: ℎ𝐶 ′′ − ℎ𝐵 > (ℎ𝐶 − ℎ𝐵 )
Both the effects tend to decrease the COP.

Actual
of Fluids Behavior
Effect of Evaporator (𝑇𝑒 ) and Condenser (𝑇𝑐 ) Temperature
❖ For a given condenser temperature 𝑇𝑐 the COP increases rapidly with evaporator temperature (𝑇𝑒 ), particularly at
low condensing temperatures.
❖ For a given evaporator temperature, the COP decreases as condenser temperature increases. However, the effect of
condenser temperature becomes marginal at low evaporator temperatures.
𝑇𝑐
𝑇𝑒

Problem # 3
An ideal vapor-compression refrigeration

cycle that uses refrigerant-134a as its
working fluid maintains a condenser at 800
kPa and the evaporator at -10.07°C.
a) Determine the system’s COP and the
refrigeration effect (in kJ/kg).
b) A liquid-vapor regenerative heat
exchanger is installed in the system, with
suction vapor superheated by 20.07°C.
Determine this system’s COP and the
refrigeration effect (in kJ/kg).
Problem # 3
Solution Part (a)
Required
(a)COP
(b)Refrigeration Effect
Formula
win = ( h2 − h1 )
qL
COP =
win qL = ( h1 − h4 )
Solution
T = −10.07C  h1 = hvapor @ −10.07C = 392.71 kJ / kg
State-1 1
s =s 𝑃
vapor @ −10.07 C = 1.7337 kJ / kgK
Sat.Vapor  1
State-2
s P h
P2 = 800 kPa  1.7144 415.58
 2
h = 421.52 kJ / kg
s2 = s1  800 kPa 1.7337 421.52
1.7437 424.61
Problem # 3
Solution
State-3 State-4
P3 = 800 kPa  h4 = h3 = 243.58 kJ / kg
 h3 = 243.58 kJ / kg
Sat. Liquid 
w = ( h2 − h1 ) = 28.81 kJ / kg
Refrigeration Effect
qL = ( h1 − h4 ) = 149.13 kJ / kg
COP
149.13
COP = = 5.176
28.81

Problem # 3
Part (b)
Solution
Required
(a)COP
(b)Refrigeration Effect
Formula
win = ( h2 − h1 )
qL
COP =
win qL = ( h6 − h5 )
Solution
State-1
P1 = Psat @ −10.07C 
 h1 = 409.73 kJ / kg & s1 = 1.7961 kJ / kgK
Superheated by 20.07C 

Problem # 3
Solution P s h
State-2 1.7758 434.85
P2 = 800 kPa 800 kPa 1.7961 441.50
s2 = s1 = 1.7961 kJ / kgK 1.8067 444.98
State-3 P3 = 800 kPa 
 h3 = 243.58 kJ / kg
Sat. Liquid 
State-6 T6 = −10.07C  h = h = 392.71 kJ / kg
 6 vapor @ −10.07 C
Sat.Vapor 
State-4
Energy balance across HX
h3 − h4 = h1 − h6
h4 = 226.56 kJ / kg
Problem # 3
Solution
w = ( h2 − h1 ) = 31.77 kJ / kg
Refrigeration Effect
qL = ( h6 − h5 ) = 166.15 kJ / kg
COP
166.15
COP = = 5.23
31.77

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CCSS, NGSS

Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (ME-331) Dr. Haider Ali

Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (ME-331) Dr. Haider Ali 2

❖ Refrigeration is defined as the process of extracting heat from a

Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (ME-331) Dr. Haider Ali

Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (ME-331) Dr. Haider Ali 5

1 ton of refrigeration (TR):

Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (ME-331) Dr. Haider Ali 6

Reversible Isothermal Heat Addition (process 1-2, TL = constant)

Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (ME-331) Dr. Haider Ali 8

Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (ME-331) Dr. Haider Ali 10

• Isentropic compression in a compressor (process 1-2)

(Heat Absorbed From

𝑃 − ℎ diagram of an ideal vapor-

Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (ME-331) Dr. Haider Ali 13

An ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle

Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (ME-331) Dr. Haider Ali

Energy Balance – Evaporator

Win = m ( h2 − h1 ) Win = (1.014 )( 421.87 − 391.46 )

Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (ME-331) Dr. Haider Ali

A plant using R134a evaporates at 0℃ and condenses at 35℃.

Condenser and evaporator operated at constant pressures 𝑃1 = 𝑃4 ; 𝑃2 = 𝑃3

Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (ME-331) Dr. Haider Ali 18

Point 3: 𝑇3 = 35°𝐶; Saturated Liquid=> ℎ3 = 249.01 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

Point 4: ℎ4 = ℎ3 ; ℎ4 = 249.01 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

Refrigerating Efficiency = COP / COPCarnot

Refrigerating Efficiency = 83.6%

Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (ME-331) Dr. Haider Ali

Difference Between Ideal and

Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (ME-331) Dr. Haider Ali 24

❖ Even though the refrigerating effect is increased, the

❖ Heat exchanger however ensure the required degree of

❖ By making use of enough quantity of cooling water so that the

Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (ME-331) Dr. Haider Ali 26

Refrigerating Effect reduced to: (ℎ𝐵′ − ℎ𝐴′ ) < (ℎ𝐵 − ℎ𝐴 )

Both the effects tend to decrease the COP.

Effect of Change in Discharge Pressure (𝑃𝑑 )

Refrigerating Effect reduced to: (ℎ𝐵 − ℎ𝐴′′ ) < (ℎ𝐵 − ℎ𝐴 )

Both the effects tend to decrease the COP.

Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (ME-331) Dr. Haider Ali 28

An ideal vapor-compression refrigeration

Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (ME-331) Dr. Haider Ali 31

Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (ME-331) Dr. Haider Ali 32

Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (ME-331) Dr. Haider Ali 34

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