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Harvard Referencing Guide: Academic Services University For The Creative Arts
Harvard Referencing Guide: Academic Services University For The Creative Arts
REFERENCING
GUIDE
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WHAT IS HARVARD REFERENCING?
Harvard referencing is the method by which you acknowledge using someone else’s writing, work, or
ideas in your own academic writing while studying at UCA. The Harvard system consists of two main
components:
• Citations. Citations are used in the body of your writing to show when you have referred to
someone else’s writing, work or ideas. They usually consist of the author’s surname, year of
publication, and page number (where applicable) and are contained within brackets. Each of your
citations should link to a corresponding entry in your bibliography.
• Bibliography. A bibliography is a list of all the sources that you used or consulted to complete
your assignment. The bibliography should be arranged in alphabetical order and contains more
detail on your sources, including how you accessed them.
If you use images you will also need to reference them separately using captions and a list of illustrations.
You can find out how to reference images later in this guide.
WHY REFERENCE?
Making sure that you accurately cite and reference the writing, work and/or ideas produced by somebody
else is an essential part of academic writing. Here are some reasons why it is so important:
• Avoid plagiarism. Using citations and referencing accurately will help you avoid accusations of
plagiarism because it gives you a means to fully acknowledge your sources.
• Support your argument or claim. Referencing other authors in your work demonstrates that
your argument is based on existing knowledge and helps demonstrate that you have carried out
appropriate research.
• Demonstrate your honesty & integrity. As a student at UCA you are expected to comply
with student regulations and, as a future creative professional, referencing accurately is a way to
demonstrate your professionalism, honesty and integrity.
• Demonstrate the breadth of your research. Your referencing allows you to show what
research you have done while completing your assignment.
• Source checking. Your lecturers will be interested to see what kind of sources you have used,
and your referencing allows other people to do this too; this is all part of good academic practice.
What is plagiarism?
Plagiarism is deliberately or accidentally presenting someone else’s writing, work or ideas as if they are
your own. It is also possible to self-plagiarise by submitting an assignment that you have previously
submitted at UCA or at another institution. Plagiarism is a very serious offence that can lead to you
having to re-submit your work, receiving a zero grade, and, in some situations, being expelled from the
university. Making sure that your Harvard referencing is accurate is the way to avoid accusations of
plagiarism.
If you’d like more information on UCA’s Academic Misconduct Regulations and other policies and
procedures, please follow this link:
https://www.uca.ac.uk/quality-assurance-enhancement/university-regulations-policies-and-procedures/
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CITATIONS
What is a citation?
A citation is used in the body of your writing to indicate when you have referred to someone else’s
writing, work or ideas. Your citations provide some basic information about the sources you used but are
intended to link to your bibliography, which contains more detailed information about your sources and
how you accessed them.
(Butler, 2006:8)
You should use citations to acknowledge your sources when using direct quotations and when
paraphrasing. The rest of this section will address some of the common questions raised on writing
citations. If you are placing your citation at the end of a sentence then the full-stop should be placed after
the final bracket of your citation, not within the citation.
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If a quote is too long for your needs you can use a partial quotation instead by removing irrelevant
portions of text and replacing the missing parts with three full stops, like in these examples:
“The function of the culture industry is…to organize leisure time in the same way as capitalist
industrialization has organised work time. Work under capitalism stunts the senses; the function of the
culture industry is to continue the process” (Storey, 2017:11)
“On the contrary we can only understand an effective and dominant culture if we understand the real
social process on which it depends…educational institutions are usually the main agencies of the
transmission of an effective dominant culture” (Williams, 2005:38-39)
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Citing multiple works by an author with the same
publication date
If you have used multiple works by the same author(s) but published in the same year it can be difficult to
differentiate them since the Harvard system relies on surname and year of publication. You can get
around this by adding an alphabetical letter at the end of the year of publication, starting with a:
(Trafford, 2019a)
(Trafford, 2019b:38)
If you’re using a company name rather than a personal name this rule still applies:
(Mintel, 2019a)
(Mintel, 2019b)
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Citing with a company name
It is better to use the name of a person, where possible, but there are sometimes cases where you can
use a company name instead. For example, you may need to do this if using published reports by a
company, charity or other organisation when they have not listed a named author, or if you use an article
from a website and there is no personal author indicated. Here are some examples:
(Deloitte, 2019:34) (Rolling Stone, 2019:5)
(Kering, 2019) (Refuge, 2018:1)
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Citing multiple authors within a single citation
You can refer to multiple authors within the same citation if paraphrasing, this is typically done as part of
a literature review. You simply include your citations in the standard format but separate them using a
semi-colon. They should all be included with a single set of round brackets, like in this example:
Our notions of gender are culturally constructed (West and Zimmerman, 1987:126; Butler, 2006:8)
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BIBLIOGRAPHIES
What is a bibliography?
