Telaah Metode (Method Study) dan

Studi Gerak (Motion Study)

Pertemuan 2 – Perancangan Kerja dan Ergonomi

Roisatun Nisaa Firdausiyah Abdur Rouf Sam, S.P., M.Si

 WHAT IS WORK STUDY?

Definitions

Work Study is a generic term for those techniques,

particularly “method/motion study” and “time study/
work measurement”, which lead systematical investigation
of all the factors that affect the efficiency and economy
of the work being reviewed in order to effect improvement.

Method/Motion Study is the systematic recording and critical examination

of existing and proposed ways of doing work, as a means of developing and
applying easier and more effective methods and reducing costs.

Time Study / Work Measurement is the application of techniques designed

to establish the time for a specified job at a defined level of performance.

2
 WHAT IS WORK STUDY?

METHOD STUDY
to simplfy the job &
develop more
economical methods
of doing it
WORKSTUDY (remove waste/muda)

TIME STUDY HIGHER

to determine how long it PRODUCTIVITY
should take to carry out

(Source:International Labour Office, Introduction to Work Study, third edition, page 34)

3
 WHAT IS WORK STUDY?

Techniques used
Both Method Study and Time Study are made up of number of different techniques.

Flow diagram Multiactivity Chart

Operations Chart
Process Chart
Flow Process Charts
Work Cell Load Chart
Routing Sheet
Operations Analysis Chart
Operator/Machine Chart
Gang Chart
Multimachine Chart
Left Hand/Right Hand Chart
Stop Watch Time Study
Work Balancing (work cell/plant/assy line)
Activity/work Sampling
Predetermined Time Standards Sys.

Usually Method/Motion Study preceedes Time Study when the subject is to set time
Standards. However, time study is used to compare the effectivenes of alternative
Methods.

4
 WHAT IS WORK STUDY?

Basic procedure

Basic steps in conducting work study can be summarized as follows;

1. Select the job or process to be studied.

2. Observe and record everything by using the appropriate recording technique.
3. Examine the recorded facts critically with respect to the purpose of the
activity, where it is performed, sequence in which it is done, the person
or machine which is doing it, the means by which it is done.
4. Develop the most economical method by considering every thing.
5. Measure the output of the method and calculate a standard time for it.
6. Define the new method and related standard time to identify it.
7. Implement the new method as standard practice.
8. Maintain the new standard practice by appropriate control procedures.

5
 HISTORY OF WORK STUDY

History

FREDERICK W. TAYLOR (1856-1915)

He is known as the father of scientific management and industrial engineering.
He is the first person to use a stopwatch to study work content and, as such,
the father of time study.

Throughout his professional life, he worked as an apprentice machinist, time

keeper, expediter, lathe operator, gang boss, foreman of the machine shop and
chief engineer.
Before Taylor, the work force developed own methods by trial and error. Taylor
wanted management to reject an opinion for a more exact science. Thus, he
Specified the work method,
Instructed the operator in that method
Maintained standard conditions for performing that work
Set time standard goals
Paid premiums for doing the task as specified

6
 HISTORY OF WORK STUDY
He is responsible for the following innovations;
Stopwatch time study
High-speed steel tools
Tool grinders
Slide rules
Functional type organization

FRANK (1868-1924) AND LILLIAN (1878-1972) GILBRETH

They are known as the parents of motion/method study. Throughout their life
time, they searched for the best method of doing a specific job and they developed
many new techniques for studying work.
At the beginning of his work life as a bricklayer’s apprentice,Frank Gilbreth noticed
that his instructor was using three different set of motions when laying the bricks;
One set of motions when he showed Frank how to lay bricks,
Another set of motions when he is working alone,
Third set of motions when he is in a hurry.
7
 HISTORY OF WORK STUDY
Thus, when he started his own business, he introduced several competetive
advantages of;
Adjustable scaffolding : previously bricklayers built the wall from their
toes to their highest reach, and the built some more scaffolding and start
again.
Helper for bricklayers : At about one half of the cost of bricklayer, these
helpers would sort, carry, and stack the bricks for the bricklayer.
Constant mortar mix.
Improved motion pattern.
350 bricks/hour instead of previous 120.

Gilbreths developed the terminology defining the entire range of manual motions.
Later on these elementary subdivisions of motion are called “therblig”s in memory
of their name.
The predetermined time standards system which is used today is a newer technique
which is built on Gilbreths’ work.

8
 HISTORY OF WORK STUDY

HENRY LAURENCE GANNT (1861-1919)

He worked for Taylor at Midvale and Bentlehem, and is among the major pioneers
of method and time study.

