City Planning towards the Modern Age II

The birth of comprehensive planning

Session 5
Frank Lloyd Wright, Fallingwater (Edgar J. Kaufmann House), Mill Run,
Pennsylvania, 1935, Color pencil on tracing paper, 15-3/8 x 27-1/4 inches, © The
Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation Accessed at:
https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ap-art-history/later-europe-and-
americas/modernity-ap/a/frank-lloyd-wright-fallingwater

The Job of the designer is to

take the ideas out of the
mind and turn it into Frank Lloyd Wright, Fallingwater,
steps to stream (Edgar J.

conceivable realities Kaufmann House), Bear Run,

Pennsylvania (photo: Daderot, CC0
1.0)Accessed at:
https://www.khanacademy.org/hu
manities/ap-art-history/later-
europe-and-americas/modernity-
ap/a/frank-lloyd-wright-
fallingwater
Why is the industrial
revolution absolutely INDUSTRIAL
critical to city
planning? REVOLUTION
In the age of Industrial
Revolution, designers were
empowered and worked mostly
with theories and not processes.
Hence, the effectivity of what
the designer conceived was
tested by implementation
 COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING
Considered the oldest view in planning; the
planning approach employed by the earliest
urban professional planners, where the city THE MASTER
planner often assumed a “godly position”;
making design choices based on personally PLAN ERA:
formed observations and belief systems
Ideal
Most comprehensive
planners were
Cities
concerned with
designing the perfect
city
 “Despite his training in Law, his essays were usually
on scientific principles and how they could be
applied in democratic government” During Chadwick’s time, London
was growing more and more
Citation: C N Trueman "Edwin Chadwick" blighted and damaged due to
historylearningsite.co.uk. The History Learning Site, 17 Mar 2015. 24 Jul 2017. excessive urbanisation and
overpopulation. By this time, the
law of the commons or the
commonwealth was fully fleshed
out in power despite being
under heavy influence from the
oligarchy.

The image below shows the river

thames in the 1800s

EDWIN 1800 –1890

CHADWICK

“Father of Public
Health Reform in
Britain”
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/The_Demolition_of_Old_London_Bridge%2C_1832%2C_Guildhall_Gallery%2C_London.JPG
 The figure on the left
shows an
advertisement of
services offering the
cleaning of cesspools

The figure on the right

is a drawing by
Gustave Dore
showing the crowded
streets of London at
this time. By this time,
majority of London’s
cesspools (septic
tanks) were very
adjacent to water
wells. In case of http://www.choleraandthethames.co.uk/templates/cholera

excesses, the wastes

/deafultNew/images/gallery/gustave/image2large.jpg

are flushed into the

river thames

URBAN ISSUE: Hygiene.

London was extremely impoverished, dirty
and overcrowded at this time.
http://www.choleraandthethames.co.uk/templates/cholera/deafultNew/ima
ges/gallery/WestminsterArchives/image12large.jpg
 “Near the bridges the
feculence rolled up in
clouds so dense that
By 1830s, cholera was they were visible at
taking lives in London by the surface … the
increasing numbers. The whole river was for the
people of London time a real sewer.”
believed that the
—Michael Faraday
growing stink was
causing the illness. This
belief was called the “The GREAT STINK of LONDON”
Miasmus Theory. Half of London had Cesspools that
leaked into the River Thames, causing
the Great Stink of London.
 POLICY

The knee-jerk reaction THE MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS ACT

of the political lords The British Parliament set up democratic city
was to implement governments across Britain and allowed
policies that would those governments to supervise basic
prevent the services like water, sewer, and police
worsening of the protection.
Great Stink. POLICY
But because these IMPLEMENTORS
policies were
founded on the MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS
Miasmus theory, However, these corporations had “little civic
policies proved responsibility” and collected expensive taxes
ineffective and did nothing to improve the towns nor
successfully pin down the cause of the stink.
 BYE-LAW HOUSING:
URBAN ISSUES+POLICY • With respect to (wrt) the level,
width and construction of new
streets and provisions for the
Chadwick was a fore mover in authoring sewerage thereof;
“Bye-Law Housing”, laws/reform acts which • Wrt the structure of walls,
insisted that there be standards in building, To improve public foundations, roofs, and
particularly for hygiene. health, Chadwick chimneys for securing stability
proclaimed that the and the prevention of fires and
Chadwick was eventually city needed: for the purposes of health.
appointed Sanitation Commissioner • Wrt the drainage of buildings,
and was a big believer of the from water closets, earth
1) a constant supply of closets, privies, ash pits, and
Miasmus theory
fresh clean water, cesspools in connection with
2) water closets in buildings and to the closing of
buildings, or parts of buildings
In 1842, Chadwick published his every house, and unfit for human habitation and
report, “The Sanitary Conditions of 3) a system of carrying to prohibit their use for such
the Labouring Population” where sewage to outlying habitation
Chadwick argued that disease was farms, where it would • Carriageway widths
directly related to living conditions (36 ft wide)
provide a cheap
and that there was a desperate • Other streets (24 ft wide)
need for public health reform. source of fertilizer. • Setbacks (front - 24 ft;
backyard -150 ft)
Ultimately, the hygiene issues
of London couldn’t be solved “On the Mode of Communication of
via policy alone. Cholera, demonstrating that more people
died from cholera in the area served by
certain South London water companies.
John Snow, a physician, later These drew their water straight from the
discovered that higher cases River Thames, which, at this time, had
around sixty sewage outlets gushing into it
of Cholera emerged from (White 51).”
people who drank water from
the River Thames.
Banerjee, “John Snow and Waterborne Diseases” Accessed at:
http://www.victorianweb.org/science/health/johnsnow.html

“The “miasma theory” that diseases were caused by noxious vapour in the air held
stubborn sway, leading the well-meaning social reformer Edwin Chadwick – insisting
that “all smell is disease” – to hasten the abandonment of stinking cesspools in
favour of flushing the sewers into the Thames. The effect was more ill than good.”
Mann, “Story of cities #14: London's Great Stink heralds a wonder of the industrial world.” Accessed at :https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/apr/04/story-cities-14-london-great-stink-
river-thames-joseph-bazalgette-sewage-system
Joseph Bagalzette had long been
designing and proposing
underground sewage plans but
couldn’t get budget and political
approval for implementation.