A bibliography is a list of all the sources referred to or consulted in order to complete your assignment.
Your bibliography must be:
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Writing references: the most popular sources
Books (Print)
Information Required Examples
Name of the author(s) Dyer, R. (2004) Heavenly bodies: film stars and society. (2nd ed.) London:
Year of publication Routledge.
Title of book
Edition (if applicable) Olusoga, D. (2016) Black and British: a forgotten history. London: Pan
Place of publication Books.
Name of publisher
Posner, H. (2015) Marketing fashion: strategy, branding and promotion.
(2nd ed.) London: Laurence King.
Notes
Author(s) Name – Enter the surname first, followed by initials. Initials should always have a full stop after them.
For multiple authors, follow the same format but separate them with a coma, like this: Jones, A., Bloggs, J..
Edition – The edition should be placed in round brackets. Only include major numbered editions.
Place of publication – This should be the town or city where the publisher is based. If multiple cities are listed
then choose the most local one, for example some publishers have offices in London, New York and Paris, but
you should choose London unless you purchased your copy in another country. If the town or city duplicates one
known in the UK, for example, Cambridge, Massachusetts in the United States of America, then it is fine to
include the state abbreviation and country, if necessary, like this: Cambridge, MA, USA. If no location is indicated,
use s.l. instead.
Books (eBooks/online)
Information Required Examples
Name of the author(s) Entwistle, J. (2015) The fashioned body. (2nd ed.) London: Polity Press. At:
Year of publication https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/ucreative-
Title of book ebooks/detail.action?docID=1983497 (Accessed 24/08/2020).
Edition (if applicable)
Place of publication Hoskins, S. (2018) 3D printing for artists, designers and makers. London:
Name of publisher Bloomsbury Visual Arts. At: https://ucreative.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https
Web Address (URL) ://doi.org/ 10.5040/9781474248730?locatt=label :secondary_
Date accessed bloomsburyCollections (Accessed 24/08/2020).
Notes
Edition – The edition should be placed in round brackets. Only include major numbered editions.
Date Accessed – This date should indicate when you were last able to access your source.
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Book Chapter
Information Required Examples
Name of the chapter author(s) Tynan, J. (2006) ‘Michel Foucault: fashioning the body politic’ In:
Year of publication Rocamora, A. and Smelik, A. (eds.) Thinking through fashion: a guide to
Title of chapter key theorists. London: I.B. Tauris. pp.184-199.
Name of the editor
Title of book Hall, S. (2018) ‘The whites of their eyes: racist ideologies and the media’
Edition (if applicable) In: Dines, G. et al. (eds.) Gender, race and class in media. (5th ed.) London:
Place of publication Sage. pp.90-92.
Name of publisher
Page range of chapter
Notes
Author(s) – Use the author(s) of the chapter rather than the editors of the overall book. Put the surname first,
followed by the initials.
Year of publication – This is usually the year of publication of the overall book.
Edition – Only include major numbered editions, if applicable.
Place of publication – See entry for books.
Page range – You must include the page range of the chapter. That is the page number that the chapter starts
on, and the page number that it ends on, separated by a hyphen.
Notes
Title of article – The title of your article must be placed in single speech marks (‘ ’).
Volume and Issue numbers – You can write these in shorthand form, for example Volume 23 Issue 4 can be
written as 23 (4).
Title of journal – The title of journal should be italicised.
Page range – You must include the page range of the article. That is the page number the article starts on and
the page number ends on, separated by a hyphen.
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Journal Article (Online)
Information Required Examples
Name of article author(s) Nolen, S. B. et al. (2015) ‘Situating motivation’ In: Educational Psychologist
Year of publication 50 (3) pp.234-247. At:
Title of article http://search.ebscohost.com.ucreative.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=tru
Title of journal e&db=ehh&AN=110025837&site=ehost-live (Accessed 24/08/2020).