He invented the “task and bonus system” or “earned hour plan”. On the contrary
of Taylor’s penalty approach for less proficient worker in his multiple piecework
system, Gannt defended a livable wage with a sizable bonus for performance over
100%.
While Taylor emphasized analytical and organizational aspects of work, Gannt was
more interested in operator selection, training and motivation. His basic notion of
the importance of a leadership function is exactly in line with today’s thinking.
During the First World War, he developed a technique for scheduling work.

9
 HISTORY OF WORK STUDY

RALPH M. BARNES (1900-1984)

Dr. Barnes was one of the first and best known professors of engineering in the
field of “work measurement / time study”.
His achievements included writing;

The longest published text on work measurement,

A thorough description of the Gilbreths’ micro-motion study,
The procedure for work sampling.

He conducted numerious methods studies of activities with motion picture

cameras and developed rating films for training time study technologists.

There are also other people like, Harrington Emerson (1853-1931), Marvin E.
Mundel (1916-1996), Shigeo Shingo (1909-1990), and Professor Elton Mayo
who contributed the studies in the field of Work Study.

10
 HISTORY OF WORK STUDY

CRITICS ON THE WORK OF FOUNDERS IN THE FIELD OF WORK STUDY

Frederic W. Taylor was criticized as being a management speed-up artist.

Indecent managers used Taylor’s techniques, and when workers met the
goals, management raised the standard. Taylor would have hated this process.
We must never change a standard without due cause.

Lilian and Frank Gilbreth were charged with dehumanizing work. Because
of the reduction of motions to the absolute best set of procedures possible,
unions defined Gilbreths as antiworker and as wanting to make machies
everywhere.

11
 THE HUMAN FACTOR

The human factor in the application of Work Study

 Good relations must be established before work study is applied

Because of their preoccupation with pressing and important problems, some
managers often forget that people who are working for them are subject the
same feelings, although they may not be able to express them openly.
The man at the bottom of the ladder also resents an injustice and fears the
unknown which in turn are the causes of resistance.

It should be always in mind that, work study is not a substitute for good
management. It is only one of the tools in the management’s tool kit.
If a work study is to contribute seriously to the improvement of productivity,
relations between the management and the workers must be reasonably good.

12
 THE HUMAN FACTOR

 Work Study and the supervisor / foreman

The work study man’s most difficult problem may often be the attitude of
spervisors and foremen. They represent the management to the workers at
shop floor. Just as any other departmental manager, they will take their attitude
from the top manager and workers will take theirs from their supervisors. Before
starting a work study, gaining the support of foreman or supervisor is at top
importance. Main reasons for this can be given as follows;
He is the person most deeply affected by work study. Even if the efficiency
of the operations for which he is responsible for years is increased by the
study, he may feel that his prestige in the eyes of his superiors and of the
workers will be lessened.
In most firms where specialists are not used, planning the work, development
of job methods, keeping time sheets, setting piece rates, hiring and firing of
labor may have been done by the foreman. Fact of loosing some of these
responsibilities is likely to make him feel that his status is being reduced.
When disputes arise or workers are upset, he is the first person to clear matters
up.

13
 THE HUMAN FACTOR

When conducting a work study in a foreman’s area, the following

rules must be obeyed;
 The work study man should never give a direct order to a worker. All
instructions must be given through the foreman.

 Workers asking questions calling for decisions outside the technical field
of work study should always be referred to their foreman.

 The work study man should never tell personal opinions to a worker.

 The work study man should ask for foreman’s advice in the selection of the
jobs to be studied and in all technical matters related with the process (even
if he knows a great deal about it).

 At the start of every investigation, work study man should be introduced to

the workers by their foreman.

14
 THE WORK STUDY MAN

Qualifications of Work Study Man

Following are the basic qualifications of a work study man which are essential for
success;
 Education
The minimum standard of education for anyone who is to take charge of
work study application in an enterprise is a good high school education.
It is highly unlikely that, someone without this level of education, can get
full benefits of a complete work study training course.

If such a person is also to be involved in studying other problems of

production management, auniversity degree in engineering / management
will be an important asset.

 Practical experience
For candidates of this post, a practical experience in idustries in which they
will be working is most preferable. Such an experience should include a
period of actual work in one or more processes of the respective industry.

15
 THE WORK STUDY MAN

 Personal qualities
Anyone who is going to undertake improvements should;
have an inventive mind,
be capable of devising simple mechanisms and devices which serve
the purpose of saving time and effort,
be able to gain the cooperation of engineers and technicians in
developing such mechanisms,
be good in human relations.

Thus, we can give the essential personal qualities as;

Sincerity and honesty,
Enthusiasm,
Interest in and symphaty with people,
Tact,
Good appearance
Self confidence

16
 THE WORK STUDY MAN

Although the results of a work study are obtained scientifically, work

study itself must be applied as an art just like as any other management
technique.