With John Snow’s discovery, the

commons was quick to approve
both the plans and budget for
immediate implementation.
1819-1891

JOSEPH BAGALZETTE
Civil Engineer
 Bagalzette’s plan included the
interception of open streams which
run into an underground sewage
system. Above which, new roads
and open spaces for public use

Bazalgette’s sewers map, 1865. The main drainage of

London. Photograph of map inserted in one of Balagette’s
Metropolitan Board of Works reports in the British Library.
http://thepublici.blogspot.com/2015/08/toilet-humour-part-four.html
Accessed: https://portoflondonstudy.wordpress.com/2016/10/31/sir-joseph-bazalgettes-embankments-by-sue-littledale/
URBAN ISSUES+TECHNOLOGY

http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-eErZxCiBJL4/VUkQPixG4WI/AAAAAAAAmJ4/4ZTSwSNmr6g/s1600/Crap%2B%2B%2B51.GIF
He transformed
picturesque Paris into
a city which met
beautiful and
functional planning.

1809 - 1891

Baron Haussman changed BARON Georges

France in the age of Eugene Haussman

LES “the French Civic

Planner”
This is a diagram of the Rue Saint-Denis, as renovated by Haussmann.
Notice that the new street is significantly wider than any existing streets, and
is designed to pass directly through many existing buildings. The Rue Saint-
Denis, unlike the existing streets, is also very straight. Napoleon III hoped this
would discourage rioters, who were in the habit of setting up barricades in
the warren-like streets.

The Rue Saint-Denis, as renovated by Haussmann https://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hist255-s01/mapping-paris/Haussmann.html

“Baron Georges Eugene Haussmann (1809-1892) was
appointed by Napoleon III on June 22, 1853 to Haussmann accomplished
"modernize" Paris.” all this by tearing up many
of the old, twisting streets
In this way, Napoleon III hoped to better control the and dilapidated
flow of traffic, encourage economic growth, and apartment houses, and
make the city "revolution-proof" by making it harder replacing them with the
to build barricades against civil uprisings. wide, tree-lined
boulevards and expansive
Note: the French revolution began in the 17th
century, around the same time that America was gardens which Paris is
fighting for freedom. France at this time was also famous for today
slowly being taken over by the Burgeoisie
 The image was
taken by Charles
Marville for Baron
Haussmann's City
Council Permanent
Subcommittee on
Historic Works.
The street in the photograph is
the Rue Etienne. It is narrow,
damp, and dirty. There are no
sidewalks, which would have
discouraged potential
customers from frequenting
the shops which line the street
on either side. In the
background, one can see
more refuse, which has made
the street impassible.
BARON was heavily
criticized for being
insensitive to the then
culture of Paris and as a
reaction, he set up a
special committee solely
for the documentation of
“old paris”
City Council Permanent
Subcommittee on Historic Works
A committee that “recorded”
Old Paris for the city archives, as
well as to survey the city and
mark areas to be renovated.
 Haussman was therefore criticized
URBAN ISSUES+CULTURE & as anti poor and elitist
SOCIETY
Haussmann destroyed streets like
[Etienne], in favor of wider, and
better ventilated streets which
would encourage upper
bourgeois strolling.
 Haussmann
gave way to
Neoclassicism
in Paris

Pictures from
Architecture in the Era of Napoleon III
By Emily Kirkman - 2007.
(LEFT) The underground sewers of Paris;

Haussman was adamant on separating solid and liquid

wastes for fear the mixing would lessen the value of the
wastes as fertilizers

Pictures from
Architecture in the Era of Napoleon III
By Emily Kirkman - 2007.
 The River Sienne after
Hausmannization

http://www.spudles.com/travels/europe2002_pics.html
Baron Haussman’s
famous Tree-lined
boulevards in Paris,
eased the traffic and
humanized the
streets of Paris as well
as dispossessed
many people of their
homes.

Haussmman’s
boulevards were not
really designed for
intrinsic beauty, but it
gave the longest
feasible sight lines for
Lous Napoleon’s III
troops and gave long
perspective views of
the monuments of his
warfare.
Aerial picture of the French National Assembly

Haussman wanted
to link the major
monuments of the
city and focused
on the visual and
functional
intention of the
great monuments
of Paris (the
Bourse, the
National Assembly,
the Church of the
Madeline, the
Pantheon, the
Cathedral of Notre
Dame.)
For Architects and modern planners, Haussman’s fault arguably included the
destruction of Paris because he wasn’t able to go around its existing structure
from the Middle Ages. Haussman’s “lack of planning experience” forced him
to destroy the streets of Paris rather than work around them
 “…Napoleon III fired Haussmann on
January 5, 1870, in order to increase the
Manet’s Bar at approval ratings of the regime.”
Folies depicts a
disengaged
socialite, meaning “The continuous destruction of physical Paris
a Parisian society led to a destruction of social Paris as well.
disturbed by Haussmann was also criticized for the
Hausmannization immense cost of his project.

“HAUSMANNIZATION AND THE DESTRUCTION OF PARIS”

Pictures from
Excerpts and Pictures from
Architecture in the Era of Napoleon III Architecture in the Era of
By Emily Kirkman - 2007. Napoleon III
By Emily Kirkman - 2007.
 Sitte’s works were the
opposite of Hausmman’s.
Where Hausmann was
formal, grand and
monumental, Sitte preferred
irregularity in planning.

“Camillo Sitte: City

Planning According
to Artistic Principles
(1889)”
1843-1903

CAMILLO SITTE
Sitte proposed the use of architectural projections, more frequent
interruptions of the building line, the use of zig-zag and winding “City Planning
streets, uneven street widths, different building heights, different
flights of stairs. --- He wanted to use interior elements such as Theoretician
staircases and galleries in the exterior to create what he from Austria”
considered as charming medieval designs.

He wanted to “abstractize” city planning.