Volume number
Issue number Barton, G. and Hosea, B. (2017) ‘Animation as mindful practice’ In:
Page range of article Animation Practice, Process & Production 6 (1) pp.149-171. At: https://doi-
Web address (URL / DOI) org.ucreative.idm.oclc.org/10.1386/ap3.6.1.149_1 (Accessed
Date accessed 24/08/2020).
Title of article – The title of your article must be placed in single speech marks (‘ ’).
Volume and Issue numbers – You can write these in shorthand form, for example Volume 23 Issue 4 can be
written as 23 (4).
Title of journal – The title of journal should be italicised.
Page range – You must include the page range of the article. That is the page number the article starts on and
the page number ends on, separated by a hyphen.
Web address (URL / DOI) – This should be the direct web address (URL) to the journal article, do not use a link to
the journal landing page or contents page. If your journal article contains a DOI then you have the option of
including that instead.
Date Accessed – This date should indicate when you were last able to access your source.
Notes
Title of article – The title of your article must be placed in single speech marks (‘ ’).
Title of newspaper– The title of journal should be italicised.
Date of publication – This should be the exact date the newspaper was printed.
Page number / page range – You must include the page number or page range of the article. The page range is
the page number the article starts on and the page number ends on, separated by a hyphen.
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Newspaper and magazine articles (Online)
Information Required Examples
Name of article author(s) Hirsch, A. (2019) ‘We have to avoid integration becoming another form of
Year of publication racism’ In: The Guardian 13/09/2019. At:
Title of article https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/sep/13/integration-
Title of newspaper racism-assimilation-britain-heritage (Accessed 24/08/2020).
Web address (URL)
Date accessed Mahtani, S., Liang, T. (2019) ‘Under Hong Kong’s streets, the subway
becomes a battleground for protesters and police’ In: The Washington
Post 12/09/2019. At:
https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/under-hong-kongs-
streets-the-subway-becomes-a-battleground-for-protesters-and-
police/2019/09/11/a29eac2a-d0c7-11e9-a620-0a91656d7db6_story.html
(Accessed 24/08/2020).
Notes
Title of article – The title of your article must be placed in single speech marks (‘ ’).
Title of newspaper – The title of journal should be italicised.
Web address (URL) – This should be direct link to the article that you used.
Websites
Information Required Examples
Name of page author(s) Seymour, T. (2019) After the fall: documenting the end of the caliphate. At:
Year of publication https://www.bjp-online.com/2019/08/ivor-prickett/ (Accessed
Title of page 24/08/2020).
Web address (URL)
Date accessed Merriam Webster (2020) Definition of Inequality. At:
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/inequality (Accessed
24/08/2020).
Notes
This referencing format can be used for social media sources such as blogs, Twitter, and Instagram as well as
reports published by Mintel, Deloitte and LS:N Global. It can also be used for online dictionary entries, please see
the example above.
Author – Use a named author wherever possible. If no named author is indicated, use the company name or
website name instead. The company name should be written with correct grammar, for example, the website
www.christiandior.com would be written as Christian Dior.
Title of the page – This should be the heading of the page, indicating what it contains. If the webpage you are
using is a sub-section of a larger section, use a colon ( : ) to express it as a subtitle.
Year of publication – If no date of publication is indicated and the information seems current then use the year
accessed. If the information seems dated and there is no date indicated, use s.d. instead.
Date accessed - The date accessed should indicate when you were last able to access your source online.
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Writing references: other sources
Acts of Parliament
Information Required Examples
Name of the Act The Data Protection Act (2018) Elizabeth II. Ch. 2. At:
Year of publication http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2018/12/contents (Accessed
Name of reigning monarch 24/08/2020).
Chapter
Web address (URL) The Equality Act (2010) Elizabeth II. Ch. 5. At:
Date accessed http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/15/contents (Accessed
24/08/2020).
Notes
Archive material
Information Required Examples
Author / creator’s name Wilding Davison, E. (1912) Writing relating to imprisonment (Prison diary).
Year of publication / creation [pencil manuscript and carbon-copy typescript] Papers of Emily Wilding
Title of item Davison 7EWD. London School of Economics: Women’s library.