17
 WHAT IS WORK STUDY?
Definitions

Work Study is a generic term for those techniques,

particularly “method/motion study” and “time study/
work measurement”, which lead systematical investigation
of all the factors that affect the efficiency and economy
of the work being reviewed in order to effect improvement.
Method/Motion Study is the systematic recording and critical examination
of existing and proposed ways of doing work, as a means of developing and
applying easier and more effective methods and reducing costs.

Time Study / Work Measurement is the application of techniques designed

to establish the time for a specified job at a defined level of performance.

18
 WHAT IS WORK STUDY?

METHOD STUDY
to simplfy the job &
develop more
economical methods
of doing it
(remove waste/muda)
WORKSTUDY

TIME STUDY HIGHER

to determine how long it PRODUCTIVITY
should take to carry out

(Source:International Labour Office, Introduction to Work Study, third edition, page 34)

19
 WHAT IS WORK STUDY?
Techniques used

Both Method Study and Time Study are made up of number of different techniques.

Flow diagram Multiactivity Chart

Operations Chart
Process Chart
Flow Process Charts
Work Cell Load Chart
Routing Sheet
Operations Analysis Chart
Operator/Machine Chart
Gang Chart
Multimachine Chart
Left Hand/Right Hand Chart
Stop Watch Time Study
Work Balancing (work cell/plant/assy line)
Activity/work Sampling
Predetermined Time Standards Sys.

Usually Method/Motion Study preceedes Time Study when the subject is to set time
Standards. However, time study is used to compare the effectivenes of alternative
Methods.

20
 WHAT IS WORK STUDY?
Basic procedure

Basic steps in conducting work study can be summarized as follows;

1. Select the job or process to be studied.

2. Observe and record everything by using the appropriate recording technique.
3. Examine the recorded facts critically with respect to the purpose of the
activity, where it is performed, sequence in which it is done, the person
or machine which is doing it, the means by which it is done.
4. Develop the most economical method by considering every thing.
5. Measure the output of the method and calculate a standard time for it.
6. Define the new method and related standard time to identify it.
7. Implement the new method as standard practice.
8. Maintain the new standard practice by appropriate control procedures.

21
 HISTORY OF WORK STUDY
History

FREDERICK W. TAYLOR (1856-1915)

He is known as the father of scientific management and industrial engineering.

He is the first person to use a stopwatch to study work content and, as such,
the father of time study.

Throughout his professional life, he worked as an apprentice machinist, time

keeper, expediter, lathe operator, gang boss, foreman of the machine shop and
chief engineer.

Before Taylor, the work force developed own methods by trial and error. Taylor
wanted management to reject an opinion for a more exact science. Thus, he

Specified the work method,

Instructed the operator in that method
Maintained standard conditions for performing that work
Set time standard goals
Paid premiums for doing the task as specified

22
 HISTORY OF WORK STUDY
He is responsible for the following innovations;

Stopwatch time study

High-speed steel tools
Tool grinders
Slide rules
Functional type organization

FRANK (1868-1924) AND LILLIAN (1878-1972) GILBRETH

They are known as the parents of motion/method study. Throughout their life
time, they searched for the best method of doing a specific job and they developed
many new techniques for studying work.

At the beginning of his work life as a bricklayer’s apprentice,Frank Gilbreth noticed

that his instructor was using three different set of motions when laying the bricks;

One set of motions when he showed Frank how to lay bricks,

Another set of motions when he is working alone,
Third set of motions when he is in a hurry.

23
 HISTORY OF WORK STUDY
Thus, when he started his own business, he introduced several competetive
advantages of;

Adjustable scaffolding : previously bricklayers built the wall from their

toes to their highest reach, and the built some more scaffolding and start
again.
Helper for bricklayers : At about one half of the cost of bricklayer, these
helpers would sort, carry, and stack the bricks for the bricklayer.
Constant mortar mix.
Improved motion pattern.
350 bricks/hour instead of previous 120.

Gilbreths developed the terminology defining the entire range of manual motions.
Later on these elementary subdivisions of motion are called “therblig”s in memory
of their name.

The predetermined time standards system which is used today is a newer technique
which is built on Gilbreths’ work.

24
 HISTORY OF WORK STUDY

HENRY LAURENCE GANNT (1861-1919)

He worked for Taylor at Midvale and Bentlehem, and is among the major pioneers
of method and time study.

He invented the “task and bonus system” or “earned hour plan”. On the contrary
of Taylor’s penalty approach for less proficient worker in his multiple piecework
system, Gannt defended a livable wage with a sizable bonus for performance over
100%.