“Originally published in 1889, Camillo
Sitte intended his book as a guide for
locating monuments in public spaces,
particularly Vienna, but what resulted is
a criticism of modern city planning that
valued logic and mathematical
solutions over artistic considerations…

He concludes the book with a plan for

reshaping a portion of the Austrian
city; along the way he generates a
number of rules pertinent to public
spaces, such as not locating churches,
public buildings, or monuments in the
middle of squares, and that nearby
buildings shouldn't compete with the
important building of the square.”
 EXCERPTS FROM :
“Camillo Sitte: City Planning
According to Artistic Principles
(1889)”

“Modern systems!--Yes, indeed! To

approach everything in a strictly
methodical manner and not to
waver a hair's breadth from
preconceived patterns, until genius
has been trangled to death and joi
de vivre [Exuberant enjoyment of
life. ] stifled by the system— that is
the sign of our time. We have at our
disposal three major methods of city
planning, and several subsidiary
types. The major ones are
the gridiron system, theradial
system, and the triangular system.
The sub-types are mostly hybrids of
these three...
 EXCERPTS FROM :
“Camillo Sitte: City Planning According to Artistic Principles (1889)”

“Artistically speaking, not one of them is of any interest, for in their veins pulses
not a single drop of artistic blood. All three are concerned exclusively with the
arrangement of street patterns, and hence their intention is from the very start a purely
technical one. A network of streets always serves only the purposes of communication,
never of art, since it can never be comprehended sensorily, can never be grasped as a
whole except in a plan of it.... They are of no concern artistically, because they are
inapprehensible in their entirety. Only that which a spectator can hold in view, what can
be seen, is of artistic importance, for instance, the single street or the individual plaza. It
follows simply from this that under the proper conditions an artistic effect can be
achieved with whatever street network be chosen, but the pattern should never be
applied with that really brutal ruthlessness which characterizes the cities of the New World
and which has, unfortunately and frequently, become the fashion with us.”

QUICK BREAK [10 MINUTES]

On 1/2 crosswise sheet of paper,

[5POINTS] In three sentences, react to Camillo Sitte’s position as quoted above

 The man
He had ideas of unity between responsible for the
the two sorts of architectural New York Central
beauty, one is the individual Park; the US Capitol
building, and the other the Grounds, the
orderly arrangement of many Jefferson Memorial,
buildings. White House, and
the Mall.

The Mall, Washington DC

1822-1903

FREDERICK LAW OLMSTED

Founder of American Landscape

Architecture; Designer of the City
Beautiful Movement in Chicago
(Olmsted did the layout, Burnham
chose the team. );
http://www.olmstedmaryland.org/2013/07/washington-d-c-symposium-to-explore-lasting-legacy-of-frederick-law-olmsted-jr/
 “What architect so noble...as he who, with far-reaching
conception of beauty, in designing power, sketches the outlines,
writes the colors, becomes the builder and directs the shadows of
a picture so great that Nature shall be employed upon it for
generations, before the work he arranged for her shall realize his
intentions.” - Frederick Law Olmsted

Plan of the US Capitol Grounds

by Frederick law Olmsted
Olmsted established his firm after working in a mining
URBAN ISSUES+ENVIRONMENT company and has had numerous clients since. One of his
most popular works is the Central Park, New York.
 A PASTORAL EXPERIENCE IN THE CITY
City Landscaping as the hideaway from the urban landscape; “as
pleasure grounds”

thick plantings along street borders, separating and excluding

commercial traffic, and discouraging all usage of the grounds which
were not in harmony with this goal

…He also strove to bring the landscape as close to as much of the

urban population as possible, so that all could benefit from it.”

Olmsted as the landscape architect and

Calvert Vaux the architect

Situated between 59th

street and 110 streets in the
heart of New York City,
Central Park is arguably
the most well known of all
the parks that Olmsted had
a hand in.
 NY CENTRAL PARK

Olmsted was originally the park's superintendent (modern day

property-manager),but he initially had no hand in the design. Andrew
Jackson Downing, the original designer died in a riverboat accident,
and later asked Olmsted and his design partner, Calvert Vaux were to
submit a design for the park.

In 1858 Vaux and Olmsetd entered the competition to design the

park, with an entry they called Greensward, which was chosen as the
park's design. (now famously known as NY CENTRAL PARK)
http://www.centralparknyc.org/assets/images/news-images/aerial-looking-south-east-l.jpg

Olmsted sought to
advance a feeling
of
communitiveness,
which is a sense of
shared community
and dedicated
service to the
community
among people.

Greensward was
Olmsted’s very first
forray into
landscape design.
The design of the
park had many
aspects that would
become
trademarks of
Olmsted's designs.
There were winding
paths, scenic views
and large open
areas for people to
relax in.
 Subordination
“where carefully constructed walks and paths would flow through landscape with gentle grades
and easy curves, thus requiring the viewer's minimal attention to the process of movement.
He designed parks on the (incorporated parks into buildings)”
principles of Separation
designing large parks that were meant for the enjoyment of the scenery; handle the movement
1) Subordination; and of pedestrians and offset vehicular traffic.
“America was experiencing
unprecedented growth in the
mid-19th century, making the 2) Separation
transition from a rural people to a
complex urban society. City life
became more stressful as the
crowds grew, the pace
quickened, and the countryside
was pushed into the distance.
Olmsted and others saw the need
for preserving green and open
spaces where people could
escape city pressures, places that
nourished body and spirit. His
intuitive understanding of the
historical changes he was living
through and his rare combination
of idealism, artistry, intelligence,
and practical knowledge
enabled him to help soften the
shocks of industrialization. ”
 But it was when
Olmsted
designed the
Buffalo Park, not
only as one slab
of green, but a
network of parks
connected
throughout the
city that
Olmsted and
Vaux made a
lasting effect on
city planning
Plan of Riverside, one of Olmsted’s most
celebrated suburbs, 1869

But was disapproved by the board that

commissioned his work and was never
built
 “a noble,
logical diagram
DANIEL BURNHAM once recorded
will never die.”

CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT Known for the

City Beautiful
Movement in
A reform movement which seeks to “Reform” Chicago;
the people living in urban areas. Mover for
skyscrapers
“A reform "of the landscape, he suggested, [would]
complement the burgeoning reforms in other areas DANIEL BURNHAM
of society." (Hines, 95)

“The premise of the movement was the idea that “Make no little
beauty could be an effective social control device. plans; they have
no magic to stir
“When they trumpeted the meliorative power of men's blood”
beauty, they were stating their belief in its capacity – Daniel Burnham
to shape human thought and behavior." (Wilson, 80)

“The 1890s and early years of the
twentieth century were a turning
point in American society. The
economic system struggled to define
itself and Americans through the
language of consumption; social
Not only had population increased during the period 1860 to 1910 from 31.4 million
to 91.9 million, but the percentage of Americans living in cities increased as well--
by 1910, 46% lived in cities with populations of over 2,500. (Hines, 81)
With population centering on urban areas, the questions of the city--the "good
life," crime, poverty, urban blight, and civic idealism--all came to the fore near the
turn of the century.

http://www.pbs.org/fmc/timeline/eimmigration.htm
“From 1880 to
unrest and violence, results of
1930, 27 million
economic depressions, disgust with people migrated
corruption in government, and to the United
overcrowded urban centers erupted States. It was the
periodically throughout the era; and largest migration in
the agrarian way of life, so familiar human history,
before or since.
and fundamental to American
Immigrants came
thought and self-image, was passing primarily from
away into a nostalgic past.” Southern and
Eastern Europe.
They sought
economic
prelude to the opportunities and

http://www.pbs.org/fmc/timeline/images/i1016immigrantboat.jpg
political liberty. But

CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT the immigrants

were “not
Protestant, not
educated, not
skilled and not
The emergence The rise of industrialization
liked.” From 1890
to 1920, the
of modern and the decline of population of

Photo Credits:
American cities
America agrarian America doubled and
doubled again.
 The worker class fought for
their rights to benefits;
this being one of the
reforms of in America
during this era.

American Cities were chaotic before the reforms; the lower class
were constantly fighting for their rights and lived in shanties across
alleys.
~Julie K. Rose, City Beautiful : the 1901 Plan for Washington D.C., 1996

“The attractions of the city were many--restaurants, theater, music and

dancing, shopping…However, the real consumers of the city's goods were
not its residents; increasingly, with the advent of improved transportation and
roadways, the middle and upper-middle class retreated from the cities into
the suburbs, leaving the less well-to-do and the downright poverty-stricken to
the quickly decaying urban center… The upper classes traveled into the city
to attend to their business, consume the leisure activities contained therein,
and the return to their comfortable and beautiful suburban homes… What
they left behind in the cities is the subject of numerous Progressive reform
movements throughout the period.”

“Jacob Riis, as early as 1890, observed (of New York City) that "three-fourths of its people live in the tenements, and the nineteenth-century drift of
the population to the cities is sending ever-increasing multitudes to crowd them...We know now that there is no way out; that the 'system' that was
the evil offspring of public neglect and private greed has come to stay, a storm-centre forever of our civilization." (Riis)

"The remedy that shall be an effective answer to the coming appeal for justice must proceed from the public conscience.“(Riis)
 "Common to almost all the reformers...was the
conviction--explicit or implicit--that the city,
although obviously different from the
village...should nevertheless replicate the moral
order of the village. City dwellers, they believed,
must somehow be brought to perceive
themselves as members of cohesive
communities knit together by shared moral and
social values." (Boyer, vii)
“…The civic center's beauty
would reflect the souls of the city's
inhabitants, inducing order, calm,
and propriety therein.
“…the citizen's presence in the
center, together with other
citizens, would strengthen pride in
the city and awaken a sense of
community with fellow urban
dwellers.” (Wilson, 92)
“Daniel Burnham, a leading proponent of the movement,
linked their efforts with PROGRESSIVISM.
Generally stated, the City Beautiful advocates sought to improve their
city through beautification, which would have a number of effects:
1) social ills would be swept away, as the beauty of the city would
inspire civic loyalty and moral rectitude in the impoverished;
2) American cities would be brought to cultural parity with their
European competitors through the use of the European Beaux-Arts
idiom; and
3) a more inviting city center still would not bring the upper classes
back to live, but certainly to work and spend money in the urban
areas.
CITY BEAUTIFUL
MOVEMENT
At this time in Paris, École des Beaux-Arts as an architectural style was THE RISE OF
reaching its popularity. “Beaux-Arts buildings are typically massive and
have a symmetrical plan with rooms arranged axially, profuse Classicist NEOCLASSICISM
detail, and pavilions that extend forward at the ends and centre.” IN AMERICA
Architectural style
developed at the École
des Beaux-Arts in Paris. It
enjoyed international
dominance in the late
19th century (seeSecond
Empire) and rapidly
became an official style
for many of the new
public buildings
demanded by
expanding cities and
their national
governments. Beaux-Arts
buildings are typically
massive and have a
symmetrical plan with
rooms arranged axially,
profuse Classicist detail,
and pavilions that extend
forward at the ends and
centre. Among the most
admired Beaux-Arts
structures is theParis
Opéra.
Paris Opera House by Architect Jean Louis Charles Garnier
http://www.beauxartsart.com/Newsletters/Paris%20Opera%20House.html
Jean Louis Charles Garnier (1825-1898) was a French architect, born on Nov. 6, 1825,
in Paris. He became the apprentice of the French architect Louis Hippolyte Lebas
The City Beautiful reformist adopted
and learned neoclassical style design. He was a full time student at École des Beaux- the idioms from the Beaux-Arts style
Arts in 1841. Garnier spent 5 years in Italy after winning the Grand Prix de Rome in
1848 at the age of 23. He later traveled through Greece and found architectural from the Ecole Des Beaux Arts in Paris.
inspiration among the ruins there. Garnier entered the design competition for the
Académie Nationale de Musique, better known as the Opéra, in Paris in 1861. He
won fifth prize in the first stage of a two-phase competition and later that year won “The American Renaissance;
the commission selected from over 171 entries. The Opéra was built from 1862 to Neoclassicism in America”
1867; the interiors were not completed until 1874. The folio Le Nouvel Opera de
Paris was published in 1878 to honor Garnier's grand design.

Architectural style developed at

the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, a
school of architecture

Where “architecture” was defined

by looking back at classical
structures and intensively studying
its detail.

A system of education adopted by

most American schools of
architecture

“The recently restored enclosed courtyard of the

Palais des Études is lined with Roman sculptures.”
ÉCOLE DES BEAUX-ARTS SYSTEM
http://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/tae-ecole-des-beaux-art-article
 “The World's Columbian Exposition, which opened on this date, was
the most famous world's fair ever held on American soil. The fair, a
celebration by the nation--and the world--of the 400th anniversary of
the discovery of the Americas by Christopher Columbus, had been
the subject of a fierce competition among Chicago, New York,
Washington and St. Louis.”

