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Journal of Organometallic Chemistry: Youngsuk Kim, Yonghwi Kim, Moon Young Hur, Eunsung Lee
Journal of Organometallic Chemistry: Youngsuk Kim, Yonghwi Kim, Moon Young Hur, Eunsung Lee
Journal of Organometallic Chemistry: Youngsuk Kim, Yonghwi Kim, Moon Young Hur, Eunsung Lee
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: A facile and efficient route to synthesize sterically bulky N-heterocyclic carbenes with high percent
Received 3 April 2016 buried volumes has been developed. The method involves three steps from commercial reagents and
Received in revised form produced the NHC precursors with approximately 40% overall yield without column chromatography.
17 June 2016
The free carbenes were isolated as confirmed by X-ray crystallography and 13C NMR peak at 213 ppm
Accepted 29 July 2016
Available online 31 July 2016
corresponding to the carbene carbons. The Cu(I), Ag(I), and Au(I) chloride complexes supported by the
NHC ligands were successfully synthesized and fully characterized including X-ray crystallography.
© 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords:
N-heterocyclic carbene
Coinage metal complex
Ligand design
Percent buried volume
1. Introduction synthesis contained three or four steps with 49% and 11% of overall
yields for IPr* and IPr*(2Np) precursors, respectively [17,18]. The
N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have been drawing great free carbene IPr* was isolated by Nolan et al. [19] in 2011 and
attention in transition-metal catalysis due to their great perfor- applied successfully to various catalytic reactions [20e22], while
mance [1e6]. Since the first isolation of NHC 1,3-bis-(1-adamantyl) applications of more sterically bulky IPr*(2Np) have not been re-
imidazol-2-ylidene (IAd) by Arduengo in 1991 [7], a variety of NHCs ported yet. Meanwhile, inspired by Buchwald ligands (dialkyl
have been synthesized for desired reactivity by adjusting two major biphenylphosphine ligands), Lassaletta et al. synthesized bulky
properties: electronic and steric factors [8]. Typically, electronic NHCs with a heterobiaryl skeleton and chiral N-substituents for
properties of NHCs can be easily tuned by introducing electron applications in asymmetric catalysis [23]. The synthesis of the
donating or withdrawing functional groups to NHCs [9e11] or by imidazolium precursor contained five steps with 29% overall yield.
replacing nitrogen atoms of imidazole ring with carbon [12,13] or Recently, they also reported the synthesis of axially chiral imida-
other heteroatoms [14]. Steric bulkiness of NHCs can be introduced zoisoquinolinium salts and their corresponding silver or gold metal
by adopting large auxiliary molecules to the N-substituents in NHCs complexes [24].
[15,16]. Thus, with optimal electronic and steric properties, the Although the synthesis of such bulky NHCs has been successfully
NHCs perform greatly as an auxiliary ligand in catalysis. demonstrated, it would desirable to develop a more practical and
For the past five years, Marko and Lassaletta have explored efficient synthetic route. The synthesis of Marko ’s IPr*(2Np) shows
highly sterically demanding NHCs (Scheme 1). Marko et al. suc- low overall yield, while Lassaletta's ligands require multiple reaction
cessfully demonstrated the synthesis of the imidazolium pre- steps with column chromatography. We designed bulky NHC li-
cursors of exceedingly bulky IPr* and IPr*(2Np) by replacing methyl gands (1a and 1b) with an imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-ylidene struc-
of isopropyl group in IPr (1,3-bis-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol- ture, since the efficient synthesis of NHCs with the structure are
2-ylidene) with phenyl and naphthyl groups, respectively. The well-studied [25e28], and several modified NHCs were reported
and adapted for catalysis [29e31]. Regarding the importance of such
NHCs, here we report a facile synthetic route to access highly bulky
* Corresponding author. Center for Selfeassembly and Complexity, Institute for NHC ligands 1a and 1b, and their coinage metal complexes.
Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea. The imidazolium salts 4a and 4b, with a similar structural motif
E-mail address: eslee@postech.ac.kr (E. Lee).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jorganchem.2016.07.023
0022-328X/© 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2 Y. Kim et al. / Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 820 (2016) 1e7
Scheme 2. Synthesis of bulky NHC ligands and their coinage metal complexes. (a)
triphenylphosphine (0.15 eq), potassium phosphate (2.5 eq), tris(dibenzylideneace-
Scheme 1. Bulky NHC ligands. tone)dipalladium(0) (0.02 eq), toluene (0.2 M), 100 C, 3 days, 72%. (b) Sulfuric acid (1
eq), methanol (0.1 M), 25 C, 6 h, 58e59%. (c) Paraformaldehyde (1 eq), trimethylsilyl
chloride (2 eq), toluene (0.1 M), 25 C, 6 h, 91e96%. (d) potassium tert-butoxide (1.5
to that of Lassaletta's NHC D, were synthesized in three steps from
eq), tetrahydrofuran (0.1 M), 25 C, 5 h, 91e93%. (e) Silver(I) oxide (0.5 eq),
commercial reagents with 40% and 38% of overall yields, respec- dichloromethane (0.05 M), 25 C, one day, 78e84%. (f) Copper(I) chloride (1 eq),
tively (Scheme 2). Moreover, the developed method does not tetrahydrofuran (0.05 M), 25 C, one day, 86e96%. (g) Chloro(dimethylsulfide)gold(I) (1
require harsh reaction conditions or any chromatographic purifi- eq), tetrahydrofuran (0.05 M), 25 C, one day, 73e86%.
cation, which enables the preparation of bulky NHCs more acces-
sible and practical from a synthetic point of view. steps are identical to the well-known procedure for synthesizing IPr
(1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene) [36].
The 13C NMR spectra of the free carbenes 1a and 1b showed
2. Results and discussion
singlet peaks corresponding to C1 carbons at 213.5 and 212.9 ppm,
respectively, which confirms the carbene character (see Supporting
2.1. Synthesis of ligands
Information). The suitable single crystal of 1b for X-ray crystallog-
raphy was grown by slow diffusion of toluene into saturated THF
The imidazolium chloride salts (4a and 4b) were synthesized
solution of 1b. As described in Fig. 1 and Table S29, the bond lengths
from the commercial resources in three steps: cross-coupling,
and bond angles of 1b are in good agreement with theoretical
imine condensation, and cyclization reactions (Scheme 2).
values obtained by density functional theory (DFT) calculations (see
Pyridinecarboxaldehyde 2 was synthesized via SuzukieMiyaura
Supporting Information).
cross-coupling reaction from commercially available 6-bromo-2-
Overall, the streamlined synthesis of the ligand 1 was efficiently
formylpyridine and 2,4,6-triisopropylphenylboronic acid. In gen-
performed. In particular, the mild reaction conditions and simple
eral, the cross-coupling of sterically hindered substrates such as
purification processes enable the method to be highly suitable for a
2,4,6-triisopropylphenylboronic acid is challenging and requires
large scale synthesis of the bulky NHC ligands.
special ligands such as Buchwald's ligands [32e34]. The previous
synthesis of aldehyde 2 reported by Groysman et al. [35] employed
expensive SPhos (2-dicyclohexylphosphino-20 ,60 -dimethox- 2.2. Synthesis and characterization of coinage metal complexes
ybiphenyl) ligand, required a large amount of Pd(OAc)2 (20 mol%),
and suffered from low yield (30%). With the newly developed con- After the successful synthesis of the bulky ligand 1, their coinage
dition utilizing low-cost triphenylphosphine, aldehyde 2 was suc- metal complexes [37e39] were successively synthesized. Copper(I)
cessfully synthesized in good yield (72%) without column and gold(I) complexes of 1 were obtained by reaction of 1 with
chromatography. An acid-catalysed imine condensation with aniline corresponding metal sources. Silver(I) complex was also synthe-
afforded corresponding imine 3a and 3b in moderate yields (59% sized by addition of silver(I) oxide to the imidazolium chloride 4. All
and 58%, respectively) in methanol. The following cyclization of 3a the complexes were fully characterized by NMR and single crystal
and 3b using paraformaldehyde furnished the targeted imidazolium X-ray crystallography (Fig. 2).
salts 4a and 4b in high yields (96% and 91%, respectively). Finally, As described in Fig. 2, the metal centres show a linear geometry
bulky NHC ligands 1a and 1b were obtained via deprotonation of the with the coordination number of two. However, the
imidazolium proton with potassium tert-butoxide. The last two ligandemetalechloride bond angles (C1eMeCl) are slightly
Y. Kim et al. / Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 820 (2016) 1e7 3
Fig. 2. Molecular structure of metal complexes from X-ray crystallography. The thermal ellipsoids are set at a 50% probability level.
solid was precipitated immediately. After 6 h, the yellow solid was 160.7, 155.1, 149.4, 148.7, 146.9, 137.0, 136.3, 133.5, 129.4, 127.2,
collected on a frit and subsequently washed with methanol 126.6, 121.0, 118.9 (14 CAromatic), 35.0, 31.0 (2 ArCH(CH3)2), 24.6,
(2 5 mL) and acetone (1 5 mL) to afford 3b as a desired product 24.4, 24.2 (3 ArCH(CH3)2), 20.9, 18.5 (2 ArCH3) ppm. HRMS (EI)
(802 mg, 58%). 1H NMR (C6D6, 500 MHz): d 8.59 (s, 1 H), 8.32 (dd, m/z calcd for C30H38N2 426.3035, found 426.3034.
