18mab102t - 5 Units MCQ

JBM
SRM OF INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
18MAB102T- ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS
PART - A : MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
UNIT – I: MULTIPLE INTEGRALS
11
1. Evaluation of   dxdy is
00
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 0 (d) 4
2. The curve y 2  4 x is a
(a) parabola (b) hyperbola (c) straight line (d) ellipse

3. Evaluation of   d d  is
00
a) 1 b) 0 c)  / 2 d ) 2
4. The area of an ellipse is

a) r 2 b) a 2b c) ab2 d ) ab
badxdy
5.   is equal to
1 2 xy
a) log a  log b b) log a c) log b d) log a log b
1x
6.   dxdy is equal to
00
a) 1 b) 1/ 2 c) 2 d) 3
12
00
21 12 01 02
a)   dydx b)    dxdy c)   dydx d )   dydx
00 00 20 10
8. If R is the region bounded x  0, y  0, x  y  1 then  dxdy is equal to

R
a) 1 b) 1/ 2 c) 1/ 3 d) 2 / 3
9. Area of the double integral in cartesian co-ordinate is equal to

a)  dydx b)  rdrd  c)  xdxdy d )  x 2dxdy
R R R R
ax
10. Change the order of integration in   dxdy is
00
ax ax aa ay
a)   dxdy b)   xdydx c)   dxdy d )   dxdy
00 00 0y 00
11. Area of the double integral in polar co-ordinate is equal to

a)  drd  b)  r 2 drd  c)  (r  1)drd  d )  rdrd 
R R R R
123
12.    dxdydz is equal to
000
a) 3 b) 4 c) 2 d) 6
13. The name of the curve r  a(1  cos ) is

a) lemniscate b) cycloid c) cardioid d) hemicircle
14. The volume integral in cartesian coordinates is equal to

a)  dxdydz b)  drd d  c)  drd  d )  rdrd 
V V R R
12
15.   x 2 ydxdy is equal to
00
2 1 4 8
a) b) c) d)
3 3 3 3
11
16.   ( x  y)dxdy is equal to
00
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4
  ( x2  y 2 )
17. After changing the double integral  e dxdy into polar coordinates, we have
0 0
 /2  2  /4   /2  2  /2 
a)   e r drd  b)   e r drd  c)   e r rdrd  d )   e r drd 
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
y e y
00 y
a ) 1 b) 0 c)  1 d ) 2
21
19. The value of the integral   xydxdy is
00
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
 /2  /2
20. The value of the integral   sin(  )d d 
0 0
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
b a
21. The region of integration of the integral   f ( x, y)dxdy is
b  a
(a) square (b) circle (c) rectangle (d) triangle
1x
00
(a) square (b) rectangle (c) triangle (d) circle
23. The limits of integration is the double integral  f ( x, y )dxdy, where R is in the first
R
quadrant and bounded by x  0, y  0, x  y  1 are
1 1 x 2 1 y
(a)   f ( x, y )dydx (b)   f ( x, y )dxdy
x 0 y 0 y 1 x 0
1 y 2 1 y
(c)   f ( x, y )dxdy (d )   f ( x, y )dxdy
y 0 x 1 y 0 x 0
ANSWERS:
1 a 6 b 11 d 16 a 21 c
2 a 7 a 12 d 17 c 22 c
3 d 8 b 13 c 18 a 23 a
4 d 9 a 14 a 19 a
5 d 10 c 15 c 20 b
JBM
UNIT – II: VECTOR CALCULUS
1. The directional derivative of   xy  yz  zx at the point (1,2,3) along x - axis is

(a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 0
2. In what direction from (3, 1, -2) is the directional derivative of   x 2 y 2 z 4 maximum?

1      
a) ( i 3 j  k ) ( b) 19( i  3 j  3 k )
19
   1   
(c) 96( i  3 j  3 k ) d) (3 i  3 j  k )
19
 
3. If r is the position vector of the point ( x, y , z ) w. r. to the origin, then   r is
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 0 (d) 1
 
4. If r is the position vector of the point ( x, y , z ) w. r. to the origin, then   r is
       
a)   r  0 b) x i  y j  z k  0 c)   r  0 d) i  j  k  0
The unit vector normal to the surface x  y  z  1 at (1, 1, 1) is

2 2 2
5.
           
i  j k 2 i 2 j 2 k 3 i 3 j 3 k i  j k
a) b) c) d)
3 2 2 3 3 2
6. If   xyz, then  is
        
a) yz i  zx j  xy k b) xy i  yz j  zx k c) zx i  xy j  yz k d) 0
    
7. If F   x  3 y  
i  y  3 z  
j  x  2 z  then F is
k
a) solenoidal b) irrotational c) constant vector
d) both solenoidal and irrotational
   
8. If  
F  axy  z3 i   a  2  x 2 j  1  a  xz 2 k is irrotational then the value of a is
a) 0 b) 4 c) -1 d) 2
   
9. If u and v are irrotational then u  v is
a) solenoidal b) irrotational c) constant vector d) zero vector
10. If  and  are scalar functions then    is
   
 

11. If F  y 2  z 2  3 yz  2 x i   3xz  2 xy  j   3xy  2 xz  2 z  k then F is
a) solenoidal b) irrotational c) both solenoidal and irrotational
d) neither solenoidal nor irrotational
 
12. If a is a constant vector and r is the position vector of the point ( x, y , z ) w. r. to

the origin then grad ( a  r ) is
 
a) 0 b) 1 c) a d) r
 
 
the origin then div( a  r ) is
 
a) 0 b) 1 c) a d) r
 
 
the origin then curl ( a  r ) is
 
a) 0 b) 1 c) 2 a d) 2 r
15. If  scalar functions then curl ( grad ) is

a) solenoidal b) irrotational c) constant vector d) 0
B 
16. If the value of  F  d r does not depend on the curve C, but only on the terminal points
A

A and B then F is called
a) solenoidal vector b) irrotational vector c) conservative vector
d) neither conservative nor irrotational
 
17. The condition for F to be Conservative is, F should be
a) solenoidal vector b) irrotational vector c) rotational
 
18. The value of  r  d r where C is the line y  x in the xy -plane from (1,1) to (2,2) is
c
a) 0 b) 1 c) 2 d) 3
19. The work done by the conservative force when it moves a particle around a closed curve
is
  
a)   F =0 b)   F  0 c) 0 d)   ( F )  0
20. The connection between a line integral and a double integral is known as
a) Green’s theorem b) Stoke’s theorem c) Gauss Divergence theorem
d) convolution theorem
21. The connection between a line integral and a surface integral is known as
d) Residue theorem
22. The connection between a surface integral and a volume integral is known as
d) Cauchy’s theorem
 
23. Using Gauss divergence theorem, find the value of  r ds where r is the position
s
vector and V is the volume
a) 4V b) 0 c) 3V d) volume of the given surface
   
24. If S is any closed surface enclosing the volume V and if F  ax i  by j  cz k then the

value of  F  n dS is
S
a) abcV b)  a  b  c V c) 0 d) abc(a  b  c)V
ANSWERS:
1 b 6 a 11 c 16 c 21 b
2 c 7 a 12 c 17 b 22 c
3 b 8 b 13 a 18 d 23 c
4 a 9 b 14 a 19 c 24 b
5 a 10 a 15 d 20 a
UNIT-III LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
1. L(1) =
1 1
(a) (b) 2 (c) 1 (d ) s
s s
2. L(e3t ) 
1 1 3 s
(a) (b) (c ) (d )
s3 s 3 s3 s 3
 at
3. L(e ) 
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c ) (d )
s 1 s 1 sa sa
4. L(cos 2t ) 
s s 2 4
(a) 2 (b) (c ) (d )
s 4 s 2
2
s 2
2
s 4
2
5. L(t 4 ) 
4! 3! 4! 5!
(a ) 5 (b) 4 (c) 4 ( d ) 4
s s s s
6. L(at ) 
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c ) (d )
s  log a s  log a sa sa
7. L(sinh t ) 
s  s 
(a) 2 (b) 2 (c ) 2 (d ) 2
s  2
s  2
s  2
s  2
8. An example of a function for which the Laplace transforms does not exists is
(a) f (t )  t 2 (b) f (t )  tan t (c) f (t )  sin t (d ) f (t )  e at
9. If L( f (t ))  F ( s ), then L(e at f (t )) 
1 s
(a) F ( s  a) (b) F ( s  a) (c ) F ( s ) ( d ) F 
a a
10. L(e at cos bt ) 

sb sa a s
(a) (b) (c ) (d )
( s  b) 2  a 2 ( s  a) 2  b 2 s  a2
2
s  b2
2
11. L(tet ) 
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c ) (d )
( s  1) 2 s 1 s 1 ( s  1) 2
12. L(t sin at ) 

2as 2s s2  a2 1
( a) (b) ( c ) (d ) 2
(s  a )
2 2 2
(s  a )
2 2 2
(s  a )
2 2 2
s  a2
13. L(sin 3t ) 
3 3 s s
(a) 2 (b) (c ) (d )
s 3 s 9
2
s 3
2
s 9
2
14. L(cosh t ) 
s s 1 1
(a) 2 (b) (c ) (d )
s 1 s 1
2
s 1
2
s 1
2
15. L(t1/2 ) 
(3 / 2) (1/ 2) (1/ 2) (3 / 2)
(a) (b) (c ) (d )
s1/2 s 3/2 s1/2 s 3/2
16. L(t 1/2 ) 

  1 1
(a) (b) (c ) (d )
s 2s s s
17. L[te 2t ] 
1 1 1 1
(a) (b)  (c ) (d )
( s  2)2 ( s  2) 2
( s  1) 2 ( s  1) 2
  t 
18. If L[ f (t )]  F ( s) then L  f   is
  a 
1 s
F as 
1
(a) aF (as ) (b) F   (c) F ( s  a ) (d)
a a a
t 
19. L  sin tdt  is
0 
1 s 1 1
(a) 2 (b) (c) (d)
s 1 s 1
2
( s  1)
2 2
s( s  1)
2
20. Lsin t cos t  is
L (sin 2t )
(a) L(sin t )..L(cos t ) (b) L(sin t )  L(cos t ) (c) L(sin t )  L(cos t ) (d)
2
21. If L[ f (t )]  F [ s] then L[tf (t )] 

d d d d2
(a) F ( s) (b)  F ( s) (c) (1) n F ( s) (d )  F ( s)
ds ds ds ds 2
 f (t ) 
22. If L[ f (t )]  F [ s] then L  
 t 
   
(a)  F (s) ds (b)  F (s) ds (c)  F (s) ds (d )  F (s) ds
0 s  a
 cos t 
23. L  
 t 
s 1 s2  a2
(a) 2 (b) (c) does not exist (d )
s  a2 s  a2
2
( s 2  a 2 )2
24. If L[ f (t )]  F [ s] then L[t n f (t )] 

dn dn dn n 1 d
n
(a) (1) n
F ( s) (b) n F ( s) (c)  n F ( s) (d ) ( 1) F ( s)
ds n ds ds ds n
1  e  t 
25. L  
 t 
 s   s   s 1  s 1 
(a) log   (b) log   (c) log   ( d ) log  
 s 1   s 1  s   s 
26. Lu a (t ) is
e as e  as e  as e as
(a) (b) (c)  (d) 
s s s s
27. If L[ f (t )]  F [ s] then L[ f ' (t )] 

(a) sL[ f (t )]  f (0) (b) sL[ f (t )]  sf (0) (c) L[ f (t )]  f (0) (d) sL[ f (t )]  f ' (0)
28. Using the initial value theorem, find the value of the function f (t )  aebt
(a) a (b) a 2 (c) ab (d ) 0
29. Using the initial value theorem, find the value of f (t )  e2t sin t
(a) 0 (b)  (c) 1 (d ) 2
30. Using the initial value theorem, find the value of the function f (t )  sin 2 t
(a) 0 (b)  (c) 1 (d ) 2
31. Using the initial value theorem, find the value of the function f (t )  1  et  t 2
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d ) 
32. Using the initial value theorem, find the value of the function f (t )  3  2 cos t
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d ) 0
33. Using the final value theorem, find the value of the function f (t )  1  et (sin t  cos t )
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c)  (d) -2
34. Using the final value theorem, find the value of the function f (t )  t 2e3t
(a) 0 (b)  (c) 1 (d) -1
35. Using the final value theorem, find the value of the function f (t )  1  e at
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d ) 
36. The period of tan t is

 
(a)  (b) (c) 2 (d)
2 4
37. The period of sin t is

 2
(a) (b) (c) 2 (d) 2
 
1
38. Inverse Laplace transform of is
( s  1) 2
(a) te t (b) tet (c) t 2 e t (d) t
2
sb
(a) 2e bt (b) 2e bt (c) 2tebt (d) 2bt
 F (s) 
40. If L1[ F (s)]  f (t ) then L1   is
 s 
 t  a
(a)  f (t )dt (b)  f (t )dt (c)  f (t )dt (d)  f (t )dt
0 0  a
 1 
41. If L1[ F (s)]  f (t ) then L1  2  is
 s  4
sin 2t sin 2t
(a) (b) (c) sin 2t (d) sin 2t
2 2
42. Inverse Laplace transform of 2 1 2 is
s a
sin at sinh at
(a) (b) (c) sin at (d) sinh at
a a
 1 
43. If L1[ F (s)]  f (t ) then L1  2  is
s 
(a) t (b) 2t (c) 3t (d) t 2
44. Inverse Laplace transform of s is

s 2 9
(a) cos 9t (b) cos 3t (c) cosh 9t (d) cosh 3t
45. If L1[ F (s)]  f (t ) then L1 ( F (as)) is

1 t t
(d) f at 
f (t )
(a) (b) f   (c) f 
a a a a
1
46. Inverse Laplace transform of 3 is
s
t t2
(a) (b) t (c) (d) t 2
2 2
s3
( s  3) 2  9
(a) e 3t cos 3t (b) e 3t cos 3t (c) e 3t cosh 3t (d) e 3t cos 9t
b
sa
(a) ae bt (b) be bt (c) ae bt (d) be at
49. The value of e t  sin t 

 sin t  cos t   cos t  sin t   et   sin t  cos t   et 
(a)   (b)   (c )    (d )  
 2   2   2   2   2 
50. The value of 1  e t is
(a) et  1 (b) et  1 (c) e t (d ) e
ANSWERS:
1 a 11 d 21 b 31 a 41 a
2 b 12 a 22 b 32 c 42 b
3 c 13 b 23 c 33 a 43 a
4 a 14 b 24 a 34 a 44 d
5 a 15 d 25 c 35 b 45 b
6 a 16 a 26 b 36 a 46 c
7 d 17 a 27 a 37 a 47 b
8 b 18 a 28 a 38 b 48 b
9 a 19 d 29 a 39 b 49 c
10 b 20 d 30 a 40 b 50 a
UNIT– IV: ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS
1. Cauchy – Riemann equation in polar co-ordinates are

(a) rur  v , u  rvr (b)  rur  v , u  rvr
(c)  rur  v , u  rvr (d ) ur  rv , ru  vr
2. If w  f (z ) is analytic function of z , then

w w w w 2w w
(a) i (b) i (c )  0 (d ) 0
z x z y zz z
3. The function f ( z )  u  iv is analytic if

(a) ux  v y , u y  vx (b) ux  v y , u y  vx
(c) ux  vy  0, u y  vx  0 ( d ) u y  v y , u x  vx
4. The function w  sin x cosh y  i cos x sinh y is

(a) need not be analytic (b) analytic (c) discontinuous
(d) differentiable only at origin
5. If u and v are harmonic, then u  iv is

(a) harmonic (b) need not be analytic (c) analytic (d) continuous
6. If a function u ( x, y ) satisfies u xx  u yy  0, then u is

(a) analytic (b) harmonic (c) differentiable (d) continuous
7. If u  iv is analytic, then the curves u  c1 and v  c2 are

(a) cut orthogonally (b) intersect each other (c) are parallel
(d) coincides
1
8. The invariant point of the transformation w  is
z  2i
a  z  i (b) z  i (c) z  1 (d ) z  1
9. The transformation w  cz where c is real constant represents

(a) rotation (b) reflection (c) magnification (d) magnification and rotation
10. The complex function w  az where a is complex constant represents

(a) rotation (b) magnification and rotation (c) translation (d) reflection
11. The values of C1 & C2 such that the function f ( z )  C1 xy  i[ C2 x  y ] is analytic are
2 2
(a) C1  0, C2  1 (b) C1  2, C2  1
(c) C1  2, C2  1 (d ) C1  2, C2  0
12. The real part of f ( z )  e2 z is
(a) e x cos y (b) e x sin y (c) e2 x cos 2 y (d ) e2 x sin 2 y
13. If f(z) is analytic where f ( z )  r 2 cos 2  ir 2 sin p , the value of p is

(a) p  1 (b) p  2 (c) p  1 (d ) p  2
1
14. The points at which the function f ( z )  fails to be analytic an
z 1
2
(a) z  1 (b) z  i (c ) z  0 (d ) z  2
15. The critical point of transformation w  z 2 is

(a) z  2 (b) z  0 (c ) z  1 (d ) z  2
16. An analytic function with constant modulus is

(a) zero (b) analytic (c) constant (d) harmonic
17. The image of the rectangular region in the z-plane bounded by the lines x  0, y  0, x  2
and y  1 under the transformation w  2z.
(a) parabola (b) circle (c) straight line (d) rectangle is magnified twice
18. If f (z ) and f ( z ) are analytic function of z , then f (z ) is

(a) analytic (b) zero (c) constant (d) discontinuous
 2 z  4i 
19. The invariant points of the transformation w     are
 iz  1 
(a) z  4i, i (b) z  4i, i (c) z  2i, i (d ) z  2i, i
2
20. The function z is
(a) differentiable at the origin (b) analytic (c) constant (d) differentiable everywhere
21. If f(z) is regular function of z then,

 2 2   2 2 
(a)  2  2  f ( z )  f '( z ) (b)  2  2  f ( z )  4 f '( z )
2 2 2 2
 x y   x y 
     2 2 
(c)    f ( z )  4 f '( z ) (d )  2  2  f ( z )  4 f '( z )
2 2 2
 x y   x y 
22. The transformation w  z  c where c is a complex constant represents

(a) rotation (b) magnification (c) translation (d) magnification & rotation
1
23. The mapping w  is
z
(a) conformal (b) not conformal at z  0 (c) conformal every where
(d) orthogonal
x  iy
24. The function u  iv  (a  0) is not analytic function of z where as u  iv is
x  iy  a
(a) need not be analytic (b) analytic at all points (c) analytic except at z  a
(d) continuous everywhere
25. If z1 , z2 , z3 , z4 are four points in the z-plane then the cross-ratio of these point is
( z1  z 2 )( z 4  z3 ) ( z1  z 2 )( z3  z 4 )
(a) (b)
( z1  z 4 )( z 2  z3 ) ( z1  z 4 )( z3  z 2 )
( z  z 2 )( z 4  z3 ) ( z  z 2 )( z3  z 4 )
(c) 1 (d) 1
( z1  z 4 )( z  z3 ) ( z 4  z1 )( z3  z 2 )
1  iz
26. The invariant points of the transformation w 
z i
(a) 0 (b)  i (c)  2 (d)  1
ANSWERS:
1 a 6 b 11 b 16 c 21 b 26 d
2 d 7 a 12 c 17 d 22 c
3 a 8 a 13 d 18 c 23 b
4 b 9 c 14 b 19 a 24 c
5 b 10 b 15 b 20 a 25 b
UNIT – V: COMPLEX INTEGRATION
1. A curve which does not cross itself is called a

(a) curve (b) closed curve (c) simple closed curve (d) multiple curve
zdz
2. The value of  where c is the circle | z | 1 is
c z2
 
(a) 0 (b) i (c) (d) 2
2 2
z
3. The value of  dz where c is the circle | z | 2 is
c ( z  1)
2
(a) (b) 2 (c) (d) 0
 ( z  2) dz; (n  1) where c is the circle | z  2 | 4 is

n
4. The value of
c
a. (b) (c) (c) n
1
c 2z 1

(a) 0 (b)  i (c) i (d) 2
2
1
c 3z  1
2
(a) 0 (b) (c) i (d) 2
3
f ( z)
7. If f ( z ) is analytic inside and on c, the value of  dz, where c is the simple closed
c za
curve and a is any point within c, is
(a) f ( a ) (b) 2 if ( a ) (c)  if ( a ) (d) 0
8. If f ( z ) is analytic inside and on c, the value of  f ( z )dz , where c is the simple closed
c
curve, is
(a) f ( a ) (b) 2 if ( a ) (c)  if ( a ) (d) 0
f ( z)
c ( z  a)
2

(a) f '( a ) (b) 2 if '( a ) (c)  if '( a ) (d) 0
f ( z)
10. If f ( z ) is analytic inside and on c, the value of  dz, where c is the simple
c ( z  a)
3
closed curve and a is any point within c, is

(a) f ''( a ) (b) 2 if ''(a) (c)  if ''(a) (d) 0
11. Let be a circle, the f(z) can be expanded as a Taylor’s series if

(a) f ( z) is a defined function within c
(b) f ( z) is a analytic function within c
(c) f ( z) is not a analytic function within c
(d) f ( z) is a analytic function outside c
12. Let and be two concentric circles ( ), the f ( z )

can be expanded as a Laurent’s series if
(a) f ( z ) is analytic within
(b) f ( z ) is not analytic within
(c) f ( z ) is analytic in the annular region
(d) f ( z ) is not analytic in the annular region
13. Let C1 :| z  a | R1 and C2 :| z  a | R2 be two concentric circles ( R2  R1 ), the annular

region is defined as
(a) within (b) within
(c) within and outside (d) within and outside

 an ( z  a) consisting of positive integral powers of ( z  a ) is called as
n
14. The part
n 0
(a) The analytic part of the Laurent’s series
(b) The principal part of the Laurent’s series
(c) The real part of the Laurent’s series
(d) The imaginary part of the Laurent’s series
 n
15. The part  bn ( z  a) consisting of negative integral powers of ( z  a ) is called as
n1
1
16. The annular region for the function f ( z )  is
z ( z  1)
(a) 0 < <1 (b) 1 < <2 (c) 1 < <0 (d) <1
1
( z  1)( z  2)
(a) 0 < <1 (b) 1 < <2 (c) 1 < <0 (d) <1
1
z2  z  6
(a) 0 < <1 (b) 1 < <2 (c) 2 < <3 (d) <3
19. If f ( z ) is not analytic at z  z0 and there exists a neighborhood of z  z0 containing no

other singularity, then
(a) The point z  z0 is isolated singularity of f ( z )
(b) The point z  z0 is a zero point of f ( z )
(c) The point z  z0 is nonzero of f ( z )
(d) The point z  z0 is non isolated singularity of f ( z )
sin z
20. If f ( z )  , then
z
(a) z  0 is a simple pole (b) z  0 is a pole of order 2
(c) z  0 is a removable singularity (d) z  0 is a zero of f ( z )
sin z  z
21. If f ( z )  , then
z3
22. If then
(a) z  a is a simple pole (b) z  a is a pole of order n
(c) z  a is a removable singularity (d) z  a is a zero of f ( z )
1
23. If f ( z )  , then
( z  4)2 ( z  3)3 ( z  1)
(a) 4 is a simple pole, 3 is a pole of order 3 and 1 is a pole of order 2
(b) 3 is a simple pole, 1 is a pole of order 3 and 4 is a pole of order 2
(c) 1 is a simple pole, 3 is a pole of order 3 and 4 is a pole of order 2
(d) 3 is a simple pole, 4 is a pole of order 1 and 4 is a pole of order 2
1
24. If f ( z )e 4
z  then
(a) z  4 is removable singularity (b) z  4 is pole of order 2
(c) z  4 is an essential singularity (d) z  4 is zero of f ( z )
25. Let z  a is a simple pole for f ( z ) and b  lim ( z  a) f ( z ), then
z a
(a) b is a simple pole (b) b is a residue at a
(c) b is removable singularity (d) b is a residue at a of order n
1  e2 z
26. The residue of f ( z )  is
z3
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) -2 (d) 1
2z
e
( z  1)2
(a) e2 (b) -2 e2 (c) -1 (d) 2 e2
28. The residue of f ( z )  cot z is

(a) (b) 1 (c) -1 (d) 0
ANSWERS:
1 c 6 c 11 b 16 a 21 c 26 c
2 a 7 b 12 c 17 b 22 b 27 d
3 b 8 d 13 d 18 c 23 c 28 b
4 c 9 b 14 a 19 a 24 c
5 b 10 b 15 b 20 c 25 b
SRM institute of Science and Technology
Vadapalani Campus
Department of Mathematics
Sub Code / Sub Title: 18MAB102T -ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS
( Model MCQ )
Unit -I - MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

1 x
1. The value of   dxdy 
0 0
1 1 y y2
(a) (b)  (c) (d)
2 2 2 2
1  e8 e8  1
4 x
e4 e4
 e dxdy 
x y
2. The value of (a) (b) (c) (d)
0 0
2 2 2 8
 a sin
a 2 a 2  2a 2 2
3. 
0
 rdrd 
0
(a)
2
(b)
4
(c)
8
(d)
8
a b
dxdy log a log b a b
4. 
1 1
xy
 (a) log a log b (b)
2
(c) log log
2 2
(d) loga
a a2 x2
a2 3a 3 a3 a2
5. The value of   ydydx 
0 0
(a)
3
(b)
2
(c)
3
(d)
2
1 x
6. Sketch the region of integration in  f ( x, y)dxdy we get
0 0
a) (b) (c) (d) X axis
 y
7. By changing the order of integration of  f ( x, y)dxdy we get
0 0
x  x  y
(a) 
0 y
f ( x, y )dydx (b) 
0 x
f ( x, y)dydx (c) 
0 0
f ( x, y)dydx (d)  f ( x, y)dxdy
0 0

8. Sketch the region of integration in  f ( x, y)dxdy 
0 x
(a) (b) (c) (d) Y axis

a a
x
9. By changing the order of integration in  x
0 y
2
 y2
dxdy we get
a 0 a x a a a a
x x x x
(a) 
0 x
x 2
 y 2
dydx (b) 
0 0
x 2
 y 2
dydx (c) 
0 0
x 2
 y 2
dydx (d)  x
0 y
2
 y2
dxdy
a x
10. By changing the order of integration in   f ( x, y)dxdy we get
0 x2
a
a ay a ax a ay a x
(a)   f ( x, y)dxdy
0 y
(b)   dxdy
0 x
(c)   dxdy
0 y
(d)   f ( x, y)dxdy
0 x2
a
11. Area of a region in polar system is

(a)  rdrd  (b)  drd (c)  ddr (d)  dxdy
12. Area of a region in Cartesian system is
(a)  ydxdy (b)  xdxdy (c)  dydx (d) 1
13. The area between the parabolas y 2  4ax and x 2  4ay is
16 2 3 2 1 2
(a) 16a 2 (b) a (c) a (d) a
3 16 16
x2 y2
14.The area enclosed by the ellipse   1 is
a2 b2
(a)  (b) ab (c) a (d) b
15.The area between the parabolas y 2  x and x 2  y is
1 1
(a) 3 (b) 16 (c) (d)
16 3
16. The area common to two circles r  a and r  2a cos is
2 3 2 3 1
(a)  (b) a 2 (c)  (d) 2
3 2 3 2 a
17. The area lying inside the circles r  a sin  and outside the co-ordinate r  a(1  cos ) is
3a 2 a 2  
(a) a 2
(b) (c) (d) a 2 1  
4 4  4
18. The area lies outside the circle r  a cos and inside the circle r  2a cos is
3
(a) a 2 (b) a 2 (c) 3a 2 (d) a 2
4
1 2 3
 z
2
19. The value of yxdxdydz
0 0 0
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) 1

2  a
 r sin drdda

4
20. The value of
0 0 0
16 6 16 6 16
(a)  (b)  (c)  6 (d)
15 5 5
1 1
21. Evaluation of  dxdy is
0 0
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 0 (d) 4


22. Evaluation of  dd is
0 0

(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) (d)  2
2
1 x
 dxdy is equal t
23. 0 0
(a) 1 (b) 1/2 (c) 2 (d) 3

1 2
 dxdy is equal to
24. 0 0
2 1 1 2 0 1 0 2
(a)  dydx
0 0
(b)   dxdy (c)
0 0
 dydx
2 0
(d)  dydx
1 0
25.If R is the region bounded x  0, y  0, x  y  1 then  dxdy is equal to

R
(a) 1 (b) 1/2 (c) 1/3 (d) 2/3

a x
26. By changing the order of integration in  dxdy we get
0 0
a x a x a a a y
(a)  dxdy
0 0
(b)  xdydx
0 0
(c)   dxdy
0 y
(d)  dxdy
0 0
1 2
x
2
ydxdy is equal to
27. 0 0
(a) 2/3 (b) 1/3 (c) 4/3 (d) 8/3

1 1
  ( x  y)dxdy is equal to
28. 0 0
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4


 e
( x  y2 )
dxdy 
2
29. In polar the integral
0 0
   
2 4 2 2
e drd (b) e drd (c) e rdrd  e drd
r 2 r r 2 r
(a) (d) Ans : (c)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 y
e y
0 0 y dxdy is equal to
30.
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) -1 (d) 2
Unit -II - Vector Calculus
1. If F is a solenoidal vector, then div F = .................................