Medium
Archive name and number Godfrey, B. (c1970) Roobarb dressed as ‘Ziggy Starburst’ and holding a
Location of archive guitar. [Pencil drawing] University for the Creative Arts: Bob Godfrey
Name of library / archive Archive.
Notes
Medium – The kind of item you are referring to, in general terms, e.g. manuscript, drawing, letter, artefact.
Artwork in exhibitions
Information Required Examples
Artist or photographers name Blake, W. (1827) ‘Europe’ Plate i: Frontispiece, ‘The Ancient of Days’.
Year of creation [Relief etching with ink and watercolour on paper] London: Tate Britain.
Title of work 11/09/2019 – 02/02/2020.
Medium
Location of exhibition Van Gogh, V. (1888) Sunflowers. [Oil on canvas] London: National Gallery.
Name of gallery or museum
Date of Exhibition (If applicable) Calder, A. (c1930) Mobile. [Metal, wood, wire and string] London: Tate
Modern.
Notes
Date of Exhibition – If the artwork is being displayed in a temporary exhibition include the dates the exhibition
was on display.
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Conference Proceedings
Information Required Examples
Author’s name Ampanavos, S. and Markaki, M. (2014) ‘Digital cities: towards a new
Year of publication identity of public space’ In: Cairns, G. (ed.) The MeDiated City Conference
Title of paper Proceedings. Ravensbourne University, London. 01-03/04/2014. London:
Editors (if applicable) Architecture, Media, Politics Society. At: http://architecturemps.com/wp-
Conference title / document title content/uploads/2016/08/Architecture-MPS-1-Mediated-City-1-1.pdf
Date of conference (Accessed 24/08/2020).
Place of publication
Name of publisher Higgins, L. (2019) ‘The marketplace and I: a disability arts methodology’ In:
Web Address (URL) (If applicable) Egan, J. (eds.) 52nd Annual Academy of Marketing Conference Proceedings.
Regent’s University, London. 02-04/07/2019. London: Academy of
Date accessed (if applicable)
Marketing. At: https://issuu.com/regentscollege/docs/academy_of_
marketing_conference_pro (Accessed 24/08/2020).
Notes
Conference title / document title – This field can be the name of the conference or the name of the proceedings
as published. It should be placed in italics.
Web address and date accessed – These are only required if you accessed the proceedings online. The date
accessed should indicate when you were last able to access your source online.
Emails
Information Required Examples
Author’s name Badger, I. (2019) Re: Harvard Referencing Guide. [Email sent to Parfitt, M.
Year the e-mail was sent 12/07/2019].
Subject of email
Medium Fitzwater, L. (2019) Re: Akala’s new book, Natives. [Email sent to Parfitt,
Date the e-mail was sent M. 20/03/2019].
Exhibition (Visited)
Information Required Examples
Name of artist / designer Blake, W. (2019) William Blake. [Exhibition] London: Tate Britain.
Year of exhibition or visit 11/09/2019 – 02/02/2020.
Title of exhibition
Place of exhibition V&A (2019) Videogames: Design/Play/Disrupt. [Exhibition] London: V&A.
Name of gallery / museum 08/09/2018 – 24/02/2019.
Date of exhibition (if applicable)
Notes
Name of artist / designer - If the exhibition was not dedicated to a single artist place the name of the gallery or
museum first (see 2nd example above).
Date of Exhibition – If the artwork is being displayed in a temporary exhibition include the dates the exhibition
was on display.
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Film (Physical format)
Information Required Examples
Title of film Selma (2014) Directed by DuVernay, A. [DVD] London: Pathe.
Year of publication / release
Name of Director Stalker (2002) Directed by Tarkovsky, A. [DVD] London: Artificial Eye.
Format
Location of studio Thor: Ragnarok (2017) Directed by Waititi, T. [Bluray] London: Marvel
Name of Studio / Production Studios.
Company
Notes
Film (Online)
Information Required Examples
Title of film Ex Machina (2014) Directed by Garland, A. [Netflix] At:
Year of publication / release https://www.netflix.com/watch/80023689 (Accessed 24/08/2020).
Name of Director
Format / Medium Hanna Arendt (2013) Directed by Von Trotta, M. [Kanopy] At:
Web address (URL) https://ucreative.kanopy.com/video/hannah-arendt-3 (Accessed
Date accessed 24/08/2020).