J ¼ 7.8, 1.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.22 (td, J ¼ 7.6, 0.5 Hz, 1 H), 7.23 (s, 2 H), 7.08
(dd, J ¼ 7.5, 1.1 Hz, 1 H), 6.79 (s, 2 H), 2.87 (m, 1 H), 2.75 (m, 2 H), 2.17 4.2.4. 2-(2,6-Diisopropylphenyl)-5-(2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl)-2H-
(s, 6 H), 2.16 (s, 3 H), 1.30 (d, J ¼ 7.0 Hz, 6 H), 1.19 (d, J ¼ 6.8 Hz, 6 H), imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-4-ium chloride (4a)
1.18 (d, J ¼ 6.8 Hz, 6 H) ppm. 13C NMR (C6D6, 125 MHz): d 164.2, Iminopyridine (3a) (60 mg, 0.13 mmol), paraformaldehyde
Y. Kim et al. / Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 820 (2016) 1e7 5
0.11 mmol) and dry THF (2 mL) were added to a 4 mL vial. The to afford 1aeAuCl as a white solid (64 mg, 86%). Crystals suitable for
reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for one day. The X-ray crystallography were obtained by slow diffusion of pentane
mixture was then filtered through dry Celite and subsequently into dichloromethane solution. 1H NMR (CDCl3, 500 MHz): d 7.48
eluted with THF (1 0.5 mL). The filtrate was dried in vacuo to (dd, J ¼ 9.3, 1.1 Hz, 1 H), 7.44 (t, J ¼ 7.8 Hz, 1 H), 7.31 (s, 1 H), 7.20 (d,
afford 1beCuCl as a yellow solid (53 mg, 86%). Crystals suitable for J ¼ 7.8 Hz, 2 H), 7.15 (s, 2 H), 7.08 (dd, J ¼ 9.3, 6.6 Hz, 1 H), 6.61 (dd,
X-ray crystallography were obtained by slow diffusion of pentane J ¼ 6.6, 1.2 Hz, 1 H), 2.96 (m, 1 H), 2.41 (m, 2 H), 2.13 (m, 2 H), 1.35 (d,
into dichloromethane solution. 1H NMR (CDCl3, 500 MHz): d 7.45 J ¼ 6.9 Hz, 6 H), 1.27 (d, J ¼ 6.9 Hz, 6 H), 1.20 (d, J ¼ 6.8 Hz, 6 H), 1.14
(dd, J ¼ 9.2, 1.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.26 (s, 1 H), 7.17 (s, 2 H), 7.04 (dd, J ¼ 9.2, (d, J ¼ 6.8 Hz, 6 H), 1.11 (d, J ¼ 6.8 Hz, 6 H) ppm. 13C NMR (CDCl3,
6.6 Hz, 1 H), 6.92 (s, 2 H), 6.56 (dd, J ¼ 6.5, 1.1 Hz, 1 H), 2.98 (m, 1 H), 125 MHz): d 166.5 (CCarbene), 152.3, 147.0, 145.2, 138.5, 135.7, 131.3,
2.43 (m, 2 H), 2.30 (s, 3 H), 1.92 (s, 6 H), 1.34 (d, J ¼ 6.9 Hz, 6 H), 1.23 130.7, 128.9, 124.2, 123.5, 122.2, 117.2, 116.8, 113.5 (14 CAromatic),
(d, J ¼ 6.9 Hz, 6 H), 1.15 (d, J ¼ 6.8 Hz, 6 H) ppm. 13C NMR (CDCl3, 34.8, 31.9, 28.6 (3 CBenzyl), 25.3, 24.5, 24.5, 24.4, 23.8 (5 CAlkyl)
125 MHz): d 152.3, 146.6, 139.5, 138.9, 136.3, 134.2, 131.6, 129.5, ppm. Anal. Calcd for C34H44AuClN2: C, 57.26; H, 6.22; N, 3.93.
128.2, 123.3, 122.8, 116.6, 115.8, 112.5 (14 CAromatic), 34.8, 31.6 Found: C, 56.87; H, 6.13; N, 3.87.
