1.

Introduction
2.Functions
3.Classification
4.Fat Soluble Vitamin
 The word "vitamin" comes from the Latin word “vita” means
"life.
‘Vitamins have been defined as organic compounds which
are required in minute amounts to maintain growth and normal
metabolism of body.’
It is very imp for good health.
That foods contain a small amount of "growth factors"
needed to sustain growth and life itself.
Vitamins are absolutely necessary for life (i.e., vital) and the
body cannot synthesize on its own.
 FUNCTIONS OF VITAMINS
Vitamins is very important because they perform various
functions in our body.

Vitamins promote the normal growth by

providing metabolism and ensuring protection against
the viruses.

For the proper growth of the children Vitamins are very

important.
Vitamins also help in the hormones formation,
blood cells.
Vitamins are also required for metabolism and they
create metabolically active enzymes which are very
essential for various functions of our body.
Vitamins also assist in forming bones and tissues.
CLASSIFICATION OF VITAMINS

Vitamins have traditionally been grouped based on their

solubility in water or fat.
WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS

VITAMIN B COMPLEX VITAMIN A

• THIAMIN B1 VITAMIN D

• RIBOFLAVIN B2 VITAMIN E

•NIACIN B 3 VITAMIN K

PANTOTHENIC ACID B5

• PYRIDOXINE B 6

•BIOTIN B8

•FOLIC ACID B9

• CYANOCOBALAMIN B 12

VITAMIN C [ ASCORBIC ACID]

 Fat-soluble vitamins [ A,D,E,K]

1.They are soluble in fat .

2.Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the body's cells and are
not excreted as easily as water-soluble vitamins.
3.Bile salts are essential for there absorption.
4.They are generally stored in liver .
5.They do not need to be consumed as often as water-
soluble vitamins, although adequate amounts are needed.
6.If you take too much of a fat-soluble vitamin, it could
become toxic.
VITAMIN
Sources.
Daily Requirement
Function
Deficiency symptoms
VITAMIN A
Vitamin A is also known as Anti Xerophthalmic
vitamin.
-

It is widely distributed in animal and plant foods

Pre-formed Retinoid.
Animal food product.

Pro-formed Carotenoid.
Plant food product.
It must be converted into retinoid forms.
 CHEMISTRY

1.Retinol 2.Retinal 3.Retinoic acid

(vitamin A] (vitamin A (vitamin A acid)
aldehyde)
1.Retinol (vitamin A )
2.Retinal (vitamin A aldehyde) :
This is an aldehyde form obtained by the oxidation of retinol.
Retinal and retinol are interconvertible.
3.Retinoic acid (vitamin A acid) produced by the oxidation of
retinal.
Beta-Carotene (provitamin A)
Found in plants foods.
lt is converted in the intestine to produce retinal.
Sources
Preformed vitamin A
A. Retinol
Animals food; fish, fish liver oil, butter, cream, milk,
cheese, eggs yolk,ghee ,chicken liver , shellfish.

B. Beta carotene
Plants food; dark green leafy vegetables.
Carrots, sweet potatoes, spinach, broccoli, pumpkin,
papayas, bananas.
 Daily Requirement
Adults– 750mcg.

Pregnancy and lactation – 1000 mcg.

Infants -300-400mcg.

Children - 400- 600mcg.

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Functions of Vitamin A
a. Vision
b. Epithelial cell "integrity”.(Assists with formation of
epithelium, skin and mucus membrane)
c. Reproduction.
d. Resistance to infectious disease/Protects body
against infections.
e. Bones metabolism.
f. Growth .
1.
Vision
Retinal is a necessary for structural component of
“rhodopsin.”
‘Rhodopsin’ is the light sensitive pigment within rods
and cone cells of the retina.
Rods are involved in dim light vision.
Cones are responsible for bright light & color vision.
2.
Epithelial cell "integrity
Epithelial cells of skin and mucous membrane are require
vitamin A for proper maintenance.
Lack of vitamin A leads to dysfunction of epithelium.
The skin becomes keratinized and scaly, and mucus
secretion is suppressed .
3.
Reproduction:

Normal levels of vitamin A is required for sperm production.

Normal reproductive cycles in females require adequate

availability of vitamin A.
4
Bone metabolism.
Normal functioning of osteoblasts and osteoclasts is
dependent upon vitamin A.