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
2. If F is a irrotational vector, then curl F = ..............................
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 0
3. If  is a constant, then the directional derivatives is ..................................
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
4. The vector normal to the level surface  ( x, y, z )  c, where c is a constant is .................
(a)   1 (b)   2 (c)   3 (d)   0
5. A unit normal to the surface  ( x, y, z )  c, is ................................
 |  |
(a) (b) (c) |  | (d)  
|  | 
6. If  2  0, then  is
(a) Solenoidal (b) irrotational (c) both Solenoidal & irrotational (d) 0
7. If A and B are irrotational then A x B is .................
(a) Solenoidal (b) 0 (c) none (d) irrotational
8. Curl(grad  )= ....................
(a) Grad  (b) Curl  (c) 0 (d) none
9. v.(  u )  u.(  v)  ......................
(a)   (u  v) (b)   (u  v) (c) (u  v) (d)  (u  v)
10. According to Green’s theorem  Mdx  Ndy 
c
 N  M  N M   N M 
(a)   x dxdy
 y 
R
 
x y 
dxdy (c)  
R 

x y 
dxdy
11. If  is a scalar point function u, v are vector point function, then   u    div u 
(a) div (u ) (b) curl (u ) (c) div u (d) curl u

12. If r is the position vector of the point p ( x, y , z ), then div r  ................ and
curl r  .............
(a) 3,1 (b) 3,0 (c) 0,1 (d) none
13. What is the physical meaning of curl F?
(a) diversion (b) rotation (c) conjection (d) none
14. The maximum value of the directional derivative is
(a) Grad  (b) Curl  (c) |  | (d) none

15. div(Curl F )=..................
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 0
16. In what direction from the point (1,1,-1) is the directional derivative of
f ( x, y, z )  x 2  2 y 2  4 z 2 a maximum?
(a) 2i  4 j  8k (b) 2i  5 j  6k (c) 3i  4 j  8k (d) 2i  4 j  8k
17. If F is a conservative force, then curl F=.....................
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 0
18. If F is a conservative force, then curl F=.....................
 |  |
(a) (b) (c) |  | (d)  
|  | 
19. If two surfaces 1 ,2 cut orthogonally, then ............................
(a) 1  2  0 (b) 1  2  0 (c) 1  2  90 (d) none
20. The directional derivative   xy  yz  zx at the point (1,2,3) along x-axis is
(a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 0
21. In what direction from (3,1,-2) is the directional derivative of   x 2 y 2 z 4 maximum?
1    1    1    1   
(a) (i  3 j  k ) (b) (i  3 j  k ) (c) (i  3 j  3k ) (d) (3i  3 j  k )
19 9 19 19
 
22. If r is the position vector of the point p ( x, y , z ) w.r.to the origin, then   r is
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 0 (d) 1
 
23. If r is the position vector of the point p ( x, y , z ) w.r.to the origin, then   r is
       
(a)   r  0 (b) xi  yj  zk  0 (c)   r  0 (d) i  j  k  0
   
24. If F  y 4 z 2 i  4 x 3 z 2 j  5 x 2 y 2 k is solenoidal, then the value of  is
(a) X (b) –X (c) any value (d) 0
   
25. If F  (axy  z 3 )i  (a  2) j  (1  a) xz 2 k is irrotational then the value of a is
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) -1 (d) 4
(a) Solenoidal (b) irrotatioanal (c) constant vector (d) both solenoidal &
irrotational
 
27. If a is a constant vector and r is the position vector of the point p ( x, y , z ) w.r.to the
 
origin, then grad (a  r ) is
 
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) a (d) r
 
 
origin, then div (a  r ) is
 
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) a (d) r
 
 
origin, then curl (a  r ) is
 
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 a (d) 2 r
B 

30. If the value of  F  d r does not depend on the curve C, but only on the terminal points A
A

and B then F is called
(a) solenoidal vector (b)irrotational vector (c) conservative vector
(d) neither conservative nor irrotational
 
31. The condition for F to be conservative is, F should be
(a) solenoidal vector (b)irrotational vector (c)rotational
(d) neither solenoidal nor irrotational
32. The workdone by the conservative force when it moves a particle around a closed curve
is
  
(a)   F  0 (b)   F  0 (c) 0 (d)   (  F )  0
  
33. Using Gauss divergence theorem, find the value of  r ds where r is the position vector
s
and V is the volume

(a) 4 V (b) 0 (c) 3 V (d) volume of the given surface
   
34. If S is any closed surface enclosing the volume V and if F  axi  byj  czk then the
 
value of   ndS is
s
F
(a) abcV (b) (a+b+c)V (c) 0 (d) abc(a+b+c)V
Unit III- Laplace Transforms and its applications.
1. Laplace transform of the function f (t ) exists if

(a) f (t )  0 is continuous for all t  0
(b) f (t ) is defined for t  0 and is piecewise continuous
(c) f (t ) is defined for t  0 and is piecewise continuous and is of exponential oreder
(d) None of these
2. L(cosh at ) is
(a) s / s 2  a 2 (b) s / s 2  a 2 (c) a / s 2  a 2 (d) s  a / s 2  a 2
3. L(cos at ) is
(a) s / s 2  a 2 (b) s / s 2  a 2 (c) a / s 2  a 2 (d) s  a / s 2  a 2
4. What is the Laplace transform of t 3 / 2
(a) 3 / 4s 5 / 2  (b) 4 / 3s 5 / 2  (c) 4 / 3s 5 / 2 (d) 4 / 3 
5. The Laplace transform of f (t )  t 2  sin t
   
(a) 2 / s 3  (1 / s 2  1) (b) 2 / s 3  (1 / s 2  1) (c) 2 / s 3 (d) 1 / s 2  1
3
6. Find the Laplace transform of t
(a) 6 / s 4 (b) 4 / s 3 (c) 6 / s 3 (d) none of these
7. L(sin 2t )
     
(a) 2 / s 2  4 (b) s / s 2  4 (c) 2 / s 2  4 (d) s / s 2  4  
8. Find L(t 3 / 2  cos t  1)
(a)  (1 / 4)e 5t / 4  (1 / 2)e 5t / 4 (b)  (1 / 4)e 5t / 4 (c) (1 / 2)e5t / 4 (d) 1
9. If L( f (t ))   ( s ), then L(e  at f (t )) 
(a)  ( s  a) (b)  ( s  a ) (c)  (s ) (d) none
10. Find L1{1 /( s  5) 5 }
(a) e 5t t 4 (b) e 5t / 24  
(c) e 5t t 4 / 24 (d) t 4 / 24
11. L1{s /( s  2) 2 } is
(a) te 2 t (b) te 2t (c) e 2t (1  2t ) (d) e 2t (1  2t )
12. L1{1 /( s  a) 2 } is
(a) e at (b) e  at (c) te  at (d)  te at
13. L1{( s  1) /( s 2  2s  2)} is
(a) e t cos t (b) e t cos t (c) e  t sin t (d) e t sin t
14. Find the function whose Laplace transform is (s  3) /{( s  3) 2  4}
(a) e 3t cos 2t (b) e 3t cos 2t (c) e 2t cos 3t (d) e 3t sin 2t
15. The relation between L{ f (t )} and L{ f " (t )}
(a) L{ f ' (t )}  sL{ f (t )}  f (0) (b) L{ f ' (t )}  sL{ f (t )}  f (0)
(c) L{ f ' (t )}  sL{ f (t )} (d) L{ f ' (t )}  s 2 L{ f (t )}  f (0)
16. The final value theorem of Laplace transform is
(a) Lt f (t )  Lt s  ( s) t   s  0
(b) Lt f (t )  Lt s  ( s) t  0 s  
(c) Lt f (t )  Lt  ( s) t  0 s  
(d) none of these
17. The Laplace transform of (sin at ) / t
(a) tan 1 (a) (b) tan 1 ( s / a) (c) cot 1 ( s / a) (d) tan 1 ( s)
18. The Inverse Laplace transform of e 2 s /( s  3) is
(a) e3(t 2)U (t  u) (b) e(t 2)U (t  2) (c) e 3( t  2 ) (d) 1
19. L1[1 /{s 2 ( s 2  1)}] is equal to
u t 1
(a) u sin( t  u ) (b)  u sin( t  u)du (c)  u sin( t  u)du (d)  u sin( t  u)du
0 0 0
t
20. If y satisfies the equation y"3 y'2 y  e , y (0)  0 and y ' (0)  0 . Find L ( y )
(a) L( y)  1/( s  1)( s 2  3s  2) (b) L( y )  1 /( s  1) (c) L( y)  1/( s 2  3s  2)
(d) 1.
21. Using the initial value theorem, find the value of the function f (t )  ae bt
(a) a (b) a 2 (c) ab (d) 0
22. Using the initial value theorem, find the value of the function f (t )  e 2t sin t
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c)  (d) none of these
(a) 0 (b)  (c) 1 (d) 2
24. Using the initial value theorem, find the value of the function f (t )  1  e t  t 2
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) 
25. Using the initial value theorem, find the value of the function f ( x)  3  2 cos x
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 0
26. Using the final value theorem, find the value of the function f (t )  1  e t (sin t  cos t )
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c)  (d) none of these
27. Using the final value theorem, find the value of the function f (t )  t 2 e 3t
(a) 0 (b)  (c) 1 (d) t 2 e 3t
28. Using the final value theorem, find the value of the function f (t ) 1  e  at
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 
29. If L{ f (t )}  F ( s ) then L{ f ' (t )} 
(a) sL2{ f (t )}  f (0) (b) sL{ f (t )}  f (0) (c) L{ f (t )}  f (0) (d) sL{ f (t )}  f ' (0)
30. L[te2t ] 
1 1 1
(a) (b)  (c) (d) none of the above
( s  2) 2 ( s  2) 2
( s  1) 2
31. If L{ f (t )}  F ( s ) then L{tf (t )} 
d d d d2
(a) F (s ) F (s ) (c) (1) n F ( s) (d)  2 F ( s)
(b) 
ds ds ds ds
 f (t ) 
32. If L{ f (t )}  F ( s ) then L  
 t 
   
(a)  F (s)ds (b)  F (s)ds (c)  F ( s)ds (d)

 F (s)ds
0 s a
e  at
e  bt

33. L 
 t 
sa 1  s b  s b 1 sa
(a) log   (b) log   (c) log   (d) log  
 s b 2 sa sa 2  s b
 sinh t 
34. L  
 t 
 s 1 1  s 1  s 1 1  s 1
(a) log   (b) log   (c) log   (d) log  
 s 1 2  s 1  s 1 2  s 1
35. If L{ f (t )}  F ( s ) then L{t n f (t )} 
dn dn dn n1 d
n
(a) (1) n F ( s) (b) F (s ) (c)  F (s ) (d) ( 1) F ( s)
ds n ds n ds n ds n
1  e t 
36. L 
 t 
 s   s   s 1
(a)  log   (b) log   (c) log   (d) none of the above
 s 1  s 1   s 
37. L(e3t ) 
1 1 3 s
(a) (b) (c) (d)
s3 s3 s3 s3
38. L(cos 2t ) 
s s 2 4
(a) (b) (c) (d)
s 4
2
s 2
2
s 2
2
s 4
2
39. L(t 4 ) 
4! 3! 4! 5!
(a) 5
(b) 4 (c) 4 (d) 4
s s s s
40. L(sinh t ) 
s  s 
(a) (b) (c) (d)
s 2
2
s 
2 2
s 2
2
s 2
2
41. L(e  at ) 
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
s 1 s 1 sa sa
42. L(e  at cos bt ) 
sb sa a s
(a) (b) (c) (d)
( s  b) 2  a 2 (s  a) 2  b 2 s  a2
2
s  b2
2
43. L(e t t ) 
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
( s  1) 2 s 1 s 1 ( s  1) 2
44. L (1) 
1 1
(a) (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) s
s s
45. L(sin 3t ) 
3 3 s s
(a) (b) (c) (d)
s 32
s 9
2
s 3
2
s 9
2
46. L(cosh t ) 
s s 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
s 1
2
s 1
2
s 1
2
s 1
2
47. L(t 1/ 2 ) 
(3 / 2)  (1 / 2)  (1 / 2)  (3 / 2)
(a) (b) (c) (d)
s1 / 2 s3/ 2 s1 / 2 s3/ 2
UNIT IV – ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS
1. Cauchy-Riemann equations are

(a) u x  v y and u y  v x (b) u x  v y and u y  v x (c) u x  v x and
u y  v y
(d) u x  v y and u y  v x
u
2. If f ( z )  u  iv in polar form is analytic then is
r
v v 1 v v
(a) (b) r (c) (d) 
  r  
u
3. If f ( z )  u  iv in polar form is analytic then is

v 1 v v v
(a) (b)  (c)  (d)  r
r r r r r
4. A function u is said to be harmonic if and only if
(a) u xx  u yy  0 (b) u xy  u yx  0 (c) u x  u y  0 (d) u x2  u y2  0
5. A function f (z ) is analytic function if
(a) Real part of f (z ) is analytic (b) Imaginary part of f (z ) is analytic
(c) Both real and imaginary part of f (z ) is analytic (d) none of the above
6. If u and v are harmonic functions then f ( z )  u  iv is
(a) Analytic function (b) need not be analytic function
(c) Analytic function only at z  0 (d) none of the above If
f ( z )  x  ay  i (bx  cy ) is analytic then a,b,c equals to
(a) c  1 and a  b (b) a  1 and c  b (c) b  1 and a  c (d) a  b  c  1
7. A point at which a function ceases to be analytic is called a

(a) Singular point (b) Non-Singular point (c) Regular point (d) Non-regular point
8. The function f ( z ) | z | is a non-constant

(a) analytic function (b) nowhere analytic function (c) non-analytic function (d) entire
function
9. A function v is called a conjugate harmonic function for a harmonic function u in

 whenever
(a) f  u  iv is analytic (b) u is analytic (c) v is analytic (d) f  u  iv is analytic
10. The function f ( x  iy )  x 3  ax 2 y  bxy2  cy 3 is analytic only if

(a) a  3i, b  3 and c  i (b) a  3i, b  3 and c  i (c) a  3i, b  3 and c  i
(d) a  3i, b  3 and c  i
11. There exist no analytic functions f such that
(a) Re f ( z )  y  2 x (b) Re f ( z )  y 2  2 x (c) Re f ( z )  y 2  x 2 (d) Re f ( z )  y  x
12. If e ax cos y is harmonic, then a is

(a) i (b) 0 (c) -1 (d) 2
13. The harmonic conjugate of 2 x  x 3  3xy2 is
(a) x  3x 2 y  y 3 (b) 2 y  3x 2 y  y 3 (c) y  3x 2 y  y 3 (d) 2 y  3x 2 y  y 3
14. The harmonic conjugate of u ( x, y )  2 x(1  y ) is
(a) x 2  y 2  2 x  C (b) x 2  y 2  2 y  C (c) x 2  y 2  2 y  C (d) x 2  y 2  2 y  C
15. harmonic conjugate of u( x, y)  e y cos x is

(a) e x cos y  C (b) e x sin y  C (c) e y sin x  C (d)  e y sin x  C
16. If the real part of an analytic function f (z ) is x 2  y 2  y, then the imaginary part is
(a) 2 xy (b) x 2  2 xy (c) 2 xy  y (d) 2 xy  x
17. If the imaginary part of an analytic function f (z ) is 2 xy  y, then the real part is
(a) x 2  y 2  y (b) x 2  y 2  x (c) x 2  y 2  x (d) x 2  y 2  y
18. f ( z )  z is differentiable
(a) nowhere (b) only at z  0 (c) everywhere (d) only at z  1
19. f ( z )  z
2
is differentiable
(a) nowhere (b) only at z  0 (c) everywhere (d) only at z  1
20. f ( z )  z
2
is
(a) differentiable and analytic everywhere
(b) not differentiable at z  0 but analytic at z  0
(c) differentiable at z  1 and not analytic at z  1 only
(d) differentiable at z  0 but not analytic at z  0
 xy
 2 , if z  0;
21. If f ( z )   ( x  y )
2
then f (z ) is
0, if z  0,

(a) continuous but not differentiable at z  0 (b) differentiable at z  0
(c) analytic everywhere except at z  0 (d) not differentiable at z  0
22. f ( z )  e is analytic
z
(a) only at z  0 (b) only at z  i (c) nowhere (d) everywhere

23. e x (cos y  i sin y) is
(a) analytic (b) not analytic (c) analytic when z  0 (d) analytic when z  i
24. If f (z ) is analytic, then f (z ) is
(a) analytic (b) not analytic (c) analytic when z  0 (d) analytic when z  1
( z 2  z)
25. The points at which f ( z )  is not analytic are
( z 2  3z  2)
(a) 0 and 1 (b) 1 and -1
(c) i and 2 (d) 1 and 2
1
26. The points at which f ( z )  2 is not analytic are
z 1
(a) 1 and -1 (b) i and -i (c) 1 and i (d) -1 and -i
27. The harmonic conjugate of u  log x 2  y 2 is
x y x  y
(a) (b) (c) tan 1   (d) tan 1  
x  y2
2
x  y2
2
 y x
28. If f ( z )  z (2  z ), then f (1  i ) 
(a) 0 (b) i (c) -i (d) 2
29. If f ( z )  z then f (3  4i ) 
(a) 0 (b) 5 (c) -5 (d) 12
a  bz
30. Critical points of the bilinear transformation w  are
c  dz
c c
(a) a,c (b) ,  (c)  ,  (d) None of these
d d
31. The points coincide with their transformations are known as
(a) fixed points (b) critical points (c) singular points (d) 0
a  bz
32. w is a bilinear transformation when
c  dz
(a) ad bc  0 (b) ad  bc  0 (c) ab  cd  0 (d) w=1
1
33. w  is known as
z
(a) inversion (b) translation (c) rotation (d) 0
34. w  z   is known as
(a) inversion (b) translation (c) rotation (d) 1
35. A translation of the type w  z   where  and  are complex constants, is known as a
(a) translation (b) magnification (c) linear transformation (d) bilinear transformation
36. A mapping that preserves angles between oriented curves both in magnitude and in sense
is called a/an ..... mapping.
(a) informal (b) isogonal (c) conformal (d) formal
37. The mapping defined by an analytic function f (z ) is conformal at all points z except at
points where
(a) f ' ( z )  0 (b) f ' ( z )  0 (c) f ' ( z )  0 (d) f ' ( z )  0
38. The fixed points of the transformation w  z 2 are
(a) 0,1 (b) 0,-1 (c) -1,1 (d) –i,i
z
39. The invariant points of the mapping w  are
2 z
(a) 1,-1 (b) 0,-1 (c) 0,1 (d) -1,-1
z 1
40. The fixed points of w  are
z 1
(a)  1 (b)  i (c) 0,-1 (d) 0,1
1
41. The mapping w  z  transforms circles of constant radius into
z
(a) confocal ellipses (b) hyperbolas (c) circles (d) parabolas
1 1
42. Under the transformations w  , the image of the line y  in z-plane is
z 4
(a) circle u  v  4v  0 (b) circle u  v  4 (c) circle u 2  v 2  2 (d) 1
2 2 2 2
43. The bilinear transformation that maps the points 0, i,  respectively into 0,1,  is w 
1
(a) (b) –z (c) –iz (d) iz
z
44. The bilinear transformation which maps the points z  1, z  0, z  1 of z - plane into
w  i, w  0, w  1 of w  plane respectively is
(a) w  iz (b) w  z (c) w  i( z  1) (d)w=i
a) curve b) closed curve c) simple closed curve d) multiple curve
46. The value of where c is the circle

a) b) c) d) 0

a) 0 b) c) d) 2

a) 0 b) c) d) 2
a) 0 b) c) d) 2
50.Let be a circle, the f(z) can be expanded as a Taylor’s series if

51. Let and be two concentric circles ( ),
the f(z) can be expanded as a Laurent’s series if
a) f ( z) is analytic within
b) f ( z) is not analytic within
c) f ( z) is analytic in the annular region
d) f ( z) is not analytic in the annular region
52. If f (z) is analytic inside on c, the value of where c is the simple closed
Curve and ‘a’ is any point within c , is
a) b) c) d) 0
53. The annular region for the function is
a) 0< z <1 b) 1< z <2 c) 1< z <0 d) z <1
54. The annular region for the function is
a) 0< z <1 b) 1< z <2 c) 2< z <3 d) z <3

UNIT V – COMPLEX INTEGRATION
1. A continuous curve which does not have a point of self intersection is called
(a) Simple curve (b)Multiple curve (c)Integral curve (d) simple and
multiple
2. Simple curve are also called
(a) Multiple curve (b) Jordan curve (c) Integral curve (d)normal
3. An integral curve along a simple closed curve is called a
(a) Multiple Integral (b) Jordan Integral (c) Contour Integral (d)single Integral
4. A region which is not simply connected is called ... region
(a) Multiple curve (b) Jordan connected (c) Connected curve (d) Multi-connected
5. If is analytic and is continuous at all points inside and on a simple closed

curve C, then
(a)  f ( z)dz 0
C
(b)  f ( z)dz 0
C
(c)  f ( z)dz  1
C
(d)  f ( z )dz  1
C
6. If is analytic and is continuous at all points in the region bounded by the

simple closed curve C1 and C2 , then
(a)  f ( z )dz   f ( z )dz
C1 C2
(b)  f ( z )dz   f ( z )dz
C1 C2
(c)  f ' ( z )dz   f ' ( z )dz
C1 C2
(d)  f ' ( z )dz   f ' ( z )dz

C1 C2
7. A point z 0 at which a function f (z ) is not analytic is known as a .... of f (z )

(a) Residue (b) Singularity (c) Integrals (d) None
8. If the principal part contains an infinite number of non zero terms of ( z  a ) then z  a is
known as
(a) Poles (b) Isolated Singularity (c) Essential Singularity (d) Removable Singularity
z3
9. The Singularity of f ( z )  are
( z  1)( z  2)
(a) z  1,3 (b) z  1,0 (c) z  1,2 (d) z  2,3
10. A zero of an analytic function f (z ) is a value of z for which
(a) f ( z )  0 (b) f ( z )  1 (c) f ( z )  1 (d) f ( z )  0
z2  1 
11. The poles of f ( z )  sin   is
z2  z 1
(a) 2 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) None
z2 1
12. The poles of f ( z )  is
1 z2
(a) 1(b) -1 (c)  1 (d) 0
1
13. The poles of f ( z )  is z  2 and z  3 is order ... and ... respectively
( z  2) ( z  3) 2
3
(a) 2,3 (b) 3,2 (c) 3,3 (d) 2,2

tan( z / 2)
14. The pole for the function f ( z )  is (1  i ) of order
z  (1  i ) 2
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) undefined (d) 0
15. The residue of f ( z )  cot z at each poles is
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 1/2 (d) none
1 ez
16. The residue of f ( z )  at the pole z  0 is
sin z  z cos z
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c)  1 (d) undefined
17. A singular point z  z 0 is said to be an ... singular point of f (z ) , if there is no other
singular point in the neighborhood of z 0
(a) Poles (b) Isolated (c) Essential (d) Removable
18. A singular point z  z 0 is said to be an ... singular point of f (z ) , if lim f ( z ) exists and
z z0
finite
19. A singular point z  z 0 is said to be an ... singular point of f (z ) , it is neither an isolated
singularity nor a removable singularity
20. If f (a )  0 and f ' (a )  0 , then z  a is called a ....
(a) Simple zero (b) Simple curve (c) Zero of order n (d)1
21. The value of is
2   
a) b) c) d)
ab ab 2a  b  ab
2   
22. The value of is a) b) c) d)
3 6 3 2
2  π 
a3 2a 3
4a 3 a2
25. The value of , m >0 , a>0
a) b) c) d)
2   
3 6 3 2
2 8 4 3
3 3 3 2
2   
3 6 3 2
2   
2 9. The value of is a) b) c) d)
27 81 108 9
2   
7 7 25 5
11
00
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 0 (d) 4

00
a) 1 b) 0 c)  / 2 d ) 2

a) r 2 b) a 2b c) ab2 d ) ab
badxdy
1 2 xy
1x
00
a) 1 b) 1/ 2 c) 2 d) 3
12
00
21 12 01 02
00 00 20 10

R
a) 1 b) 1/ 2 c) 1/ 3 d) 2 / 3

R R R R
ax
00
ax ax aa ay
00 00 0y 00

R R R R
123
000
a) 3 b) 4 c) 2 d) 6


V V R R
12
00
2 1 4 8
a) b) c) d)
3 3 3 3
11
00
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4
  ( x2  y 2 )
0 0
 /2  2  /4   /2  2  /2 
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
y e y
00 y
a ) 1 b) 0 c)  1 d ) 2
21
00
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
 /2  /2
0 0
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
b a
b  a
1x
00
R
1 1 x 2 1 y
x 0 y 0 y 1 x 0
1 y 2 1 y
y 0 x 1 y 0 x 0
ANSWERS:
1 a 6 b 11 d 16 a 21 c
2 a 7 a 12 d 17 c 22 c
3 d 8 b 13 c 18 a 23 a
4 d 9 a 14 a 19 a
5 d 10 c 15 c 20 b

(a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 0

1      
a) ( i 3 j  k ) ( b) 19( i  3 j  3 k )
19
   1   
(c) 96( i  3 j  3 k ) d) (3 i  3 j  k )
19
 
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 0 (d) 1
 
       

2 2 2
5.
           
i  j k 2 i 2 j 2 k 3 i 3 j 3 k i  j k
a) b) c) d)
3 2 2 3 3 2
        
    
7. If F   x  3 y  
i  y  3 z  
k
   
8. If  
a) 0 b) 4 c) -1 d) 2
   
   
 

 

 
a) 0 b) 1 c) a d) r
 
 
 
a) 0 b) 1 c) a d) r
 
 
 
a) 0 b) 1 c) 2 a d) 2 r

B 
A

 
 
c
a) 0 b) 1 c) 2 d) 3
is
  
a)   F =0 b)   F  0 c) 0 d)   ( F )  0
d) Residue theorem
 
s
   

S
ANSWERS:
1 b 6 a 11 c 16 c 21 b
2 c 7 a 12 c 17 b 22 c
3 b 8 b 13 a 18 d 23 c
4 a 9 b 14 a 19 c 24 b
5 a 10 a 15 d 20 a
1. L(1) =
1 1
(a) (b) 2 (c) 1 (d ) s
s s
2. L(e3t ) 
1 1 3 s
(a) (b) (c ) (d )
s3 s 3 s3 s 3
 at
3. L(e ) 
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c ) (d )
s 1 s 1 sa sa
4. L(cos 2t ) 
s s 2 4
(a) 2 (b) (c ) (d )
s 4 s 2
2
s 2
2
s 4
2
5. L(t 4 ) 
4! 3! 4! 5!
(a ) 5 (b) 4 (c) 4 ( d ) 4
s s s s
6. L(at ) 
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c ) (d )
7. L(sinh t ) 
s  s 
(a) 2 (b) 2 (c ) 2 (d ) 2
s  2
s  2
s  2
s  2
1 s
(a) F ( s  a) (b) F ( s  a) (c ) F ( s ) ( d ) F 
a a

sb sa a s
(a) (b) (c ) (d )
( s  b) 2  a 2 ( s  a) 2  b 2 s  a2
2
s  b2
2
11. L(tet ) 
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c ) (d )
( s  1) 2 s 1 s 1 ( s  1) 2
12. L(t sin at ) 

2as 2s s2  a2 1
( a) (b) ( c ) (d ) 2
(s  a )
2 2 2
(s  a )
2 2 2
(s  a )
2 2 2
s  a2
13. L(sin 3t ) 
3 3 s s
(a) 2 (b) (c ) (d )
s 3 s 9
2
s 3
2
s 9
2
14. L(cosh t ) 
s s 1 1
(a) 2 (b) (c ) (d )
s 1 s 1
2
s 1
2
s 1
2
15. L(t1/2 ) 
(3 / 2) (1/ 2) (1/ 2) (3 / 2)
(a) (b) (c ) (d )
s1/2 s 3/2 s1/2 s 3/2
16. L(t 1/2 ) 

  1 1
(a) (b) (c ) (d )
s 2s s s
17. L[te 2t ] 
1 1 1 1
(a) (b)  (c ) (d )
( s  2)2 ( s  2) 2
( s  1) 2 ( s  1) 2
  t 
  a 
1 s
F as 
1
(a) aF (as ) (b) F   (c) F ( s  a ) (d)
a a a
t 
0 
1 s 1 1
(a) 2 (b) (c) (d)
s 1 s 1
2
( s  1)
2 2
s( s  1)
2
L (sin 2t )
2

d d d d2
(a) F ( s) (b)  F ( s) (c) (1) n F ( s) (d )  F ( s)
ds ds ds ds 2
 f (t ) 
22. If L[ f (t )]  F [ s] then L  
 t 
   
0 s  a
 cos t 
23. L  
 t 
s 1 s2  a2
s  a2 s  a2
2
( s 2  a 2 )2

dn dn dn n 1 d
n
(a) (1) n
F ( s) (b) n F ( s) (c)  n F ( s) (d ) ( 1) F ( s)
ds n ds ds ds n
1  e  t 
25. L  
 t 
 s   s   s 1  s 1 
 s 1   s 1  s   s 
26. Lu a (t ) is
(a) (b) (c)  (d) 
s s s s
27. If L[ f (t )]  F [ s] then L[ f ' (t )] 

(a) a (b) a 2 (c) ab (d ) 0
(a) 0 (b)  (c) 1 (d ) 2
(a) 0 (b)  (c) 1 (d ) 2
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d ) 
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d ) 0
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c)  (d) -2
(a) 0 (b)  (c) 1 (d) -1
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d ) 

 
(a)  (b) (c) 2 (d)
2 4

 2
(a) (b) (c) 2 (d) 2
 
1
( s  1) 2
2
sb
 F (s) 
40. If L1[ F (s)]  f (t ) then L1   is
 s 
 t  a
0 0  a
 1 
41. If L1[ F (s)]  f (t ) then L1  2  is
 s  4
sin 2t sin 2t
2 2
s a
sin at sinh at
a a
 1 
43. If L1[ F (s)]  f (t ) then L1  2  is
s 
(a) t (b) 2t (c) 3t (d) t 2

s 2 9

1 t t
(d) f at 
f (t )
(a) (b) f   (c) f 
a a a a
1
s
t t2
(a) (b) t (c) (d) t 2
2 2
s3
( s  3) 2  9
b
sa

(a)   (b)   (c )    (d )  
 2   2   2   2   2 
(a) et  1 (b) et  1 (c) e t (d ) e
ANSWERS:
1 a 11 d 21 b 31 a 41 a
2 b 12 a 22 b 32 c 42 b
3 c 13 b 23 c 33 a 43 a
4 a 14 b 24 a 34 a 44 d
5 a 15 d 25 c 35 b 45 b
6 a 16 a 26 b 36 a 46 c
7 d 17 a 27 a 37 a 47 b
8 b 18 a 28 a 38 b 48 b
9 a 19 d 29 a 39 b 49 c
10 b 20 d 30 a 40 b 50 a


w w w w 2w w
(a) i (b) i (c )  0 (d ) 0
z x z y zz z





(d) coincides
1
z  2i
a  z  i (b) z  i (c) z  1 (d ) z  1


2 2
(a) C1  0, C2  1 (b) C1  2, C2  1
(c) C1  2, C2  1 (d ) C1  2, C2  0

(a) p  1 (b) p  2 (c) p  1 (d ) p  2
1
z 1
2
(a) z  1 (b) z  i (c ) z  0 (d ) z  2

(a) z  2 (b) z  0 (c ) z  1 (d ) z  2


 2 z  4i 
 iz  1 
2

 2 2   2 2 
(a)  2  2  f ( z )  f '( z ) (b)  2  2  f ( z )  4 f '( z )
2 2 2 2
 x y   x y 
     2 2 
(c)    f ( z )  4 f '( z ) (d )  2  2  f ( z )  4 f '( z )
2 2 2
 x y   x y 

1
z
(d) orthogonal
x  iy
x  iy  a
( z1  z 2 )( z 4  z3 ) ( z1  z 2 )( z3  z 4 )
(a) (b)
( z1  z 4 )( z 2  z3 ) ( z1  z 4 )( z3  z 2 )
( z  z 2 )( z 4  z3 ) ( z  z 2 )( z3  z 4 )
(c) 1 (d) 1
( z1  z 4 )( z  z3 ) ( z 4  z1 )( z3  z 2 )
1  iz
z i
(a) 0 (b)  i (c)  2 (d)  1
ANSWERS:
1 a 6 b 11 b 16 c 21 b 26 d
2 d 7 a 12 c 17 d 22 c
3 a 8 a 13 d 18 c 23 b
4 b 9 c 14 b 19 a 24 c
5 b 10 b 15 b 20 a 25 b

zdz
c z2
 
(a) 0 (b) i (c) (d) 2
2 2
z
c ( z  1)
2
(a) (b) 2 (c) (d) 0

n
4. The value of
c
a. (b) (c) (c) n
1
c 2z 1

(a) 0 (b)  i (c) i (d) 2
2
1
c 3z  1
2
(a) 0 (b) (c) i (d) 2
3
f ( z)
c za
(a) f ( a ) (b) 2 if ( a ) (c)  if ( a ) (d) 0
c
curve, is
(a) f ( a ) (b) 2 if ( a ) (c)  if ( a ) (d) 0
f ( z)
c ( z  a)
2

(a) f '( a ) (b) 2 if '( a ) (c)  if '( a ) (d) 0
f ( z)
c ( z  a)
3

(a) f ''( a ) (b) 2 if ''(a) (c)  if ''(a) (d) 0




n
14. The part
n 0
 n
n1
1
z ( z  1)
(a) 0 < <1 (b) 1 < <2 (c) 1 < <0 (d) <1
1
( z  1)( z  2)
(a) 0 < <1 (b) 1 < <2 (c) 1 < <0 (d) <1
1
z2  z  6
(a) 0 < <1 (b) 1 < <2 (c) 2 < <3 (d) <3

sin z
20. If f ( z )  , then
z
sin z  z
21. If f ( z )  , then
z3
22. If then
1
23. If f ( z )  , then
( z  4)2 ( z  3)3 ( z  1)
1
24. If f ( z )e 4
z  then
z a
1  e2 z
z3
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) -2 (d) 1
2z
e
( z  1)2
(a) e2 (b) -2 e2 (c) -1 (d) 2 e2

(a) (b) 1 (c) -1 (d) 0
ANSWERS:
1 c 6 c 11 b 16 a 21 c 26 c
2 a 7 b 12 c 17 b 22 b 27 d
3 b 8 d 13 d 18 c 23 c 28 b
4 c 9 b 14 a 19 a 24 c
5 b 10 b 15 b 20 c 25 b
18MAB102T Advanced Calculus and Complex Analysis Multiple Integrals
SRM Institute of Science and Technology

Ramapuram Campus
Year / Sem: I / II
Branch: Common to ALL Branches of B.Tech. except B.Tech. (Business Systems)
UNIT I - MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

Part – A
2 2
∫0 ∫0 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 =
(CLO-1,
1. ANS
(A) 4 (B) 2 Apply)
A
(C) 0 (D) 1
2 2
∫0 ∫0 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 =
(CLO-1,
ANS
2. (A) (𝑒 − 1)2 (B) (𝑒 2 − 1)2 Apply)
(C) 1 (D) 0 B
2 5
∫1 ∫2 𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 =
(CLO-1,
3. ANS
(A) 1 (B) −1 Apply)
63 53 C
(C) 4 (D) 4
1 2
∫0 ∫1 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 =
(CLO-1,
4. ANS
(A) 0 (B) 9 Apply)
8
(C) 3
8
(D) − 3 C
𝜋 𝜋
∫02 ∫02 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜑 =
(CLO-1,
5. 𝜋 𝜋 ANS
(A) (B) Apply)
2
𝜋2
3
𝜋2
C
(C) (D)
4 8
𝜋 𝜋
∫0 ∫0 sin(𝜃 + 𝜑) 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜑 =
2 2
(CLO-1,
6. ANS
(A) 2 (B) 1 Apply)
(C) 0 (D) −2 A
SRM IST, Ramapuram. 1 Department of Mathematics

1 𝑥
∫0 ∫0 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 =
(CLO-1,
7. ANS
(A) 1 (B) −1 Apply)
1
(C) 2
1
(D) 3 C
𝜋 𝑎 sin 𝜃
∫0 ∫0 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 =
(CLO-1,
8. 2 𝜋 2 ANS
(A) 𝜋 𝑎 (B) 4 𝑎 Apply)
𝜋 3 𝜋 2
B
(C) 4 𝑎 (D) 6 𝑎
2 2 2
∫0 ∫1 ∫1 𝑥 𝑦 2 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 =
(CLO-1,
9. ANS
(A) 24 (B) 28 Apply)
(C) 20 (D) 7 D
If R is the region bounded by 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0 and 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1, then
∬𝑅 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 =
(CLO-1,
10. ANS
Apply)
(A) 1 (B) −1 C
1 1
(C) 2 (D) 3
1 𝑥
The region of integration of the integral ∫0 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 is
(CLO-1,
11. ANS
(A) square (B) rectangle Apply)
(C) triangle (D) circle C
To change Cartesian into polar coordinates in double integration,

the transformation used is (CLO-1,
12. ANS
Remember)
(A) 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 (B) 𝑥 = 𝑎 cos 𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑏 sin 𝜃 A
(C) 𝑥 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 (D) 𝑥 = 𝑎 sec 𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑏 tan 𝜃
𝑎 𝑎
Change the order of integration in ∫0 ∫𝑥 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
(CLO-1,
13. 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑦 ANS
(A) ∫0 ∫𝑥 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 (B) ∫0 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 Apply)
𝑎 𝑥2 𝑎 𝑥2
B
(C) ∫0 ∫0 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 (D) ∫0 ∫𝑥 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
Area of a region R in Cartesian co-ordinates system is
(CLO-1,
14. (A) ∬𝑅 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 (B) ∬𝑅 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 ANS
Remember)
2
B
(C) ∬𝑅 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 (D) ∬𝑅 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Volume of a region R is given by
(CLO-1,
15. (A) ∭𝑅 𝑑𝑣 (B) 2 ∬𝑅 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 ANS
Remember)
(C) ∬𝑅 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 (D) ∬𝑅 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
A

1 2 3
∫0 ∫0 ∫0 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 =
(CLO-1,
16. ANS
(A) 3 (B) 4 Apply)
(C) 2 (D) 6 D
𝑎 𝑏 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
∫1 ∫1 =
𝑥𝑦 (CLO-1,
17. ANS
Apply)
(A) log 𝑎 + log 𝑏 (B) log 𝑎 D
(C) log 𝑏 (D) log 𝑎 log 𝑏
𝜋/2 sin 𝜃
∫0 ∫0 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 =
(CLO-1,
𝜋 ANS
18. (A) 1 (B) Apply)
2
(C) 3
𝜋
(D) 4
𝜋 A
Area of the region R in polar coordinates is