The True Cost (2015) Directed by Ross, M. [Amazon Prime Video] At:
https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/video/detail/B07PNN73T6/
ref=cm_sw_em_r_pv_wb_U52Q9g4lbx8xE (Accessed 24/08/2020).
Notes
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Game (Physical format and online)
Information Required Examples
Title of game Illyriad (2011) [Browser-based] London: Illyriad Games Ltd. At:
Year of publication / release https://www.illyriad.co.uk/ (Accessed 24/08/2020).
Console / format
Location of studio Minecraft (2011) [PC] Stockholm: Mojang.
Name of studio
Web address (URL) (if applicable) Pokémon Go (2016) [Android] San Francisco: Niantic.
Date accessed (if applicable)
Zelda: Link’s Awakening (2019) [Nintendo Switch] Tokyo: Nintendo EPD,
Grezzo.
Notes
Notes
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Music and other audio (Online)
Information Required Examples
Name of artist Christine and the Queens (2018) Chris. [Download] Paris: Because Music.
Year of release At: https://www.amazon.co.uk/Chris-Explicit-Christine-
Title of single / album Queens/dp/B07F6N722S/ (Accessed 24/08/2020).
Medium
Location of studio / distributor Bob Dylan (2014) The essential Bob Dylan. [Download] New York:
Name of studio / distributor Columbia Records. At: https://www.apple.com/uk/itunes/ (Accessed
Web address (URL) 24/08/2020).
Date accessed
Solange (2016) A seat at the table. [Streaming] New York: Saint, Columbia
Records. At: https://open.spotify.com/album/3Yko2SxDk4hc6fncIBQlcM
(Accessed 24/08/2020).
Pro Sound Effects (2016) Cinematic Winds - Demo. [Download] New York:
Pro Sound Effects. At: https://soundcloud.com/pro-sound-
effects/cinematic-winds-demo (Accessed 24/08/2020).
Notes
Name of artist – The name of the artist should be included as a corporate author rather than surname, followed
by initials. For example, write George Ezra and not Ezra, G.
Title of single / album – The title should be placed in italics.
Medium / Format – Place the medium or format in square brackets, as above. You should indicate whether your
music was downloaded or streamed.
Web address (URL) – This should be the direct link to the album, if possible. If not, simply link to the provider
used.
Notes
Use this referencing format for live performances of music and festivals.
Name of artist – The name of the artist should be included as a corporate author rather than surname, followed
by initials. For example, write George Ezra and not Ezra, G.
Location of performance / festival – The town or city where the performance/festival took place.
Name of venue – The name of the venue where the performance took place.
Location, name of venue and date – These should all be placed within square brackets.
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Online video
Information Required Examples
Title of video Childish Gambino – This is America (2018) [Music Video] At:
Year of publication / upload https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VYOjWnS4cMY (Accessed
Medium 24/08/2020).
Web address (URL)
Date accessed Investigating the impacts of urban green spaces on wellbeing (2013)
[Online Video] At: https://vimeo.com/64293418 (Accessed 24/08/2020).
Notes
Notes
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Television shows (Broadcast and online)
Information Required Examples
Name of television programme The Great British Bake-Off: Series 3, episode 4 (2019) [Television
Series and episode numbers (if programme] Channel 4 17/09/2019.
applicable)
Year of broadcast / release Jesy Nelson: ‘Odd one out’ (2019) [Television programme] BBC 1
Name of channel / online service 12/09/2019.
Exact date broadcast
Web address (URL) (if applicable) Good Omens: Episode 2 (2019) [Television programme] Amazon Prime
Date accessed (if applicable) 31/05/2019. At:
https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/video/detail/B07FM7PHLQ/ (Accessed
24/08/2020).
Notes
Name of channel / online service – If you viewed a broadcast channel then use the name of the channel, if you
viewed it online then you can use the name of the service used, e.g. iPlayer, Amazon Prime, Netflix etc.
Web address (URL) and date accessed – Only required if you viewed the television show online.
Notes
Use this referencing format for live performances of music, dance, theatre and festivals.
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Theses and dissertations (Print and online)
Information Required Examples
Name of author Hubbard, A. (2018) How does the representation of women in celebrity
Date of publication culture reflect the ideals of successful femininity. [BA dissertation]
Title of thesis / dissertation University for the Creative Arts.