By Patrick T. ReardonChicago Tribune

Symmetry,
order and
harmony
were three
basic
principles
adopted for
the white
city.

The White City Daniel H.

World’s Columbian Exposition, 1893 Burnham of
Chicago
was
The first expression of the monumental the Director
style that the City Beautiful Reformist of
Constructio
adopted; A testament; an example of n for the
the Beaux Arts style adopted in America white city.
“Not everyone was happy. By Patrick T.
Architect Louis Sullivan, who Reardon
designed the fair's Transportation Chicago
Building, complained that [the]
Tribune
fair's reliance on classical models
would set back American
architecture by half a century.
And blacks, welcomed as paying
customers, found that they were
vastly underrepresented in the
exhibits.”

“For Chicago,
the point of the
fair was to
prove that the
city had risen,
prosperous and
strong, from the
ashes and was
ready to take
its place in the
front rank of the
world's great
cities.”
“The exposition was really two fairs in one: the
official White City with its grand Neoclassical
buildings filled with exhibits and the unofficial
Midway outside the gates where visitors could
ride the world's first Ferris wheel, a gigantic
affair 264 feet in diameter, or watch exotic
dancers, such as Fahreda Mahzar, later
known as Little Egypt.”
By Patrick T. Reardon on Chicago Tribune
“The fair came to a close amid mourning, rather than the
scheduled speeches and parties. On the evening of Oct. 28,
two days before the fair's final day, Mayor Carter Harrison
was assassinated in his Near West Side home by a 25-year-
old job-seeker. Four months later, fire destroyed or damaged
six fair buildings and their still-valuable exhibits. Another fire
occurred in February, and then in July 1894, a final
conflagration leveled nearly all of the remaining structures.”

World’s
first
ferris
wheel

Director of Construction Daniel H. Burnham of
Chicago, put their Beaux-Arts training to use in the
monumental and vaguely classical buildings, all of
uniform cornice height, all decorated roughly the
same, and all painted bright white.
The beauty of the main court, the well-planned
balance of buildings, water, and open green
spaces was a revelation for the 27 million visitors.
Not only was the White City dignified and
monumental, it was also well-run: there was no
poverty and no crime (so the visitors were led to
believe), there were state-of-the-art sanitation and
transportation systems, and the Columbian Guard
kept everyone happily in their place. In contrast to
the grey urban sprawl and blight of Chicago and
other American cities, this seemed a utopia.
Neoclassisicm in America,
especially of the Beaux-Arts style,
was regarded as unoriginal, being
that it intended to take after
European culture. Being a New
World, America was supposed to
embody its own culture and
architectural identity. And yet it is
difficult to contain the American
culture given that it was a melting
pot for immigrants and natives.
The reformists however maintain
and claim that there is nothing
wrong with taking after European
architecture since majority of the
inhabitants of the new world, did
in fact come from Europe.
By Patrick T. ReardonChicago
Tribune
The Chicago Fair and/or The Ecole des
Beaux Arts and CITY PLANNING

Three or more avenues

starting at a single central
point on a grand public
square and fanning out in
different directions
CROW’S FOOT
IN URBAN
PLANNING
 WASHINGTON D.C. Is actually a product of the
City beautiful Movement. The result is a
combination of Baron Haussman’s Tree-Lined
boulevards, straight sight lines; classic white
buildings, and OLMSTED’S City Parks.
Urbanist January 2010 Issue

http://www.visitingdc.com/images/national-mall-washington-dc.jpg

http://www.raidersnewsupdate.com/wash-dome-obelisk.jpg
CROW”S FEET in QC,
PHILIPPINES
 Scottish
Ecologist
an influential botanist,
“‘[the task of town
Theorist
PATRICK GEDDES
planning] is to find the right
places for each sort of
community activist
Publisher
people; places where they
a founder of modern
will really flourish. To give
town planning.
people in fact the same
Coined the terms
care that we give when
megalopolis,
transplanting flowers,
conurbation.
instead of harsh evictions
and arbitrary instructions to
First link to sociology
“move on”…”
and planning

When Geddes met Darwin… BIOLOGIST. The first of PATRICK GEDDES

planners to think of the
‘Town-planning is not mere
urban area as an place-planning, nor even
organism. Studied Human work-planning. If it is to be
Ecology: The relationship successful it must be folk-
between humans and the planning.’ ~ Patrick
environment Geddes
 CONURBATION, THE
MEGALOPOLIS, AND URBAN
AGGLOMERATIONS as
“What Geddes meant by this was that phenomena --- manifestations of
what was needed was a full human behavior PLACE|
appreciation of the CULTURAL, Environment
HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL
ANTECEDENTS of a community, and
furthermore the capacity to enable WORK|
Economics
that community to be fully aware of
those antecedents.”
~ Murdo Macdonald, Edinburgh, University of Dundee May 2009
FOLK|
Anthropology

Generalist vision for the study of “GEDDESIAN TRIAD”

The forces that shaped the
cities and culture. The city akin growth and change in modern
to an organism. cities
Excerpts from: Sir Patrick Geddes and the Scottish Generalist
Tradition. The Sir Patrick Geddes Memorial Lecture 2009
Edinburgh at the Royal Society of Edinburgh 20 May 2009 by
Murdo Macdonald, Professor of History of Scottish Art,
University of Dundee.
 “A city is not so much like a growing organism, where the
mature adult form is roughly knowable in advance, and
deviations from which are assumed to be harmful. Rather,
urban change is more akin to an unpredictable evolution, with
the city a system of co-evolving components.
Published
1915 So the role of the planner is not to ‘design’ a city as if there
could be an optimal target form which is knowable; rather the
planner must rather get to grips with steering urban change
Criticized adaptively, amid the complex dynamic that relates all its parts."
Garden Cities
and the City
Beautiful GENERALISM according to
Movement GEDDES: ‘[a] general and educational point of
view must be brought to bear on
Coined terms every specialism. The teacher’s outlook should
such as include all viewpoints. …. Hence we must cease
conurbation, to think merely in terms of separated
megalopolis departments and faculties and must relate
these in the living mind; in the social mind as
well – indeed, this above all.’

~ Final lecture by Geddes to his Dundee students. For the full text see
Amelia Defries, 1927, The Interpreter: Geddes; 172-190.