(A) ∬𝑅 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 (B) ∬𝑅 𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 ANS
(CLO-1,
19. Remember)
(C) ∬𝑅 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 (D) ∬𝑅 (𝑟 + 1) 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 C
Area of an ellipse is
(CLO-1,
ANS
20. (A) 𝜋 𝑟 2 (B) 𝜋 𝑎2 𝑏 Remember)
(C) 𝜋 𝑎 𝑏2 (D) 𝜋 𝑎 𝑏 D
2 1
∫0 ∫0 4 𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 =
(CLO-1,
21. ANS
(A) 4 (B) 3 Apply)
(C) 2 (D) 1 A
𝜋 sin 𝜃
∫0 ∫0 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 =
(CLO-1,
22. 𝜋 ANS
(A) 𝜋 (B) 2 Apply)
𝜋 𝜋
C
(C) 4 (D) 6 𝑎2
1 2 2
∫0 ∫0 ∫1 𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 =
(CLO-1,
23. ANS
(A) 2 (B) 4 Apply)
(C) 3 (D) 1 D
𝑎 𝑎 𝑥
Change the order of integration in ∫0 ∫𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦.
𝑥 2+𝑦 2
𝑎 𝑎 𝑥 𝑎 𝑥 𝑥 (CLO-1,
24. (A) ∫0 ∫𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 (B) ∫0 ∫0 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 ANS
𝑥 2+𝑦 2 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 Apply)
𝑎 𝑥 𝑥 𝑎 𝑥2 𝑥 B
(C) ∫0 ∫0 𝑥 2+𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 (D) ∫0 ∫𝑥 𝑥 2+𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥

1 𝑥
Change the order of integration in ∫0 ∫0 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 .
1 𝑦 1 𝑥 (CLO-1,
25. (A) ∫0 ∫1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 (B) ∫0 ∫0 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 ANS
1 𝑦 1 1 Apply)
(C) ∫0 ∫0 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 (D) ∫0 ∫𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 D
In double integration, the transformation used to change Cartesian
into polar coordinates is (CLO-1,
26. ANS
Remember)
(A) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 (B) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = | 𝐽 | 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 B
(C) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = −𝐽 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 (D) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = | 𝐽 | 2 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
𝜋 𝜋
∫0 ∫0 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜑 =
(CLO-1,
27. ANS
(A) 1 (B) 0 Apply)
𝜋
(C) 2 (D) 𝜋 2 D
1 1 1
∫0 ∫0 ∫0 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 =
(CLO-1,
28. ANS
(A) 3 (B) 0 Apply)
(C) 2 (D) 1 D
𝜋 𝑥
∫0 ∫0 sin 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 =
(CLO-1,
29. ANS
(A) 𝜋 (B) 2 𝜋 Apply)
𝜋
(C) 2
𝜋
(D) 4 A
1/2 2
∫0 ∫1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 =
(CLO-1,
30. 3 ANS
(A) 3 (B) 2 Apply)
1 3 D
(C) 2 (D) 4
∭𝑅 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 over the volume of the sphere of radius ‘a’ is

(CLO-1,
31. ANS
3 3
(A) 4 𝜋 𝑎 (B) 2 𝜋 𝑎 Remember)
2 4 D
(C) 3 𝜋 𝑎3 (D) 3 𝜋 𝑎3
2 1
∫0 ∫0 𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 =
(CLO-1,
32. ANS
(A) 1 (B) 2 Apply)
(C) 3 (D) 4 A
1 1
∫0 ∫0 (𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 =
(CLO-1,
33. ANS
(A) 1 (B) 2 Apply)
(C) 3 (D) 4 A

The region of integration of the integral

𝑏 𝑎
∫−𝑏 ∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 is (CLO-1,
34. ANS
Apply)
(A) square (B) rectangle B
(C) triangle (D) circle
2 1
∫0 ∫0 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 =
(CLO-1,
35. ANS
(A) 4 (B) 2 Apply)
(C) 0 (D) 1 B
∞ 𝑦 𝑒 −𝑦
∫0 ∫0 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 =
𝑦
(CLO-1,
36. ANS
(A) 4 (B) 2 Apply)
(C) 0 (D) 1
D
*****


Ramapuram Campus
Year / Sem: I / II
Unit 1 – Multiple Integrals
Part – B (Each question carries 3 Marks)

3 2 1
1. Evaluate ∫2 ∫1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦.
𝑥𝑦
Solution
3 2
31 21
1
∫∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = [∫ 𝑑𝑦] [∫ 𝑑𝑥] = [log 𝑦]32[log 𝑥 ]12
𝑥𝑦 2 𝑦 1 𝑥
2 1
3
= (log 3 − log 2)(log 2 − log 1) = (log ) (log 2)
2
𝝅
sin 𝜃
2. Evaluate ∫𝟎 ∫0 𝟐 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃.
Solution
𝜋
sin 𝜃
∫0 ∫0
2 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
2 sin 𝜃 2 2
𝑟2 (sin 𝜃 )2 1 1 1 𝜋 𝜋
= ∫( ) 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ [ ] 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ sin2 θ dθ = ∗ ∗ =
2 0 2 2 2 2 2 8
0 0 0
2 2
3. Evaluate ∫0 ∫0 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 .
Solution
2 2 2 2
∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫[𝑥 ]20𝑑𝑦 = ∫[2 − 0]𝑑𝑦 = [2 y]20 = (2)(2) − 0 = 4

0 0 0 0

3 2
4. Evaluate ∫0 ∫0 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 .
Solution
3 2 3 2 2
𝑥3 8
𝐼 = ∫ ∫ 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫ [( ) + 𝑥𝑦 2 ] 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ [ + 2𝑦 2 ] 𝑑𝑦
( 2 2)
3 0
3
0 0 0 0
3 3 3
8y 2y 8∗3 2∗3
=[ + ] = + = 8 + 18 = 26
3 3 0 3 3
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
5. Evaluate ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧.
Solution
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ ∫ (𝑥 )𝑐0 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ ∫ (𝑐 − 0)𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
= 𝑐∫ (𝑦)𝑏0 dz = 𝑐 ∫ (𝑏 − 0)𝑑𝑧 = 𝑏 𝑐 ∫ 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑏𝑐 (𝑧)𝑎0
0 0 0
= bc(a − 0) = abc
𝝅 𝑎
6. Evaluate ∫𝟎 ∫0 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃.
Solution
𝜋 𝑎 𝜋 𝑎 𝜋 𝜋
𝑟2 (𝑎) 2 𝑎2 𝑎2
∫ ∫ 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ [ − 0] 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 𝑑𝜃 = (𝜃 )𝜋0
2 0 2 2 2
0 0 0 0 0
2 2
𝑎 𝜋𝑎
= (𝜋 − 0) =
2 2
2 2
7. Evaluate ∫0 ∫0 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 .
Solution
2 2 2 2
∫ ∫ 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = [𝑒 𝑥 ]20 [𝑒 𝑦 ]20

0 0 0 0

= (𝑒 2 − 𝑒 0)(𝑒 2 − 𝑒 0)=(𝑒 2 − 1)2
2 2−𝑦
8. Evaluate ∫1 ∫0 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦.
Solution
2−𝑦
2 2−𝑦 2 𝑥2 1 2
∫1 ∫0 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫1 ( 𝑦 ( )) 𝑑𝑦 = ( ) ∫1 (𝑦(2 − 𝑦)2𝑑𝑦
2 2
0
2 2
1 1
= ∫ 𝑦(4 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = ∫(4𝑦 + 𝑦 3 − 4𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦
2 2
1 1
2
1 𝑦2 𝑦4 𝑦3
= [4 ( ) + ( ) − 4 ( )]
2 2 4 3 1
1 4 16 8 1 1 1
= {[4 ( ) + ( ) − 4 ( )] − [4 ( ) + ( ) − 4 ( )]}
2 2 4 3 2 4 3
1 5 5
= { }=
2 12 24
1 1 𝑥
9. Evaluate ∫0 ∫𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦.
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
Solution
1 1𝑥 1 𝑥 𝑥 1 𝑦 𝑦 =𝑥
−1
∫ ∫ 2 2 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∫ 2 2 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( ) ) 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑦 𝑥 +𝑦 0 0 𝑥 +𝑦 0 𝑥 𝑦 =0
1
= ∫ (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1) − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (0)) 𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋 1 𝜋 1 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= ∫ ( − 0) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥)10 = (1 − 0) =
0 4 4 0 4 4 4

32
10. Evaluate   x y x  y  dy dx .
00
Solution
 
32 32
  x y x  y  dy dx    x y  x y dy dx
2 2
00 00
2
 x2 y2
3
y3 
    x  dx
0
2 3 0
3
 8 
   2 x 2  x  dx
0
3 
3
 x3 8 x 2 
  2    30

 3 3 2 0
1 1
11. Evaluate ∫0 ∫0 (𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 .
Solution
1 1 1 1
𝑥2
∫ ∫ (𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ [( + 𝑥𝑦)] 𝑑𝑦
2 0
0 0 0
1 1
= ∫0 (2 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦
1
𝑦 𝑦2
= (2 + )
2 0
1 1
= (2 + 2) − (0 + 0)
=1
𝜋 1
12. Find the value of ∫0 ∫0 (𝑥 2 sin 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 .
Solution
𝜋 1 1 𝜋
∫ ∫ (𝑥 2 sin 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 ∫ sin 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
0 0 0 0

𝑥3 1
= ( ) (−cos 𝑦)𝜋0
3 0
1
= ( − 0) (−cos 𝜋 + cos 0)
3
1
= ( − 0) (1 + 1)
3
2
=
3
c b a
13. Evaluate    ( x  y  z ) dx dy dz .
0 0 0
Solution
a
c b a c b
 x2 
   ( x  y  z) dx dy dz      x y  x z  dy dz
 2


0
0 0 0 0 0
c b
 a2 
  
 2  a y  a z  dy dz

0 0  
c
 a2 b2 
   ba  a z b  dz
0  
2 2
b
c
 a2 y2 
 
 2 y  a  a z y  dz

0  2 0
c
 a2 b2 z2 
  b z  a z  a b 
 2 2 2 0
a b c (a  b  c)

2
4 x x y
14. Evaluate    z dx dy dz .
0 0 0
Solution
4 x xy
I=   
x=0 y=0 z=0
z dz dy dx
x y
4xz2 
=    dydx
0 0  2  0

1 4x
=   x  y dydx
2 00
x 4
1 4 y 2  1  2 x 
4 2
34 2 3  x 3 
=   xy  dx =   x   dx =  x dx   16
2 0  2  2 0 2  40 4 3 
0  0
1 1 y 2
dx dy
15. Evaluate   1 x2  y2
.
0 0
Solution
1 1 y 2
dx dy
I  
0 0 1 x2  y2
1 y 2
1  1  
  tan 1  x  dy
   
 1 y  1 y
2 2
0  0
 
  dy
1
  1
tan 1 (1)  tan 1 (0)

 1 y
2
0 
 
1
dy
  log (1  2 )
0
4 1 y2 4
a ay
16. Evaluate   x y dx dy .
0 0
Solution
a2  x2 ay
a
 x2  a
  y dy dx   y  2  dy
0 0 0 0
a
1 a4
2 0
 y a y dy 
6

a a2  x2 a2  x2  y2
dz dy dx
17. Evaluate  
0 0
 0 a  x2  y2  z2
2
.
Solution
a a2  x2 a2  x2  y 2
dz dy dx
Let I  
x 0

y 0

z 0 a  x2  y 2  z 2
2
a2  x2  y 2
a a2  x2   z 
  sin 1   dy dx
0 0   a  x  y   0
2 2 2
 
a2  x2 a2  x2

a a a
  1  sin  0 dy dx   2 0

 
a2  x2
sin 1 1
2  0  dy dx  y dx
 
0
0 0 0 0
    2 a2
a
 a
a2  x   x
a2  
 
2 0
 a  x dx  
2
a  x  sin 1      0 
2
  0 
2
0 
2
2 2 2  a  0 2  2 2  8
 (x  y 2 )dy dx over the region R for which x, y  0, x  y  1.

2
18. Evaluate
R
Solution
The region of integration is the triangle bounded by the

lines x  0, y  0, x  y  1
Limits of y : 0 to 1 – x ; Limits of x : 0 to 1
1 1 x
 ( x 2  y 2 )dy dx =   x  y 2 dydx
2
0 0
R
1 x
 1
y3


= x 2 y  
3 
dx
0 0
1
 2 (1  x)3 
 0  x (1  x ) 
3 
dx
1
 x3 x 4 (1  x)4 
   
3 4 12  0
1
 2 (1  x)3 
 0  x (1  x ) 
3 
dx
1
 x3 x 4 (1  x)4 
   
3 4 12  0

1 1 1
  
3 4 12
1

6
19. Find the area bounded by the lines x  0 , y  1 and y  x using double integration.
Solution
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 x  0 , y  1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 y  x .
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑥 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 0 𝑡𝑜 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑥 𝑡𝑜 1.

1 1 1 1 1
x2 1 1
𝐼 = ∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∫[𝑦]1𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ( )
= ∫ 1 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [x − ] = 1 − =
2 0 2 2
0 𝑥 0 0
20. Find by double integration the area between the parabolas y 2 = 4ax and x2 = 4ay .
Solution
4a 4ax 4a 4a
 x2 
 Area =   dydx =   y  x2 =   4ax -  dx
4ax
dx
0 
0 x2 0 4a
4a 
4a
4a
 x 2 1 x3 
3
 1 2
4a
=   2 a x - x  dx =  2 a
1
2
- 
 4a   3 4a 3 
0
 2 0
4 a 3 1
= (4a) 2 - (4a)3
3 12a
5
4 a 32 32 1 4 2 42 1
= (4) (a) - 64a 3 = a - 64a 3
3 12a 3 12a
5
(22 ) 2 2 16 2 32 2 16 2
= a - a = a - a
3 3 3 3
16 2
= a
3

21. Find the area of the circle x2 + y2 = a2 using double integration.
Solution
Area of circle = 4  Area in first quadrant
a a2  y2
 4  dx dy
0 0
a
 4   x 0
a2  y2
dy
0
a
 4 a 2  y 2 dy
0
a
y 2 a2 1 y 
 4 a  y2  sin  
 2 2  a  0
a2  
 4   a
2
 2 2
22. Find the area of the circle x2 + y2 = a2 using polar coordinates.
Solution
x  r cos , y  r sin 
x2  y2  r 2
r 2  a2
  2 r  a
Area =   r dr d
 0 r 0
  2
a2
=  2
d
 0
=  a2

23. Find the area of the cardioid r = a(1 + cosθ) by using double integration.
Solution
Given the curve in polar co ordinates r = a(1 + cosθ)

 Area of the cardioid = 2(Area above the initial line)
θ varies from 0 to π
r varies from 0 to r = a(1 + cosθ)
π a(1+cosθ)
Area = 2  r drdθ
0 0
a(1+cosθ)
r  π 2
= 2   dθ
0 
2 0
π
=  a 2 (1 + cosθ)2 dθ
0
π
= a 2  (1 + 2cosθ + cos 2θ)dθ
0
 1  cos 
π π
  3 1 
= a 2  1 + 2cosθ +    dθ = a 2   + 2cosθ + cos2θ  dθ
0   2  0 
2 2 
π
3 1 sin2θ 
= a  θ + 2sinθ +
2
sinnπ = 0, n
2 2 2  0
3  3πa2
= a2  π  =
2  2
*****

18MAB102T Advanced Calculus and Complex Analysis Vector Calculus

Ramapuram Campus
Year / Sem: I / II
UNIT II - VECTOR CALCULUS

Part – A
If 𝜑 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ) = 𝑥𝑦𝑧, then ∇𝜑 =

(CLO-2,
1. ANS
(A) 𝑦𝑧 𝑖⃗ + 𝑧𝑥 𝑗⃗ + 𝑥𝑦 𝑘⃗⃗ (B) 𝑥𝑦 𝑖⃗ + 𝑦𝑧 𝑗⃗ + 𝑥𝑧 𝑘⃗⃗ Apply)
A
(C) 𝑥𝑧 𝑖⃗ + 𝑧𝑦 𝑗⃗ + 𝑥𝑦 𝑘⃗⃗ (D) 𝑥 𝑖⃗ + 𝑦 𝑗⃗ + 𝑧 𝑘⃗⃗
Curl (grad ) =
(CLO-2,
2. ANS
⃗⃗
(A) 0 (B) 1 Remember)
A
(C) 2 (D) – 1
The maximum directional derivative of

𝜑 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 at (1, 1, 1) is (CLO-2,
3. ANS
Apply)
(A) 0 (B) 3 D
(C) 2 (D) 2 √3
If 𝑟⃗ is the position vector of the point (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) with respect to the
origin, then ∇  𝑟⃗⃗⃗ = (CLO-2,
4. ANS
Apply)
(A) 0 (B) 1 D
(C) 2 (D) 3
If 𝑢
⃗⃗ and 𝑣⃗ are irrotational, then 𝑢
⃗⃗ × 𝑣⃗ is
(CLO-2,
5. (A) irrotational (B) solenoidal ANS
Remember)
(C) zero vector (D) constant B
The condition for ⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝐹 to be conservative is
(CLO-2,
ANS
6. (A) ∇  𝐹⃗ = 0 (B) 0 Remember)
(C) ∇ × 𝐹⃗ = 0⃗⃗ (D) 1 C

The relation between the surface integral and the volume integral
is given by (CLO-2,
7. ANS
Remember)
(A) Green’s theorem (B) Stoke’s theorem C
(C) Gauss Divergence theorem (D) Cauchy’s theorem
By Stoke’s theorem, ∫𝐶 𝐹⃗  𝑑𝑟⃗⃗⃗ =
(CLO-2,
8. ANS
(A) ∬𝑆 ∇ × 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑆 (B) ∬𝑆 ∇  𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑆 Remember)
D
(C) ∬𝑆 (∇  𝐹⃗) 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑆 (D) ∬𝑆 (∇ × 𝐹⃗ )  𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑆
The maximum value of the directional derivative is

(CLO-2,
ANS
9. (A) |∇ 𝜑| (B) curl 𝜑 Remember)
(C) grad 𝜑 (D) |∇ × 𝜑| A
If 𝐹⃗ is irrotational, then 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ =

(CLO-2,
10. ANS
(A) 1 (B) 2 Apply)
(C) 3 (D) ⃗0⃗ D
If the divergence of the vector is zero, then the vector is said to be

(CLO-2,
11. ANS
(A) irrotational vector (B) constant vector Remember)
(C) zero vector (D) solenoidal vector D
The unit normal vector to the surface 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2 𝑥 𝑧 = 4 at the

point (2, −2, 3) is
(CLO-2,
12. 1 2 2 1 2 2 ANS
(A) − 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗ (B) 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗ A
Apply)
3 3 3 3 3 3
1 2 2 1 2 2
(C) − 𝑖⃗ − 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗ (D) 𝑖⃗ − 𝑗⃗ − 𝑘⃗⃗
3 3 3 3 3 3
If the vector 𝐹⃗ = (𝑥 + 3𝑦) 𝑖⃗ + (𝑦 − 2𝑧 ) 𝑗⃗ + (𝑥 + 𝑎 𝑧 ) 𝑘⃗⃗ is

solenoidal, then 𝑎 = (CLO-2,
13. ANS
Apply)
(A) 2 (B) 0 C
(C) −2 (D) −1
The work done by the conservative force when it moves a particle
around a closed curve is
(CLO-2,
14. ANS
Remember)
(A) ∇  𝐹⃗ = 0 (B) 0 C
(C) ∇ × 𝐹⃗ = 0 (D) ∇  (∇ × 𝐹⃗ ) = 0

The value of ∫𝐶 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 around the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1 is

(CLO-2,
15. ANS
(C) 3 𝜋 (D) 0 B
By Green’s theorem, the area bounded by a simple closed curve is

(CLO-2,
16. ANS
(A) ∫𝐶 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 (B) ∫𝐶 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 Apply)
1 D
(C) ∫𝐶 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 (D) (∫𝐶 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 )
2
To be conservative, 𝐹⃗ should be
(CLO-2,
17. ANS
(A) solenoidal (B) irrotational Remember)
(C) rotational (D) constant vector B
The unit normal vector to the surface 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑧 2 = 1 at the
point (1, 1, 1) is
(CLO-2,
18. 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + ⃗⃗
𝑘 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗− ⃗⃗
𝑘 ANS
(A) (B) Apply)
√3 √3 B
⃗𝑖⃗− 𝑗⃗⃗⃗− ⃗⃗
𝑘 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + ⃗⃗
𝑘
(C) (D)
√3 √2

origin, then 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝑟⃗⃗⃗ = (CLO-2,
19. ANS
Remember)
(A) 0 (B) 1 D
(C) 2 (D) 3
If 𝜑 is a scalar function, then ∇ × ∇𝜑 =
(CLO-2,
20. ANS
(A) ⃗0⃗ (B) solenoidal A
Remember)
(C) irrotational (D) constant
The value of line integral ∫𝐶 𝐹⃗  𝑑𝑟⃗ where C is the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 in

XY plane from (1, 1) to (2, 2) is (CLO-2,
21. ANS
Apply)
(A) 0 (B) 1 D
(C) 2 (D) 3
Angle between two level surfaces 𝜑1 = 𝐶 and 𝜑2 = 𝐶 is given by
∇ 𝜑1  ∇ 𝜑2 ∇ 𝜑1  ∇ 𝜑2 (CLO-2,
22. (A) sin 𝜃 = |∇ 𝜑1| |∇ 𝜑2|
(B) cos 𝜃 = |∇ 𝜑1 | |∇ 𝜑2|
ANS
Apply)
(C) tan 𝜃 = |∇
∇ 𝜑1  ∇ 𝜑2
(D) tan 𝜃 = |∇
∇ 𝜑1 × ∇ 𝜑2 B
𝜑1| |∇ 𝜑2| 𝜑1 | |∇ 𝜑2|

The condition for a vector 𝑟⃗ to be solenoidal is

(CLO-2,
23. (A) 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝑟⃗ = 0 (B) 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝑟⃗ = 0 ANS
Remember)
(C) 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝑟⃗ ≠ 0 (D) 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝑟⃗ ≠ 0 A
The unit normal vector to the surface 𝑥 2 + 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 7 at the
point (1, − 1, 2) is
(CLO-2,
24. ANS
⃗𝑖⃗−2 ⃗⃗⃗−2
𝑗 ⃗⃗
𝑘 𝑗 + 2 ⃗⃗
⃗𝑖⃗−2 ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑘 Apply)
(A) (B) D
3 3
⃗𝑖⃗ + 2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗+
𝑗 2𝑘 ⃗⃗ 𝑖⃗⃗− 2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗+
𝑗 2𝑘 ⃗⃗
(C) (D)
3 3
𝐵
If the integral ∫𝐴 𝐹⃗  𝑑𝑟⃗ depends only on the end points but not on
the path C, then 𝐹⃗ is (CLO-2,
25. ANS
Remember)
(A) neither solenoidal nor irrotational (B) solenoidal D
(C) irrotational (D) conservative
According to Gauss divergence theorem, ∫𝐶 (𝑃 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄 𝑑𝑦) =

(CLO-2,
𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑃 ANS
26. (A) ∬𝑅 ( − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 (B) ∬𝑅 ( − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 Apply)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄 A
(C) ∬𝑅 ( − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 (D) ∬𝑅 ( − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
1
By Green’s theorem, (∫𝐶 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 ) =
2
(CLO-2,
27. ANS
(A) Area of a closed curve (B) 2  Area of a closed curve A
Apply)
(C) Volume of a closed curve (D) 3  Volume of a closed curve
The value of ∬𝑆 𝑟⃗  𝑛⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑆 where S is the surface of the sphere

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑎2 is (CLO-2,
28. ANS
Apply)
(A) 2 𝜋 𝑎3 (B)3 𝜋 𝑎3 C
3
(C) 4 𝜋 𝑎 (D) 5 𝜋 𝑎3
The maximum directional derivative of 𝜑 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ) = 𝑥𝑦𝑧 2 at
(1, 0, 3) is (CLO-2,
29. ANS
Apply)
(A) 9 (B) 1 A
(C) – 9 (D) 0
The relation between line integral and double integral is given by

(CLO-2,
30. ANS
(A) Gauss divergence theorem (B) Cauchy’s theorem Remember)
(C) Green’s theorem (D) Convolution theorem
C

If 𝜑 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 , then ∇𝜑 at (1, 1, 1) =

(CLO-2,
⃗⃗
31. (A) 2 𝑖⃗ + 2 𝑗⃗ + 2 𝑘 (B) 2 𝑖⃗ − 2 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗ ANS
Apply)
(C) 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗ (D) 2 𝑖⃗ − 2 𝑗⃗ − 2 𝑘⃗⃗ A
If 𝜑 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ) = 𝑥𝑦𝑧, then ∇𝜑 at (1, 1, 1) is

(CLO-2,
32. ANS
(A) ⃗𝑖 + 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗ (B) 2 𝑖⃗ + 2 𝑗⃗ + 2 𝑘⃗⃗ Apply)
A
(C) 2 ⃗𝑖 − 2 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗ (D) 2 𝑖⃗ − 2 𝑗⃗ − 2 𝑘⃗⃗
The unit normal vector to the surface 𝜑 = 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦𝑧 − 𝑧𝑥 at the
point (– 1, 1, 1) is (CLO-2,
33. ANS
Apply)
(A) −2 𝑗⃗ (B) −𝑗⃗ B
(C) 3 𝑖⃗ (D) 4 𝑖⃗
. ∇ 𝑟𝑛 =
(CLO-2,
ANS
34. (A) 𝑛 𝑟⃗ (B) 𝑛 (𝑛 − 1) 𝑟⃗ Apply)
(C) 𝑛 𝑟 𝑛−2 𝑟⃗ (D) 𝑛 𝑟 𝑛 + 2 𝑟⃗ C
The directional derivative of 𝜑 = 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 2 at (1, –1, 3) in the

direction of 𝑖⃗ + 2 𝑗⃗ + 2 𝑘⃗⃗ is
(CLO-2,
35. ANS
14 14 Apply)
(A) (B) − A
3 3
4 3
(C) (D)
3 14
If 𝐹⃗ = (3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑧 ) 𝑖⃗ + (4𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 − 2) 𝑗⃗ + (𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2) 𝑘⃗⃗ is

36. ANS
Apply)
(A) 3 (B) 0 C
(C) −3 (D) −1
*****


Ramapuram Campus
Year / Sem: I / II
Unit 2 – Vector Calculus

1. Find  if   log x 2  y 2  z 2 . 
Solution
  
  i j k
x y z
i

x
   
log( x 2  y 2  z 2 )  j log( x 2  y 2  z 2 )  k log( x 2  y 2  z 2 )
y z
2x 2y 2z
i 2  j  k
(x  y2  z2 ) ( x2  y 2  z 2 ) ( x2  y 2  z 2 )

2
x2  y 2  z 2
 xi  y j  zk  
2r
r2
(r  xi  y j  zk & r 2  x 2  y 2  z 2 )
2. Find the unit normal vector to the surface 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒛 at the point (𝟏, −𝟐, 𝟓).
Solution
Given
𝜙 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 𝑧
𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙
𝛻𝜙 = 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗ = 2𝑥𝑖⃗ + 2𝑦𝑗⃗ − 𝑘⃗⃗
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝛻𝜙 at (1, −2,5) = 2𝑖⃗ − 4𝑗⃗ − 𝑘⃗⃗
|𝛻𝜙| = √4 + 4 + 1 = 3
Unit Normal vector is
∧ 𝛻𝜙 ⃗⃗
2𝑖⃗+2𝑗⃗−𝑘
𝑛=| |
=
𝛻𝜙 3

3. Prove that 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒍(𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒅𝝓) = 𝟎.
Solution
𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙
𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝜙 = 𝛻𝜙 = 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
  
i j k
  
Curl ( grad  )     
x y z
  
x y z
   2  2     2  2     2  2 
i       
      j  x z  z x   k  x y  y x 
 y z z y     
  
 0 i  0 j  0 k (Since mixed partial derivatives are equal.)
⃗⃗.
⃗⃗ if ⃗𝑭⃗ = 𝒙𝒚𝒊⃗ + 𝒚𝒛𝒋⃗ + 𝒛𝒙𝒌
4. Find 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒍𝑭
Solution
Given 𝐹⃗ = 𝑥𝑦𝑖⃗ + 𝑦𝑧𝑗⃗ + 𝑧𝑥𝑘⃗⃗
𝑖⃗ 𝑗⃗ 𝑘⃗⃗
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹⃗ = 𝛻 × 𝐹⃗ = | 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 | = 𝑖⃗ (0 − 𝑦) − 𝑗⃗⃗(𝑧 − 0) + 𝑘⃗⃗ (0 − 𝑥 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑥𝑦 𝑦𝑧 𝑧𝑥
𝑖 𝑧 𝑗⃗⃗– 𝑥 𝑘⃗⃗
= −𝑦 ⃗⃗⃗–
5. In what direction from (𝟑, 𝟏, −𝟐) is the directional derivative of 𝝓 = 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒛𝟒 maximum? Find
also the magnitude of this maximum.
Solution
Given 𝜙 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧 4
𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙
𝛻𝜙 = 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗ = 2𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧 4 𝑖⃗ + 2𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 4 𝑗⃗ + 4𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧 3 𝑘⃗⃗
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝛻𝜙 𝑎𝑡 (3, 1, −2) = 92𝑖⃗ + 144𝑗⃗ − 92𝑘⃗⃗
|𝛻𝜙| = √922 + 1442 + 922 = √37664
The directional derivative is maximum in the direction 𝛻𝜙 and the magnitude of this
maximum is |𝛻𝜙| = √37664.

6. Find the directional derivative of  = x2yz + 4xz2 at (1, – 2 , – 1) in the direction of

  
2i  j  2 k .
Solution
Given   x 2 yz  4xz2 ,
    
a  2i  j  2k , a  4  1  4 = 3
  
  (2 xyz  4 z 2 )i  x 2 zj  ( x 2 y  8 xz)k
  
( )(1, 2, 1)  8i  j  10k
   
a    2i  j  2k 37
D.D. =  .   (8i  j  10k ). 
a 3 3
7. Find the directional derivative of  = x2 – y2 + 2 z2 at P (1, 2 , 3) in the direction of line PQ

where Q is (5, 0, 4).
Solution
     
  grad   i j k
x y z
  
  grad   i 2 x  j (2 y )  k 4 z
  
 at (1, 2, 3)  2 i  4 j  12 k
         
a  OQ  OP  (5 i  0 j  4 k )  ( i  2 j  3 k )  4 i  2 j  k

a
Directional derivative =   
a
  
   4i  2 j  k 28
 (2 i  4 j  12 k )  
21 21
8. Find the angle between the normals to the surfaces x 2  yz at the points (1, 1, 1) and
(2, 4, 1).
Solution
Given   x 2  yz
  
  2 xi  zj  yk
     
1 /(1,1,1)  2i  j  k  2 /( 2,4,1)  4i  j  4k

1  4  1  1  6  2  16  1  16  33
     
1   2 (2i  j  k )  (4i  j  4k ) 13
cos    .
1  2 6 33 6 33
   
9. Find a such that F  (3x  2 y  z ) i  (4 x  ay  z ) j  ( x  y  2 z ) k is solenoidal.
Solution
   
Given   F  0  (3x  2 y  z )  (4 x  ay  z )  ( x  y  2 z )  0
x y z
3  a  2  0  a  5  0  a  5
10. Find the constant a, b, c so that F  ( x  2 y  az )i  (bx  3 y  z ) j  (4 x  cy  2 z )k is

irrotational.
Solution
Given F is irrotational i.e.,  F  0
i j k
  
0
x y z
x  2 y  az bx  3 y  z 4 x  cy  2 z
       
i  (4 x  cy  2 z )  (bx  3 y  z )   j  (4 x  cy  2 z )  ( x  2 y  az ) 
 y z   x z 
   
 k  (bx  3 y  z )  ( x  2 y  az )   0
 x y 
 i.e., i (c  1)  j (4  a)  k (b  2)  0
c  1  0, 4  a  0, and b  2  0
 a  4, b  2, c  1

11. If F  x 3i  y 3 j  z 3k , then find div curl F .
Solution div curl F   . (  F )
i j k
  
 F 
x y z
x3 y3 z3
 i (0  0)  j (0  0)  k (0  0)  0
 F  0
 .(  F )  0

12. Prove that div r  3 .
Solution
   
r  xi  y j  z k
        
div r    r   i j
 

 k   x i  y j  z k 
 x y z 
  
 ( x)  ( y )  ( z )  1  1  1  3
x y z
     
13. Show that the vector F  6 xy  z 3 i  3 x 2  z j  3 xz 2  y k is irrotational.
Solution
    
Given F  6 xy  z 3 i  3 x 2  z j  3 xz 2  y k 
curlF    F  0
i j k
    i(1  1)  j (3z 2  3z 2 )  k (6 x  6 x)  0
 F 
x y z
6 xy  z 3 3x 2  z 3xz 2  y
 F is irrotational.

    
14. If F  (3x 2  6 y )i  14 yzj  20 xz 2 k . Evaluate   dr from (0,0,0) to (1,1,1) along the curve
F
C
2 3
x = t, y = t , z = t .
Solution
The end points are (0,0,0) and (1,1,1).
These points correspond to t = 0 and t = 1.
dx = dt, dy = 2t dt, dz = 3t2dt

 
F
C C

  dr   3x  6 y dx  14 yzdy  20xz dz
2 2

1 1
  (3t  6t )dt  14t (2tdt)  20t (3t )dt   (9t 2  28t 6  60t 9 )dt  5
2 2 5 7 2
0 0
    4
15. If F  axi  byj  czk , a, b, c are constants, show that  F  nˆ ds  3
(a  b  c) where S
S
is the surface of a unit sphere.