Academic level and document type
Name of awarding institution Meechao, K. (2018) A study of stakeholders’ experience of the
Web address (URL) (if applicable) architectural design process to stimulate an interactive form of
Date accessed (if applicable) communication. [PhD thesis] University for the Creative Arts / University
of Brighton. At: https://research.uca.ac.uk/4843/ (Accessed 24/08/2020).
Notes
Notes
Use this referencing format for major works that have been translated professionally and published. If you
translated part of a book using Google Translate then see the section below on Translated text (Online).
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Translated text (Online)
Information Required Examples
Name of author Boyer, B. (2007) Snobisme et vêtement de lux. [in French] (Snobbism and
Year of publication luxury clothes). Translated by Google Translate. At:
Title in original language https://translate.google.co.uk/translate?hl=en&sl=fr&u=
Original language https://www.brown.edu/Research/Equinoxes/
Title in English journal/Issue%25209/eqx9_boyer.html&prev=search (Accessed
Translated by (if applicable) 24/08/2020).
Web address (URL) (if applicable)
Date accessed (if applicable) Leaman, G. (2019) Ty hwnt i ffiniau: cenedlaetholdeb a’r argyfwng
hinsawdd. [in Welsh] (Beyond borders: nationalism and the climate crisis).
Translated by Parfitt, M. At:
https://pedwargwynt.cymru/dadansoddi/gol/tu-hwnt-i-ffiniau-
cenedlaetholdeb-ar-argyfwng-hinsawdd (Accessed 24/08/2020).
Notes
Use this referencing format for text that you have translated using Google Translate or for text that you, or
someone else, have personally translated.
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Example Bibliography
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REFERENCING IMAGES
When using images within your written work it is essential that you reference your image sources
accurately. This is a very similar process to writing citations and a bibliography for text sources. There are
two main components used to reference your images:
• Image number and caption. Place a figure number, caption and the year the image was
produced directly beneath each image.
• List of illustrations. Your list of illustrations is a detailed list of your image sources and how you
accessed them. It should be arranged by figure number, in ascending order.
The method shown in this guide is the formal method of referencing images based on the Harvard system
and is suitable for referencing images used within essays or dissertations. This method is not necessarily
suitable for all assignments, such as reports that contain a lot of visual material, so your tutors may
recommend a more suitable way of referencing images.
You can refer to, or highlight, images that you’ve included in your written work by writing (See Fig. x),
where x is the figure number of the image. Like in this example:
Many of Delacroix’s paintings contain orientalist themes (See Fig. 1)
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If the image you are using is a named photograph or work of art, you should use that name as its caption.
If your image does not have a name, your caption should simply describe what the image is. The caption
must be placed in italics.
The year of publication / creation should be placed in round brackets directly after your caption.
You should place the figure number, caption and year of publication directly beneath each image, like in
the following example:
If you are using Microsoft Word to write your assignment, right-click on an image and select the option to
“Insert caption…”. This will allow you to choose where your captions appear, the image label (which you
may need to change to display as Fig.) and will automatically update the numbers as you add new images.
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Referencing different image sources
Notes
Notes
26
Images scanned from a magazine or journal
Information Required Examples
Name of artist / creator Fig. 7 Yogantha, V. (2018) Untitled, portrait of Indian woman.
Year of creation [Photograph] In: Aperture 234 p.115.
Title of image / artwork
Medium Fig. 8 Burberry advertisement featuring Adwoa Aboah (2018)
Name of magazine / journal [Advertisement] In: Love 19 p.43.
Volume and issue numbers (if
applicable) Fig. 9 Framestore VR Studio (2014) VR Experience created for the film
Page number Interstellar. [Photograph] In: Creative Review 37(8) p.146-147.
Notes
Name of artist / creator – Try and identify the name of the artist / creator but if that’s not possible place the title
of the image first instead, as in the second example above.
Year of creation – This should be the year that the photograph / artwork was produced.
Title of image / artwork – This should be placed in italics.
Medium – Indicate what kind of medium you are referring to… e.g. is it a painting, a photograph, a collage.
Title of image / artwork – Use the image or artwork’s official title where possible but otherwise use a brief
description of what the image or artwork is. This should be placed in italics.
Medium – Indicate what kind of medium you are referring to… e.g. is it a painting, a photograph, a collage. This
should be placed within square brackets.