GEDDES as Generalist
 Masterplan of Tel Aviv,
“[Geddes] PATRICK GEDDES
Geddes “pioneered a sociological approached his
approach to the study of investigations with
urbanization… discovered that the receptivity to the
city should be studied in the context local scene,
of the region; predicted that the seeking to
process of urbanisation could be understand the
analysed and understood; [and] nature of the
believed that the application of (Indian) settlement,
such knowledge could shape future and making no
developments towards life attempt to impose
enhancement for all citizens’. a foreign
conception of
~Professor Greg Lloyd, School of Town and urban
Regional Planning, University of Dundee quoting environment.’2 ~ Eve
Hellen Miller, biographer to Patrick Geddes nson, N., 1988, The Indian
Metropolis; 114-115. See
also M. Fry, 2001, The
Scottish Empire; 229-230.

GEDDES AND REGIONALISM. The context of each

region is different. Different conditions. Different
people. Different cities. “he was operating in very
particular economic and social circumstances, and
specific political conditions.”
 Geddes: The
‘Breadth of thought and a general
sequence of planning
direction are not opposed to
is as follows: “...The municipal plan is
specialised thought and detailed based on imposing an
1) Regional Survey
work. The clear thinker realises that alien grid of streets, no
2) Rural
they are complementary and doubt related to some
Development utopian masterplan or
mutually indispensible.’
3) Town Planning perhaps just to lack of
33 Tyrwhitt, Patrick Geddes in India; 66. 4) City Design time or imagination.”

By contrast, Geddes’
SURVEY- ANALYSIS-PLAN. plan is sensitive to the
Geddes was the first Geddes knew how local building pattern,
planner to conceive a and it is centred on the
logical structure for
much difference a planting of a tree in the
centre of a human-
the Urban Planning single tree could scale, community-
process make. oriented space.

~ Tyrwhitt, J., Geddes in India; 53- ~ Tyrwhitt, J., Geddes in India;

56. Excerpted from the ‘Madura’ material 53-56. Excerpted from the
in Geddes, Report on the Towns in ‘Madura’ material in Geddes,
Report on the Towns in
the Madras Presidency; 82 the Madras Presidency; 82
 Designed
Written by
Ebenezer
diagrams
Howard and profusely
originally suggesting the
published in
1898, the book size of the area
was titled "To- of an ideal city,
morrow: A
Peaceful Path
and its zones:
to Real
Reform". In Industrial,
1902 it was
reprinted as agricultural,
"Garden Cities educational,
of To-Morrow".
Howard's
parks, et al (and
ideas gave rise called it Garden
not only to the Cities)
garden city
movement,
but also were Suggested 32,000
the origin
of modern
as the maximum
planning population size
concepts such
as network
urbanism or Suggested the
polycentric
cities.
interlink of several
garden cities –
EBENEZER HOWARD
Scooped Social Cities
by Ignacio
López
surrouned and/or “Garden Cities of
connected by
Busón onto La
ndscape greenbelt Tomorrow”
Urbanism

“What Is may hinder What Might Be for a while,

The book that prompted but cannot stay the tide of progress.”
THE GARDEN CITIES OF TOMORROW (in the context of Social Cities)
 Howard wanted
to integrate the
agricultural with
the urban

Howard's ideas in his book gave rise

not only to the garden city
movement,

Discussing in detail his “Garden

Cities”

but eventually became the origin

of modern planning concepts
such as network urbanism or
polycentric cities.
~Ebenezer Howard,
Garden Cities of
Tomorrow:
“…we should have a
cluster of cities, not
of course arranged
in the precise
geometrical form of
my diagram, but so
grouped around a
Central City that
each inhabitant of
the whole group, Garden City,
though in one sense which is to be
living in a town of built near the
small size… and centre of the
would enjoy all the 6,000 acres,
advantages of, a covers an area
great and most of 1,000 acres,
beautiful city; and or a sixth part of
yet all the fresh the 6,000 acres,
delights of the and might be of
country--field, circular form,
hedgerow, and 1,240 yards (or
woodland--not prim “Diagram 3, which nearly three-
represents one section or quarters of a
parks and gardens ward of the town, will be
merely--would be useful in following the mile) from
within a very few
description of the town itself- centre to
-a description which is,
minutes' walk or however, merely suggestive,
circumference.
ride.” and will probably be much
departed from.”
"Our diagram may now be understood. CIVIC AND CULTURAL
Garden City is built up. Its population has RING
COMMERCIAL AND
reached 32.000. How will it grow? RESIDENTIAL OFFICE RING

It will grow by establishing another city some

little distance beyond its own zone of INDUSTRIAL
"country", so that the new town may have a
zone of country of its own.”
CITIES INFUSED
WITH
COUNTRY-ISH
“GREEN BELTS“
At the centre of the city would lay a garden
ringed with the civic and cultural complex
including the city hall, a concert hall,
museum, theatre, library, and hospital. Six
broad main avenues would radiate from this
centre. Concentric to this urban core would
be a park, a combination shopping centre
and conservatory, a residential area, and
then, at the outer edge, industry. Traffic
would move along avenues extending along
the radii and concentric boulevards.
THE SOCIAL CITY “[...] the inhabitants of the
one could reach the other in a very few
minutes; for rapid transit would be specially
provided for, and thus the people of the two
towns would in reality represent one
community." ~ Ebenezer Howard

INTERMUNICI
PAL RAILWAY

“There is, first, an inter-

municipal railway,
connecting all the towns of
the outer ring--twenty miles in
circumference--so that to get
from any town to its most
distant neighbour requires
one to cover a distance of
only ten miles, which could
be accomplished in, say,
twelve minutes.
 STEVENAGE.
• Implemented by MINISTRY of TOWN One of the first new
AND COUNTRY PLANNING;
towns built after the
• Believed to be influenced by NEW TOWNS ACT was
EBENEZER HOWARD’S VIEWS. All new followed -------- but
industrial ventures are to build with
the consent of the Ministry; and all not following
plans are designed to the tune of Howard’s Diagrams.
Howard’s ideas.