Solution
W.K.T. Gauss’s divergence theorem
     
 F  nˆ ds     FdV    x (ax)  y by   z  cz  dV
S V V
4
  a  b  c dV  (a  b  c)V  (a  b  c)  (1)3
V
3
 4
  nˆ ds  3  (a  b  c)
F
S

16. Using Green’s theorem, evaluate  ( y  sin x) dx  cos x dy where c is the triangle
c
 2x
formed by y  0, x  ,y .
2 
Solution
Using Green’s theorem, we convert the line integral to double integral over the given
 v u 
region. ie.,  u dx  v dy     dxdy
C R 
x y 
u  y  sin x v  cos x
u v
1   sin x
y x
Hence,  ( y  sin x)dx  cos xdy    sin x  1dxdy

C R

1 2 1

   ( sin x  1)dxdy   [cos x  x]y2
0 y 0 2
2
  y y 
1
   0   cos  dy
0
2 2 2
y
1
 
  y sin 2  y 2   2 
   .    
 2  2 2  2  4
 2 0
 2 8  2 
    .
4 4  
17. Using Green’s theorem, evaluate  (3x 2  8 y 2 ) dx  (4 y  6 xy) dy where c is the

c
boundary of the triangle formed by the lines x  0, y  0, x  y  1 in the xy plane.
Solution
 v u 
C R 
x y 

u  3x  8 y 2 v  4 y  6 xy
u v
 16 y  6 y
y x
v u
  6 y  16 y  10 y
x y
 v u 
Hence,   x  y dxdy   10 y dxdy
R R
1 1 y 1
 10  ( y)dxdy   y[ x]10 y dy
0 0 0
1 1
 10 y(1  y)dy  10 ( y  y 2 )dy
0 0
1
 y2 y3 
 10  
 2 3 0
1 1
 10  .
 2 3
3  2 10 5
 10  
6 6 3
    
    
2
18. Using Gauss divergence theorem evaluate  F dv where F 4 xz i y j yz k
V
taken over the cube bounded by the planes x  0, x  1, y  0, y  1, z  0, z  1.
Solution
   
F  4 xz i  y 2 j  yz k
 F F F
 F  1  2  3
x y z

  F  4z  2 y  y  4z  y

 111 11 11
   F dv   ( 4 z  y )dxdydz   4 zx  yx 1

0 dydz    4 z  ydydz
V 000 00 00
1 1
1
 y2  
1
1  z2 z  4 1 3

= 4 zy 
0

2 0
dz  
0
 4 z  
2
dz  4     
 2 20 2 2 2

19. Using Gauss divergence theorem theorem evaluate    F dv where
V
   
F  x 2 i  y 2 j  z 2 k taken over the cube bounded by the planes
x  0, x  1, y  0, y  1, z  0, z  1.
Solution
   
F  x2 i  y2 j  z 2 k
 F F F
 F  1  2  3
x y z

  F  2 x  2 y  2 z  2( x  y  z )
1
 111 11
 x2  11
1 
   Fdv  2   ( x  y  z)dxdydz  2   2  xy  xz dydz  2   2  y  z dydz
V 000 00 0 00
1 1
 y y2   z2 
1
1 1 
1 1 1
= 2    yz  dz  2    z  dz  2 1  z 0 dz  2 z  
1
0 0 0 0 
2 2 2 2 0
2 0
 1 3
 21    2   3
 2 2
   
20. Using Stokes theorem find curl F ds where F  ( x 2  y 2 ) i  2 xy j in the
S
rectangular region of x  0, y  0, x  a and y  a.
Solution Stokes theorem  F .dr   curl F . ds

c s
Given F  ( x 2  y 2 )i  2 xyj
𝑖⃗ 𝑗⃗ 𝑘⃗⃗
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕|
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ = || = 4𝑦 𝑘⃗⃗
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧|
𝑥 − 𝑦2
2
2𝑥𝑦 0
Here n̂  k
b a
ˆ   4 ydxdy =  4 ydxdy  2ab2
 curl F .nds
S S 0 0
21. Prove that the area bounded by a simple closed curve C is given by
1
2 C
( xdy  ydx).
Solution
W.K.T. Green’s theorem
 v u 
 (udx  vdy)   x  y dxdy
C R
…1
x y
Here v u
2 2
v 1 u 1
 
x 2 y 2
x y  1 1
(1)    2 dy  2 dx     2  2 dxdy
C R
1
xdy  ydx    dxdy
2 C R
22. Find the area of the ellipse x = a cos , y = b sin  using Green’s theorem.
Solution
Given x = a cos , y = b sin 
dx = -a sin  d, dy = b cos  d
 varies from 0 to 2.
1
2 C
Area of the ellipse = xdy  ydx

2
1
2 0
 (a cos  )(b cos d )  (b sin  )(a sin d )
2
1
  [ab cos  cos   ab sin  sin  ]d
20
2 2
d    0
ab ab ab  2
 
2 0
(cos 2   sin 2  )d  
2 0 2
ab
Area of the ellipse  [2 ]  ab
2
*****

18MAB102T Advanced Calculus and Complex Analysis Laplace Transforms

Ramapuram Campus
Year / Sem: I / II
UNIT III - LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

Part – A
𝐿 [𝑡 ] =
(CLO-3,
1. 1 1 ANS
(A) 𝑠 (B) 𝑠 2 Apply)
B
(C) 𝑠 (D) 𝑠 2
𝐿[cos 𝑡] =
(CLO-3,
2. 1 1 ANS
(A) (B) Apply)
𝑠 2 −1 𝑠 2+ 1 D
𝑠 𝑠
(C) (D)
𝑠 2−1 𝑠 2 +1
3𝑡 ]
𝐿 [𝑒 =
(CLO-3,
3. 1 𝑠 ANS
(A) (B) Apply)
𝑠 −3 𝑠 2+9
1 9 A
(C) (D)
𝑠−log 9 𝑠
𝑎𝑡
If 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐹(𝑠), then 𝐿[𝑒 𝑓(𝑡)] =
(CLO-3,
4. ANS
(A) 𝐹(𝑠 + 𝑎) (B) 𝐹(𝑠 − 𝑎) Remember)
(C) 𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝐹(𝑠) (D) 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 𝐹(𝑠) B
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡) ∗ 𝑔(𝑡)] =
(CLO-3,
5. ANS
(A) 𝐹(𝑠) − 𝐺(𝑠) (B) 𝐹 (𝑠) + 𝐺(𝑠) Remember)
(C) 𝐹 (𝑠) 𝐺(𝑠) (D) 𝐹(𝑠) ÷ 𝐺(𝑠)
C
𝐿[sin 𝑡] =
(CLO-3,
1 1 ANS
6. (A) (B) Apply)
𝑠 2 −1 𝑠 2+ 1
(C)
𝑠
(D)
𝑠 B
𝑠 2−1 𝑠 2 +1

𝐿[𝑒 −3 𝑡 ] =
(CLO-3,
1 𝑠 ANS
7. (A) (B) Apply)
𝑠+3 𝑠 2+9
1 3 A
(C) (D)
𝑠−log 3 𝑠
−1 1
𝐿 [ ]=
𝑠
(CLO-3,
8. ANS
(A) t (B) s Apply)
(C) 1 (D) 𝛿(𝑡)
C
1
𝐿−1 [ 𝑠 2+9 ] =
(CLO-3,
9. cos 3𝑡 sin 3𝑡 ANS
(A) 3 (B) 3 Apply)
B
(C) sin 3𝑡 (D) cos 3𝑡
𝑠
𝐿−1 [𝑠 2 + 9] =
(CLO-3,
(A) 3 (B) 3 Apply)
D
If 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐹(𝑠), then 𝐿[𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)] =

(CLO-3,
11. ANS
(C) 𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝐹(𝑠) (D) 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 𝐹(𝑠) A
𝐿 [𝑡 2 ] =
(CLO-3,
1 1 ANS
12. (A) (B) Apply)
𝑠 𝑠2
2 1 C
(C) (D)
𝑠3 𝑠3
𝐿 [ 1] =
(CLO-3,
13. 1 1 ANS
(A) (B) Apply)
𝑠 𝑠2 A
2 1
(C) (D)
𝑠3 𝑠3
𝐿[𝑒 −2 𝑡 ] =
1 𝑠 (CLO-3,
14. (A) (B) ANS
𝑠 +2 𝑠 2+ 4 Apply)
1 4
A
(C) (D)
𝑠 − log 4 𝑠

𝐿[sin 3 𝑡] =
1 3 (CLO-3,
15. (A) (B) ANS
𝑠2 −9 𝑠2 +9 Apply)
𝑠 𝑠 B
(C) (D)
𝑠2 − 9 𝑠2 + 9
𝐿[sinh 2 𝑡] =
2 2 (CLO-3,
16. (A) (B) ANS
𝑠2 −4 𝑠 2+ 4 Apply)
1 𝑠 A
(C) (D)
𝑠2 − 4 𝑠2 + 4
𝐿 [2 𝑡 ] =
1 𝑠 (CLO-3,
17. (A) (B) ANS
𝑠−2 𝑠 2+ 4 Apply)
1 2
C
(C) (D)
𝑠 − log 2 𝑠
2𝑡 ]
𝐿 [𝑡 𝑒 =
1 1 (CLO-3,
18. (A) (B) ANS
𝑠−2 (𝑠 − 2)2 Apply)
(C)
2
(D)
1 B
(𝑠 − 2)3 𝑠3
If 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐹(𝑠), then 𝐿[ 𝑓(𝑎𝑡)] =

(CLO-3,
19. 1 𝑠 𝑠 ANS
(A) 𝑎 𝐹 (𝑎) (B) 𝐹 (𝑎) Remember)
(C) 𝐹(𝑠 + 𝑎) (D) 𝐹(𝑠 − 𝑎)
A
𝑠−2
𝐿−1 [𝑠 2− 4𝑠 + 13] =
(CLO-3,
20. ANS
Apply)
(A) e−2t sin 3𝑡 (B) e− 2t cos 3𝑡 D
(C) e2t sin 3𝑡 (D) e2t cos 3𝑡
𝑡
If 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐹(𝑠), then 𝐿 [ ∫0 𝑓 (𝑢)𝑑𝑢] =
(CLO-3,
21. 𝐹(𝑠) 𝑠 ANS
(A) (B) 𝐹 (𝑎) Remember)
𝑠
𝑓(𝑡))
A
(C) (D) 𝐹 (𝑢)
𝑡
𝐿−1 [1 ] =
(CLO-3,
1 ANS
22. (A) 𝑠 (B) s Apply)
(C) 1 (D) 𝛿(𝑡) D

𝑠−3
𝐿−1 [𝑠 2− 6𝑠 + 13] =
(CLO-3,
23. ANS
−3t 2t
(A) e cos 3𝑡 (B) e cos 3𝑡 Apply)
(C) e3t cos 2𝑡 (D) e−2t cos 2𝑡
C
𝐿 [4 𝑡 ] =
1 𝑠 (CLO-3,
24. (A) (B) ANS
1 4
C
(C) (D)
𝑠 − log 4 𝑠
𝐿[cosh 3𝑡] =
𝑠 1 (CLO-3,
25. (A) (B) ANS
𝑠2 +9 𝑠2 −9 Apply)
(C)
𝑠
(D)
𝑠 C
𝑠2 − 9 𝑠2 + 9
𝐿[t cos 𝑎𝑡] =
𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 𝑠 2− 𝑎 2 (CLO-3,
26. (A) (𝑠 2
(B) ANS
− 𝑎 2 )2 (𝑠 2 − 𝑎 2 )2 Apply)
𝑠 2− 𝑎 2 𝑠
C
(C) (𝑠 2 + 𝑎 2 )2
(D) 𝑠2 + 9
𝐿[𝑡 sin 2𝑡] =

4𝑠 4𝑠 (CLO-3,
27. (A) (𝑠 2
(B) ANS
+ 4 )2 (𝑠 2 − 4 )2 Apply)
𝑠 4𝑠
A
(C) (𝑠 2 + 4 )2
(D) (𝑠 2 − 4 )2
𝐿 [𝑡 𝑒 𝑡 ] =
(CLO-3,
1 1 ANS
28. (A) (B) Apply)
𝑠−1 (𝑠 − 2)2
1 1 C
(C) (D)
(𝑠 − 1)2 (𝑠 − 1)3
−3 𝑡 ]
𝐿 [2 𝑒 =
2 2 (CLO-3,
29. (A) (B) ANS
𝑠+3 (𝑠 − 3)2 Apply)
(C)
1
(D)
2 A
(𝑠 − 3)2 (𝑠 − 1)3
𝐿 [ 3] =
1 𝑠 (CLO-3,
30. (A) (B) ANS
1 3 D
(C) (D)
𝑠+3 𝑠

𝐿[ sin 5𝑡] =
5 5 (CLO-3,
31. (A) (B) ANS
𝑠2 + 29 𝑠2 + 25 Apply)
(C)
1
(D)
𝑠 B
𝑠 2 + 29 𝑠 2 + 29
𝐿[cos 2 𝑡] =
(CLO-3,
1 1 ANS
32. (A) (B) Apply)
𝑠2 − 4 𝑠2 + 4
(C)
𝑠
(D)
𝑠 D
𝑠 2 −4 𝑠2 + 4
𝐿[cosh 2𝑡] =
𝑠 1 (CLO-3,
33. (A) (B) ANS
𝑠2 + 4 𝑠2 − 4 Apply)
𝑠 𝑠
C
(C) (D)
𝑠2 − 4 𝑠2 + 4
1
𝐿−1 [ 𝑠 − 3 ] =
(CLO-3,
34. ANS
Apply)
(A) 𝑒 3𝑡 (B) 𝑒 −3𝑡 A
(C) cos 3𝑡 (D) sin 3𝑡
𝑠
𝐿−1 [𝑠 2 − 9] =
(CLO-3,
35. ANS
(A) cos 3𝑡 (B) sin 3𝑡 Apply)
(C) cosh 3𝑡 (D) sinh 3𝑡
C
1
𝐿−1 [ ]=
( 𝑠 − 1)2 (CLO-3,
36. ANS
Apply)
(A) 𝑡 𝑒 𝑡 (B) 𝑒 𝑡 A
(C) 𝑒 − 𝑡 (D) 𝑡 𝑒 − 𝑡
*****


Ramapuram Campus
Year / Sem: I / II
Unit 3 – Laplace Transforms
1. Find 𝑳[𝟐𝒆−𝟑𝒕 ].
Solution
𝟏
𝐋[𝐞−𝐚𝐭 ] =
𝐬+𝐚
𝟏
𝐋[𝟐𝐞−𝟑𝐭 ] = 𝟐𝐋[𝐞−𝟑𝐭 ] = 𝟐 ( )
𝐬+𝟑
2. Find 𝑳[𝒆𝟑𝒕 + 𝟓 ].
Solution
𝟏
𝐋[𝐞𝐚𝐭 ] =
𝐬−𝐚
𝟏
𝐋[𝐞𝟑𝐭 . 𝐞𝟓 ] = 𝐞𝟓 𝐋[𝐞𝟑𝐭 ] = 𝐞𝟓 ( )
𝐬−𝟑
3. Find the Laplace transform of f  t   cos 2  3t  .
Solution
1  cos 6t  L(1)  L(cos 6t ) 1  cos 2t

L[cos2 3t]  L    cos 2 t 
 2 2 2
1 s 1 s
=  L(1)  , L(cos at )  2
2s 2( s  36)
2
s s  a2

s 2  18
 2
L[cos 3t] =
s ( s 2  36)

4. Find L t 2  4 sin 2t  2 cos 3t . 
Solution

L t 2  4 sin 2t  2 cos 3t   2  2 
 4 2
 s 
  2 2 
s 3
 s  4  s 9
5. Find the Laplace transform of e – t sin 2t.
Solution
L[e – t sin2t] = L[e – a t f(t)] = F (s + a)= F (s + 1)
2
F(s) = L [f (t)] = L (sin 2t) =
𝑠 2 +4
2 2
F(s + 1) = =
(𝑠+1)2 +4 𝑠 2 +2𝑠+5
6. Obtain the Laplace transform of sin 2t  2t cos 2t .
Solution
 d 
L[sin 2t  2t cos 2t ] = L[sin 2t ]  2 L[t cos 2t ]  Lsin 2t   2  Lcos 2t 
 ds 
  s 2  4  (1)  s(2s) 
2 d  s  2
= 2 2  2  = 2  2 
s 4 ds  s  4  s 4 
 s  4 
2
2

=
  
2 s2  4  2 4  s2 
 s  4
2
2
16
 L[sin 2t  2t cos 2t ] =
s 
2
2
4
 
7. Find L t e t .
Solution
L t f (t )   
d
L ( f (t ))
ds

 
L t et )  
d
ds
L (e t )
d  1  1
 L 
ds  s  1  s  12
8. Find L t sin 2t  .
Solution
L t f (t )   
d
L ( f (t ))
ds
L t sin 2t   
d
L (sin 2t )
ds
d  2  4s
  2 
ds  s  4  s  4 2
2
 
2
9. Find the Laplace transform of f (t) = t cos t .
Solution
 d2  d2  s 
L t 2 cos t    2 L  cos t   2  2 
 ds  ds  s  1 
 
 2
   
d  s  1 .1  1.2 s.s  d  1  s 2 

  ds  2 2 
   
2
ds  s 1
2
  s 1 
   
 s  1  2s   1  s 2  2  s 2  1 2s  
2
2
2 s 3  s 2
 
 s  1  s  1
3 3
2 2
10. Find the Laplace transform of 𝒇(𝒕) = 𝒕𝒆−𝟑𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕
Solution
𝑑 𝑑 𝑠
𝐿[𝑓 (𝑡)] = 𝐿[𝑡𝑒 −3𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡] = − 𝐿[cos 2𝑡]𝑠→𝑠+3 = − [ 2 ]
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠 𝑠 + 4 𝑠→𝑠+3
(𝑠 2 + 4)(1) − 𝑠(2𝑠) 𝑠2 − 4
= −[ ] =[ 2 ]
(𝑠 2 + 4)2 𝑠→𝑠+3
(𝑠 + 4) 2
𝑠→𝑠+3

(𝑠+3)2 −4
= ((𝑠+3)2
+4)2
𝑠 2 +6𝑠+5
= (𝑠2
+6𝑠+13)2
11. Find the Laplace Transform of 𝒇(𝒕) = 𝒆−𝒕 𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕.
Solution
𝑑 𝑑 𝑠
𝐿[𝑒 −𝑡 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡] = − 𝐿[cos 𝑡]𝑠→𝑠+1 = − [ ]
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠 𝑠 2 +1 𝑠 → 𝑠+1
(𝑠 2 +1)(1)−𝑠(2𝑠)
= −[ ]
(𝑠 2 +1)2 𝑠 → 𝑠+1
𝑠 2 −1
=[ ]
(𝑠 2 +1)2 𝑠 → 𝑠+1
(𝑠+1)2 −1 𝑠 2 +2𝑠
= ((𝑠+1)2 +1)2
= (𝑠 2 +2𝑠+2)2
𝑠(𝑠+2)
= (𝑠2
+2𝑠+2)2
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕
12. Find 𝑳 [ ].
𝒕
Solution
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) ∞
𝐿[ ]=𝐿 [ ]=∫𝑠 𝐹 (𝑠)𝑑𝑠
𝑡 𝑡
1
F(s) =L [𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡]=
𝑠 2 +12
∞ ∞ 1
∫𝑠 𝐹 (𝑠)𝑑𝑠=∫𝑠 𝑑𝑠 =[𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑠)]∞
𝑠
𝑠 2 +1
𝜋
=[𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ∞ − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑠]=[ − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1𝑠] = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1𝑠
2

e  t sin t
13. Find the Laplace transform of f (t) = .
t
Solution
 e  t sin t 
 

  s L e sin t ds
t
L
 t 
   1   1
  L  sin t s 1 ds  s  2  ds  s ds
 s  1  s 1  s  1  1
s 2
 
  tan 1  s  1    tan 1  s  1  cot 1  s  1
s 2
𝟏− 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕
14. Find the Laplace Transform of 𝒇(𝒕) = .
𝒕
Solution
1 𝑠
𝐿[1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡] = −
𝑠 𝑠 2 +1
𝟏− 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 ∞ ∞ 1 𝑠
𝐿[ ] = ∫𝑠 𝐿[1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡]𝑑𝑠 = ∫𝑠 ( − ) 𝑑𝑠
𝒕 𝑠 𝑠 2 +1
1 ∞
= [log 𝑠 − log(𝑠 2 + 1)]
2 𝑠
1
= − [log(𝑠 2 + 1) − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠 2]∞
𝑠
2
1 𝑠 2 +1 ∞ 1 1 ∞
= − [𝑙𝑜𝑔 ] = − [𝑙𝑜𝑔 (1 + 2 )]
2 𝑠2 𝑠 2 𝑠 𝑠
1 1 1 1 𝑠 2 +1
= − log 1 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 [1 + 2 ] = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
2 2 𝑠 2 𝑠2
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒂𝒕 – 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒃𝒕
15. Find 𝑳 [ ].
𝒕
Solution
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡 ∞
𝐿[ ]=∫𝑠 𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡]𝑑𝑠
𝑡
∞ 𝑠 𝑠
=∫𝑠 ( 2 2 − 2 2 ) 𝑑𝑠
𝑠 +𝑎 𝑠 +𝑏
1 1 ∞
=[ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 ) − 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑠 2 + 𝑏2 )]
2 2 𝑠

𝑎2
∞
1 𝑠 2 +𝑎2 ∞ 1 𝑠 2 (1+ )
𝑠2
= [𝑙𝑜𝑔 ] = [𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 ]
2 𝑠 2 +𝑏2 𝑠 2 𝑏
𝑠 2 (1+ 2 )
𝑠 𝑠
𝑎2
1 1+ 1 𝑠 2 +𝑏2
𝑠2
= [𝑙𝑜𝑔1 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( 𝑏2
)]= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
2 1+ 2 2 𝑠 2 +𝑎2
𝑠
∞
16. Evaluate ∫𝟎 𝒕 𝒆 - 2t 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 using Laplace transform.
Solution
∞ ∞
∫0 𝑡𝑒 - 2t sin 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ∫0 𝑒 - st 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 𝐹 (𝑠) Here s = 2.
𝐹(𝑠) = 𝐿 [𝑓 (𝑡)], 𝐹(𝑠) = 𝐿 [𝑡 sin 𝑡]
𝑑 1 2𝑠
=− [ ]=
𝑑𝑠 𝑠 2 +1 (𝑠 2 +1)2
∞ 𝟒 𝟒
∫𝟎 𝒕 𝒆 -2t 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = [𝑭(𝒔)]𝒔 = 𝟐 = =
(𝟒+𝟏)𝟐 𝟐𝟓
17. Verify initial value theorem for the function f (t) = 2 – cos t.
Solution
Initial value theorem states that lim f  t   lim sF  s 

t 0 s
L. H. S. = lim f (t )  2  cos 0  1
t 0
R. H. S. = lim s L ( f (t ))  lim s L (2  cos t )

s  s 
 
  
s2  1
 lim s  2  2   lim s  2    2 1  1
s 
 s  1  s  
1 2
1 
 
 s 
L.H.S=R.H.S
Initial value theorem verified.

18. Verify final value theorem for the function f(t) = 1 + e–t (sin t + cos t).
Solution
L  f  t   F  s 
1
  L sin t  cos t ss 1
s
1 1 s 1 1 s2
    
s  s  1  1  s  1  1 s  s  1 2  1
2 2
Final value theorem states that lim f  t   lim sF  s 

t  s0
L.H.S.  lim 1  et  sin t  cos t   1  0  1

t 
1 s2   s2  2 s 
R. H. S. = lim s   
 s 0 
lim 1   1
s 0
 s ( s  1) 2
 1   s 2
 2 s  2 
L.H.S.=R.H.S
Hence final value theorem verified
1  1 1 s 
19. Find L    2 .
 s 3 s s 9
Solution
 1 1 s 
L1    2   e  1  cosh 3t
3t
 s 3 s s 9
 s 
20. Find L  .
1
2 
 s  2  
Solution
 s       
L1    L1  s  2  2   L1  1   2 L1  1   e 2 t  2 t e 2 t
 s  2 
2   s  22   s  22 
 s  2     

 1 
21. Find L  2 .
1

 s  2s  5
Solution
 1   1  e t sin 2t
L1  2   L1 


 ( s  1) 2  4  
 s  2 s  5    2
 s 
22. Find L1  .
 s2  4s  5 
Solution
 s    s  2   2  2 t 1  s  2 
L1  2   L    e L  2
1

 s  4s  5       s 1
2
 s 2 1 
  s  1  1 
 e 2 t  L1  2   2L  2 
  s 1  s  1 
 e2t cos t  2sin t 
 s 5 
23. Find L  2 .
1

 s  3s  2 
Solution:
 s 5  1   3 
  L1 
A B  1  4 
L1  2     L    L    4 e  3e
t 2t
 s  3s  2   s 1 s  2   s 1  s 2
 s2 
24. Find L1  .
 s  2s  2 
2
Solution:
 s2   ( s  1)  1 
L1  2 = L1    L F s  a   e L F s 
1  at 1
   
  2

s 2 s 2  ( s 1) 1 
 ( s  1)  1  1 
= L1  L  
 ( s  1)  1  ( s  1)  1
2 2
 1  s  1  1 
= e–t  L  2   L  s 2  1  = e (cos t + sin t)
–t
  s  1 

𝟏
25. Find 𝑳−𝟏 [ ].
𝒔𝟐 +𝟔𝒔+𝟏𝟑
Solution
1 1 1
𝐿−1 [ ] = 𝐿−1 [ ] = 𝐿−1 [ ]
𝑠2 + 6𝑠 + 13 2
(𝑠 + 3) + 4 (𝑠 + 3)2 + 22
1 2 1
= 𝐿−1 [(𝑠+3)2 ] = e−3tsin 2𝑡.
2 +22 2
26. Find L1 cot 1  s  1  .
Solution:
Let L1 cot 1  s  1   f  t 

 
 L  f  t    cot 1  s  1
d 1
L tf  t     cot 1  s  1  
ds  s  12  1
 1   1 
tf  t   L1    et L1  2   et sin t
  s  1  1  s  1
2
e t sin t
 f t  
t
s
27. Find the inverse Laplace transform of .
 s  22
Solution
 s   1 
L1    L1  s. 
  s  2 2    s  2 2 
   
  d
d
 L1 
1   e2t L1  1 
dt   s  2 2  dt  s2 
 
 
d 2t
dt
  
e t  e2t  t 2e2t  e2t 1  2t 
*****
18MAB102T Advanced Calculus and Complex Analysis Analytic Functions

Ramapuram Campus
Year / Sem: I / II
UNIT IV - ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS

Part – A
The critical point of the transformation 𝑤 = 𝑧 2 is

(CLO-4,
1. ANS
(A) 𝑧 = 0 (B) 𝑧 = −𝑖 Apply)
(C) 𝑧 = 1 (D) 𝑧 = −1
A
If 𝑤 = 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 is analytic, then the family of curves 𝑢 =
𝐶1 and 𝑣 = 𝐶2 (CLO-4,
2. ANS
Remember)
(A) cut orthogonally (B) intersect each other A
(C) are parallel (D) coincide
If a function 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) satisfies the equation 𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝑢𝑦𝑦 = 0, then u
is called (CLO-4,
3. ANS
Remember)
(A) analytic function (B) harmonic function B
(C) differential function (D) continuous function
Cauchy-Riemann equations in Polar co-ordinates are
(CLO-4,
1 1 1 1 ANS
4. (A) 𝑢𝑟 = 𝑟 𝑣𝜃 , 𝑣𝑟 = − 𝑟 𝑢𝜃 (B) 𝑢𝑟 = − 𝑟 𝑣𝜃 , 𝑣𝑟 = 𝑟 𝑢𝜃 Remember)
1 1 1 1 A
(C) 𝑢𝑟 = − 𝑟 𝑣𝜃 , 𝑣𝑟 = − 𝑟 𝑢𝜃 (D) 𝑢𝑟 = 𝑟 𝑣𝜃 , 𝑣𝑟 = 𝑟 𝑢𝜃

(CLO-4,
5. ANS
(A) 𝑧 = 2 (B) 𝑧 = −2 Apply)
(C) 𝑧 = 0 (D) 𝑧 = 1
C
If 𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑖 𝑣 is an analytic function of z, then

(CLO-4,
6. ANS
(A) u and v are not harmonic (B) u is not harmonic Remember)
(C) both u and v are harmonic (D) u and v are constants C

An analytic function with constant modulus is

(CLO-4,
7. ANS
(A) zero (B) analytic Remember)
(C) harmonic (D) constant D
Cauchy – Riemann equation in Cartesian co-ordinates are
(CLO-4,
8. (A) 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 , 𝑢𝑦 = −𝑣𝑥 (B) 𝑢𝑥 = − 𝑣𝑦 , 𝑢𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 ANS
Remember)
(C) 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 , 𝑢𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 (D) 𝑢𝑥 = −𝑣𝑦 , 𝑢𝑦 = −𝑣𝑥 A
1
The invariant point of the transformation 𝑤 = 𝑧 −2 𝑖 is
(CLO-4,
9. ANS
(A) 𝑧 = 0 (B) 𝑧 = 1 Apply)
(C) 𝑧 = −1 (D) 𝑧 = 𝑖 D
The transformation 𝑤 = 𝑎 𝑧, where a is a real constant represents

(CLO-4,
10. ANS
(A) magnification (B) rotation Apply)
(C) reflection (D) inversion A
𝑧−1
The fixed points of the transformation 𝑤 = are
𝑧+1
(CLO-4,
ANS
11. (A) ± 𝑖 (B) ± 1 Apply)
(C) ± 2 (D) ± 3 A
An analytic function with constant real part is

(CLO-4,
12. ANS
An analytic function with constant imaginary part is

(CLO-4,
13. ANS
(C) harmonic (D) constant
D
The transformation 𝑤 = 𝑎 𝑧, where a is a complex constant

represents (CLO-4,
14. ANS
Remember)
(A) magnification (B) reflection C
(C) magnification and rotation (D) inversion
If 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑒 𝑧 , then 𝑓 (𝑧) is

(CLO-4,
15. ANS
(A) zero function (B) analytic function Remember)
(C) discontinuous function (D) constant function
B

1
𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑧 2 + 1 is analytic everywhere except at
(CLO-4,
16. ANS
(A) 𝑧 = ± 𝑖 (B) 𝑧 = ± 1 Apply)
(C) 𝑧 = ± 2 (D) 𝑧 = ± 3 A
2𝑧+6
The invariant points of the transformation 𝑤 = are
𝑧+7
(CLO-4,
17. ANS
Apply)
(A) 6, −1 (B) 3, 2 D
(C) −3, 2 (D) −6, 1
𝑧−1
𝑧+1
(CLO-4,
18. ANS
(A) ± 𝑖 (B) ± 1 Apply)
(C) ± 2 (D) ± 3 A
1
The image of | 𝑧 − 2𝑖 | = 2 under the transformation 𝑤 = 𝑧 is
(CLO-4,
19. ANS
Apply)
(A) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 0 (B) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 = 0 C
(C) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 = 0 (D) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 = 0
The image of | 𝑧 | = 2 under the transformation 𝑤 = 3 𝑧 is

(CLO-4,
20. ANS
(A) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 0 (B) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4 Apply)
(C) 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 0 (D) 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 4
B
1
The image of | 𝑧 + 1 | = 1 under the transformation 𝑤 = 𝑧 is
(CLO-4,
21. ANS
Apply)
(A) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 = 0 (B) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 = 0 A
(C) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 = 0 (D) 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 = 0
1
The transformation 𝑤 = 𝑧 is known as
(CLO-4,
22. ANS
(A) magnification (B) reflection Remember)
(C) rotation (D) inversion D
If the image of a point z under the transformation 𝑤 = 𝑓 (𝑧) is
itself, then the point is called
(CLO-4,
23. ANS
(A) fixed point (B) critical point Remember)
A
(C) singular point (D) regular point
The function 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑧̅ is

(CLO-4,
24. ANS
(A) nowhere differentiable (B) analytic Apply)
(C) constant (D) singular
A

The function 𝑓 (𝑧) = sin 𝑧 is

(CLO-4,
25. ANS
(C) not analytic (D) constant B
A mapping that preserves angles between oriented circles both in
magnitude and in sense is called a ______________ mapping. (CLO-4,
26. ANS
Remember)
(A) isogonal (B) conformal B
(C) regular (D) formal
A transformation that preserves angles between every pair of curves
through a point only in magnitude, but not in direction is said to be
____________ at that point. (CLO-4,
27. ANS
Remember)
(A) isogonal (B) conformal A
The real part of 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑒 2 𝑧 is

(CLO-4,
28. 𝑥 𝑥 ANS
(A) 𝑒 cos 𝑦 (B) 𝑒 sin 𝑦 Apply)
(C) 𝑒 2𝑥 cos 2𝑦 (D) 𝑒 2𝑥 sin 2𝑦 C
1
The points at which the function 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 2 − 1 fails to be analytic
are (CLO-4,
29. ANS
Apply)
(A) 𝑧 = ± 𝑖 (B) 𝑧 = ± 1 B
(C) 𝑧 = ± 2 (D) 𝑧 = ± 3
The transformation 𝑤 = 𝑧 + 𝑎, where a is a complex constant
represents
(CLO-4,
30. ANS
Remember)
(C) translation (D) inversion
5𝑧+4
𝑧+5
(CLO-4,
31. ANS
(A) ± 𝑖 (B) ± 1 Apply)
(C) ± 2 (D) ± 3 C
The harmonic conjugate of 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦 is

(CLO-4,
ANS
32. (A) 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑦 (B) 𝑒 2 𝑥 sin 𝑦 Apply)
(C) 𝑒 2𝑥 cos 2𝑦 (D) 𝑒 2𝑥 sin 2𝑦 A
1−𝑖𝑧
𝑧 −𝑖
(CLO-4,
33. ANS
Apply)
(A) ± 𝑖 (B) ± 1 B
(C) ± 2 (D) ± 3

The real part of 𝑓(𝑧) = log 𝑧 is

(CLO-4,
34. ANS
(A) 𝑢 = log 𝑟 (B) 𝑢 = log 𝑥 Apply)
(C) 𝑢 = log 𝑦 (D) 𝑢 = log 𝜃 A
If 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑖 (𝑐𝑦 − 𝑥) is analytic, then the value of c is

(CLO-4,
35. ANS
(A) ± 𝑖 (B) 1 Apply)
(C) 2 (D) −1 B
1
The critical points of the transformation 𝑤 = 𝑧 + are
𝑧
(CLO-4,
36. ANS
(A) ± 𝑖 (B) ± 1 Apply)
(C) ± 2 (D) ± 3 B
*****


Ramapuram Campus
Year / Sem: I / II
Unit 4 – Analytic Functions
1. Test the analyticity of the function w = sin z.

