1.

1LAWRENCE KOHLBERG’S THEORY OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT

MORALITY – TRADITION
- Principle concerning the distinction between right and wrong or good and bad behavior.

LAWRENCE KOHLBERG
- Born on October 25 1927
- Died on January 19, 1987
- Jewish American psychologist born on Bronxville, New York
- THEOTY OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT made by JEAN PIAGET
- Expanded on the earlier work of JEAN PIAGET to explain the moral development of
children, which believed follows a series of stages

HEINS DILLEMA
- Heinz wife was near death from a special kind of cancer, there was one drug that the
doctor thought might save her. It was a form radium that the druggist in the sane town
had recently discovered. The drug was so expensive, but the druggist was charging 10
times what it cost him to produce. He paid 200 dollars for the radium and charge 2000
dollars for a small dose of the drug. The sick woman husband Heinz went to everyone he
knows to borrow money, but he could only get together 1000 dollars which was half the
cost. The druggist said, No!, I discovered the drug and I expect to make money from it!.
Heinz became desperate and broke into the man’s store and stole the drug for his wife.

- Heinz dilemma is SHOULD HE HAVE STOLEN THE DRUG FOR HIS WIFE?
- YES OR NO?
 72 children used by Kohlberg in the study
 58 students were used every 3 years and as k the same question about Heinz dilemma
QUESTIONS:
1. Should Heinz have stolen the drug for his wife?
2. Would it change anything if Heinz did not love his wife?
3. What if the person dying was a stranger would it make any difference?
4. Should the police arrest the chemist for murder if the woman died?

 Kohlberg did not care whether individual say “yes or no” but rather he cared about the
reasoning behind their answer;
 Depending on their reasoning, individual was categorized one of levels/ stages of moral
development.

LEVEL OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT

1. PRE- CONVENTIONAL MORALITY – right and wrong determined by rewards or
punishment
2. CONVENTIONAL MORALITY – view other matters. Avoidance of blame and seeking
approval.
 3. POST- CONVENTIONAL MORALITY – abstract notion of justice. Right of others can
override obedience to laws/rules.

STAGES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT

Under level 1;
Stage 1 – Obedience and Punishment Orientation / REWAND AND PUNISHMENT
ORIENTATION
- Basis of physical rewards and punishment.
- Expect to make decision in the same way as animals - Trained to expect rewards or
punishment depending on their choices
Stage 2 – Instrumental Orientation/ SELF INTEREST ORIENTATION
- Decisions are made and done through bartering or negotiation
- Decision maker are no longer simply accept consequences, but they work to change
before making a decision.
Under level 2;
Stage 3 – Good boy or Nice girl orientation / CONFORMING
- Decision makers acts based on the opinion of others. Person protect own image with
other
Stage 4 – LAW AND ORDER ORIENTATION
- Known as “DUTY” this is governed by rules. Decisions are made to follow the laws
simply because it was expected.
Under level 3;
Stage 5 – SOCIAL CONTRACT AND INDIVIDUAL RIGHT
- Rules are good for human but sometimes need to disobeyed based on the situation and
individual interest.
Stage 6 – UNIVERSAL PRINCIPLES
- People developed their own guidelines and laws the sometime fit and do dot fit with the
society law.

1.2 REASONS AND IMPARTIALITY AS MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS

OF MORALITY

PRELIMENARY IDEAS:
The Greek Philosopher Aristotle regarded that human being have rational soul that makes us
different with that of animals and plants.

RATIONALITY – the capability for logical thought with the ability to reasons towards sound
conclusions based on facts and evidence, draw inference from situations and circumference, and
make sound well-reasoned judgement based on factual information.

Plants and animals are incapable of complex reasoning and introspection, much more so in
distinguishing good from bad and right and wrong.
A person is called “RATIONAL OR REASONABLE” when beliefs and actions confirm to
dictates of those principle morality, or when subjectively guided by them.
MORALITY – requires impartiality which regards to those moral agents affected by a violation
of moral rules.
- requires impartial consideration of each individual interest

FACTORS IN ORDER FOR US TO PROVIDE SOUND DECISION IN SOCIETY AS

HUMAN BEINGS

FACTORS IN MAKING DECISION

1. FEELING / EMOTION
2. REASONS
3. IMPARTIALITY

IMPATIALITY (Fair-Mindedness/ Even-Handedness) – principle of justice holding that

decision should be based on objective criteria rather on the basis of bias, self-interest, prejudice,
or preferring the benefit to one person over another from improper reasons and prejudice.
- Involves the idea that each individuals interest and point of view is equally important
- using impartiality, mawala ang biases
REASONS – basis or motive for an action, decision of conviction;
- help us to evaluate whether our feelings and intuitions about moral cases are correct and
defensible.
1. feelings and emotions
- di dapat nagr-rely ang mga tao sa feelings and emotions kapag gagawa ng decision.
- hindi siya pwede magamit alone sa pagbibigay ng decision kasi baka ikaw ay
magkamali
- feelings and emotions and reason should be hand in hand
example: feeling mo this is the right thing to do, look for reasons kung bakit tama ang feeling
mo.
2. reason
- basis or motive for an action, decisions of conviction
- you have to provide first the basis, the reason why you are doing an action.
- helps us to evaluate whether our feelings and intuitions about moral cases are correct
and defensible.
3. impartiality
- pantay-pantay lahat, nakatimbang lahat.