Web address (URL) – This should be the direct web address (URL) to the image itself or the page that contains it.
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Maps (Print and online)
Information Required Examples
Name of map / location Fig. 14 The Peak District – White Peak area (2019) [Ordnance Survey
Year of creation Explorer OL24 1:25,000] Southampton: Ordnance Survey.
Medium
Map scale, series and sheet number Fig. 15 Farnham (2019) [Open Street Map] At:
Location of publisher https://www.openstreetmap.org/search?query=Farnham#map=
Name of publisher 16/51.2154/-0.8016 (Accessed 24/08/2020).
Web address (URL) (if applicable)
Date accessed (if applicable) Fig. 16 Rochester and Chatham (2019) [Google Maps] At:
https://www.google.co.uk/maps/place/Rochester/@51.3854172,0.5
5028138,14.9z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x47d8c92a6d7a7131:0x1c7ffc168
0x1c7ffc1683e563f4!8m2!3d51.388!4d0.506721 (Accessed 24/08/2020).
Notes
Medium – The medium in this context can be used to state what kind of map or mapping service you are
referring to. This should be placed within square brackets.
Map scale, series and sheet number – If using a print map you should provide details of the map publisher, scale
and sheet number, as in the example above.
Web address (URL) and date accessed – You only need to include these if you used an online mapping service.
Copy and paste the direct link from the mapping website.
Screenshots
Information Required Examples
Title / description of screenshot Fig. 17 Tweet by Jacinda Ardern (2019) [Twitter feed, screenshot] At:
Year of creation https://twitter.com/jacindaardern (Accessed 24/08/2020).
Medium
Web address (URL) Fig. 18 Instagram post by Cardi B with user comments (2019) [Instagram,
Date accessed screenshot] At: https://www.instagram.com/p/B2W-2l1Ac1K/ (Accessed
24/08/2020).
Notes
This referencing format can be used to display screenshots of particular apps, software or social media platforms
such as Twitter, Instagram or Reddit.
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Unpublished photographs (Taken by yourself)
Information Required Examples
Name of photographer Fig. 20 Parfitt, M. (2019) Pond in Rosebery Park. [Photograph, landscape]
Year of creation In possession of: the author: Epsom.
Title of photograph
Medium Fig. 21 Parfitt, M. (2019) Farnham sculpture park. [Photograph] In
Name of person in possession of possession of: the author: Epsom.
the photographs
Location
Notes
Name of photographer / creator – This should be your own name, but in the usual format of surname first,
followed by initials.
Title of photograph – Briefly describe the contents of the photograph.
Medium – Indicate what kind of medium you are referring to… e.g. is it a painting, a photograph, a collage. This
should be placed within square brackets.
Name of person in possession of the photographs / location – This is likely to be yourself, in which case, you can
simply use “the author” rather than repeating your name. If the photographs are in the possession of someone
else, then you can use their name instead.
Fig. 1 Parfitt, M. (2019) Pond in Rosebery Park. [Photograph, landscape] In possession of: the author: Epsom.
Fig. 3 Koelbl, H. (1987) Gaza Strip, Intifada. [Photograph] In: Misselbeck, R. (2001) 20th Century Photography:
Museum Ludwig Cologne. Köln: Taschen. p.359.
Fig. 4 Instagram post by Cardi B with user comments (2019) [Instagram, screenshot] At:
https://www.instagram.com/p/B2W-2l1Ac1K/ (Accessed 24/08/2020).
Fig. 5 L’Oréal (2019) Karl Lagerfeld x L’Oréal Paris Color Riche Lipstick. [Advertisement] At:
https://www.instagram.com/p/B24ZQOaHRGf/ (Accessed 24/08/2020).
Fig. 6 Framestore VR Studio (2014) VR Experience created for the film Interstellar. [Photograph] In: Creative Review
37(8) p.146-147.
Fig. 7 Panoramic view of Memphis in Assassin’s Creed: Origins (2018) [Game still, PS4] In: Assassin’s Creed: Origins
Montreuil, France: Ubisoft.
Fig. 8 Saoirse in the sea (2016) [Film still, DVD] In: Song of the Sea Paris: Studiocanal.
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REFERENCING TOOLS
Reference management tools can help you organise your research sources and can generate citations and
bibliographies that are formatted correctly. There are many reference management applications
available, but we recommend Paperpile and Zotero because they will generate bibliographies to UCA’s
own Harvard style if you set them up correctly.