Solution
w = f (z) = sin z
u + i v = sin (x + iy)
=sin x cos iy + cos x sin iy
= sin x cosh y + i cos x sinh y
u = sin x cosh y v = cos x sinh y

ux = cos x cosh y vx= −sinx sinh y
uy= sin x sinh y vy= cosx cosh y
ux = vy and uy = −vx
∴ C-R equations are satisfied.
∴ The function is analytic.
2. Verify whether the function 2xy + i (𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 ) is analytic or not.
Solution
u = 2xy v = 𝑥2 − 𝑦2
ux = 2y vx = 2x
uy= 2x vy= −2y
∴ux ≠ vy and uy ≠ − vx
∴ C-R equations are not satisfied.
∴ The function is not analytic.

3. Test the analyticity of the function f (z) = 𝒆𝒛 .
Solution
f (z) =𝑒 𝑧
u + iv = 𝑒 𝑥+𝑖𝑦 =𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 (cos y + i sin y)
u= 𝑒 𝑥 cosy v = 𝑒 𝑥 siny
ux = 𝑒 𝑥 cosy vx = 𝑒 𝑥 siny
uy= −𝑒 𝑥 siny vy = 𝑒 𝑥 cosy
ux = vy and uy = − vx
4. Verify whether w = 𝒛𝟑 is analytic or not.
Solution
Given w = 𝑧 3 =(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)3 = 𝑥 3 + 3 𝑥 2 𝑖 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑖 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑖 3 𝑦 3
= 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑖 (3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑦 3 )
u= 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 v = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑦 3
𝑢𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 2 ; 𝑣𝑥 = 6𝑥𝑦
𝑢𝑦 = −6𝑥𝑦; 𝑣𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 2
Now ux = vy and uy = − vx
∴ w = 𝑧 3 is analytic.
5. Is the function f (z) = 𝒛̅ analytic?
Solution
Given u + iv = x – iy
u=x v=–y
ux = 1 vx = –1
uy = 0 vy = –1
ux≠vy

∴ f (z) = 𝑧̅ is not analytic.
6. Find the invariant points of the transformation 𝒇(𝒛) = 𝒛𝟐 .
Solution
Put w = f(z) = z to find the invariant points.

𝑧 = 𝑧2
𝑧 − 𝑧2 = 0
𝑧(1 − 𝑧) = 0
𝑧 = 0,1
z−1
7. Find the invariant points of the transformation w = z + 1 .
Solution
The fixed points of the transformation are obtained by replacing w by z.
𝑧−1
𝑧=
𝑧+1
𝑧2 + 𝑧 − 𝑧 + 1 = 0
𝑧2 + 1 = 0
𝑧 = ± 𝑖 are called fixed points of the transformation.
3z − 5
8. Find the invariant points of the transformation w = .
z+1
Solution
To get the invariant points, put w = z

3𝑧−5
∴z=
1+𝑧
2
𝑧 − 2𝑧 + 5 = 0
Solving for z,
2±√4−20
Z= =
2
2±4𝑖
= = 1±2𝑖
2
∴ The invariant points are z = 1±2𝑖
9. Find the critical point of the transformation w  z 2 .
Solution
dw
Put 0
dz
2z 0
The critical point is z = 0.

1
10. Find the critical points of the transformation w  z  .
z
Solution
dw
Put 0
dz
1 1
1 2  0  2  1  z 2  1
z z
The critical points are z = 1 or z = – 1.
11. Show that the function u = 2x – x3 + 3xy2 is harmonic.
Solution Given u = 2x – x3 + 3xy2

u x  2 – 3 x 2  3 y 2 u y  6 xy
u xx  6 x u yy  6 x
u xx  u yy  6 x  6 x  0
Hence u is harmonic
12. Prove that the function u = 𝒆𝒙 (𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒚 − 𝒚 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚) satisfies Laplace’s equation.
Solution
Given u = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 cos 𝑦 − 𝑦 sin 𝑦)
𝜕𝑢
= 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 cos 𝑦 − 𝑦 sin 𝑦) + 𝑒 𝑥 (cos 𝑦)
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢
= 𝑒 𝑥 (−𝑥 sin 𝑦 − sin 𝑦 − 𝑦 cos 𝑦)
𝜕𝑦
𝜕2 𝑢
= 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 cos 𝑦 − 𝑦 sin 𝑦) + 𝑒 𝑥 (cos 𝑦) + 𝑒 𝑥 (cos 𝑦)
𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕2 𝑢
= 𝑒 𝑥 (−𝑥 cos 𝑦 − cos 𝑦 − cos 𝑦 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦)
𝜕𝑦 2
𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
∴ 2
+ = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 cos 𝑦 − 𝑦 sin 𝑦 + cos 𝑦 + cos 𝑦 − 𝑥 cos 𝑦 − cos 𝑦 − cos 𝑦 +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2
𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦) ∴ 2
+ =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2
∴u satisfies Laplace equation.
13. Prove that the function u = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒚𝟐 + 1 satisfies Laplace’s equation.
Solution
Given u = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 2 +1
𝜕𝑢
= 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 2 + 6𝑥
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢
= 6𝑥𝑦 − 6𝑦
𝜕𝑦
𝜕 2𝑢
= 6𝑥 + 6
𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕2 𝑢
= −6𝑥 − 6
𝜕𝑦 2
𝜕 𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢
2
∴ + =0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2
1
14. Show that the function u  log ( x 2  y 2 ) is harmonic.
2
Solution
Given u  log  x 2  y 2 
1
2
u 1 1 x
2 
 . 2 2x  2
x 2 x  y x  y2
u 1 1 y
2 
 . 2 2y  2
y 2 x  y x  y2
 2u  x  y   x  2 x 
2 2
y 2  x2
 
x 2  x2  y 2   x2  y 2 
2 2
 2 u  x  y  1  2 y
2 2 2
x2  y 2
 
y 2  x2  y 2   x2  y 2 
2 2
 2u  2u y 2  x 2  x 2  y 2
   0
x 2 y 2  x2  y 2 
2
Hence u is harmonic function.
15. Show that the function u  e x cos y is harmonic.

Solution
u u
 e x cos y  e x ( sin y )
x y
 2u  2u
 e x cos y  e x ( cos y )
x 2
y 2
𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢
∴ + =0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2
∴u is harmonic.
16. Find the analytic function f ( z )  u  i v where u  3 x 2 y  y 3 .

Solution
u  3 x2 y  y3
ux  6 x y
u x ( z, 0)  0
u y  3 x2  3 y2
u y ( z, 0)  3 z 2
Milne Thomson Method
 
f ( z )   u x ( z , 0)  iu y ( z, 0) dz  C
f ( z )    i 3 z 2 dz  C
f ( z )  i z 3  C
17. Find the image of the circle z  3 under the transformation w = 2z.
Solution
Method 1
Given w = 2z
u + i v = 2 (x + i y)
u v
x ,y
2 2
Given z  3
xi y  3
2 2
u v
x  y 3 x  y 9    9
2 2 2 2
2 2
u 2  v 2  36
which represents a circle with centre (0, 0) and radius 6.
(or) Method 2
w=2z
w 2 z
w  2 (3)  6
Hence the image of the circle z  3 in the z-plane maps to the circle w  6 in the w-plane.
18. Find the image of the circle z  1 by the transformation w = z + 2 + 4i.

Solution
Given: w = z + 2 + 4i
u + iv = x + iy + 2 + 4i = ( x + 2 ) + i ( y + 4 )
u = x + 2, v=y+4
 x = u – 2, y=v–4
 z 1
x2 + y2 = 1 Hence ( u – 2 )2 + ( v – 4 )2 = 1.
 The circle in the z-plane is mapped into the circle in the w -plane with centre (2, 4) and radius 1.

1
19. Find the image of z  2i  2 under the transformation w  .
z
Solution
1 1
Given w  z
z w
Now w  u  iv
1 1 u  iv u  iv
z    2 2
w u  iv  u  iv  u  iv  u  v
u  iv
i.e., x  iy  2 2
u v
u v
 x  2 2 ..........(1) y  2 2 ..........(2)
u v u v
Given z  2i  2
x  iy  2i  2  x  i( y  2)  2
x 2   y  2   4  x 2  y 2  4 y  0...................(3)
2
Sub (1) and (2) in (3)

 u   v   v 
2 2
 2 2   2 2  4 2 2   0
u v  u v  u  v 
 u  v   4v u  v   0
2 2 2 2
u 2  v2 
2
1  4v   u 2  v 2 
0
u 2  v2 
2
1
1  4v  0  v   ( u 2  v 2  0)
4
which is a straight line in w - plane.
20. Find the bilinear transformation of the points –1, 0, 1 in z - plane onto the points
0, i, 3i in w- plane.
Solution
Given z1  1, w1  0 z2  0, w2  i z3  i, w3  3i
Cross-ratio
 w  w1  w2  w3    z  z1  z2  z3 
 w  w3  w2  w1   z  z3  z2  z1 
 w  0  i  3i    z   1   0  1
( w  3i)  i  0  ( z  1)(0  (1))
w(2i ) ( z  1)(1)

( w  3i )(i ) ( z  1)(1)

2w z 1

w  3i z  1
2 wz  2w  wz  w  3iz  3i
w(2 z  2  z  1)   3i ( z  1)
w( z  3)   3i ( z  1)
( z  1)
w   3i
( z  3)
21. Find the bilinear transformation which maps the points z   , i , 0 into w  0, i , 
respectively.
Solution
Given z1  , w1  0 z2  i, w2  i z3  0, w3  
Cross-ratio
 w  w1  w2  w3    z  z1  z2  z3 
 w  w3  w2  w1   z  z3  z2  z1 
 w2  z 
 w  w1  w3   1 z1   1  z2  z3 
 w3    z1 
 w  z 
w3   1  w2  w1   z  z3  z1  2  z1 
 w3   z1 
w   z 
 w  w1   2  1   1  z2  z3 
 w3    z1 
 w  z 
  1  w2  w1   z  z3   2  1
 w3   z1 
 w  0  0  1   0  1 (i  0)
(0  1)  i  0  ( z  0)(0  1)
w i i2 1
 , w , w  
i z z z
*****

18MAB102T Advanced Calculus and Complex Analysis Complex Integration

Ramapuram Campus
Year / Sem: I / II
UNIT V - COMPLEX INTEGRATION

Part – A
The point 𝑧0 at which a function 𝑓(𝑧) is not analytic is known as

(CLO-5,
1. ANS
(A) zeros (B) isolated singular point Remember)
(C) singular point (D) removable singular point
C
𝑧+3
The singular points of 𝑓(𝑧 ) = (𝑧 are
− 3)(𝑧 − 2)
(CLO-5,
2. ANS
Apply)
(A) 𝑧 = 1, 3 (B) 𝑧 = 1, 0 D
(C) 𝑧 = 1, 2 (D) 𝑧 = 2, 3
𝑑𝑧
The value of ∫𝐶 where C is the circle | 𝑧 | = 2 is
𝑧−1 (CLO-5,
3. ANS
Apply)
(A) 0 (B) 2𝜋𝑖 B
(C) −2𝜋𝑖 (D) 1
𝑧
The residue of 𝑓(𝑧 ) = at its pole is
𝑧−1
(CLO-5,
4. ANS
(A) 0 (B) 1 Apply)
(C) −1 (D) 2𝜋𝑖 B
𝑧
𝑧+1
(CLO-5,
5. ANS
(A) 0 (B) 2 Apply)
C
(C) −1 (D) 2𝜋𝑖
𝑧+3
+ 1)(𝑧 + 2)
(CLO-5,
6. ANS
(A) 𝑧 = 1, 3 (B) 𝑧 = 1, 0 Apply)
(C) 𝑧 = −1, −2 (D) 𝑧 = 2, 3
C

𝑧
The value of ∫𝐶 𝑑𝑧 where C is the circle |𝑧 | = 3 is
𝑧−2
(CLO-5,
7. ANS
(A) 0 (B) 4 𝜋 𝑖 Apply)
(C) −2𝜋𝑖 (D) 1
B
𝑧
The residue of 𝑓(𝑧) = at its pole is
( 𝑧 − 1) 2
(CLO-5,
8. ANS
(A) 0 (B) 1 Apply)
B
(C) −1 (D) 2𝜋𝑖
𝑒− 𝑧
The value of ∫𝐶 𝑑𝑧 is
𝑧+1
(CLO-5,
9. ANS
(A) 0 (B) 2 𝜋 𝑖 𝑒 Apply)
(C) −2𝜋𝑖 (D) 1
B
𝑧
The singularity of 𝑓(𝑧 ) = (𝑧 is
– 2)3
(CLO-5,
10. ANS
Apply)
(A) pole of order 2 (B) pole of order 3 B
(C) simple pole (D) pole of order n
sin 𝑧
If 𝑓(𝑧 ) = , then z = 0 is
𝑧
(CLO-5,
11. ANS
(A) pole (B) removable singularity Apply)
(C) essential singularity (D) isolated singularity B
If 𝑓(𝑧 ) = ∫𝐶 𝑒 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 , where C is |𝑧 | = 1, then 𝑓 (𝑧 ) =

(CLO-5,
12. ANS
(A) 0 (B) 𝜋 𝑖 Apply)
(C) −1 (D) 2𝜋𝑖
A
3 𝑧2 + 5 𝑧 + 1 1
The value of ∫𝐶 𝑑𝑧 , where C : |𝑧 | = is
𝑧+1 2 (CLO-5,
13. ANS
Apply)
(A) 0 (B) 2 𝜋 𝑖 A
(C) −2𝜋𝑖 (D) 1
𝑑𝑧
The value of ∫𝐶 where C is the circle | 𝑧 − 1 | = 1 is
𝑧−1
(CLO-5,
14. ANS
(A) 0 (B) 2𝜋𝑖 Apply)
(C) −2𝜋𝑖 (D) 𝜋𝑖
B
𝑧2 1
The value of ∫𝐶 (𝑧 − 1)2(𝑧 + 1)
𝑑𝑧 , where C : |𝑧 | = is
2
(CLO-5,
15. 1 ANS
(A) 0 (B) Apply)
1
4
1
A
(C) (D)
2 3

𝑧
𝑧−2
(CLO-5,
16. ANS
(C) −2𝜋𝑖 (D) 1
A
𝑧
The residue of 𝑓(𝑧 ) = (𝑧 at its pole is
− 1)2
(CLO-5,
17. ANS
Apply)
(A) 0 (B) 1 D
(C) −1 (D) 2
A zero of an analytic function 𝑓 (𝑧 ) is a value of z for which

(CLO-5,
18. ANS
(A) 𝑓(𝑧 ) = 1 (B) 𝑓(𝑧 ) ≠ 1 Apply)
(C) 𝑓(𝑧 ) ≠ 0 (D) 𝑓(𝑧 ) = 0 D
1
The annular region for the function 𝑓(𝑧 ) = is
𝑧 (𝑧 − 1)
(CLO-5,
19. ANS
Apply)
(A) 0 < | 𝑧 | < 1 (B) 1 < | 𝑧 | < 2 A
(C) 2 < | 𝑧 | < 3 (D) | 𝑧 | > 1
If 𝑓(𝑧 ) is analytic and 𝑓′(𝑧 ) is continuous at all points in the
region bounded by the simple closed curves C1 and C2, then
(CLO-5,
20. (A) ∫𝐶 𝑓 (𝑧 ) 𝑑𝑧 = ∫𝐶 𝑓(𝑧 ) 𝑑𝑧 (B) ∫𝐶 𝑓(𝑧 ) 𝑑𝑧 ≠ ∫𝐶 𝑓 (𝑧 ) 𝑑𝑧 ANS
Remember)
1 2 1 2
A
(C) ∫𝐶 𝑓′(𝑧 ) 𝑑𝑧 = ∫𝐶 𝑓′(𝑧 ) 𝑑𝑧 (D) ∫𝐶 𝑓′(𝑧 ) 𝑑𝑧 ≠ ∫𝐶 𝑓′(𝑧 ) 𝑑𝑧
1 2 1 2
If 𝑓(𝑧 ) is analytic and 𝑓′(𝑧 ) is continuous at all points inside and

on a simple closed curve C, then ∫𝐶 𝑓 (𝑧 ) 𝑑𝑧 = (CLO-5,
21. ANS
Remember)
(A) 0 (B) 2𝜋𝑖 A
(C) −2𝜋𝑖 (D) 1
If 𝑓(𝑧 ) is analytic inside and on C, then the value of
𝑓(𝑧)
∮𝐶 𝑧 − 𝑎 𝑑𝑧 , where C is a simple closed curve and ‘a’ is any
(CLO-5,
point within C is, ANS
22. Remember)
(A) 0 (B) 2𝜋𝑖 𝑓(𝑎)
B
(C) −2𝜋𝑖 𝑓(𝑎) (D) 1
1
𝑧2 − 𝑧 − 6
(CLO-5,
23. ANS
(A) 0 < | 𝑧 | < 1 (B) 1 < | 𝑧 | < 2 Apply)
(C) 2 < | 𝑧 | < 3 (D) | 𝑧 | < 3
C

1
𝑧2 – 3 𝑧 + 2 (CLO-5,
24. ANS
Apply)
(A) 0 < | 𝑧 | < 1 (B) 1 < | 𝑧 | < 2 B
(C) 1 < | 𝑧 | < 0 (D) | 𝑧 | < 1
𝑒𝑧 1
The value of ∫𝐶 𝑑𝑧, where C : |𝑧| = 2 is
(𝑧 − 1)3
(CLO-5,
25. 1 ANS
(A) 0 (B) Apply)
1
4
1
A
(C) (D)
2 3
1 1
The value of ∫𝐶 (𝑧 − 1)2(𝑧 – 2)(𝑧 − 3)
2
(CLO-5,
26. 1 ANS
(A) 0 (B) Apply)
1
4
1
A
(C) (D)
2 3
If C is a simple closed curve containing a and b, then
1
∫𝐶 (𝑧 – 𝑎)(𝑧 − 𝑏)
𝑑𝑧 is
(CLO-5,
27. ANS
Apply)
(A) 0 (B) 2𝜋𝑖 𝑎 A
(C) 2𝜋𝑖 𝑏 (D) 1
𝑧−2
𝑓 (𝑧 ) = (𝑧 −1)(𝑧 + 3 )(𝑧 + 2)
has a zero at
(CLO-5,
28. ANS
(A) 𝑧 = 1 (B) 𝑧 = 2 Apply)
(C) 𝑧 = −2 (D) 𝑧 = − 3 B
𝑧+2
𝑓 (𝑧 ) = (𝑧 −1)2 (𝑧 − 2)
has
(CLO-5,
29. ANS
(A) poles at 𝑧 = 1, 2 (B) a simple pole at 𝑧 = 1 Apply)
(C) essential singularity (D) no poles A
𝑧2 + 1
The value of ∫𝐶 𝑑𝑧 where C is the circle | 𝑧 − 1 | = 1 is
𝑧2 − 1
(CLO-5,
30. ANS
(C) 2𝜋𝑖 (D) 1
C
𝑧−2
The residue of 𝑓(𝑧 ) = at 𝑧 = 0 is
𝑧 (𝑧 − 1)
(CLO-5,
31. ANS
(A) 0 (B) −2 Apply)
(C) 2 (D) 1 C

1
If 𝑓(𝑧 ) = (𝑧 2 + 1)2
, then
(CLO-5,
32. ANS
Apply)
(A) 𝑧 = ± 𝑖 each simple pole (B) 𝑧 = ± 𝑖 each pole of order 2 B
(C) 𝑧 = ± 1 each simple pole (D) 𝑧 = 𝑖 is not a pole
𝑑𝑧
The value of ∫𝐶 𝑑𝑧 , where C : | 𝑧 − 𝑎 | = 𝑟 is
𝑧−𝑎 (CLO-5,
33. ANS
Apply)
(A) 0 (B) 4 𝜋 𝑖 C
(C) 2𝜋𝑖 (D) 1
𝑑𝑧
If 𝑧 = 𝑎 is inside a simple closed curve C, then ∫𝐶 =
(𝑧 – 𝑎)2
(CLO-5,
34. ANS
(C) −2𝜋𝑖 (D) 1 A
Let 𝐶1 : |𝑧 − 𝑎| = 𝑅1 and 𝐶2 : |𝑧 − 𝑎| = 𝑅2 be two concentric circles

with 𝑅2 < 𝑅1 , the annular region is defined as (CLO-5,
35. ANS
(A) within 𝐶1 (B) within 𝐶2 Remember)
D
(C) within 𝐶2 and outside 𝐶1 (D) within 𝐶1 and outside 𝐶2
𝑑𝑧
The value of of ∫𝐶 𝑑𝑧 where C is the circle | 𝑧 | = 1 is
3𝑧 + 1
(CLO-5,
36. ANS
(C)
2𝜋𝑖
(D) 1
C
3
*****


Ramapuram Campus
Year / Sem: I / II
Unit 5 – Complex Integration
1
1. Evaluate  ez dz where C is | z – 2 |=1 by Cauchy’s integral theorem.
C
(A)  i (B) 4  i (C) 0 (D) 2  i
Solution
1
ez is analytic inside and on C.
1
Hence by Cauchy’s Integral theorem,  ez dz = 0 .
C
Answer: (C)
1
2. Evaluate  2 z − 3 dz where C is | z | = 1 by Cauchy’s integral formula.
C
(A) 1 (B) 4  i (C) 0 (D) 2  i
Solution
3
Here a = lies outside | z | = 2.
2
By Cauchy’s Integral formula,
1
 2 z − 3 dz = 0
C
Answer: (C)
1
3. Evaluate  ( z − 3) 2 dz where C is | z | = 1 by Cauchy’s integral formula.
C
(A) 1 (B) 4  i (C) 0 (D) 2  i
Solution
Here a = 3 lies outside | z | = 1.
1
 ( z − 3) 2 dz = 0
C
Answer: (C)
2z
4. Evaluate  z −1dz where C is | z | = 2 by Cauchy’s integral formula.
C
(A) 1 (B) 4  i (C) 0 (D) 2  i
Solution
Here f ( z ) = 2 z and a = 1 lies inside | z | = 2.
2z
 z − 1 dz = 2  i f (1) = 2 i (2) = 4  i
C
Answer: (B)
cos  z
5. Evaluate  z −1
dz where C is | z | = 3.
C
(A) –2  i (B) 4  i (C) 0 (D) 2  i
Solution
Here f ( z ) = cos  z and a = 1 lies inside | z | = 3.
cos  z
 z − 1
dz = 2  i f (1) = 2 i (−1) = −2  i
C
Answer: (A)
e−z
6. Evaluate  z + 1 dz where C is | z | = 1.5.
C
(A) –2  i e (B) 4  i (C) 0 (D) 2  i e
Solution
Here f ( z ) = e − z and a = −1 lies inside | z | = 1.5.
e−z
 z + 1 dz = 2  i f (−1) = 2 i e Answer: (D)
C
1
7. Evaluate  z e z dz where C is | z | = 1.
C
(A) –2  i e (B) 2  i (C) 0 (D) 2  i e
Solution
1
Here f ( z ) = and a = 0 lies inside | z | = 1.
ez
1
ez
 z dz = 2  i f (0) = 2 i1 = 2  i Answer: (B)
C
z +1
8. Evaluate  z ( z − 2) dz where C is | z | = 1.
C
1 1
(A) –2  i e (B) (C) − (D) 2  i e
2 2
Solution
z +1
z−2

z +1
z − 2 dz = 2  i f (0) = − 1
 z 2
C
Answer: (C)
cos  z 2
9. Evaluate  (z − 1)( z − 2) dz where C is | z | = 1.5.
C
(A) 1 (B) 4  i (C) 0 (D) 2  i
Solution
cos  z 2
Here f ( z ) = and a = 1lies inside | z | = 1.5.
z−2
cos  z 2
z−2 cos 
 z − 1 dz = 2  i f (1) = 2  i 1 − 2 = 2  i
C
Answer: (D)
1
10. Evaluate  (z + 1)( z − 2) 2 dz where C is | z | = 1.5.
C
4 i 2 i
(A) 1 (B) (C) 0 (D)
9 9
Solution
1
Here f ( z ) = and a = −1 lies inside | z | = 1.5.
( z − 2) 2
1
( z − 2) 2 1 2 i
 z + 1 dz = 2  i f (−1) = 2  i 9 = 9
C
Answer: (D)

z
11. Evaluate  (z − 1)3 dz where C is | z | = 2 by Cauchy’s integral formula for derivatives.
C
(A) 1 (B) 4  i (C) 0 (D) 2  i
Solution
Here f ( z ) = z and a = 1 lies inside | z | = 2.
By Cauchy’s Integral formula for derivatives,
z 2 i
 (z − 1)3 dz = 2!
f (1) =  i (0) = 0
C
Answer: (C)
3 − e2z
12. Calculate the residue at z = 0 for the function f ( z ) = .
z
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) – 2
Solution
Re s  f ( z ), a = lim ( z − a) f ( z )
z →a
(3 − e 2 z )
Re s  f ( z ), 0 = lim ( z − 0) =2
z →0 z
Answer: (B)
1
13. Calculate the residue at z = i for the function f ( z ) = .
z +1
2
1
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) (D) – 2
2i
Solution
Re s  f ( z ), a = lim ( z − a) f ( z )
z →a
Re s  f ( z ), i  = lim ( z − i )
1 1
=
z →i ( z + i) ( z − i) 2 i
Answer: (C)

z
14. Calculate the residue at z = – i for the function f ( z ) = .
z +1
2
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 1/2 (D) – 2
Solution
Re s  f ( z ), a = lim ( z − a) f ( z )
z →a
Re s  f ( z ), − i  = lim ( z + i )
z 1
=
z → −i ( z + i) ( z − i) 2
Answer: (C)
e2z
15. Calculate the residue of the function f ( z ) = at its pole.
(z + 1)2
(A) 2e (B)3e (C) 2e – 2 (D)2e2
Solution
z = – 1 is a pole of order 2.
d n −1
Re s  f ( z ), a  =
1
lim n −1 ( z − a) n f ( z )
(n − 1) ! z → a dz
d 2 −1 e2 z
Re s  f ( z ), − 1 =
1 1 d 2z
lim −
( z + 1) 2
= lim e = 2 e −2
(2 − 1) ! z → −1 dz 2 1
( z + 1) 2
1! z → −1 dz
Answer: (C)

18MAB102T-Advanced Calculus and Complex Analysis
2020-2021 Even
Unit – I: Multiple Integrals
Tutorial Sheet - I
S.No Questions Answers
.
Part – A [ 3 Marks]
1 3 2 30
Evaluate   xy( x + y )dxdy
0 0
2 42 dxdy (log2)2
Evaluate 
2 1 xy
3 Evaluate  / 2 2a cos 
  rdrd 
0 0
8
 a (1+ cos  )
4 3a 2
Evaluate   rdrd
0 0
4
5 3 4− y 2 4− x 2
Change the order of integration   ( x + y)dxdy   ( x + y)dydx

1 0
0 1
Part – B [6 Marks]
6 1 1+ x 2

dxdy log( 1 + 2 )
Evaluate  
0 0 1+ x2 + y2
4

7 2 a a3
  r drd
2
Evaluate
0 a (1− cos )
8 a a
x 
Change the order of integration   dxdy and hence a
0 y x + y2
2 4
evaluate it
9 a 2 2
b −y a 2b 2
b b
Change the order of integration   xydxdy and hence evaluate
0 0
8
it
10 Change the order of integration and hence find the value of 1
1 1 log 2
x 2
0 x x 2 + y 2 dxdy

Ramapuram Campus
Year / Sem: I / II

Part – A

(CLO-2,
1. ANS
A
Curl (grad ) =
(CLO-2,
2. ANS
⃗⃗
A
(C) 2 (D) – 1

𝜑 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 at (1, 1, 1) is (CLO-2,
3. ANS
Apply)
(A) 0 (B) 3 D
(C) 2 (D) 2 √3
4. ANS
Apply)
(A) 0 (B) 1 D
(C) 2 (D) 3
If 𝑢
⃗⃗ × 𝑣⃗ is
(CLO-2,
Remember)

(CLO-2,
ANS
6. (A) ∇  𝐹⃗ = 0 (B) 0 Remember)
(C) ∇ × 𝐹⃗ = 0⃗⃗ (D) 1 C

is given by (CLO-2,
7. ANS
Remember)
(CLO-2,
8. ANS
D
(C) ∬𝑆 (∇  𝐹⃗) 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑆 (D) ∬𝑆 (∇ × 𝐹⃗ )  𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑆

(CLO-2,
ANS
(C) grad 𝜑 (D) |∇ × 𝜑| A

(CLO-2,
10. ANS
(A) 1 (B) 2 Apply)
(C) 3 (D) ⃗0⃗ D

(CLO-2,
11. ANS

point (2, −2, 3) is
(CLO-2,
12. 1 2 2 1 2 2 ANS
(A) − 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗ (B) 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗ A
Apply)
3 3 3 3 3 3
1 2 2 1 2 2
(C) − 𝑖⃗ − 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗ (D) 𝑖⃗ − 𝑗⃗ − 𝑘⃗⃗
3 3 3 3 3 3

13. ANS
Apply)
(A) 2 (B) 0 C
(C) −2 (D) −1
(CLO-2,
14. ANS
Remember)
(A) ∇  𝐹⃗ = 0 (B) 0 C
(C) ∇ × 𝐹⃗ = 0 (D) ∇  (∇ × 𝐹⃗ ) = 0


(CLO-2,
15. ANS
(C) 3 𝜋 (D) 0 B

(CLO-2,
16. ANS
1 D
2
(CLO-2,
17. ANS
point (1, 1, 1) is
(CLO-2,
18. 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + ⃗⃗
𝑘 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗− ⃗⃗
𝑘 ANS
(A) (B) Apply)
√3 √3 B
⃗𝑖⃗− 𝑗⃗⃗⃗− ⃗⃗
𝑘 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + ⃗⃗
𝑘
(C) (D)
√3 √2

19. ANS
Remember)
(A) 0 (B) 1 D
(C) 2 (D) 3
(CLO-2,
20. ANS
Remember)

21. ANS
Apply)
(A) 0 (B) 1 D
(C) 2 (D) 3
∇ 𝜑1  ∇ 𝜑2 ∇ 𝜑1  ∇ 𝜑2 (CLO-2,
22. (A) sin 𝜃 = |∇ 𝜑1| |∇ 𝜑2|
(B) cos 𝜃 = |∇ 𝜑1 | |∇ 𝜑2|
ANS
Apply)
(C) tan 𝜃 = |∇
∇ 𝜑1  ∇ 𝜑2
(D) tan 𝜃 = |∇
∇ 𝜑1 × ∇ 𝜑2 B
𝜑1| |∇ 𝜑2| 𝜑1 | |∇ 𝜑2|


(CLO-2,
23. (A) 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝑟⃗ = 0 (B) 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝑟⃗ = 0 ANS
Remember)
(C) 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝑟⃗ ≠ 0 (D) 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝑟⃗ ≠ 0 A
point (1, − 1, 2) is
(CLO-2,
24. ANS
⃗𝑖⃗−2 ⃗⃗⃗−2
𝑗 ⃗⃗
𝑘 𝑗 + 2 ⃗⃗
⃗𝑖⃗−2 ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑘 Apply)
(A) (B) D
3 3
⃗𝑖⃗ + 2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗+
𝑗 2𝑘 ⃗⃗ 𝑖⃗⃗− 2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗+
𝑗 2𝑘 ⃗⃗
(C) (D)
3 3
𝐵
25. ANS
Remember)

(CLO-2,
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄 A
(C) ∬𝑅 ( − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 (D) ∬𝑅 ( − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
1
2
(CLO-2,
27. ANS
Apply)

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑎2 is (CLO-2,
28. ANS
Apply)
(A) 2 𝜋 𝑎3 (B)3 𝜋 𝑎3 C
3
(C) 4 𝜋 𝑎 (D) 5 𝜋 𝑎3
(1, 0, 3) is (CLO-2,
29. ANS
Apply)
(A) 9 (B) 1 A
(C) – 9 (D) 0

(CLO-2,
30. ANS
C


(CLO-2,
⃗⃗
31. (A) 2 𝑖⃗ + 2 𝑗⃗ + 2 𝑘 (B) 2 𝑖⃗ − 2 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗ ANS
Apply)
(C) 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗ (D) 2 𝑖⃗ − 2 𝑗⃗ − 2 𝑘⃗⃗ A

(CLO-2,
32. ANS
(A) ⃗𝑖 + 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗ (B) 2 𝑖⃗ + 2 𝑗⃗ + 2 𝑘⃗⃗ Apply)
A
(C) 2 ⃗𝑖 − 2 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗ (D) 2 𝑖⃗ − 2 𝑗⃗ − 2 𝑘⃗⃗
point (– 1, 1, 1) is (CLO-2,
33. ANS
Apply)
(A) −2 𝑗⃗ (B) −𝑗⃗ B
(C) 3 𝑖⃗ (D) 4 𝑖⃗
. ∇ 𝑟𝑛 =
(CLO-2,
ANS
34. (A) 𝑛 𝑟⃗ (B) 𝑛 (𝑛 − 1) 𝑟⃗ Apply)
(C) 𝑛 𝑟 𝑛−2 𝑟⃗ (D) 𝑛 𝑟 𝑛 + 2 𝑟⃗ C

(CLO-2,
35. ANS
14 14 Apply)
(A) (B) − A
3 3
4 3
(C) (D)
3 14

36. ANS
Apply)
(A) 3 (B) 0 C
(C) −3 (D) −1
*****


Ramapuram Campus
Year / Sem: I / II

1. Find  if   log x 2  y 2  z 2 . 
Solution
  
  i j k
x y z
i

x
   
y z
2x 2y 2z
i 2  j  k
(x  y2  z2 ) ( x2  y 2  z 2 ) ( x2  y 2  z 2 )