(2 ArCH(CH3)2), 25.2, 24.3, 24.2 (3 ArCH(CH3)2), 21.2, 17.6
(2 ArCH3) ppm. (Signal from the carbon adjacent to metal were 4.4.6. 1beAuCl
not detected.) Anal. Calcd for C31H38ClCuN2: C, 69.25; H, 7.12; N, In a glove box, 1b (50 mg, 0.11 mmol), chloro(dimethylsulfide)
5.21. Found: C, 69.46; H, 6.93; N, 5.15. gold(I) (34 mg, 0.11 mmol) and dry THF (2 mL) were added to a 4 mL
vial. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for one
4.4.3. 1aeAgCl day. The mixture was then filtered through dry Celite and subse-
In a glove box, 4a (50 mg, 0.097 mmol), silver(I) oxide (11 mg, quently eluted with THF (1 0.5 mL). The filtrate was dried in vacuo
0.048 mmol) and dry dichloromethane (2 mL) were added to a 4 mL to afford 1beAuCl as a white solid (56 mg, 73%). Crystals suitable for
vial. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for one X-ray crystallography were obtained by slow diffusion of pentane
day. The mixture was then filtered through dry Celite and subse- into dichloromethane solution. 1H NMR (CDCl3, 500 MHz): d 7.45
quently eluted with dichloromethane (1 0.5 mL). The filtrate was (dd, J ¼ 9.3, 1.1 Hz, 1 H), 7.27 (s, 1 H), 7.15 (s, 2 H), 7.05 (dd, J ¼ 9.2,
dried in vacuo to afford 1aeAgCl as a white solid (51 mg, 84%). 6.6 Hz, 1 H), 6.91 (s, 2 H), 6.58 (dd, J ¼ 6.7, 1.2 Hz, 1 H), 2.97 (m, 1 H),
Crystals suitable for X-ray crystallography were obtained by slow 2.41 (m, 2 H), 2.29 (s, 3 H), 1.92 (s, 6 H), 1.35 (d, J ¼ 6.9 Hz, 6 H), 1.28
diffusion of pentane into dichloromethane solution. 1H NMR (d, J ¼ 6.9 Hz, 6 H), 1.13 (d, J ¼ 6.8 Hz, 6 H) ppm. 13C NMR (CDCl3,
(CDCl3, 500 MHz): d 7.51 (d, J ¼ 9.3 Hz, 1 H), 7.43 (t, J ¼ 7.8 Hz, 1 H), 125 MHz): d 165.5 (CCarbene), 152.2, 146.9, 139.7, 138.6, 136.4, 134.3,
7.39 (d, J ¼ 1.8 Hz, 1 H), 7.21 (d, J ¼ 7.8 Hz, 2 H), 7.19 (s, 2 H), 7.11 (dd, 131.6, 129.5, 129.0, 123.2, 122.1, 117.0, 116.8, 112.3 (14 CAromatic),
J ¼ 9.3, 6.7 Hz, 1 H), 6.64 (dd, J ¼ 6.6, 1.2 Hz, 1 H), 2.99 (m, 1 H), 2.43 34.8, 31.8 (2 ArCH(CH3)2), 25.3, 24.5, 23.8 (3 ArCH(CH3)2), 21.3,
(m, 2 H), 2.12 (m, 2 H), 1.36 (d, J ¼ 6.9 Hz, 6 H), 1.21 (d, J ¼ 6.9 Hz, 17.7 (2 ArCH3) ppm. Anal. Calcd for C31H38AuClN2: C, 55.48; H,
6 H), 1.16e1.11 (m, 18 H) ppm. 13C NMR (CDCl3, 125 MHz): d 152.6, 5.71; N, 4.17. Found: C, 55.32; H, 5.80; N, 4.01.
146.7, 145.2, 138.7, 135.8, 131.9, 130.8, 127.7, 124.3, 123.5, 122.7, 116.8,
116.6, 114.3 (14 CAromatic), 34.7, 31.7, 28.5 (3 CBenzyl), 25.3, 24.7, Acknowledgements
24.6, 24.3, 24.3 (5 CAlkyl) ppm. (Signal from the carbon adjacent to
metal were not detected.) Anal. Calcd for C34H44AgClN2: C, 65.44; H, This work was supported by Institute for Basic Science (IBS)
7.11; N, 4.49. Found: C, 65.23; H, 6.90; N, 4.41. [IBS-R007-D1]. X-ray diffraction experiment with synchrotron ra-
diation was performed at the Pohang Accelerator Laboratory
4.4.4. 1beAgCl (Beamline 2D).
In a glove box, 4b (50 mg, 0.11 mmol), silver(I) oxide (12 mg,
0.053 mmol) and dry dichloromethane (2 mL) were added to a 4 mL
Appendix A. Supplementary data
vial. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for one
day. The mixture was then filtered through dry Celite and subse-
Supplementary data related to this article can be found at http://
quently eluted with dichloromethane (1 0.5 mL). The filtrate was
dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jorganchem.2016.07.023.
dried in vacuo to afford 1beAgCl as a white solid (48 mg, 78%).
Crystals suitable for X-ray crystallography were obtained by slow
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