• A plan must be submitted to the In effect, as Howard

ministry, which in turn will set up a
predicted, the New
“DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION” that
will oversee the implementation of
Towns Act increased the
the new town. value of the properties
being built. Despite
• After the town is built, the ownership controversy, the New
will be returned to local authorities Towns were not turned
and designated as Public Properties. over to local
authorities and
• Build. Operate. Transfer. BOT
continued to be
Aside from indicating extensively detailed managed by municipal
diagrams of the City centered on the corporations.
value of agriculture, Howard also touched
base on the economic center of the city: “The Birth of Real ESTATE”
that it must be built alongside enterprise:
An Industrial Center = New Town
Followers of the

LETCHWORTH
Garden City
movement wanted
to test Howard’s
concepts.

Raymond Unwin
and Barry Parker
were selected as
the main planners
for Letchworth.

The result did not “[T]he Garden City of reality is something

much more than any ideal,” wrote
exactly mirror Purdom. “It is now an actual town, with
Howard’s original all the defects, the compromises, the
adjustments of theory to practice, as well
scheme, But as the happy achievements which
Garden City belong to work in process of
followers were accomplishment. And it may be said at
once that as an actual town, while it falls
“generally pleased short of its ideal, it is still better than that
with the result. ” ideal because the merest bit of practice is
worth endless theory.”[10]
 LETCHWORTH is The
first Garden City;
Ebenezer Howard’s
dream come true.

Plan for center of Letchworth,

Parker and Unwin, 1904.
http://www.tate.org.uk/art/research-
publications/camden-town-group/ysanne-holt-
the-camden-town-group-and-early-twentieth-
century-ruralism-r1104365

The Camden Town Group and Early Twentieth-

Century Ruralism
Ysanne Holt

http://www.letchworth.com/
http://www.letchworth.com/ http://www.letchworth.com/sites/default/files/images/broadway_gardens_from_broadway_cinema_roof.jpg
WELWYN
“The case
against It is,
whisper it, a
teensy bit dull,
like a town laid
out by your
mum.”

http://www.guardian.co.uk/money/
2012/jun/01/lets-move-to-welwyn-
garden-city?newsfeed=true%20
 “American
Planner…
Perry’s theories paved
way into the current
advocate
format of the of the
American Suburbia. He was influential to neighborho
Clarence Stein’s Designs od unit”
Clarence Perry’s and paved way to the rise
Neighborhood unit of New Urbanism.
was noticeably
influenced by
Ebenezer Howards’
Garden City
It paved way to the rise of Clarence
Stein’s approach to town planning. One
of Clarence Stein’s biggest contribution in
planning is the Radburn City, dubbed as
"the first city for the motor age.”
CLARENCE PERRY
Perry believed that cities should be built (or rebuilt)
to consist of an agglomeration of smaller units, typically All day-to-day
facilities should be
centred on and served by an within a Five minute
elementary school, and bounded by major roads walking distance to
every house.
with shopping centres at intersections.
http://www.conservapedia.com/Clarence_Perry
 Children of such units would be able to walk to

http://evstudio.info/the-neighborhood-unit-how-does-perrys-concept-apply-to-modern-day-planning/#printpreview
their local school without having to cross major
roads; the limited size of the units (typically 6-
10,000 inhabitants) would, he believed,
encourage community spirit.

Repeating half-mile
radius layout
When interwoven, all
spaces will be within a
walking distance to
schools/shops

Clarence Perry’s theory was first publicised in 1939 in Housing for the Mechanic Age and gained rapid
acceptance. by John Olson • August 16, 2011
 Stein
acknowledge
d early-on
that the
automobile
can be
unsafe to the
pedestrian.
RADBURN CITY
Designed to incorporate the
automobile carefully and safely
into the town plan, Radburn was
CLARENCE STEIN
designed with cul de sacs and
pedestrian lanes that are
separated from each other.
 (rt) Common
Cul de Sac for
a “Radburn”
Community

To this day, Radburn is a

hotbed for theory criticisms
and research as its
influence to planning is
continually being argued:
whether or not it is efficient
as a modern-day town that
embodies the American
dream.

(below) Typical section

showing relationship of
one house unit to another
 “Architecture is the
learned game, correct
and magnificent, of
forms assembled in
light”

“A House is a machine
for living in”
– Le Corbusier

French. Painter.
Architect.
Friends with August Perrette
(Famous for reinforced Concrete
structures), Mentored by Peter
Behrens. Salvador Dali’s
archenemy. LE CORBUSIER
Le Corbusier as a Capitalist
Charles- Prompts him to see
Édouard Purist Painter.
functionalism as a design
Jeanneret…” Functionalist movement
Le Corbusier Architect.
Rationalist.
“Corbusier came to reject
much of his teacher’s theories
on the revival of traditional
arts and crafts. Instead, he
developed ideas about the
inevitability of capitalist
rationality and the
aesthetic of the
Functionalism as pragmatism
machine. In fact, he The core of functionalism is in the
began to hold the spirit of
capitalism, in the form of
reduction of design elements only
technocratic calculations and to what is necessary. Ornaments
bureaucratic order, in the
highest esteem. . Under are shunned and design elements
Perret’s guidance, Corbusier of no purpose are ugly.
learned the aesthetics of
functionalism (the beauty of a
carefully calculated structure
sans ornament).”

~ Rachel Kennedy, LeCorbusier and

the Radiant City Contra
True Urbanity and the Earth
 Satisfaction of these five
Le Corbusier’s 5
POINTS OF points provides a functional
ARCHITECTURE residential unit. Several of
1) Pilotis - elevating Le Corbusier’s projects
the mass off the clearly employ the 5 points,
ground such as the Maison
2) The free plan Citrohan series, and the
3) The free facade Villa Savoye
4) The long
horizontal sliding
Ribbon windows
5) The roof garden
(to restore the area
covered by the
house)

Grabbed from tumblr

 The reduction of a residential
unit as a machine for the sole
Maison Citrohan (Planning phase) purpose of living

Villa Savoye

“ A HOUSE IS A MACHINE FOR LIVING IN” ~Le Corbusier

“To this end, he created the Dom-
ino housing concept, which was a
rectangular structure with only four
load bearing reinforced concrete

DOM-INO HOUSING CONCEPT

members. The walls, then, could be
opened up to sunlight via wrap
around glass windows. The housing
was purported, by Corbusier, to be a
cheap, efficient way to house
workers that would provide a
modern ethos.”