2
x2  y 2  z 2
 xi  y j  zk  
2r
r2
(r  xi  y j  zk & r 2  x 2  y 2  z 2 )
Solution
Given
𝜙 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 𝑧
𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙
𝛻𝜙 = 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗ = 2𝑥𝑖⃗ + 2𝑦𝑗⃗ − 𝑘⃗⃗
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝛻𝜙 at (1, −2,5) = 2𝑖⃗ − 4𝑗⃗ − 𝑘⃗⃗
|𝛻𝜙| = √4 + 4 + 1 = 3
∧ 𝛻𝜙 ⃗⃗
2𝑖⃗+2𝑗⃗−𝑘
𝑛=| |
=
𝛻𝜙 3

Solution
𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙
𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝜙 = 𝛻𝜙 = 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
  
i j k
  
Curl ( grad  )     
x y z
  
x y z
   2  2     2  2     2  2 
i       
      j  x z  z x   k  x y  y x 
 y z z y     
  
⃗⃗.
Solution
𝑖⃗ 𝑗⃗ 𝑘⃗⃗
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹⃗ = 𝛻 × 𝐹⃗ = | 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 | = 𝑖⃗ (0 − 𝑦) − 𝑗⃗⃗(𝑧 − 0) + 𝑘⃗⃗ (0 − 𝑥 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑖 𝑧 𝑗⃗⃗– 𝑥 𝑘⃗⃗
= −𝑦 ⃗⃗⃗–
Solution
𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝛻𝜙 𝑎𝑡 (3, 1, −2) = 92𝑖⃗ + 144𝑗⃗ − 92𝑘⃗⃗
|𝛻𝜙| = √922 + 1442 + 922 = √37664


  
2i  j  2 k .
Solution
    
a  2i  j  2k , a  4  1  4 = 3
  
  (2 xyz  4 z 2 )i  x 2 zj  ( x 2 y  8 xz)k
  
( )(1, 2, 1)  8i  j  10k
   
a    2i  j  2k 37
D.D. =  .   (8i  j  10k ). 
a 3 3

where Q is (5, 0, 4).
Solution
     
  grad   i j k
x y z
  
  grad   i 2 x  j (2 y )  k 4 z
  
 at (1, 2, 3)  2 i  4 j  12 k
         
a  OQ  OP  (5 i  0 j  4 k )  ( i  2 j  3 k )  4 i  2 j  k

a
a
  
   4i  2 j  k 28
 (2 i  4 j  12 k )  
21 21
(2, 4, 1).
Solution
  
  2 xi  zj  yk
     
1 /(1,1,1)  2i  j  k  2 /( 2,4,1)  4i  j  4k

1  4  1  1  6  2  16  1  16  33
     
1   2 (2i  j  k )  (4i  j  4k ) 13
cos    .
1  2 6 33 6 33
   
Solution
   
x y z
3  a  2  0  a  5  0  a  5

irrotational.
Solution
i j k
  
0
x y z
x  2 y  az bx  3 y  z 4 x  cy  2 z
       
 y z   x z 
   
 k  (bx  3 y  z )  ( x  2 y  az )   0
 x y 
 i.e., i (c  1)  j (4  a)  k (b  2)  0
c  1  0, 4  a  0, and b  2  0
 a  4, b  2, c  1

i j k
  
 F 
x y z
x3 y3 z3
 i (0  0)  j (0  0)  k (0  0)  0
 F  0
 .(  F )  0

Solution
   
r  xi  y j  z k
        
div r    r   i j
 

 k   x i  y j  z k 
 x y z 
  
 ( x)  ( y )  ( z )  1  1  1  3
x y z
     
Solution
    
curlF    F  0
i j k
    i(1  1)  j (3z 2  3z 2 )  k (6 x  6 x)  0
 F 
x y z
6 xy  z 3 3x 2  z 3xz 2  y

    
F
C
2 3
x = t, y = t , z = t .
Solution

 
F
C C

  dr   3x  6 y dx  14 yzdy  20xz dz
2 2

1 1
2 2 5 7 2
0 0
    4
S

Solution
     
S V V
4
  a  b  c dV  (a  b  c)V  (a  b  c)  (1)3
V
3
 4
  nˆ ds  3  (a  b  c)
F
S

c
 2x
2 
Solution
 v u 
C R 
x y 
u v
1   sin x
y x

C R

1 2 1

   ( sin x  1)dxdy   [cos x  x]y2
0 y 0 2
2
  y y 
1
   0   cos  dy
0
2 2 2
y
1
 
  y sin 2  y 2   2 
   .    
 2  2 2  2  4
 2 0
 2 8  2 
    .
4 4  

c
Solution
 v u 
C R 
x y 

u  3x  8 y 2 v  4 y  6 xy
u v
 16 y  6 y
y x
v u
  6 y  16 y  10 y
x y
 v u 
R R
1 1 y 1
 10  ( y)dxdy   y[ x]10 y dy
0 0 0
1 1
 10 y(1  y)dy  10 ( y  y 2 )dy
0 0
1
 y2 y3 
 10  
 2 3 0
1 1
 10  .
 2 3
3  2 10 5
 10  
6 6 3
    
    
2
V
Solution
   
F  4 xz i  y 2 j  yz k
 F F F
 F  1  2  3
x y z

  F  4z  2 y  y  4z  y

 111 11 11

0 dydz    4 z  ydydz
V 000 00 00
1 1
1
 y2  
1
1  z2 z  4 1 3

= 4 zy 
0

2 0
dz  
0
 4 z  
2
dz  4     
 2 20 2 2 2

V
   
x  0, x  1, y  0, y  1, z  0, z  1.
Solution
   
F  x2 i  y2 j  z 2 k
 F F F
 F  1  2  3
x y z

  F  2 x  2 y  2 z  2( x  y  z )
1
 111 11
 x2  11
1 
V 000 00 0 00
1 1
 y y2   z2 
1
1 1 
1 1 1
= 2    yz  dz  2    z  dz  2 1  z 0 dz  2 z  
1
0 0 0 0 
2 2 2 2 0
2 0
 1 3
 21    2   3
 2 2
   
S

c s
Given F  ( x 2  y 2 )i  2 xyj
𝑖⃗ 𝑗⃗ 𝑘⃗⃗
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕|
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ = || = 4𝑦 𝑘⃗⃗
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧|
𝑥 − 𝑦2
2
2𝑥𝑦 0
Here n̂  k
b a
ˆ   4 ydxdy =  4 ydxdy  2ab2
 curl F .nds
S S 0 0
1
2 C
( xdy  ydx).
Solution
 v u 
 (udx  vdy)   x  y dxdy
C R
…1
x y
Here v u
2 2
v 1 u 1
 
x 2 y 2
x y  1 1
(1)    2 dy  2 dx     2  2 dxdy
C R
1
2 C R
Solution
1
2 C

2
1
2 0
2
1
20
2 2
d    0
 
2 0
(cos 2   sin 2  )d  
2 0 2
ab
2
*****

18MAB102T
Advanced Calculus and Complex Analysis
Unit II -Vector Calculus
Dr. P. GODHANDARAMAN & Dr. S. SABARINATHAN

Assistant Professor
Faculty of Engineering and Technology
SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur- 603 203.
1
Scalar and Vector Fields:
• A physical quantity expressible as a continuous function and which can assume one
or more definite values at each point of a region of space, is called point function in
the region and the region concerned is called a field.
• Point functions are classified as scalar point function and vector point function
according as the nature of the quantity concerned is a scalar or a vector.
• At each point P of the field if the function denoted by f(P) is a scalar, it is known as
scalar point function while if 𝑓 𝑃 is a vector, then the function 𝑓 𝑃 is called a
vector point function. The concerned field is called a scalar field or a vector field
respectively.
2
Example of Scalar Fields:
• The temperature distribution in a medium, the gravitational potential of a system

of masses and the electrostatic potential of a system of charges.
Example of Vector Fields:
• The velocity of a moving particle, the electrostatic, the magneto static and
gravitational fields.
3
Vector Differential Operator DEL 𝜵 :
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝛻= 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
Gradient:
Let 𝜙 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 defines a differentiable scalar field. (i.e) 𝜙 is differentiable at

each point 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 is a certain region of space. Then the gradient of 𝜙 denoted by
𝛻𝜙 (or) grad 𝜙 is defined by
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙
𝛻𝜙 = 𝑖 +𝑗 +𝑘 𝜙= 𝑖 +𝑗 +𝑘 = 𝑖
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥
4
Divergence :
If 𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 is defined and differentiable vector point function at each point 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧
is a certain region of space, then the divergence of 𝐹 denoted by 𝛻. 𝐹 (or) div𝐹 is

defined by
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝐹
div𝐹 = 𝛻. 𝐹 = 𝑖 +𝑗 +𝑘 𝐹= 𝑖.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
If 𝐹 = 𝐹1 𝑖 + 𝐹2 𝑗 + 𝐹3 𝑘, then div𝐹 = 𝑖 +𝑗 +𝑘 𝐹1 𝑖 + 𝐹2 𝑗 + 𝐹3 𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝐹1 𝜕𝐹2 𝜕𝐹3

div𝐹 = + +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
5
Solenoidal :
If 𝐹 is a vector such that 𝛻. 𝐹 = 0 for all points is a given region, then it is said to be
a solenoidal vector in that region.
Curl :
If 𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 is a differentiable vector point function in a certain region of space, then
the curl or rotation of 𝐹 denoted by 𝛻 × 𝐹 (or) curl 𝐹 (or) rot 𝐹 is defined by

𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝛻 × 𝐹 = 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝐹1 𝐹2 𝐹3
6
Irrotational :
If 𝐹 is vector such that 𝛻 × 𝐹 = 0 for all points in the region, then it is called an
irrotational vector (or) Lamellar vector in that region.
𝛻𝜙.𝑎
Directional derivation :
𝑎
𝛻𝜙
Unit normal vector : 𝑛 =
𝛻𝜙
Angle between the surfaces :
𝛻𝜙1 . 𝛻𝜙2
cos 𝜃 =
𝛻𝜙1 𝛻𝜙2
7
Problem: 1
If 𝜙 = 𝑥𝑦𝑧, find 𝛻𝜙 at 1, 2, 3
Solution:
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝛻𝜙 = 𝑖 +𝑗 + 𝑘 𝑥𝑦𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
=𝑖 𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝑗 𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝑘 𝑥𝑦𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
= 𝑖 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑗 𝑥𝑧 + 𝑘 𝑥𝑦
𝛻𝜙 = 𝑦𝑧 𝑖 + 𝑥𝑧 𝑗 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑘v
𝛻𝜙 1,2,3 = 6𝑖 + 3𝑗 + 2𝑘.
8
Problem: 2
Prove that 𝛻 𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−2 𝑟
Solution:
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝛻 𝑟𝑛 = 𝑖 +𝑗 +𝑘 𝑟𝑛
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= 𝑖 𝑟𝑛 + 𝑗 𝑟𝑛 +𝑘 𝑟𝑛
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
= 𝑖 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−1 + 𝑗 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−1 + 𝑘 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−1
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑛 𝑛−1 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
𝛻 𝑟 = 𝑛𝑟 𝑖 +𝑗 + 𝑘 (1)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
9
𝑟 = 𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗 + 𝑧𝑘
𝑟. 𝑟 = 𝑟 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
2𝑟 = 2𝑥 2𝑟 = 2𝑦 2𝑟 = 2𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑟 𝑥 𝜕𝑟 𝑦 𝜕𝑟 𝑧
= = = (2)
𝜕𝑥 𝑟 𝜕𝑦 𝑟 𝜕𝑧 𝑟
Sub (2) in (1),
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
𝛻 𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−1 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝑘
𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
𝛻 𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−2 𝑟.
10
Problem: 3
Find the directional derivative of 𝜙 = 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 + 4𝑥𝑧 2 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧 at 1, 2, 3 in the
direction of 2𝑖 + 𝑗 − 𝑘.
Solution:
𝛻𝜙.𝑎
Directional derivation =
𝑎
Given 𝜙 = 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 + 4𝑥𝑧 2 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧
𝛻𝜙 = 2𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 4𝑧 2 + 𝑦𝑧 𝑖 + 𝑥 2 𝑧 + 𝑥𝑧 𝑗 + 𝑥 2 + 8𝑥𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑘
𝛻𝜙 1,2,3 = 54𝑖 + 6𝑗 + 28𝑘
11
Let 𝑎 = 2𝑖 + 𝑗 − 𝑘
𝑎 = 22 + 12 + −1 2
𝑎 = 6
𝛻𝜙.𝑎
𝑎
54𝑖+6𝑗+28𝑘 . 2𝑖+𝑗−𝑘
6
86
6
12
Problem: 4
Find a unit normal to the surface 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑧 2 = 8 at the point 1, 0, 2 .

Solution:
Let 𝜙 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑧 2 − 8
𝛻𝜙 = 2𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥 2 𝑖 + 𝑥 2 𝑗 + 4𝑥𝑧𝑘
𝛻𝜙 1,0,2 = 8𝑖 + 𝑗 + 8𝑘
𝛻𝜙 = 82 + 12 + 82 = 129
𝛻𝜙 8𝑖+𝑗+8𝑘
Unit normal= 𝑛 = = .
𝛻𝜙 129
13
Problem: 5
Find the angle between the surfaces 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 3 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 9

at (2, -1, 2).
Solution:
Given 𝜙1 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2 − 3
𝛻𝜙1 = 2𝑥𝑖 + 2𝑦𝑗 − 𝑘
𝛻𝜙1 2, −1, 2 = 4𝑖 − 2𝑗 − 𝑘
𝛻𝜙1 = 21
14
𝜙2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 9
𝛻𝜙2 = 2𝑥𝑖 + 2𝑦𝑗 + 2𝑧𝑘

𝛻𝜙2 2, −1, 2 = 4𝑖 − 2𝑗 + 4𝑘
𝛻𝜙2 = 6
𝛻𝜙1 .𝛻𝜙2
cos θ =
(𝛻𝜙1 )(𝛻𝜙2 )
4𝑖− 2𝑗−𝑘 .(4𝑖− 2𝑗+4𝑘)

=
( 21) (6)
8
cos θ =
3 21
8
𝜃= cos −1
3 21
15
Problem: 6
If 𝛻𝜙 = 𝑦𝑧𝑖 + 𝑧𝑥𝑗 + 𝑥𝑦𝑘 , find 𝜙.
Solution:
𝛻𝜙 = 𝑦𝑧𝑖 + 𝑧𝑥𝑗 + 𝑥𝑦𝑘
𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙
𝑖 +𝑗 +𝑘 = 𝑦𝑧𝑖 + 𝑧𝑥𝑗 + 𝑥𝑦𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝜙
= 𝑦𝑧
𝜕𝑥
function not involving 𝑥.
16
𝜕𝜙
= 𝑧𝑥
𝜕𝑦
𝜙 = 𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝑎, function not involving 𝑦.
𝜕𝜙
= 𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑧
𝜙 = 𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝑎, function not involving 𝑧.
From the last three statements,
we conclude
𝜙 = 𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝑎 is a constant.
17
Problem: 7
If 𝐹 = 𝑥 2 𝑖 + 𝑦 2 𝑗 + 𝑧 2 𝑘, then find 𝛻 . 𝐹 and 𝛻 × 𝐹.
Solution:
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝛻 .𝐹 = 𝑖 +𝑗 +𝑘 . 𝑥2𝑖 + 𝑦2𝑗 + 𝑧2𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= (𝑥 2 ) + (𝑦 2 ) + (𝑧 2 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝛻 . 𝐹 = 2x + 2y + 2z
18
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝛻 × 𝐹=
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑧2
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
=𝑖 𝑧2 − (𝑦 2 ) − 𝑗 𝑧2 − 𝑥2 + 𝑘 𝑦2 − 𝑥2
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
=𝑖0 − 𝑗 0 + 𝑘 0
𝛻 × 𝐹 = 0.
19
Problem: 8
Prove that the vector 𝐹 = 𝑧𝑖 + 𝑥𝑗 + 𝑦𝑘 is solenoidal.

Solution:
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝛻 .𝐹 = 𝑖 +𝑗 +𝑘 . 𝑧𝑖 + 𝑥𝑗 + 𝑦𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= (𝑧) + (𝑥) + (𝑦)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝛻 .𝐹 = 0
∴ 𝐹 is solenoidal.
20
Problem: 9
If 𝐹 = 𝑥 + 3𝑦 𝑖 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 𝑗 + (𝑥 + 𝜆𝑧)𝑘 is solenoidal, find the value of 𝜆.
Solution:
𝛻 .𝐹 = 0
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 + 𝑥 + 𝜆𝑧 = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
1+1+𝜆 =0
𝜆 = −2.
21
Problem: 10
Show that 𝐹 = 𝑦𝑧𝑖 + 𝑧𝑥𝑗 + 𝑥𝑦𝑘 is irrotational.
Solution:
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝛻 × 𝐹= 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑦𝑧 𝑧𝑥 𝑥𝑦
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
=𝑖 𝑥𝑦 − (𝑥𝑧) − 𝑗 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑘 𝑧𝑥 − 𝑦𝑧
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝛻 × 𝐹=0
∴ 𝐹 is irrotational.
22
Laplace operator :
2 2 2
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝛻2 = 2
+ 2+ 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
Problem: 11
Prove that 𝛻 2 r 𝑛 = 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)r 𝑛−2 where 𝑟 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗 + 𝑧𝑘 and 𝑟 = | 𝑟 | and
2 1
deduce 𝛻 .
𝑟
Solution:
𝑟= 𝑟 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2
23
r2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2
𝜕𝑟 𝑥 𝜕𝑟 𝑦 𝜕𝑟 𝑧
= ; = ; =
𝜕𝑥 𝑟 𝜕𝑦 𝑟 𝜕𝑧 𝑟
𝜕2 𝑛 𝜕 𝜕𝑟
𝛻2r𝑛 = 2
r = nr 𝑛−1
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕 𝑛−1 𝑥 𝜕
= nr = nr 𝑛−2 𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝑟 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑟
= 𝑛 (n − 2)r 𝑛−3 𝑥 + r 𝑛−2
𝜕𝑥
𝑛−3 𝑥
= 𝑛 (n − 2)r 𝑥 + r 𝑛−2
𝑟
24
= 𝑛 x 2 (n − 2)r 𝑛−4 + r 𝑛−2
= 𝑛(n − 2)r 𝑛−4 x 2 + 𝑛r 𝑛−2
= 𝑛(𝑛 − 2)r 𝑛−4 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) + 3nr 𝑛−2
= 𝑛(𝑛 − 2)r 𝑛−4 𝑟 2 + 3nr 𝑛−2
= 𝑛(𝑛 − 2)r 𝑛−2 + 3nr 𝑛−2
= 𝑛r 𝑛−2 [𝑛 − 2 + 3]
𝛻 2 (r 𝑛 ) = 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)r 𝑛−2 .
25
Line Integral
Problem: 12
Find the work done in moving a particle in the force field 𝐹 = 3𝑥 2 𝑖 + 2𝑥𝑧 − 𝑦 𝑗 − 𝑧𝑘
from 𝑡 = 0 to 𝑡 = 1 along the cone 𝑥 = 2𝑡 2 , 𝑦 = 𝑡, 𝑧 = 4𝑡 3 .
Solution:
Work done = 𝑐
𝐹. 𝑑𝑟
𝐹 = 3𝑥 2 𝑖 + 2𝑥𝑧 − 𝑦 𝑗 − 𝑧𝑘
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑑𝑧 𝑘
𝐹. 𝑑𝑟 = 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑧 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑧𝑑𝑧
26
𝑥 = 2𝑡 2 𝑦=𝑡 𝑧 = 4𝑡 3
𝑑𝑥 = 4𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑧 = 12𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
𝐹. 𝑑𝑟 = 48 𝑡 5 𝑑𝑡 + 16 𝑡 5 − 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 − 48 𝑡 5 𝑑𝑡
1
𝑐
𝐹. 𝑑𝑟 = 0
16 𝑡 5 − 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
1
𝑡6 𝑡2
= 16 −
6 2 0
16 1
= −
6 2
13
=
6
27
Surface Integrals
𝐹.𝑛
𝑆
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑅 𝑛.𝑘
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑦
Problem: 13
Evaluate 𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 where 𝐹 = 𝑧 𝑖 + 𝑥 𝑗 − 𝑦 2 𝑧 𝑘 and 𝑆 is the surface of the cylinder

𝑆
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1 included in the first octant between the planes 𝑧 = 0 and 𝑧 = 2.

Solution :
𝐹 = 𝑧 𝑖 + 𝑥 𝑗 − 𝑦2𝑧 𝑘
𝜑 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 1
28
𝛻𝜑 = 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 = 2
𝛻𝜑
𝑛=
𝛻𝜑
2𝑥 𝑖+2𝑦 𝑗
=
2
𝑛 = 𝑥𝑖+𝑦𝑗
𝐹. 𝑛 = 𝑧 𝑖 + 𝑥 𝑗 − 𝑦 2 𝑧 𝑘 . 𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑦 𝑗 = 𝑥𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦
𝐹.𝑛
𝑆
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑅 𝑛.𝑖
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
29
Where 𝑅 is the projection of 𝑆 on 𝑦𝑧 plane.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
= 𝑅
𝑥𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦
𝑥
= 𝑅
𝑧 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
2 1
= 0 0
(𝑧 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
1
2 𝑦2
= 0
𝑧𝑦 + 𝑑𝑧
2 0
2 1
= 0
(𝑧 + ) 𝑑𝑧
2
2
𝑧2 𝑧
= + = 3.
2 2 0
30
Volume Integrals
Problem: 14
If 𝐹 = 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 𝑖 − 2𝑥𝑦𝑗 − 4𝑥𝑘. Evaluate 𝑣

𝛻 × 𝐹𝑑𝑣 where 𝑣 is the region
bounded by 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0 and 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4.
Solution:
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝛻×𝐹 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
2𝑥 2 − 3𝑧 −2𝑥𝑦 −4𝑥
31
𝛻 × 𝐹 = 𝑗 − 2𝑦𝑘
2 2−𝑥 4−2𝑥−2𝑦
𝑣
𝛻 × 𝐹 𝑑𝑣 = 0 0 0
𝑗 − 2𝑦𝑘 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
2 2−𝑥 4−2𝑥−2𝑦
= 0 0
𝑧𝑗 − 2𝑦𝑧𝑘 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
0
2 2−𝑥
= 0 0
4 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 𝑗 − 2𝑦 4 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 𝑘 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
2−𝑥
2 2𝑦 2 4𝑦 3
= 0
4𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑗 − 4𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑘 𝑑𝑥
2 3 0
32
2 2 2 2 4 3
= 0
4 2 − 𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2 − 𝑥 𝑗− 4 2−𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2−𝑥 𝑘 𝑑𝑥
3
2 𝑘
= 0
4 − 4𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑖 − 16 − 24𝑥 + 12𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
3
2 2
2+ 𝑥3 𝑘 𝑥4
𝑣
𝛻 × 𝐹 𝑑𝑣 = 4𝑥 − 2𝑥 𝑖− 16𝑥 − 12𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 3 −
3 0 3 2 0
8 𝑘
= 8−8+ 𝑖− 32 − 48 + 32 − 8
3 3
8
= 𝑗−𝑘 .
3
33
Thank You
Dr. P. GODHANDARAMAN & Dr. S. SABARINATHAN

Assistant Professor
Faculty of Engineering and Technology
SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur- 603 203.
34
18MAB102T- ADVANCED
CALCULUS AND COMPLEX
ANALYSIS; Unit II (Part-3) -
Green’s, Stoke’s and Gauss
Divergence theorem
Dr. Sahadeb Kuila

Assistant Professor
Department of Mathematics, SRMIST, Kattankulathur
Green’s theorem
Stoke’s theorem
Gauss divergence theorem
Outline
1 Green’s theorem
2 Stoke’s theorem
3 Gauss divergence theorem
2/ 20 Dr. Sahadeb Kuila Dept. of Mathematics, SRMIST, Kattankulathur

Green’s theorem
Stoke’s theorem
Statement (Green’s theorem):
Let C be a positively oriented, piecewise smooth, simple,

closed curve and let R be the region enclosed by the curve C
in the xy -plane. If P(x , y ) and Q(x , y ) have continuous first
order partial derivatives on R, then
!
I ZZ
∂Q ∂P
Pdx + Qdy = − dxdy .
C ∂x ∂y
R

Green’s theorem
Stoke’s theorem
Applications of Green’s theorem

Example 1:
I
Use Green’s theorem to evaluate xydx + x 2 y 3 dy , where C
C
is the triangle with vertices (0, 0), (1, 0), (1, 2) with positive
orientation.
Solution: Let P = xy , Q = x 2 y 3 and the positive orientation
curve C is as shown in the figure.

Green’s theorem
Stoke’s theorem

Using Green’s theorem,
I I
xydx + x 2 y 3 dy = Pdx + Qdy
C C
!
ZZ
∂Q ∂P ZZ
= − dxdy = (2xy 3 − x )dxdy
∂x ∂y
R R
Z 1 Z 2x Z 1" 4 #2x
3 xy
= (2xy − x )dydx = − xy dx
0 0 0 2 0
#1
4x 6 2x 3
Z 1 "
5 2 2
= (8x − 2x )dx = − = .
0 3 3 0
3

Green’s theorem
Stoke’s theorem

Example 2:
Verify
I Green’s theorem in the plane for
[(xy + y 2 )dx + x 2 dy ], where C is the closed curve of the
C
region bounded by y = x and y = x 2 .
Solution: Let P = xy + y 2 , Q = x 2 and the positive
orientation curve C is as shown in the figure. The curves
y = x and y = x 2 intersect at (0, 0) and (1, 1).

Green’s theorem
Stoke’s theorem

Using Green’s theorem,
I I
[(xy + y 2 )dx + x 2 dy ] = Pdx + Qdy
C C
!
ZZ
∂Q ∂P ZZ
= − dxdy = (2x − x − 2y )dxdy
∂x ∂y
R R
ZZ Z 1Z x
= (x − 2y )dxdy = (x − 2y )dydx
0 y =x 2
R
Z 1h ix Z 1
= xy − y 2 2
dx = (x 4 − x 3 )dx
0 y =x 0
#1
x5 x4
"
1
= − =− .
5 4 0
20
Green’s theorem
Stoke’s theorem

Now let us evaluate the line integral along C . Along
y = x 2 , dy = 2xdx and the line integral equals
Z 1 Z 1
[(x (x 2 ) + x 4 )dx + x 2 (2x )dx ] = (3x 3 + x 4 )dx
0 0
#1
4
x5
"
3x 19
= + = .
4 5 0
20
Along y = x , dy = dx and the line integral equals

#0
3x 3
Z 0 Z 0 "
2 2 2
[(x (x ) + x )dx + x dx ] = (3x )dx = = −1.
1 1 3 1
19 1
Therefore, the required line integral = 20
− 1 = − 20 . Hence
the theorem is verified.
Green’s theorem
Stoke’s theorem
Statement (Stoke’s theorem):
Let S be a smooth surface that is bounded by a simple closed,

smooth boundary curve C with positive orientation and
→
− →
− →
− →
−
F = F1 i + F2 j + F3 k be any vector function having
continuous first order partial derivatives, then
I
→
− →− ZZ
→
−
F .dr = curl F .nb ds,
C
S
where nb is the outward normal unit vector at any point of S.

Green’s theorem
Stoke’s theorem
Applications of Stoke’s theorem
Example 1:
I
→
− → −
Use Stoke’s theorem to evaluate F .dr , where
C
→
− →
− →
− →
−
F = y 2 i + x 2 j − (x + z) k and C is the boundary of the
triangle with vertices (0, 0, 0), (1, 0, 0), (1, 1, 0) with positive
orientation.
Solution: We note that z-coordinate of each vertex of the
triangle is 0. Therefore, the triangle lies in the xy -plane. So
→
−
nb = k and the positive orientation curve C is as shown in the
figure.

Green’s theorem
Stoke’s theorem
Let F1 = y 2 , F2 = x 2 , F3 = −(x + z) and we have

→
− →
− →
−
→
− i j k →
− → − →
−
curl F = ∂
∂x
∂
∂y
∂
∂z
= 0 i + j + 2(x − y ) k
2 2
y x −(x + z)

Green’s theorem
Stoke’s theorem
→
− →
− →
− → −
and curl F .nb = [ j + 2(x − y ) k ]. k = 2(x − y ).
The equation of the line OB is y = x . Using Stoke’s theorem,
I
→
− →− ZZ
→
− Z 1Z x
F .dr = curl F .nb ds = 2(x − y )dxdy
C 0 y =0
S
#x
Z 1"
y2 Z 1
x2 1
=2 xy − dx = 2 dx = .
0 2 0 0 2 3

Green’s theorem
Stoke’s theorem
Example 2:
→
− →
− →
− →
−
Verify Stoke’s theorem for F = (2x − y ) i − yz 2 j − y 2 z k
over the upper half surface S of the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1
bounded by its projection on the xy -plane and C is its
boundary.
Solution: The boundary C of S is a circle in the xy -plane of

radius unity and centre at origin. Let x = cos t, y = sin t,
z = 0, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π are parametric equations of C .

Green’s theorem
Stoke’s theorem
Now
I
→
− →−
F .dr
IC
→
− →
− →
− →
− →
− →
−
= [(2x − y ) i − yz 2 j − y 2 z k ].[dx i + dy j + dz k ]
C I I
= (2x − y )dx − yz 2 dy − y 2 zdz = (2x − y )dx
C C
Z 2π
=− (2 cos t − sin t) sin tdt = π. (1)
0

Green’s theorem
Stoke’s theorem

→
−
Also nb = k , ds = dxdy ,
→
− →
− →
−
→
− i j k →
−
curl F = ∂
∂x
∂
∂y
∂
∂z
= k
2x − y −yz 2 −y z2
→
− →
− →−
and curl F .nb = k . k = 1.
Using Stoke’s theorem,
ZZ
→
− ZZ
curl F .nb ds = dxdy = π, (2)
S S
where π(1)2 is the area of the circle C .

Hence from (1) and (2), the theorem is verified.
Green’s theorem
Stoke’s theorem
Statement (Gauss divergence theorem):
→
−
If V is the volume bounded by a closed surface S and F is a
vector point function with continuous derivatives in V , then
ZZ
→
− ZZZ
→
−
curl F .nb ds = div F dV ,
S V
where nb is the outward normal unit vector at any point of S.