• Paperpile is a web-based tool that you can use on any computer with the Google Chrome
browser. It comes with its own browser extension to easily add websites, journal articles and
other documents. Paperpile is integrated with the library catalogue, where you will find Paperpile
buttons in the search results that will add books directly to your Paperpile account. You need to
sign-up for your Paperpile account at www.paperpile.com and activate it using your student e-
mail address.
• Zotero is an open source program that needs to be installed on your computer, there are
versions available for Windows and Mac. It is possible to sync your Zotero account across different
computers but this requires a separate account sign-up. For more information, visit
www.zotero.org.
If you would like more information on reference management software, or guides on how to get started
with Paperpile and Zotero, you can find them on our website.
FURTHER GUIDANCE
Liaison Librarians work with your lecturers to arrange teaching sessions on Harvard referencing that are
contextualised to your course and you should make every effort to attend these sessions. If you have a
particularly tricky referencing question or would like some general advice on how to Harvard reference,
then please get in touch with your campus Liaison Librarian. Information on how to get in touch can be
found on the myLibrary pages.
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REFERENCING QUICK GUIDE
What is Harvard referencing and why do it?
• Harvard referencing is the way you acknowledge the writing, work or ideas quoted, paraphrased or
consulted while completing your assignments.
• It is an essential part of academic practice and it helps you avoid plagiarism, support your argument, and
demonstrates how much research you have done.
• Harvard referencing consists of two main components:
o Citations – these go in the body of your written work.
o Bibliography – this is an alphabetical list of your sources that sits at the end of your written work.
Citations
• Used to acknowledge authors that you’ve quoted, paraphrased or referred to in your written work.
• They consist of the author’s surname, the year of publication and page number (if there is one) and should
be placed in round brackets, like this: (Gilroy, 2004:16)
• If you are quoting someone directly, place the citation after the quote, like this:
“fashion is obsessed with gender” (Wilson, 2003:117)
• If you introduce the author’s name before the quote it is fine to place your citation after the author’s
surname, like this: Elizabeth Wilson (2003:117) argues that “fashion is obsessed with gender”
• Citing two authors: (Ambrose and Harris, 2016:22)
• Citing more than two authors: (Bloggs et al., 2017:43)
• Citing a film or television show: (Black Panther, 2018) (Reggie Yates’ Extreme UK: Men at war, 2016)
• Citing an author quoting somebody else: (Bloggs, 2005 cited in Jones, 2018:5)
Bibliography
• A bibliography is a list of all the sources used as part of your research.
• It can include sources that you consulted but didn’t directly quote or paraphrase.
• Place your bibliography at the end of your written work and have a clear heading to separate it.
• Your bibliography should be arranged alphabetically by author’s surname (in some instances you will need
to use a company name, website name, or the title of a film or television show instead).
• You will need to include different bits of information depending on the type of sources you are referencing.
• Here are examples of how to reference the most commonly used sources:
o Books: Bertrand, I. and Hughes, P. (2018) Media research methods: audiences, institutions, texts. (2nd
Ed.) Palgrave: London.
Hager, A. (2018) Religion and popular music: artists, fans and cultures. London: Bloomsbury.
o Book Chapters: Friedberg, A. (1990) ‘A denial of difference: theories of cinematic identification’ in:
Kaplan, E. A. (Ed.) Psychoanalysis & cinema. London: Routledge.
Granata, F. (2016) ‘Mikhail Bakhtin: Fashioning the grotesque body’ in: Rocamora, A. and Smelik, A.
(Eds.) Thinking through fashion. London: I.B. Tauris.
o Journal Articles: Henninger, C. E. et al. (2017) ‘Consumption strategies and motivations of Chinese
consumers’ In: Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management: An international journal 21 (3) pp.419-
434.
Lazar, M. M. (2009) ‘Entitled to consume: postfeminist femininity and a culture of post-critique’ In:
Discourse & Communication 3 (4) pp.371-400.
o Websites:
Griffiths, A. (2019) Gus Wustemann creates affordable apartment block almost entirely from concrete.
At: https://www.dezeen.com/2019/02/19/gus-wustemann-affordable-apartments-concrete-zurich/
(Accessed 24/08/2020).
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