STEPS IN ORDER FOR US TO PROVIDE SOUND DECISION IN SOCIETY AS

HUMAN BEINGS

THE 7-STEP MORAL REASONING BY SCOTT B. RAE, PH.D.

1. GATHER THE FACTS
→ the indispensable first step prior to ethical analysis and reflection on the case.
 → you must deal with facts
2. DETERMINE ETHICAL ISSUES
→ moral issues should be correctly stated in term do of competing interest.
→ to take or not to take
3. DETERMINE THE PRINCIPLES WHICH HAVE BEARING IN THE SITUATION
→ what are the principles that have bearing in the case?
→ pag nag take ng vaccine, makakatulong ako to flatten the curve
→ pag di ako nag take ng vaccine, baka makatulong ako sa pagdami ng cases
4. LIST THE ALTERNATIVES
→ Involves coming up with different alternatives courses of action as part of creative
thingking included in resolving a moral dilemma.
→ seek opinion to doctor before taking the vaccine
→ suggest na isang vaccine nalang t-take mo
→ di ka magtake kasi you are using traditional healing practices
5. COMPARE THE ALTERNATIVE WITH PRINCIPLES
→ Involves eliminating the alternative according to moral principle that have bearing
on the case.
6. WEIGH THE CONSEQUENCES
→ Both positive and negative consequences are to be weigh.
7. MAKE A DECISION
→ Decisions must be made at some point.

1.3 MILLENIALS AND FILLINIALS CHALLENGES AND RESPONSES

THE DIFFERENT GENERATIONS

o 1925-1945 The Silent Generation

- they are known as the "Silent Generation"
- Traditionalist value workplace that are conservative, hierarchical and have clear
chain of command and top-down management
- they are expected to be seen not to be heard
- they tend to follow rules and regulations para ok ang lahat
- hardworking, patriotism, teamwork, sacrifice, respect for authority are much
defines in this generation
- they grew up with the voices coming out of a box
- in order for them to acquire information, radio ang means ng info nila
o 1946-1964 Baby Boomers
- they are known as the "Workaholic"
- value workplace that have flat hierarchies, democratic cultures, humane values,
equal opportunities, and warm and friendly environment.
- eagerness to have progression, tend to look for careers
- they value friendship, goal centric, self-assured, resourceful, and they were born
into a black and white televisions.
 o 1965-1976 Generation X
- they are independent and "Latchkey kid"
- values workplace that are positive, firm, efficient, fast-paced, flexible,
informational, and have access to leadership and information
- work-life balance
- flexible and informal
- first generation to develop ease and comfort of technology
- transition from the analogue to digital devices, computers.
o 1977-1995 Generation Y / Millennials
- also known as the "Entitlement" generation
- values workplace that are collaborative, achievement-oriented, highly creative,
positive, diverse, firm, flexible, and continuously providing feedback.
- nagkaroon ng development and opportunities to acquire knowledges and info
- tend to take credits
- millennials are good at accepting change, curious, and technologically savvy
- they grew up with technology like computers, cellphones, internet
o 1996-present Generation Z/ Centennials
- also known as the "Digital Natives" generation
- motivated by security, may be more cooperative, wants independence, will multi-
task, more entrepreneurial, wants to communicate face-to-face, truly digital-native
and wants to be catered to.
- pinanganak pa lang sila may hawak na agad ng cellphone
- rely most of the time in the internet
- they live online - using (and trusting) the internet more
- they want brands to authentically care
- grown up with social media and internet or worldwide web

WHO ARE CALLED MILLENIALS AND FILINNIALS?

 The children of baby boomers and older generation X
 Can be described as one of the most adaptive and creative generation, especially in their
careers.
  This generation has witnessed the arrival of technology growth and development, perhaps
because of it, can identify as being more progressive, creative, and far-thinking that the
earlier generations.
 Many millennials may also identify as being more concerned with intrinsic and moral
values over extrinsic and material ideologies.
 Can be described as one of the most adaptive and creative they manifest value
meaningful motivation, known for their resolve in sharing opinions and ideas, places
importanc on the relationship with superiors, and quickly adapt to changes, especially in
their careers.

FILLINIALS
 FILIPINO MILLENNIALS
 Considered as selfie generation and followers of social media.
 Also known as SPENDTHRIFTS
 paano gumagalaw sa lipunan ang fillenials

HOW BABY BOOMERS AND MILLENNIALS FACE ETHICAL CHALLENGES?

BABY BOOMERS MILLENNIALS
Strong adheres to their own beliefs and Open minded in accepting
values.
“When I was your age” Thinking outside the box
Follows through in what their religion stands, Multi-view
or tradition
Obey the authority Takes on the internet to express their
sentiments loves freedom
Interest in and cares about what is happening
on their community.

Today millennials and gen z encounters misunderstanding with baby boomers and the silent
generation in terms of perceptions, decision, and actions in everyday of living and working
environment. Regardless of differences in terms of generation, what we need is respect and care
for one another. Let us bridge the gap through communication.

SELF CHECK:
HOW DO YOU HANDLE AGE GAP SCENARIOS? Think what you’ve done so far and how it
makes you feel.
WHY IT IS VITAL TO HAVE RESPECT AND EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION WITH
THEM REGARDLESS OF THE AGE GAP OR GENERATION DIFFERENCES?