Green’s theorem
Stoke’s theorem
Applications of Gauss divergence theorem

Example 1:
Use Gauss divergence theorem to evaluate
[(x 3 − yz)dydz − 2x 2 ydzdx + zdxdy ] over the surface S of
RR
S
a cube bounded by the coordinate planes and the plane
x = y = z = a.
Solution: Let F1 = x 3 − yz, F2 = −2x 2 y , F3 = z. Using
Gauss divergence theorem,
ZZ
→
− ZZZ
→
−
curl F .nb ds = div F dV
S V
!
ZZZ
∂F1 ∂F2 ∂F3
= + + dxdydz
∂x ∂y ∂z
V
Green’s theorem
Stoke’s theorem
Z a Z a Z a Z a Z a " 3 #a
2 x
= (x + 1)dxdydz = +x dydz
x =0 y =0 z=0 z=0 y =0 3 x =0
a3 a3 3
" #Z " #Z " #
a Z a a a
= +a dydz = a +a dz = a2 +a .
3 z=0 y =0 3 z=0 3

Green’s theorem
Stoke’s theorem

Example 2:
Use
RR
Gauss divergence theorem to evaluate
[(x + z)dydz + (y + z)dzdx + (x + y )dxdy ] over the
S
surface S of the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4.
Solution: Let F1 = x + z, F2 = y + z, F3 = x + y . Using
Gauss divergence theorem,
ZZ
→
− ZZZ
→
−
curl F .nds =
b div F dV
S V
!
ZZZ
∂F1 ∂F2 ∂F3
= + + dV
∂x ∂y ∂z
V

Green’s theorem
Stoke’s theorem
ZZZ ZZZ
= 2dV = 2 dV = 2V ,
V V
where V is the volume of the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 22 (∵ the

volume of a sphere of radius r is 34 πr 3 ).
4 64

=2 π(2)3 = π.
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Ramapuram Campus
Year / Sem: I / II

Part – A
𝐿 [𝑡 ] =
(CLO-3,
1. 1 1 ANS
B
(C) 𝑠 (D) 𝑠 2
𝐿[cos 𝑡] =
(CLO-3,
2. 1 1 ANS
(A) (B) Apply)
𝑠 2 −1 𝑠 2+ 1 D
𝑠 𝑠
(C) (D)
𝑠 2−1 𝑠 2 +1
3𝑡 ]
𝐿 [𝑒 =
(CLO-3,
3. 1 𝑠 ANS
(A) (B) Apply)
𝑠 −3 𝑠 2+9
1 9 A
(C) (D)
𝑠−log 9 𝑠
𝑎𝑡
(CLO-3,
4. ANS
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡) ∗ 𝑔(𝑡)] =
(CLO-3,
5. ANS
(C) 𝐹 (𝑠) 𝐺(𝑠) (D) 𝐹(𝑠) ÷ 𝐺(𝑠)
C
𝐿[sin 𝑡] =
(CLO-3,
1 1 ANS
6. (A) (B) Apply)
𝑠 2 −1 𝑠 2+ 1
(C)
𝑠
(D)
𝑠 B
𝑠 2−1 𝑠 2 +1

𝐿[𝑒 −3 𝑡 ] =
(CLO-3,
1 𝑠 ANS
7. (A) (B) Apply)
𝑠+3 𝑠 2+9
1 3 A
(C) (D)
𝑠−log 3 𝑠
−1 1
𝐿 [ ]=
𝑠
(CLO-3,
8. ANS
(A) t (B) s Apply)
(C) 1 (D) 𝛿(𝑡)
C
1
𝐿−1 [ 𝑠 2+9 ] =
(CLO-3,
(A) 3 (B) 3 Apply)
B
𝑠
𝐿−1 [𝑠 2 + 9] =
(CLO-3,
(A) 3 (B) 3 Apply)
D

(CLO-3,
11. ANS
𝐿 [𝑡 2 ] =
(CLO-3,
1 1 ANS
12. (A) (B) Apply)
𝑠 𝑠2
2 1 C
(C) (D)
𝑠3 𝑠3
𝐿 [ 1] =
(CLO-3,
13. 1 1 ANS
(A) (B) Apply)
𝑠 𝑠2 A
2 1
(C) (D)
𝑠3 𝑠3
𝐿[𝑒 −2 𝑡 ] =
1 𝑠 (CLO-3,
14. (A) (B) ANS
𝑠 +2 𝑠 2+ 4 Apply)
1 4
A
(C) (D)
𝑠 − log 4 𝑠

𝐿[sin 3 𝑡] =
1 3 (CLO-3,
15. (A) (B) ANS
𝑠2 −9 𝑠2 +9 Apply)
𝑠 𝑠 B
(C) (D)
𝑠2 − 9 𝑠2 + 9
𝐿[sinh 2 𝑡] =
2 2 (CLO-3,
16. (A) (B) ANS
𝑠2 −4 𝑠 2+ 4 Apply)
1 𝑠 A
(C) (D)
𝑠2 − 4 𝑠2 + 4
𝐿 [2 𝑡 ] =
1 𝑠 (CLO-3,
17. (A) (B) ANS
1 2
C
(C) (D)
𝑠 − log 2 𝑠
2𝑡 ]
𝐿 [𝑡 𝑒 =
1 1 (CLO-3,
18. (A) (B) ANS
𝑠−2 (𝑠 − 2)2 Apply)
(C)
2
(D)
1 B
(𝑠 − 2)3 𝑠3

(CLO-3,
19. 1 𝑠 𝑠 ANS
(C) 𝐹(𝑠 + 𝑎) (D) 𝐹(𝑠 − 𝑎)
A
𝑠−2
𝐿−1 [𝑠 2− 4𝑠 + 13] =
(CLO-3,
20. ANS
Apply)
𝑡
(CLO-3,
𝑠
𝑓(𝑡))
A
(C) (D) 𝐹 (𝑢)
𝑡
𝐿−1 [1 ] =
(CLO-3,
1 ANS
(C) 1 (D) 𝛿(𝑡) D

𝑠−3
𝐿−1 [𝑠 2− 6𝑠 + 13] =
(CLO-3,
23. ANS
−3t 2t
C
𝐿 [4 𝑡 ] =
1 𝑠 (CLO-3,
24. (A) (B) ANS
1 4
C
(C) (D)
𝑠 − log 4 𝑠
𝐿[cosh 3𝑡] =
𝑠 1 (CLO-3,
25. (A) (B) ANS
𝑠2 +9 𝑠2 −9 Apply)
(C)
𝑠
(D)
𝑠 C
𝑠2 − 9 𝑠2 + 9
𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 𝑠 2− 𝑎 2 (CLO-3,
26. (A) (𝑠 2
(B) ANS
− 𝑎 2 )2 (𝑠 2 − 𝑎 2 )2 Apply)
𝑠 2− 𝑎 2 𝑠
C
(C) (𝑠 2 + 𝑎 2 )2
(D) 𝑠2 + 9

4𝑠 4𝑠 (CLO-3,
27. (A) (𝑠 2
(B) ANS
+ 4 )2 (𝑠 2 − 4 )2 Apply)
𝑠 4𝑠
A
(C) (𝑠 2 + 4 )2
(D) (𝑠 2 − 4 )2
𝐿 [𝑡 𝑒 𝑡 ] =
(CLO-3,
1 1 ANS
28. (A) (B) Apply)
𝑠−1 (𝑠 − 2)2
1 1 C
(C) (D)
(𝑠 − 1)2 (𝑠 − 1)3
−3 𝑡 ]
𝐿 [2 𝑒 =
2 2 (CLO-3,
29. (A) (B) ANS
𝑠+3 (𝑠 − 3)2 Apply)
(C)
1
(D)
2 A
(𝑠 − 3)2 (𝑠 − 1)3
𝐿 [ 3] =
1 𝑠 (CLO-3,
30. (A) (B) ANS
1 3 D
(C) (D)
𝑠+3 𝑠

𝐿[ sin 5𝑡] =
5 5 (CLO-3,
31. (A) (B) ANS
𝑠2 + 29 𝑠2 + 25 Apply)
(C)
1
(D)
𝑠 B
𝑠 2 + 29 𝑠 2 + 29
𝐿[cos 2 𝑡] =
(CLO-3,
1 1 ANS
32. (A) (B) Apply)
𝑠2 − 4 𝑠2 + 4
(C)
𝑠
(D)
𝑠 D
𝑠 2 −4 𝑠2 + 4
𝐿[cosh 2𝑡] =
𝑠 1 (CLO-3,
33. (A) (B) ANS
𝑠2 + 4 𝑠2 − 4 Apply)
𝑠 𝑠
C
(C) (D)
𝑠2 − 4 𝑠2 + 4
1
𝐿−1 [ 𝑠 − 3 ] =
(CLO-3,
34. ANS
Apply)
(A) 𝑒 3𝑡 (B) 𝑒 −3𝑡 A
𝑠
𝐿−1 [𝑠 2 − 9] =
(CLO-3,
35. ANS
C
1
𝐿−1 [ ]=
( 𝑠 − 1)2 (CLO-3,
36. ANS
Apply)
(C) 𝑒 − 𝑡 (D) 𝑡 𝑒 − 𝑡
*****


Ramapuram Campus
Year / Sem: I / II
1. Find 𝑳[𝟐𝒆−𝟑𝒕 ].
Solution
𝟏
𝐬+𝐚
𝟏
𝐋[𝟐𝐞−𝟑𝐭 ] = 𝟐𝐋[𝐞−𝟑𝐭 ] = 𝟐 ( )
𝐬+𝟑
2. Find 𝑳[𝒆𝟑𝒕 + 𝟓 ].
Solution
𝟏
𝐬−𝐚
𝟏
𝐋[𝐞𝟑𝐭 . 𝐞𝟓 ] = 𝐞𝟓 𝐋[𝐞𝟑𝐭 ] = 𝐞𝟓 ( )
𝐬−𝟑
Solution
1  cos 6t  L(1)  L(cos 6t ) 1  cos 2t

L[cos2 3t]  L    cos 2 t 
 2 2 2
1 s 1 s
=  L(1)  , L(cos at )  2
2s 2( s  36)
2
s s  a2

s 2  18
 2
L[cos 3t] =
s ( s 2  36)

4. Find L t 2  4 sin 2t  2 cos 3t . 
Solution

L t 2  4 sin 2t  2 cos 3t   2  2 
 4 2
 s 
  2 2 
s 3
 s  4  s 9
Solution
2
F(s) = L [f (t)] = L (sin 2t) =
𝑠 2 +4
2 2
F(s + 1) = =
(𝑠+1)2 +4 𝑠 2 +2𝑠+5
Solution
 d 
 ds 
  s 2  4  (1)  s(2s) 
2 d  s  2
= 2 2  2  = 2  2 
s 4 ds  s  4  s 4 
 s  4 
2
2

=
  
2 s2  4  2 4  s2 
 s  4
2
2
16
 L[sin 2t  2t cos 2t ] =
s 
2
2
4
 
7. Find L t e t .
Solution
L t f (t )   
d
L ( f (t ))
ds

 
L t et )  
d
ds
L (e t )
d  1  1
 L 
ds  s  1  s  12
Solution
L t f (t )   
d
L ( f (t ))
ds
L t sin 2t   
d
L (sin 2t )
ds
d  2  4s
  2 
ds  s  4  s  4 2
2
 
2
Solution
 d2  d2  s 
L t 2 cos t    2 L  cos t   2  2 
 ds  ds  s  1 
 
 2
   
d  s  1 .1  1.2 s.s  d  1  s 2 

  ds  2 2 
   
2
ds  s 1
2
  s 1 
   
 s  1  2s   1  s 2  2  s 2  1 2s  
2
2
2 s 3  s 2
 
 s  1  s  1
3 3
2 2
Solution
𝑑 𝑑 𝑠
(𝑠 2 + 4)(1) − 𝑠(2𝑠) 𝑠2 − 4
= −[ ] =[ 2 ]
(𝑠 2 + 4)2 𝑠→𝑠+3
(𝑠 + 4) 2
𝑠→𝑠+3

(𝑠+3)2 −4
= ((𝑠+3)2
+4)2
𝑠 2 +6𝑠+5
= (𝑠2
+6𝑠+13)2
Solution
𝑑 𝑑 𝑠
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠 𝑠 2 +1 𝑠 → 𝑠+1
(𝑠 2 +1)(1)−𝑠(2𝑠)
= −[ ]
(𝑠 2 +1)2 𝑠 → 𝑠+1
𝑠 2 −1
=[ ]
(𝑠 2 +1)2 𝑠 → 𝑠+1
(𝑠+1)2 −1 𝑠 2 +2𝑠
= ((𝑠+1)2 +1)2
= (𝑠 2 +2𝑠+2)2
𝑠(𝑠+2)
= (𝑠2
+2𝑠+2)2
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕
12. Find 𝑳 [ ].
𝒕
Solution
𝐿[ ]=𝐿 [ ]=∫𝑠 𝐹 (𝑠)𝑑𝑠
𝑡 𝑡
1
𝑠 2 +12
∞ ∞ 1
𝑠
𝑠 2 +1
𝜋
2

e  t sin t
t
Solution
 

t
L
 t 
   1   1
  L  sin t s 1 ds  s  2  ds  s ds
 s  1  s 1  s  1  1
s 2
 
  tan 1  s  1    tan 1  s  1  cot 1  s  1
s 2
𝒕
Solution
1 𝑠
𝐿[1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡] = −
𝑠 𝑠 2 +1
𝟏− 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 ∞ ∞ 1 𝑠
𝐿[ ] = ∫𝑠 𝐿[1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡]𝑑𝑠 = ∫𝑠 ( − ) 𝑑𝑠
𝒕 𝑠 𝑠 2 +1
1 ∞
= [log 𝑠 − log(𝑠 2 + 1)]
2 𝑠
1
= − [log(𝑠 2 + 1) − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠 2]∞
𝑠
2
1 𝑠 2 +1 ∞ 1 1 ∞
= − [𝑙𝑜𝑔 ] = − [𝑙𝑜𝑔 (1 + 2 )]
2 𝑠2 𝑠 2 𝑠 𝑠
1 1 1 1 𝑠 2 +1
= − log 1 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 [1 + 2 ] = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
2 2 𝑠 2 𝑠2
15. Find 𝑳 [ ].
𝒕
Solution
𝑡
∞ 𝑠 𝑠
=∫𝑠 ( 2 2 − 2 2 ) 𝑑𝑠
1 1 ∞
=[ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 ) − 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑠 2 + 𝑏2 )]
2 2 𝑠

𝑎2
∞
1 𝑠 2 +𝑎2 ∞ 1 𝑠 2 (1+ )
𝑠2
= [𝑙𝑜𝑔 ] = [𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 ]
2 𝑠 2 +𝑏2 𝑠 2 𝑏
𝑠 2 (1+ 2 )
𝑠 𝑠
𝑎2
1 1+ 1 𝑠 2 +𝑏2
𝑠2
= [𝑙𝑜𝑔1 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( 𝑏2
)]= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
2 1+ 2 2 𝑠 2 +𝑎2
𝑠
∞
Solution
∞ ∞
𝐹(𝑠) = 𝐿 [𝑓 (𝑡)], 𝐹(𝑠) = 𝐿 [𝑡 sin 𝑡]
𝑑 1 2𝑠
=− [ ]=
𝑑𝑠 𝑠 2 +1 (𝑠 2 +1)2
∞ 𝟒 𝟒
∫𝟎 𝒕 𝒆 -2t 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = [𝑭(𝒔)]𝒔 = 𝟐 = =
(𝟒+𝟏)𝟐 𝟐𝟓
Solution

t 0 s
L. H. S. = lim f (t )  2  cos 0  1
t 0

s  s 
 
  
s2  1
 lim s  2  2   lim s  2    2 1  1
s 
 s  1  s  
1 2
1 
 
 s 
L.H.S=R.H.S

Solution
L  f  t   F  s 
1
  L sin t  cos t ss 1
s
1 1 s 1 1 s2
    
s  s  1  1  s  1  1 s  s  1 2  1
2 2

t  s0

t 
1 s2   s2  2 s 
R. H. S. = lim s   
 s 0 
lim 1   1
s 0
 s ( s  1) 2
 1   s 2
 2 s  2 
L.H.S.=R.H.S
1  1 1 s 
19. Find L    2 .
 s 3 s s 9
Solution
 1 1 s 
L1    2   e  1  cosh 3t
3t
 s 3 s s 9
 s 
20. Find L  .
1
2 
 s  2  
Solution
 s       
L1    L1  s  2  2   L1  1   2 L1  1   e 2 t  2 t e 2 t
 s  2 
2   s  22   s  22 
 s  2     

 1 
21. Find L  2 .
1

 s  2s  5
Solution
 1   1  e t sin 2t
L1  2   L1 


 ( s  1) 2  4  
 s  2 s  5    2
 s 
22. Find L1  .
 s2  4s  5 
Solution
 s    s  2   2  2 t 1  s  2 
L1  2   L    e L  2
1

 s  4s  5       s 1
2
 s 2 1 
  s  1  1 
 e 2 t  L1  2   2L  2 
  s 1  s  1 
 s 5 
23. Find L  2 .
1

 s  3s  2 
Solution:
 s 5  1   3 
  L1 
A B  1  4 
L1  2     L    L    4 e  3e
t 2t
 s  3s  2   s 1 s  2   s 1  s 2
 s2 
24. Find L1  .
 s  2s  2 
2
Solution:
 s2   ( s  1)  1 
L1  2 = L1    L F s  a   e L F s 
1  at 1
   
  2

s 2 s 2  ( s 1) 1 
 ( s  1)  1  1 
= L1  L  
 ( s  1)  1  ( s  1)  1
2 2
 1  s  1  1 
= e–t  L  2   L  s 2  1  = e (cos t + sin t)
–t
  s  1 

𝟏
25. Find 𝑳−𝟏 [ ].
𝒔𝟐 +𝟔𝒔+𝟏𝟑
Solution
1 1 1
𝐿−1 [ ] = 𝐿−1 [ ] = 𝐿−1 [ ]
𝑠2 + 6𝑠 + 13 2
(𝑠 + 3) + 4 (𝑠 + 3)2 + 22
1 2 1
= 𝐿−1 [(𝑠+3)2 ] = e−3tsin 2𝑡.
2 +22 2
26. Find L1 cot 1  s  1  .
Solution:
Let L1 cot 1  s  1   f  t 

 
 L  f  t    cot 1  s  1
d 1
L tf  t     cot 1  s  1  
ds  s  12  1
 1   1 
tf  t   L1    et L1  2   et sin t
  s  1  1  s  1
2
e t sin t
 f t  
t
s
 s  22
Solution
 s   1 
L1    L1  s. 
  s  2 2    s  2 2 
   
  d
d
 L1 
1   e2t L1  1 
dt   s  2 2  dt  s2 
 
 
d 2t
dt
  
e t  e2t  t 2e2t  e2t 1  2t 
*****
Module – 3 Laplace Transforms
Laplace Transforms of standard functions – Transforms properties – Transforms of Derivatives

and Integrals – Initial value theorems (without proof) and verification for some problems – Final
value theorems (without proof) and verification for some problems – Inverse Laplace transforms
using partial fractions – Inverse Laplace transforms using second shifting theorem – LT using
Convolution theorem – problems only – ILT using Convolution theorem – problems only – LT of
periodic functions – problems only – Solve linear second order ordinary differential equations
with constant coefficients only – Solution of Integral equation and integral equation involving
convolution type – Application of Laplace Transform in Engineering.
Periodic function:
A function f (t) is said to be periodic function if f(t + p) = f(t) for all t. The least value of p > 0
is called the period of f(t). For example, sin t and cos t are periodic functions with period 2 .
Laplace Transform:
Let f(t) be a given function which is defined for all positive values of t, if

L{f(t)}= F(s) =  -st
 e f(t) dt exists, then F(s) is called Laplace transform of f(t).
0
Sufficient condition for the existence of Laplace transform:

The Laplace transform of f(t) exists if
i. f(t) is piecewise continuous in [a, b] where a > 0 .
ii. f(t) is of exponential order.
Laplace transform for some basic functions
S.No f(t) L{f(t)}
1 e at 1
, sa 0
sa
2 e  at 1
, sa 0
sa
3 sin at a
, s0
s  a2
2
4 cos at s
, s0
s  a2
2

5 sinh at a
,s a
s  a2
2
6 cosh at s
,s a
s  a2
2
7 1 1
s
8 t 1
s2
9 tn n!
s n 1
10 Periodic function 1
e at f  t  dt
p
with period ‘p’ 1  e ps 0
Properties of Laplace transform:
Sl. Property Laplace Transform

No.
1 Linear Property L  af  t   bg t    aL  f t    bL  g t  
2 First shifting theorem L  e at f  t    F  s  a 
L  e at f  t    F  s  a 
3 Change of scale property 1 s

L  f  at    F  , a  0
a a
4 Multiplication by t dn
L  t f  t     1 F s
n n
ds n
5 Division by t  f t    f t 
L   s F  s  ds, provided lim
t 0
exists
 t  t
  f t dt   L  fst 

6 Transforms of integrals t
L
0

Inverse Laplace transform for some basic functions:
S.No F(s) f  t   L1  F  s  
1 1 e at
, sa 0
sa
2 1 e  at
, sa 0
sa
3 a sin at
, s0
s  a2
2
4 s cos at
, s0
s  a2
2
5 a sinh at
,s a
s  a2
2
6 s cosh at
,s a
s  a2
2
7 1 1
s
8 1 t
s2
9 n! tn
s n 1
Initial Value theorem:
If L  f  t    F  s  then lim f  t   lim sF  s 

t 0 s 
Final value theorem:
If L  f  t    F  s  then lim f  t   lim sF  s 

t  s 0
Convolution:
 f u  g t  u  du  f t  * g t 
t
The convolution of two functions f(t) and g(t) is defined as
0

Convolution theorem:
The Laplace transform of convolution of two functions is equal to the product of their Laplace
transforms.
(i.e) L  f  t   g  t    L  f  t   L  g  t   .
 d 
Solution: L[sin 2t  2t cos 2t ] = L[sin 2t ]  2 L[t cos 2t ]  Lsin 2t   2  Lcos 2t 
 ds 
  s 2  4  (1)  s(2s) 
2 d  s  2
= 2 2  2  = 2  2 
s 4 ds  s  4  s 4 
 s  4 
2
2

=
  
2 s2  4  2 4  s2 
 s  4
2
2
16
 L[sin 2t  2t cos 2t ] =
s 
2
2
4
2. Find the Laplace transform sin3  2t 
1 3 1
Solution: L  sin3  2t  = L[3sin2t – sin6t] = L[sin2t] – L[sin6t]
  4 4 4
 1 
 sin t  3sin t  sin 3t  
3
 4 
3  2  1 6  6 1 1 
=  2 –  2  =  2  .
4  s  4  4  s  36  2
4  s  4 s  36 
Find the Laplace transform of f  t   cos 2  3t  .

3.
1  cos 6t  L(1)  L(cos 6t ) 1  cos 2t
Solution: L[cos2 3t]  L    cos 2 t 
 2 2 2
1 s 1 s
=  L(1)  , L(cos at )  2
2s 2( s  36)
2
s s  a2
s 2  18
 L[cos2 3t] =
s ( s 2  36)

4. Find the Laplace transform of unit step function
0 , t  a
Solution: The Unit step function is ua ( t )  
1, t  a, a  0
  
 e  st  1  e  as
The Laplace transform L  f  t     e  st
f (t ) dt   e (1) dt  
 st
    e  e  as
  .
0 a  s  a s  s
e  t sin t
Find the Laplace transform of the following functions (i) (ii) t 2 cos t
5. t
Solution:
et sin t
(i) To find
t
 

t
L
 t 
   1   1
  L  sin t s 1 ds  s  2  ds  s ds
 s  1  s 1  s  1  1
s 2
 
  tan 1  s  1    tan 1  s  1  cot 1  s  1
s 2
(ii) t 2 cos t
 d2  d2  s 
L t cos t    2 L  cos t   2  2 
 2 
 ds  ds  s  1 
 2
 
 
d  s  1 .1  1.2s.s  d  1  s 2 
 

  ds  2 2 
   
2
ds  s2  1   s 1 
   
 s  1  2s   1  s 2  2  s 2  1 2s  
2
2
2 s 3  s 2
 
 s  1  s  1
3 3
2 2
1
Find the Laplace transform of e 2t t 2 .
6.
Solution: L e t 2  = L t 2 
1 1
2t
    ss  2
If L  f (t )   F ( s ), then L e  at f (t )   F ( s ) s  s  a

  1   1  1 
   2  1   2  2  
=      
 s 2 3  s 3 
   2 
ss  2  ss  2
1
  1 
= 2    2    ,n  1  n n 
3    
( s  2) 2
Find L  t 2 e  t cos t 
7.
Solution:
L t 2 e t cos t   L t 2 cos t 

s  s 1
 2 d
2   d 2  s 
  1 L cos t   2  2 
 ds 2  ss 1  ds  s  1  ss 1


2
 
 d s  1 1  s.2s  

 
ds 2
 s2  1 
s s 1
 
 d 1 s 
2

ds s 2  1 2 
   
s s 1
 3 
 2s  6s 
 3

 s  1 
2
s s 1

2  s  1  6  s  1
3

 s  1  1 2 3
Find L  t 2 e t sin t 
8.
Solution:
2
2 d
L t e sin t    1
 2 t  L et sin t  ... (1)
2 
ds

1
Now L et sin t    L  sin t   ... (2)
s s 1
 s  12  1
Substituting (2) in (1) we get
   
d  0  2  s  1  d  2  s  1 
L t e sin t   
2 t
2

ds  s 2  2s  2 2
ds 

 
s  1  1 
2

    
s   2  2  s  1 2  s 2  2s  2  2s  2
2
2
 2s  2

s 
4
2
 2s  2

   
2 s 2  2 s  2   s 2  2 s  2  4  s  1 
2
 
 
4
s 2  2s  2

 
2 s 2  2s  2   s 2  2s  2  4s 2  4  8s 
s 
4
2
 2s  2
 F s 

2 s 2  2s  2 3s 2  6s  2 

2 3s 2  6s  2 
s  s 
4 3
2
 2s  2 2
 2s  2
 sin 2 t 
Find L  
9.  t 
Solution:

 sin 2 t  1  cos 2t  1 1  cos 2t  1
L
t
  L  2t  L
 2   2  L 1  cos 2t  ds

  t s
 
1 1 s 
   L 1  L  cos 2t  ds     2
1
ds
2s 2 s  s s  4 
 
1 s 
1
2
1
2
2 
s

 log s  log s  4   log
2 

s 2  4  s



   
     
1
 log
1  1
 log1  log
1   1 0  log s

2 4  2 4  2  s 2  4 
 1 2   1 2 
 s s  s 
1
1  s  1  s2  4 
F  s   log    log  
2  s2  4  2  s 

2 t
10.
Using Laplace transform, Evaluate  te sin t dt
0
   st   d 
Solution: e
2t
f (t )dt =   e f (t )dt  =  L[t sin t ]s  2 =   L sin t 
0  0  s  2  ds s 2
 

d  1 
   2s  4
 2 
ds  s  1   s2  1
   25
2
 
t
11.
Evaluate  sin u cos(t  u) du using Laplace Transform.
0
t 
Solution: Let L   sin u cos(t  u )du  Lsin t  cost 
0 
= L[sin t] L[cos t] (by Convolution theorem)
1 s s
 
s 2
1  s 2
1  s 2
1 
2
       
t
1  s  1 1  2 s  t  1  2s  
 sin u cos(t  u )du  L  2 2   2 L  2 2
 sin t  L  2
 t sin at 
0  s  1   s  1    
2 


 s2  a2
  



t
Find the Laplace transform of  t e  t sin t dt
12. 0
Solution:
1
L  sin t  
s 1
2

d  1 
L  t sin t     2
 s 2  1 0  2s 
    2s  

ds  s  1  
   
2 2
 s2  1  s2  1
t 2s 2  s  1 2  s  1
 L te sin t    
 s  1  1  s

 s  1 
2 2 2
2 2 2
 2s  2
s s 1
 t t  1
L  t e sin t dt   L te t sin t 
 0  s
 1 2  s  1

 
s s 2  2s  2 2
 t cos t dt
t
Find the Laplace transform of e
13. 0
 t t   t  1 
L e  t cos t dt    L   t cos t dt     L  t cos t  
 0    0   s s 1  s  s s 1
1  d   1 d  s 
    L  cos t    
 s  ds   s s 1  s ds  s 2  1  s s 1
 
  2 2
   2 

 1  s  1  2s    1  1 s 
   
s  s2  1 2   2 
    s 2
  s s 1   s  1   s s 1  
 2   
 s  1    s  1 2
 1  s 2  2s
 F s   2
  2

    s  1 s 2  2s  2  
2
 s s 2
 1  s s 1   s  1  
 s  1 2
 1
 
 t sin 3tdt
 4t
Find the Laplace transform of e
14.
0
Solution:
3
L sin 3t  
s 9
2

d  3 
L t sin 3t     2   
 s 2  9 0  3(2s) 
 6s
    
ds  s  9 
   
2 2
 s2  9  s2  9
 
t  L(t sin 3t ) 6
L   t sin 3tdt    2
0  s ( s  9) 2
 t  t  6 6
L  e 4t  t sin 3tdt   L   t sin 3tdt   
   
  s  4 2  9  s 
2 2
 0  0  ss  4 2
 8s  16  9
 4t t  6
 L  e  t sin 3tdt  
 
 
2
 0  s 2  8s  25
15. Verify initial and final value theorems for the function f(t) = 1 + e–t (sin t + cos t)
Solution:

t 0 s
L  f  t   F  s 
1
  L sin t  cos t ss 1
s
1 1 s 1 1 s2
    
s  s  1 2  1  s  1 2  1 s  s  1 2  1
L.H.S.  lim f  t   1  1  2
t 0
1 s2   s  s  2 
R.H.S  lim s     lim 1  
s  s
  s  1 2
 1 

s 
  s  1 2
 1 
  2   2 
 s 2 1     1 
 s s
 lim 1    lim 1    11  2
s  2 2 2  s  2
 1  2 
 s 1  
 s s 2  
   s s2 
L.H.S=R.H.S


t  s0

t 
 s  s  2 
R.H.S  lim 1    1 0  1
   
s0  s  1
2
 1
L.H.S.=R.H.S
16. Find the

Laplace transform of the square wave function defined by
 a
 E, 0  t 

f t   & f t  a  f t 
2
a
 E ,  t  a

 2
Solution:
a
1
L  f  t     as 
e st f  t  dt
1 e 0
1  
a/2 a
   
1  e as  0 
 st  st
  e f t dt  e f t dt 
a/2 
1  a / 2  st a  E  e st 
a/2
 e st  
a
  Ee dt   e st   E  dt        
1  e as  0  1  e
 as
  s 0  s a / 2 
a/2 
E    as    
as
    e 2  1   e as  e 2  

s 1  e as   

 
 


E   as  
as
 as
  e  1  e  e 2 
2

s 1  e as   
2  
as 
E  
as  E 1 e 2 
 1  e 2    
  
as

as   

s 
as

s 1  e 2 1  e 2  1 e 
2
  
  

E  e sa / 4  e sa / 4  E  sa 
 F s   sa / 4   tanh  
s e  e sa / 4  s  4
1, 0  t  b
Find the Laplace transform of the rectangular wave given by f  t   
17.  1, b  t  2b
1, 0  t  b
Given f  t   
 1, b  t  2b
This function is periodic in the interval  0, 2b  with period 2b.
2b
1
L  f  t    e
 st
f  t  dt
1  e 2bs 0
1  b  st 2b 
 e f  t  dt   e f  t  dt 
 st

1  e 2bs  0 b 
1  b  st 2b  1  e  st  b  e  st  2b 
  e dt   e  1 dt  
 st  
 
1  e 2bs  0  1  e
2bs
  s  0   s  b 
b  

1
  
  e bs  1  e 2bs  e bs  

s 1 e 2bs
  
1  e bs  1  e bs
   e bs 
2


s 1 e 2bs
  
1  1  e  bs 
1
 
2
 1  e bs  
 
s 1  e bs 1  e bs  s  1  e  bs 
1  e sb / 2  e sb / 2  1  sb 
 F  s    sb / 2    tanh  
s e e sb / 2
 s 2
t , 0 t a
Find the Laplace transform of f(t) =  and f(t+2a) = f(t) for all t
18.  2a  t , a  t  2a
Solution:
2a
1
L  f  t    e
 st
f  t  dt
1  e 2 as 0

1  a  st 2a 
   e f  t  dt   e  st
f  t  dt 
1  e 2as  0 a 
1  a  st 2a 
   e t dt   e  st
 2 a  t  dt 
1  e 2as  0 a 
  e  st   e  st   
a
 e  st   e  st  
2a 
1
 s     s2        2  
  t  1  2 a  t  1 
1  e2as        0   s   s   a 
 
    st    st   a   e st   e st   
2a
1 e e
   t       2a  t      s2   

1  e2as    s   s 2   
  s    
a 
 0
1   e as e as   1    e2as  ae  as e  as   
    a  2    2   2    2  
1  e2as   s s   s    s  s s   
1   ae  as e  as 1 e 2 as ae  as e  as 
   2  2  2   2 
1  e 2 as  s s s s s s 
 
2
1 1  e 2 as  2e  as  1  e  sa
    2
1  e 2 as  s2  s 1 e
 as
1  e  as   
1  e sa 1  as 
 F s   tanh  

s 2 1  e as  s 2
 2
 
sin  t , 0  t  
Find the Laplace transform of the rectangular wave given by f  t   
 0,  2
t
19.   
Solution:
2  2 
This function is periodic function with period in the interval  0, 
   
2

1
L  f  t    2 s e
 st
f  t  dt
1 e  0

 
1    st 
 2 s   e sin  t dt  0 
 0 
1 e  

1  e st 
 2 s  2   s sin  t   cos  t  
s 
2
 0
1 e
  s 
1 e     
 2 s  2 2 
1 e   s  
 
  s 
  e   1
  
   
      s 
 s  s 
1  e   1  e   s 2   2
  
  1  e




 s2   2 
    
 s 
Find L1  
20.  s2  4s  5 
Solution:
 s    s  2   2  2 t 1  s  2 
L1  2   L1
   e L  2 
 s  4s  5       s 1
2
 s 2 1 
  s  1  1 
 e 2 t  L1  2   2L  2 
  s 1  s  1 
 s2 
Find L1  2 
21.  s  2s  2 
 s2   ( s  1)  1 
Solution: L1  2 = L1    L F s  a   e L F s 
1  at 1
   
  2

s 2 s 2  ( s 1) 1 
 ( s  1)  1  1 
= L1  L  
 ( s  1)  1  ( s  1)  1
2 2

  s   1 
=e–t  L1  2   L1  2  
  s  1  s  1 
1  s2 
L  2  = e–t (cos t + sin t)
 s  2s  2 
 s 
Find L1  
 ( s  2)3 
22.  
1  s   s  2  2
Solution: L   = L1 
3

3 
 (s  2)   ( s  2 ) 
1  1  1  1 
= L  
2 
– 2 L 
 ( s  2) 3 
 ( s  2)   
2t 1  1 2
=e L  2  – e 2t L1  3 
s  s 

= e2t t  t 2 . 
1  1  1  
Find L  tan  
23.   s 
1  1 
Solution: Let F(s) = tan  
s
F'  s  1   1 1
=   =
1  (1 / s ) 2  s 2  s2  1
 1 
By property L1  F'  s     L1    sint
   s 2  1
1 1 '
 L1 F ' ( s)    sin t ; L1  F (s)   L  F  s 
t
  1   sin t
 L1  tan 1    
  s  t
s
Find the inverse Laplace transform of
24.  s  22

Solution:
 s   1 
L1    L1  s. 
  s  2 2    s  2 2 
   
  d
d
 L1 
1   e2t L1  1 
dt   s  2 2  dt  s2 
 
 
d 2t
dt
  
e t  e2t  t 2e2t  e2t 1  2t 
25. Find L1 cot 1  s  1 
Let L1 cot 1  s  1   f  t 
 L  f  t    cot 1  s  1
d 1
L tf  t     cot 1  s  1  
ds  s  12  1
 1   1 
tf  t   L1    et L1  2   et sin t
  s  1  1  s  1
2
e t sin t
 f t  
t
 1 s 
Find the inverse Laplace transform of log  
26.  s2 
Solution:
  1  s 
Let L1 log  2    f  t 
  s 
1 s 
 L  f  t    log  
 s2 
d   1  s    d 
L t f  t     log  2   
ds   s   ds    
log 1  s   log s 2   
1 1
 2 2s
1 s s
2 1
L t f  t    
s s 1

2 1  1  1 
t f  t   L1     2 L1    L1    2 1  et
 s s  1   
s  s  1 
2  et
 f t  
t
t
1   1  s  2  e
 L log   
  s2  t
 2 
1 5 s  15 s  11 
Find L 
27.   s  1 s  2  3 
 
Solution:
5s 2  15s  11 A B C D
   
 s  1 s  2  3
s  1 s  2  s  2 2
 s  2 3
5s 2  15s  11  A s  2   B  s  1 s  2   C  s  1 s  2   D  s  1
3 2
1
Put s  1  A  
3
1
Equating the coefficients of s3  B 
3
Put s  2  D  7
Put s  0  C  4
5s 2  15s  11 1/ 3 1/ 3 4 7
    
 s  1 s  2  3
s  1 s  2  s  2 2
 s  2 3
 5s 2  15s  11  1 1  1  1 1  1   1   1 
1 1 1
L     L  L  4 L    7 L  
  s  1 s  2  
3
3  s  1 3  s  2    s  2  
2
  s  2  
3
1 1 1 1
  et  e2t  4e2t L1  2   7e2t L1  3 
3 3 s  s 
1 1 7 2
  et  e2t  4e2t t  e 2t L1  3 
3 3 2 s 
1  t 1 2t 7 2t 2
 f  t    e  e  4e t  e t
2t
3 3 2
 
Using Convolution theorem find L  
s 1
2
28.
 s  a
2 2
  
Solution:
L1  F  s  G  s    L1  F  s    L1 G  s 
 
L  1 s   L1  s   L1  1   L1  s   1 L1  a 
 2 2  s 2  a 2   s 2  a 2   s 2  a 2  a  s 2  a 2 
 s  a
2
  