~ Rachel Kennedy, LeCorbusier and

the Radiant City Contra True
Urbanity and the Earth

If a house could be reduced

into something this sensible, he
believed that cities will be
infused with utilitarian spaces,
where structures are designed
Le Corbusier. (2013). The Biography Channel
for function… “He believed website. Retrieved 04:58, Jan 03, 2013,
that the only way to impede a from http://www.biography.com/people/le-
corbusier-9376609.
worker revolution was to
formulate a machine for living,
a dwelling that would bring
the worker’s home life in line
with the discipline of the
factory”

He believed capitalists would

agree with his designs.
Citrohan Mansion, Stuttgart, Germany

Soon Le Corbusier’s social ideals

and structural design theories
became a reality. In 1925-1926,
he built a workers’ city of 40
houses in the style of the
Citrohan house at Pessac, near
Bordeaux.

Unfortunately, the chosen

design and colors provoked
hostility on the part of
authorities, who refused to route
http://www.mimoa.eu/images/9193_l.jpg
the public water supply to the
complex, and for six years the
“The old “decrepit” structures from the past had to be
buildings sat uninhabited.
cleared away, according to Corbusier, if the modern
age was to fulfill its true duty – unlimited production of
human needs and wants (progress as promised).”
~ Rachel Kennedy, LeCorbusier and the
Radiant City Contra True Urbanity and the
Earth
Le Corbusier’s ideal Cities Le Corbusier’s Domino Housing
Concept Built in massive quantities:
VILLA CONTEMPORAINE: The Contemporary City on top of each other forming a
modern city.

Photocredits: http://www.fondationlecorbusier.fr

“the Contemporary City was based upon clearance of most of the

“The workers were placed at
Parisian landscape (a few historic monuments were to be kept), and the edges of the city in
the erection of twenty four steel and glass skyscrapers that would modern apartment structures,
house the business and artistic elite. based on the Domino, close to
~ Rachel Kennedy, LeCorbusier and the Radiant City Contra True Urbanity and the Earth
their workplace–the factory.
 VILLA
CONTEMPORAINE:
The Contemporary
City
Photocredits: http://www.fondationlecorbusier.fr/
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_6u2lzQ3OdH0/TUSkRGOO2VI/A
AAAAAAAAp0/WirzUEcoweM/s1600/le_corbusier_progett
o_villa_contemporaine.jpg

“Most of the land,

around eighty-five
percent, was left to
natural landscapes
and playgrounds.
http://static.skynetblogs.be/media/2130/dyn007_original_520_422_pjpeg_2649770_736f116c8656be9c0f0bfd61aee01f30.jpg
Le Corbusier’s ideal Cities

/people/le-corbusier-9376609.
Retrieved 04:58, Jan 03, 2013,
Biography Channel website.
Le Corbusier. (2013). The

from http://www.biography.com
VILLA RADIEUSSE: The Radiant City
“The most apparent distinction between the
Contemporary City and the Radiant City is that the
latter abandoned the class-based system of the
former, with housing now assigned according to
family size, not economic position.”
“In the 1930s, Le Corbusier reformulated his theories on urbanism,
publishing them in La Ville radieuse (The Radiant City) in 1935.

“It was not just that Corbusier believed in the

uplift theory of architecture, i.e., the
assumption that “improved” housing would
lift workers out of their culture of poverty. He
also subscribed to the theory of architecture
as control and discipline.”
~ Rachel Kennedy, LeCorbusier and
the Radiant City Contra True Urbanity
and the Earth But Villa Contemporaine was never built.
Capitalists never invested in his design.
 Mile High
Broadacre
City

Individualist.
Believed that
man needed
space and a
territory for
both
“manual” and
Men need to be distant “intellectual”
with each other but work.
connected by modern
technology, i.e. FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT
transport and
communication.
 BROADACRE CITY
Personal
freedom and
dignity
through land
ownership as
the way to
guarantee
social
harmony and
avoid class
struggle.

BROADACRE CITY as a
futuristic venture:
acknowledging that
more than space and
greenery (howard),
and more than utility
(le corbusier),
technology is Each acre allows for farming,
ensuring employment for
necessary to a city
people from all walks of life.
 MILE HIGH TOWER
Frank Lloyd Wright’s solution to addressing
urban density without sacrificing land
 BRASILIA
Built from the Ground Zero
as ordered by the Brazilian
government to prove that
Brasil is ready for
modernization

Costa designed a “Pilot Plan”,

effectively dividing the city
from the Civitas (Civic District)
and the Urbs (the Residential LUCIO COSTA
District)
The Pilot Plan of Brasilia
by Lucio Costa

Costa initially Designed Brasilia according

to three types of Scales:

Monumental Scale for Civitas District

Formal, Straight, and Monumental to establish a Capital
Character

Residential Scale Costa eventually

Urban Serenity achieved through the Superquadra with the added:
use of uniform residential spaces and an array of green
spaces Bucolic Scale
large expanse of
Aggregate Scale
Denser areas located at highway intersections for higher
green areas as
interactions breathing spaces
Monumental – Center
Residential – Orange
Aggregate –
Intersection
Bucolic - Green Areas
 Fact – residential areas are
only occupied by the rich;
much of Brasils population
is still in Rio De Janeiro.

Criticisms About Brasilia:

o Lack of Human Scale

o Inefficient for human living
conditions
o completely neglects to consider
culture as essential to urban planning
GROUP QUIZ DISCUSSION POINTS

[25POINTS] In exactly five sentences, express the relevance of

urban issues, technology, and policy in the formation of an
urban area.

[25POINTS] In exactly five sentences, In your opinion, between

Edwin Chadwick and Joseph Bagalzette, who was the city
planner who made more impact in the urban design of
London?

[25POINTS] Using Haussmanization as a reference, discuss the

relevance of social issues to the formation of a city.

[25 POINTS] Which urban planning approaches or combinations

thereof best fits the current state of Cagayan de Oro City?
Why?
REFERENCES

http://www.victorianweb.org/science/health/johnsnow.html

https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/apr/04/story-cities-14-london-great-stink-
river-thames-joseph-bazalgette-sewage-system

https://portoflondonstudy.wordpress.com/2016/10/31/sir-joseph-bazalgettes-
embankments-by-sue-littledale/

FIGURE CREDITS EMBDEDDED

OTHER WEBLINKS EMBEDDED IN SLIDE