While Taylor emphasized analytical and organizational aspects of work, Gannt was
more interested in operator selection, training and motivation. His basic notion of
the importance of a leadership function is exactly in line with today’s thinking.

During the First World War, he developed a technique for scheduling work.

25
 HISTORY OF WORK STUDY

RALPH M. BARNES (1900-1984)

Dr. Barnes was one of the first and best known professors of engineering in the
field of “work measurement / time study”.

His achievements included writing;

The longest published text on work measurement,

A thorough description of the Gilbreths’ micro-motion study,
The procedure for work sampling.

He conducted numerious methods studies of activities with motion picture

cameras and developed rating films for training time study technologists.

There are also other people like, Harrington Emerson (1853-1931), Marvin E.
Mundel (1916-1996), Shigeo Shingo (1909-1990), and Professor Elton Mayo
who contributed the studies in the field of Work Study.

26
 HISTORY OF WORK STUDY

CRITICS ON THE WORK OF FOUNDERS IN THE FIELD OF WORK STUDY

Frederic W. Taylor was criticized as being a management speed-up artist.

Indecent managers used Taylor’s techniques, and when workers met the
goals, management raised the standard. Taylor would have hated this process.
We must never change a standard without due cause.

Lilian and Frank Gilbreth were charged with dehumanizing work. Because
of the reduction of motions to the absolute best set of procedures possible,
unions defined Gilbreths as antiworker and as wanting to make machies
everywhere.

27
 THE HUMAN FACTOR
The human factor in the application of Work Study

 Good relations must be established before work study is applied

Because of their preoccupation with pressing and important problems, some

managers often forget that people who are working for them are subject the
same feelings, although they may not be able to express them openly.

The man at the bottom of the ladder also resents an injustice and fears the
unknown which in turn are the causes of resistance.

It should be always in mind that, work study is not a substitute for good
management. It is only one of the tools in the management’s tool kit.

If a work study is to contribute seriously to the improvement of productivity,

relations between the management and the workers must be reasonably good.

28
 THE HUMAN FACTOR
 Work Study and the supervisor / foreman

The work study man’s most difficult problem may often be the attitude of
spervisors and foremen. They represent the management to the workers at
shop floor. Just as any other departmental manager, they will take their attitude
from the top manager and workers will take theirs from their supervisors. Before
starting a work study, gaining the support of foreman or supervisor is at top
importance. Main reasons for this can be given as follows;

He is the person most deeply affected by work study. Even if the efficiency
of the operations for which he is responsible for years is increased by the
study, he may feel that his prestige in the eyes of his superiors and of the
workers will be lessened.
In most firms where specialists are not used, planning the work, development
of job methods, keeping time sheets, setting piece rates, hiring and firing of
labor may have been done by the foreman. Fact of loosing some of these
responsibilities is likely to make him feel that his status is being reduced.
When disputes arise or workers are upset, he is the first person to clear matters
up.

29
 THE HUMAN FACTOR

When conducting a work study in a foreman’s area, the following

rules must be obeyed;

 The work study man should never give a direct order to a worker. All
instructions must be given through the foreman.

 Workers asking questions calling for decisions outside the technical field
of work study should always be referred to their foreman.

 The work study man should never tell personal opinions to a worker.

 The work study man should ask for foreman’s advice in the selection of the
jobs to be studied and in all technical matters related with the process (even
if he knows a great deal about it).

 At the start of every investigation, work study man should be introduced to

the workers by their foreman.

30
 THE WORK STUDY MAN
Qualifications of Work Study Man

Following are the basic qualifications of a work study man which are essential for
success;

 Education
The minimum standard of education for anyone who is to take charge of
work study application in an enterprise is a good high school education.
It is highly unlikely that, someone without this level of education, can get
full benefits of a complete work study training course.

If such a person is also to be involved in studying other problems of

production management, auniversity degree in engineering / management
will be an important asset.

 Practical experience
For candidates of this post, a practical experience in idustries in which they
will be working is most preferable. Such an experience should include a
period of actual work in one or more processes of the respective industry.

31
 THE WORK STUDY MAN

 Personal qualities

Anyone who is going to undertake improvements should;

have an inventive mind,

be capable of devising simple mechanisms and devices which serve
the purpose of saving time and effort,
be able to gain the cooperation of engineers and technicians in
developing such mechanisms,
be good in human relations.

Thus, we can give the essential personal qualities as;

Sincerity and honesty,

Enthusiasm,
Interest in and symphaty with people,
Tact,
Good appearance
Self confidence

32
 THE WORK STUDY MAN

Although the results of a work study are obtained scientifically, work

study itself must be applied as an art just like as any other management
technique.

33
Thank you