Resistance to infectious disease

Vitamin A deficiency has been shown to increase the
frequency and severity of disease.
 5.Deficiency symptoms.
Ocular Extra Ocular

1.Night blindness. 1.Retarded growth

2.Conjunctival xerosis 2. Skin disorders
3.Bitot’s spot 3.Effect on
reproductive
organ. 4.Keratomalacia
[softening of a part] 4.Effect on bone.
 Night blindness

Lack of vitamin A causes night blindness or inability to see in

dim light as a result of inadequate pigment in the retina.

Conjunctival xerosis

Conjunctiva becomes dry, lusterless and non wettable.

Bulbar conjunctiva involved.
Conjunctival thickening, wrinkling & pigmentation.
Corneal xerosis
If untreated, it can lead to corneal ulceration and
ultimately to blindness as a result of corneal damage.

Corneal scars
Healing of stromal defects results in corneal scars of
different densities & sizes which may or may not cover the
pupilary area.
 Bitot's spots

Raised, silvery white, triangular patch of

keratinized epithelium on conjunctiva.

Usually bilateral and temporal aspect.

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 SKIN CHANGES
Dry scaly skin i.e. Toad skin.
Dry, lusterless appearance occurs.
Skin –scaly. It Seen on outer side of legs, buttocks, elbow &
back of forearm .
6.

Gastrointestinal System: recurrent diarrhea.

Reproductive System: atrophy of germinal epithelium.

Growth:Growth retardation occurs.

Immunological System.: decreased immune response.

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 VITAMIN D
It is also called ‘Sunshine Vitamin’
It is available in 2 forms
D3 – cholecalciferol
D2 - ergocalciferol

Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3)

is made from 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin of animals and
humans.

Ergocalciferol - D2
obtained artificially by irradiation of ergo- sterol
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In the dermal tissue of animals, the precursor is 7-
dehydrocholesterol which is converted first to a pre-vitamin D3,
then to vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol).
 Dietary Sources of Vitamin D

1.Generated in skin by action of ultraviolet rays of

sunlight.
2. Fish, fish liver oil, butter, eggs, milk.

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Daily Requirement
Adults - 7.5mcg
Pregnancy and lactation – 15mcg
Infants & Children –10mcg

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Daily Requirement
Men and women-100 IU

Pregnancy and lactation – 400IU

Infants & Children –200IU

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Vitamin-D Production and
Metabolism

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skin

7-dehydrocholesterol

D3 (Cholecalciferol)

blood
DBP-D3 DBP (vit. D binding protein)
Ca++ transport Ca++ resorption
(intestine) (bone)
D3
Liver
25-OH D3
kidney 1, 25-OH D3 (active)
(calcidiol) (calcitriol)
25-OH D3
DBP-calcidiol
24, 25-OH D3 (inactive)
(tight binding) 34
 Functions

Calcium Balance.
Immunity.
Development of Bones & Teeth.

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Effect on Bones
Vitamin D plays an important role in the regulation of
osteoblast and osteoclast activity and in the control of
bone matrix protein synthesis.
Calcium Functions
Major component of bones and teeth
A small amount of calcium circulates in the blood..
Essential for clotting of the blood
Important in the normal functioning of the nerves,
muscles, and heart.
 Calcium is deposited in immature bone (osteoid) in a process
called calcification, which transforms immature bone into its
mature and familiar form.
In order to absorb and use the calcium available in food, the
body needs vitamin D.
In rickets, the lack of this important vitamin leads to low
calcium, poor calcification, and deformed bones.
Vitamin D - deficiency

In children's Rickets
In Adults Osteomalacia

Increase the risk of Osteoporosis.

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 Rickets

Rickets derived from the old English word for "twist," or "wrick,“
Rickets is caused by a deficiency in vitamin D.
During growth, human bone is made and maintained by the interaction
of calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin

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 DEFICIENCY
RICKETS

Frontal & Parietal Bossing

Pigeon Chest
Prominence of sternum
Harrison’s groove

Bow Legs
Soft & fragile bones

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 Osteomalacia

It is also known as adult rickets

Flat bones and diaphysis of long bones are affected
It is most commonly seen in post menopause female with
history of low dietary calcium intake.
The majority of patient have bone pain &muscle weakness..

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 Hypervitaminosis D
Anorexia, nausea & vomitting
Constipation
Hypertension
Drowsiness, irritability & hypotonia
Polyuria & polydipsia
Renal damage
Hyperkalemia
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