1 1
 cos at  sin at   cos at  sin at 
a a
t t
1 1
  cos au sin a  t  u  du   sin  at  au  cos au du
a0 a0
1 sin  at  au  au   sin  at  au  au 
t
a 0
 du
2
t
1
sin at  sin a  t  2u   du
2a 0 

  cos a  t  2u   
t
1 
 sin at u    
2a   2a 0
 cos a  t  2u   
t
1 
 u sin at    
2a   2a  0
1   cos at   cos at  
  t sin at     0  
2a   2a   2a  
1  cos at cos at  1
f t   t sin at    t sin at
2a  2a 2a  2a
s
Find the inverse Laplace transform of using convolution theorem.
29. ( s  a )( s 2  b2 )
2 2
Solution:

L1  F  s  G  s    L1  F  s    L1 G  s 
 
 L  1 s   L1  s   L1  1 

2 2

 s  a s 2  b2   

 s2  a2 
 
 s 2  b2 
 
1
 cos at  sin bt
b
t
1
  cos au sin b  t  u  du
b0
t
1
sin  au  bt  bu   sin  au  bt  bu   du
2b 0 

t
sin   a  b  u  bt   sin   a  b  u  bt   du
1
2b 0 

1   cos  bt   a  b  u  cos   a  b  u  bt  
t
   
2b  ab ab  0
1   cos  bt  at  bt  cos  at  bt  bt     cos bt cos bt  

     
2b  ab ab   a b a  b  
1   cos  at  cos  at     cos bt cos bt  

     
2b  a  b a b   a b a  b  
1  2b cos at 2b cos bt 

   2 
2b  a 2  b 2 a  b2 
cos bt  cos at
f t  
a 2  b2
s2
Find the inverse Laplace transform of using convolution theorem.
30. ( s 2  a 2 )( s 2  b2 )
Solution:
L1  F  s  G  s    L1  F  s    L1 G  s 

 
L  1 s2   L1  s   L1  s   cos at  cos bt
 
 s 2  a 2 s 2  b2   

 s2  a2 
 
 s 2  b2 
 
t
  cos au cos b  t  u  du
0
t
1
cos  au  bt  bu   cos  au  bt  bu   du
2 0 

t
  cos   a  b  u  bt   cos   a  b  u  bt   du
1
20
1  sin  bt   a  b  u  sin   a  b  u  bt  
t
   
2  a b ab  0
1  sin  bt  at  bt  sin  at  bt  bt    sin bt sin bt  

     
2  ab ab   a  b a  b  
1  sin  at  sin  at    sin bt sin bt  

     
2  a  b a  b   a  b a  b  
1  2a sin  at  2b sin  bt  
   2 
2  a 2  b2 a  b2 
a sin  at   b sin  bt 
f t  
a 2  b2
s
31. s 2

 1 s2  4 
Solution:
 
s   L1  s 1   s  1  2 
L 
1
 L1  2   L1  2
 
 s2  1 s2  4   

 
 s 1 s  4
2 2
 s  1 2

 s  4
1
 cos t  sin 2t
2

t
1
cos u sin 2  t  u  du
2 0

t
1
  sin  u  2t  2u   sin  u  2t  2u   du
40
 Q 2 cos A sin B  sin  A  B   sin  A  B  
t
1
  sin  2t  u   sin  u  2t   du
40
1   cos  2t  u  cos  u  2t  
t
   
4 1 1 0
1
cos t  cos 2t  cos t  cos 2t 

4
1
  2 cos t  2 cos 2t 
4
1
 f  t    cos t  cos 2t 
2
2
Using Convolution theorem find the inverse Laplace transform of
32.  s  1  s 2  4 
Solution:
 
L 
1 2   L1  1 2   1  1  2 
 L1  L  2
  s  1 s 2  4
   

 
 s 1 s  4
2
 s  1  s  4 
 e  t  sin 2t
t
  e  u sin 2  t  u  du
0
t
  e  u sin  2t  2u  du
0
t
  e  u  sin 2t cos 2u  cos 2t sin 2u  du
0
t t
 e u
sin 2t cos 2u du   e  u cos 2t sin 2u du
0 0

t t
 sin 2t  e  u cos 2u du  cos 2t  e  u sin 2u du
0 0
t t
 eu   eu 
 sin 2t    cos 2u  2sin 2u   cos 2t    sin 2u  2cos 2u 
1  4 0 1  4 0
 e  t    et 
  cos 2t  2sin 2t     1   cos 2t    sin 2t  2cos 2t     2 
1 1
 sin 2t 
 5  5   5 5 
 et 1  et  2 
 sin 2t    cos 2t  2sin 2t     cos 2t    sin 2t  2 cos 2t   
 5 5  5 5 
et 1 2
   sin 2t cos 2t  2sin 2 2t  sin 2t cos 2t  2 cos 2 2t   sin 2t  cos 2t
5   5 5
et 1 2
  2 1   sin 2t  cos 2t
5 5 5
1
f t    2e  t  sin 2t  2 cos 2t 
5 
s2
33. s 2

 1 s2  4 
Solution:
L1  F  s  G  s    L1  F  s    L1 G  s 
 
 L 
1 s2   L1  s   L1  s 
 
 s 2  12  s 2
2

2 

 s 2  12 
 
 s 2  22 
 
 cos t  cos 2t
t
  cos u cos 2  t  u  du
0
t
1
  cos  u  2t  2u   cos  u  2t  2u   du
20
t
1
  cos  u  2t   cos  3u  2t   du
20

1  sin  2t  u  sin  3u  2t  
t
   
2 1 3 0
1  sin t sin t   sin 2t sin 2t  

     
2  1 3   1 3  
1  2sin t 4sin 2t 
   
2  3 3 
sin t  2sin 2t
f t  
3
 
e2 s
Find L  1 
34.

 s2  s  1
 
2
 
Solution:
 
e2 s   L1  e e s 
s
L1   2 

 s 2  s  1
   s  s 1 s  s 1
2 2
 
 1   1 
 L1  2   L1  2 
 s  s  1 t t 1  s  s  1 t t 1
   
   
1  1  1  1 
L L
 2
1 3    1 3 
2
  s       s    
 2  4 t t 1  2  4 t t 1
   
   
 1   1 
 et / 2 L1  2   e  t / 2 1
L  2 
 2  3   2  3 
 s   2    s   2  
   t t 1    t t 1
  3   3 
 sin  t  sin  t
 t / 2  2  t / 2  2  
 e e 
 3 3 
 2 2 
t t 1

2  3  2  3 
 e
 t 1 / 2
sin   t  1   et 1 / 2 sin   t  1 
3  2  3  2 
4   t 1 / 2  3   3 
 e sin   t  1   et 1 / 2 sin   t  1  
3   2   2  
4 t 
u 1

t u 1
 3 3  3 3 3
  e 2
e 2
sin  u  sin  t u  du
3 0  2 2   2 2 2 
 t 
4 t  2 1 1  3 3   3 
  e cos  u t   cos  t  3  du
3 0 2  2 2   2 
t
  3 3  
 t 2  
sin  u t  
2  2    2 2   3  
 e   cos  t  3  u 
3 3  2  

 2 
0
 t 2 
   4 3 2  3 
e  2 
 sin t  t cos  t  3  
 3 3 2 3  2  
dy
Solve using Laplace transform  y  e  t given that y(0) = 0.
35. dt
Solution: Taking L.T. on both sides, we get L  y'  t   L  y  t   L et 

   
sL  y  t   y  0  L  y  t   L et 

 
1
sL  y  t    0  L  y  t   
s 1
1
(s+1) L[y(t)] =
s 1
1
L[y(t)] =
( s  1) 2
y(t)
 1
= L1 
 ( s  1)
2
  1
  e t L 2   e-t t
 s 
 L e at f  t    F  s  a 
  

36. Using Laplace transform to solve the differential equation

y''  y'  t 2  2t , given y  4, y'  2 when t  0
Solution:
Given y''  y'  t 2  2t
L  y''  y '   L t 2  2t 

 
 s 2 L  y  t   sy  0   y '  0    sL  y  t   y  0   2  2
        s3 s 2
 
L  y  t   s 2  s 
2
3
s

2
s2
 4s  2  4
2 2
L  y  t   s  s  1    4s  2
s3 s 2
2  2s  4s 4  2s3
L  y  t   
s 4  s  1
2 2 2
L  y  t     4
s s s 1
2 2 2 
y  t   L1   4 
s s s  1 
t3
 22  2et
6
t3
y t   2   2e t
3
37.
 
Solve D 2  3 D  2 y  e 3t , given y  0   1,and y'  0   1 using Laplace Transforms
Solution:
Given y''  3 y'  2 y  e3t
Taking Laplace transforms on both side
   
L y''  3 y'  2 y  L e3t
1
L  y ''  t    3L  y '  t    2 L  y  t   
    s3

 s 2 L  y  t    sy  0   y '  0    3  sL  y  t    y  0    2 L  y  t   1
    s3
 s 2 L  y  t    s 1   1   3  sL  y  t    1  2 L  y  t    1
    s3
1
L  y  t    s 2  3s  2   s2
s3
s 2  5s  7 1  s 2  5s  7 
L  y  t    y  t   L  
 
,
 s  3 s  3s  2   s  1 s  2  s  3 
2
 3/ 2 1 1/ 2 
y  t   L1   
 s  1 s  2 s  3 
3 1  1  1  1  1 1  1 
y t   L  L   L 
2  s  1   s  2  2  s  3 
3 1
y  t   et  e2t  e 3t
2 2
38. Solve y''  2 y'  3 y  sin t , given y  0   0, y'  0   0
Solution:
Given y''  2 y'  3 y  sin t
L  y''  t   2 y'  t   3 y  t   L sin t 

 
L  y''  t   2L  y '  t   3L  y t   L sin t 

   
 s 2 L  y  t   sy  0  y '  0  2  sL  y  t   y  0  3L  y  t   1

    s2  1
 s 2 L  y  t   s  0   0  2  sL  y  t    0   3L  y t   1

    s2  1
1
s 2 L  y  t   2sL  y  t   3L  y  t  
s 1
2

L  y  t  s 2  2s  3   1
s2  1
1
L  y  t   
 s  1 s
2 2
 2s  3 
   
1 1
y t   L1    L1  

2
 2

 s  1 s  2s  3 
  
  s  1 s  3 s 2  1   

Now
1 A B Cs  D
  
 s  1 s  3  s 2  1 s  1 s  3 s2  1  
   
1  A  s  3 s 2  1  B  s  1 s 2  1   Cs  D  s  1 s  3
1
Put s  1  A 
8
1
Put s  3  B 
40
1
Equating coeff. of s3  C 
10
1
Equating the constant terms  D 
5
1 1/ 8 1/ 40  1/10  s  1/ 5
   
 s  1 s  3  s 2  1 s 1 s  3 s2  1  
   1/10  s  1/ 5 
L 
1 1   L1  1/ 8  1/ 40   
  s  1 s  3 s 2  1
   

 s 1 s  3
 
s 1
2
 

1 1  1  1 1  1  1 1  s  2 
 L   L   L  2 
8  s  1  40  s  3  10  s  1
1 1 1   s   2 
 et  e3t   L1  2   L1  2  
8 40 10   s  1  s  1 
1 1 1
 et  e3t   cos t  2sin t 
8 40 10
 
Solve the equation y+ 9y = cos2t with y(0) =1, y   = –1
39. 2
Solution:

 
Given D2  9 y  cos 2t
Taking Laplace transforms on both sides
L  y ''  t   9L  y  t    L cos 2t 
s
s 2 L  y  t   sy  0   y '  0   9L  y  t  
s2  4
Using the initial conditions
y  0  1, and taking y '  0   k
We have
s
s 2 L  y  t    s 1  k  9L  y  t  
s 42
s sk
 L  y  t    
s 2

 4 s2  9  s2  9
s s s k
   

5 s2  4  5s 2
9  s 9
2
s 9
2
1 1  s  1 1  s  1  s   s 
 y t   L  2   L  2  L  2   k L1  2 
5 s  4 5 s  9 s  9 s  9
1 1 k
 cos 2t  cos 3t  cos 3t  sin 3t
5 5 3
   1 1 k 1 k
Put t  we get y     1   0   0   1   
2 2 5 5 3 5 3
 
But given y    1
2
1 k
 1   
5 3
12
 k 
5
1 1 4
 y t   cos 2t  cos 3t  cos 3t  sin 3t
5 5 5
4 1
y t   cos 3t  sin 3t   cos 2t
5 5

40. Solve x''  2 x'  5 x  e  t sin t , where x  0   0, x'  0   1 using Laplace Transforms
Solution:
Given x''  2x'  5x  et sin t
L  x''  2 x'  5x   L et sin t 

 
1
L  x''  t   2L  x'  t   5L  x  t   2
    s  2s  2
 s 2 L  x  t   sx  0   x'  0   2  sL  x  t   x  0   5L  x t   1

    s  2s  2
2
 s 2 L  x  t   s  0   1  2  sL  x  t    0   5L  x t   1

    s  2s  2
2
1
L  x  t   s 2  2s  5  1
s  2s  2
2
s 2  2s  3
L  x  t    s 2  2s  5 
s 2  2s  2
s 2  2s  3  s  12  2
L  x  t    
 s2  2s  2 s 2  2s  5  s  12  1  s  12  4
 
  s  12  2 
x t   L 
1
 
  s  1  1  s  1  4
2 2
 

 
s2  2
x t   e L 
t 1 

 s2  1 s2  4
   

 1/ 3 2/3 
x  t   et L1  2  2 
s 1 s  4
1 1 
 et  sin t  sin 2t 
3 3 

et
 sin t  sin 2t 
3
y''  3 y'  2 y  4t  e 3 t , where y  0   1, y'  0   1
Solution:
Given y''  3 y'  2 y  4t  3et
L  y''  3 y'  2 y   L 4t  3et 

 
L  y''  t   3L  y'  t   2L  y t   4L t   3L e3t 

   
 s 2 L  y  t   sy  0   y '  0   3  sL  y  t   y  0   2L  y t   4  3
         
s2 s  3
 s 2 L  y  t   s 1   1  3  sL  y  t   1  2L  y t   4  3

    s2 s  3
 s 2 L  y  t   s  1  3  sL  y  t   1  2L  y  t   4  3

    s2 s  3
 
L  y  t   s 2  3s  2  s  4 
s
4
2

3
s3
 s  4  s 2  s  3   4  s  4   3s 2

L  y  t   s 2  3s  2   s 2  s  3
s 4  7 s 3  13s 2  4s  12
L  y  t   
s 2

 3s  2 s 2  s  3
s 4  7 s3  13s 2  4s  12
L  y  t   
 s  2  s  1 s 2  s  3
 s 4  7 s3  13s 2  4s  12 
y t   L  1

  s  2  s  1 s  s  3 
2

A B C D E 
 L1   2   
s s s  1 s  2 s  3 
 3 2 1 / 2 2 1/ 2 
 L1   2   
s s s  1 s  2 s  3 
1 1
y  t   3  2t  et  2e 2t  e3t
2 2
42. Solve y''  3 y'  2 y  e 2t , y  0   3, y'  0   5
Solution:
Given y ''  3 y '  2 y  e2t
L  y''  3 y'  2 y   L e2t 

 
L  y''   3L  y '   2L  y   L e2t 

   
 s 2 L  y  t    sy  0  y '  0   3  sL  y  t    y  0   2 L  y  t   1
    s2
1
 s 2 L  y  t    s  3  5  3  sL  y  t     3   2 L  y  t   
    s2
1
s 2 L  y  t    3s  5  3sL  y  t    9  2 L  y  t   
s2
1
L  y  t    s 2  3s  2   3s  14 
s2
1
L  y  t    s 2  3s  2    3s  14
 s2
3s 2  20 s  27
 L  y  t   
 s  2   s 2  3s  2 
 
3s 2  20s  27
y  t   L1  
 
  s  2  s 2  3s  2  

 3s 2  20s  27 
y t   L 
1

  s  1 s  2  
2
3s 2  20s  27 A B C
  
 s  1 s  22 s  1 s  2  s  2 2

3s 2  20s  27  A  s  2  B  s  1 s  2  C  s  1

2
Put s  1  A  10
Put s  2  C  1
Equating the coeff.of s 2  B  7
3s 2  20s  27 10 7 1

   
 s  1 s  2 2 s  1 s  2  s  2 2
 3s 2  20s  27   1 
1  10  1  7 
L1    L  s  1   L  s  2   L1
 
  s  1 s  2 2    s  2 2 
1
 10et  7e2t  e2t L1  2 
s 
 10et  7e2t  te2t

43. dx dy
Solve  2 x  3 y  0;  y  2 x  0 with x  0   8 , y  0   3
dt dt
The given differential equation canbe written as
x'  t   2 x  3 y  0 y '  t   y  2 x  0
Taking Laplace transforms weget,
L  x '  t   2 x  3 y   L  0
 
sL  x  t    x  0   2 L  x  t    3L  y  t    0
sL  x  t    8  2 L  x  t    3L  y  t    0
L  x  t    s  2   3L  y  t    8 (1)
And L  y'  t   y  2 x   L 0

 
sL  y  t    y  0   L  y  t    2 L  x  t    0
sL  y  t    3  L  y  t    2 L  x  t    0
2 L  x  t     s  1 L  y  t    3 (2)

Solving (1) and (2) we get,
8s  17 5 3
L  x  t     ,
 s  1 s  4 s  1 s  4
 5 3 
 x  t   L1   ’
 s  1 s  4 
x  t   5et  3e4t
3s  22 5 2
and L  y  t    
 s  1 s  4 s  1 s  4
 5 2 
y  t   L1     5et  2e 4t
 s 1 s  4 
44. dy
t
Determine y which satisfies the equation  2 y   y dt  2cos t , y(0)  1

dt 0
Solution:
t
Given y  t   2 y  t    y  t  dt  2 cos t , y (0) 1
'
t 
L  y '  t    2 L  y  t    L   y  t  dt   L  2cos t 
 0 
1 2s
sL  y  t   y  0   2L  y  t   L  y  t   2
s s 1
1 2s
sL  y  t   1  2L  y  t   L  y  t   2
s s 1
s
L  y  t  
s 1
2
 s 
y  t   L1  2   cos t
 s  1

Kattankulathur
DEPARTMENT OF MEATHEMATICS
18MAB102T ADVANCED CALCULUS & COMPLEX
ANALYSIS
UNIT –IV ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS

Tutorial Sheet -2 Answers
Part – A
1 Find the image of the circle |z|=3 under the transformation w=2z 6
2
Find a function w such that w=u+iv is analytic, if 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑦
𝑓(𝑧) = −𝑖𝑒𝑧 + 𝑐
Determine the analytic function u+iv whose real part

3 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧3 + 3𝑧2 + 𝑐
𝑢 = 𝑥3 − 3𝑥𝑦2 + 3𝑥2 − 3𝑦2 + 1
Part – B
4 Find the analytic function 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 if 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑒 𝑧 + 𝑐

𝑢 − 𝑣 = 𝑒𝑥(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦)
5 Find the analytic function 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 if

𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 cot 𝑧
𝑢−𝑣 = 𝑓(𝑧) = +𝑐
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2𝑦 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 1+𝑖
Determine the region D’ of the w-plane into which the

6
triangular region D enclosed by the lines x=0, y=0,
x+y=1 is transformed under the transformation w=2z
Find an analytic function 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣, given that
7 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 (2 + 3𝑖) cot 𝑧
2𝑢 + 3𝑣 = 𝑓(𝑧) = +𝑐
𝑐𝑜𝑠 ℎ2𝑦−cos 𝑥 13
Module – 5 Complex Integration
Cauchy’s integral formulae – Problems – Taylor’s expansions with simple problems – Laurent’s
expansions with simple problems – Singularities – Types of Poles and Residues – Cauchy’s residue
theorem (without proof) – Contour integration: Unit circle, semicircular contour – Application of
Contour integration in Engineering.
Cauchy’s Integral Theorem
If f (z ) is analytic at every point of the region R bounded by a simple closed curve C and if f ' ( z ) is
continuous at all points inside and on C, then  f ( z ) dz  0
C
Cauchy’s integral formula for nth derivative

If f (z) is analytic inside and on a simple closed curve C and z = a is any interior point of the region R
enclosed by C, then f  n  ( a )  n!  f ( z ) dz
2 i C  z  a n 1
f(z) 2 i  n 
 i.e.  n 1
dz  f a
C  z  a
n!
Taylor’s series
If f  z  is analytic inside a circle C with centre at a then Taylor’s series about z  a is
f ' (a) f ' ' (a)

f ( z )  f (a)  ( z  a)  ( z  a) 2  ...
1! 2!
Laurent’s series
If C1 , C2 are two concentric circles with centre at z = a and radii r 1 and r2 (r1 < r2) and if f(z) is analytic
inside and on the circles and within the annular region between C1 andC2, then for any z in the annular
region, we have
 
f ( z )   an ( z  a) n   bn ( z  a )  n ,
n 0 n 1
1 f ( z) 1 f ( z)
2 i C ( z  a)n 1
where dz and bn 
2 i C ( z  a)n 1
an  dz
1 2
Cauchy’s Residue theorem

If f(z) is analytic inside a closed curve C except at a finite number of isolated singular points a1,a2,…an
inside C, then

 f ( z)dz = 2 i  (sum of the residues of f(z) at these singular points).

C
Contour Integration
Type I:
2
 f  cos ,sin   d
0
dz
Let z  ei , dz  iei d  izd  d 
iz
Then we have
1 1 1 1
cos    z   ; sin    z  
2 z 2i  z
cos 2  Real part of z 2 ; cos n  Real part of z n
sin 2  Im part of z 2 ; sin n  Im part of z n
1  cos 2 1  z 2 
cos  
2
 Real part of  ;
2  2 
1  cos 2 1  z 2 
sin 2    Real part of  
2  2 

2
 f  cos  , sin   d   f  z  dz, where C is z  1 and solve by known method.

0 C
Type II:

 f  x  dx

z4
Using Cauchy’s integral formula, find 
C
z 2  2z  5
dz , where C is z  1  i  2
Solution:
z 1i 2
x  iy  1  i  2
 x  1  i  y  1  2,  x  1   y  1 2
2 2

Squaring on both sides,
 x  1   y  1 4
2 2
This is equation of circle with centre  1,1 and radius 2.
z2  2 z  5  0
2  4  4 1 5  2  4i
z   1  2i
2 1 2
z4 z4
z 2
2z5
dz  
C  z   1  2i    z   1  2i  
dz
C   
Here –1+2i lies inside the circle c and –1–2i lies outside the circle c.
Let a  1  2i
1 f  z
By Cauchy’s integral formula, f  a    dz
2 i C z  a
1 f  z
Substituting for a, f  1  2i   dz ...... 1
2 i C z   1  2i 
Comparing equation (1) with given problem,
z4
f  z 
z   1  2i 
1  2i  4 2i  3 2i  3
f  1  2i    
 1  2i   1  2i  1  2i  1  2i 4i
Substituting for f  1  2i  in 1
2i  3 1 z4
4i
 
2 i C z  2 z  5
2
dz
Cross multiplying
z4  2i  3 2 i    3  2i
z dz   
C
2
2z5 4i 2
sin  z 2  cos  z 2
Using Cauchy’s integral formula, evaluate  dz , where C is z  3
C
( z  2 ) ( z  1)
Solution:

1 f z
We know that, Cauchy’s integral formula is f  a    dz
2 i C z  a
f  z
(i.e) 2 i f  a    dz
C
za
sin  z 2  cos  z 2
Given:  dz Here, f ( z )  sin  z 2  cos  z 2
C
( z  1)( z  2)
The points a1 1, a2  2 lies inside z  3
1 1 1
Now,   (by Partial fraction method)
(z  1)(z  2) (z  1) (z  2)
sin  z 2  cos  z 2 sin  z 2  cos  z 2 sin  z 2  cos  z 2

 dz    dz   dz
C
( z  1)( z  2) C
( z  1) C
( z  2)
  2 i f (1)  2 i f (2)
f (z)  sin  z 2  cos  z 2

f (1)  sin   cos    1 and f (2)  sin 4  cos 4 1
sin  z 2  cos  z 2
 dz   2 i (1)  2 i (1)  4 i
C
( z  1)( z  2)
1
Using Cauchy’s integral formula, evaluate  ( z  2)
C
( z  1) 2
dz , where C is z  3
2
Solution:
Here z  1 is a pole lies inside the circle

z  2 is a pole lies out side the circle
1
  z  2 2 dz
dz

C        z  1
2
z 1 z 2
1 1
Here f  z   , f  z  
z2 ( z  2)2
Hence by Cauchy’s integral formula
f  z 2 i n
C  z  a n1 dz  n! f  a 

1
2 i
C  z  12  z  2   C [ z z (21)]2 dz  1! f (1)
dz
 1   1  1
 2 i    f  z    2 i  
  1  2  
2
  z  2  
2
9

1
 ( z  2) dz  2  i .
C
( z  1) 2
9
z
Using Cauchy’s integral formula, evaluate z
c
2
1
dz where C is z  i  1 .
Solution:
Consider the curve
z  i  1 | x  iy  i | 1
| x  i  y  1 | 1  x 2  ( y  1) 2  1
Which is a circle with centre (0,–1) and radius 1
The poles are obtained by z 2  1  0
 z  i is a simple pole which lies outside C.
z  i is a simple pole which lies inside C.
z
z z ( z  i)
c z 2  1 dz  c ( z  i)( z  i) dz  c ( z  i)  2 if (i)...(1)
z i i 1
f ( z)  , f (i )   
( z  i) (i  i) 2i 2
z 1
(1)   dz  2 if (i )  2 i     i
c
z 1
2
2
Expand f ( z )  log( 1  z ) in Taylor’s series about z  0
Solution: Let f  z   log 1  z  f  0  log1  0
1 1
f ( z )  f (0)  1
1 z 1 0
1
f ( z )  f (0)  1
1  z  2

2
f ( z )  f (0)  2
1  z 3
6 f iv (0)  6
f iv ( z ) 
1  z  4
f (0) f (0) 2 z2 z3 z4
log( 1  z )  f (0)  z z  ...  z     ....
1! 2! 2 3 4
z
Find the Taylor’s series expansion of f(z) = , in the region z  1
( z  1)( z  3)
Solution:
Splitting f(z) into partial fractions, we have
z A B
f z   
 z  1  z  3  z  1  z  3
 z  A  z  3  B  z  1
1
put z   1, we get A 
4
3
put z  3, we get B 
4
 
1  1  3  1  1  1  3  1  1 
 f ( z)          
4  z  1  4  z  3  4  1  z  4  3   z
 1  
 3
1  z 
1
 1  z   1   
1
4   3  
1  z z2 
       1    ...  
2
1 z z ....
4  3 9 
1  1  1  
2
  (1)   z   (1) 2     z 2  ... 

4  3   3  
1   1  n
n
 f ( z )    (1)     z
n
4 n 1   3  
z2 1
Obtain Taylor’s Series to represent the function f ( z )  in the region | z | < 2
( z  2 )( z  3 )
Solution:

z2 1 z2 1
f  z   2
 z  2   z  3 z  5 z  6
Since the degree of the numerator and denominator are same we have to divide and apply partial fractions.
z2 1 5 z  7 5 z  7
 1 2  1
z  5z  6
2
z  5z  6  z  3 z  2 
z z
|z|<2   1 and  1
2 3
Consider
1 1
5 z  7 3 8 3 8 3 z  8 z 
     1    1  
 z  3 z  2  z  2 z  3 2 1  z  3 1  z  2  2  3  3 
   
 2  3
3  z z2  8  z z2 
 1    ....   1    ... 
2 2 2  3 3 9 
z 2 1 5 z  7 3  z z2  8  z z2 
  1   1   1    ....   1    ... 
z  5z  6
2
z  5z  6
2
2 2 2  3 3 9 
1
Find the Laurent’s series expansion of valid in the regions z  2 and 0  z  1  1
 z  2 z 1
Solution:
1 A B A  z  2   B  z  1
f(z)   
 z  2  z  1  z  1  z  2   z  2  z  1
 1  A  z  2  B  z 1
Put z  1, A  1
z  2, B  1
1 1
 f(z) 
 z 1  z  2

Region1:
z 22 z
2
 1
z
1 1
f(z) 
 1  2
z 1   z 1  
 z  z
1 1
1 1 1 2
  1    1  
z z z z
1 1 1  1  2  2 2 
2
  1      ...  1      ...
z  z z  z
  z z 

n n
1  1 1  2
     
z n0  z  z n0 z 
 1  2n
  
n0 z n 1 n0 z n 1
Region 2 :
Put z  1  t  z  1  t
0  z 1 1 0  t 1
 t 1
1 1
f(z) 
 z  1  z  2 
1 1
 
t t 1
1 1
 
t  1  t 
1 1
  1  t 
t

1
t

 1  t  t 2  ... 


1
 z  1  
 1   z  1   z  1  ...
2
1 
   z  1
n

 z  1 n 0
z2  1
Expand f(z) = in a Laurent’s series expansion for z  3 and 2  z  3
z 2  5z  6
Solution:
z2 1 5 z  7 5 z  7
 1 2  1
z  5z  6
2
z  5z  6  z  3 z  2 
5 z  7
Consider
 z  3 z  2
5 z  7 A B A  z  3  B  z  2 
  
 z  3 z  2  z  2 z  3  z  3 z  2 
5z  7  A  z  3  B  z  2
Put z  2 then A  3
Put z  3 then B  8
5z  7 3 8
Substituting we get,  
 z  3 z  2 z  2 z  3
z 2 1 3 8
 1 
z  5z  6
2
z 2 z 3
3
(i) Given z  3  1
z
z2 1 3 8 3 8
 1   1 
z  5z  6
2
z 2 z 3  2  3
z 1   z 1  
 z  z
1 1
3 2 8 3
 1  1    1  
z z z z
3 2 4  8 3 9 
 1  1   2  ...   1   2  ... 
z z z  z z z 
2 z
(ii) Given 2  z  3   1 and 1
z 3

z2 1 3 8 3 8
 1   1 
z  5z  6
2
z 2 z 3  2  z
z 1   3 1  
 z  3
1 1
3 2 8 z 
 1  1    1  
z z 3 3
3 2 4  8 z z 
2
 1  1   2  ...   1    ... 
z z z  3 3 9 
4z
Obtain the Laurent’s series expansion for the function f(z) =
 
in
z 2
1 z  4
z 1  4 and 2  z 1  3
Solution:
Put z 1  u  z  u  1
4z 4z
Now, f ( z )  
 
z  1 ( z  4)  z  1 ( z  1)( z  4)
2
4(u  1)
Hence f (u ) 
u (u  2)(u  3)
4(u  1) A B C A  u  2  (u  3)  B u  u  3  C u (u  2)
   
u (u  2)(u  3) u u  2 u  3 u (u  2)(u  3)
4(u  1)  A  u  2  (u  3)  B u  u  3  C u (u  2)
2
Put u  0 then A 
3
2
Put u  2 then B 
5
16
Put u  3 then C 
15
4(u  1) 2 / 3 2 / 5 16 /15
f (u )    
u (u  2)(u  3) u u  2 u 3
4
(i) u 4  1
u
2 / 3 2 / 5 16 /15
f (u )   
u u  2 u 3

   
21 2  1   
f (u )         16  1 
3  u  5   2   15   3  
 u 1  u    u 1  u  
     
1 1
2  1  2  1  2  16  1  3 
      1      1  
3  u  5  u  u  15  u  u 
1  2 2 2 4  16  3 9 
    1   2  ....   1   2  ....  
u  3 5 u u  15  u u 
1  2 2 2 4  16  3 9 
 f ( z)     1    ....    1    .... 
( z  1)  3 5  ( z  1) ( z  1) 2  15  ( z  1) ( z  1) 2 
2 u
(ii) 2 u 3   1 and 1
u 3
   
21 2  1  16  1 
f (u )         
3  u  5   2   15   u  
 u 1  u    3 1  3  
     
1 1
2  1  2  1  2  16  u 
       1     1  
3  u  5  u  u  45  3 
1  2 2 2 4  16  u u
2

    1   2  ....   1    ....  
u  3 5 u u  45  3 9 
1  2 2 2 4  16  ( z  1) ( z  1) 2 
 f ( z)     1    ....    1    .... 
( z  1)  3 5  ( z  1) ( z  1) 2  45  3 9 
7z  2
Find the Laurent’s series expansion of f ( z )  in 1 < | z + 1| < 3
z( z  2 )( z  1 )
Solution:
The singular points are z = 0, z = 2, z = –1
7z  2 A B C
  
z ( z  2)( z  1) z z  2 z  1
 7z – 2 = A(z – 2) (z + 1 ) + B z (z + 1) + C z ( z – 2)
Put z = 0, –2 = A(–2)  A = 1
z = 2, 14 – 2 = B 2(2 + 1)  B = 2

z = –1, – 7 – 2 = C(–1)(– 1 – 2)  C = –3
7z  2 1 2 3
  
z ( z  2)( z  1) z z  2 z  1
Put t = z + 1  z = t – 1
1 < | t | < 3
1 t
1<|t|   1 and 1
t 3
1 2 3
f (z)   
z z  2 z 1
1 2 3
  
t 1 t  3 t
1 2 3
  
 1  t t
t 1   (3) 1  
 t  3
1 1
1 1 2 t 3
 1    1   
t t 3 3 t
 2 t t t  3
2 3
1 1 1 1
 1   2  3  ...  1         ... 
t t t t  3  3  3   3   t
2 t t t 
2 3
2 1 1
   2  3  ...  1         ...
t t t 3  3  3   3  
2  z 1  z 1  z 1 
2 3
 2  z  1   z  1   z  1  ...  1 
1 2 3
     ...
3  3  3   3  
z dz 1
Evaluate  ( z 1 )( z  2 )
C
2
, where C is the circle z  2 
2
by Cauchy Residue theorem.
Solution:
The poles are obtained by (z – 1) (z – 2)2 = 0
 z = 1 is a simple pole and z = 2 is a pole of order 2.
1
C is the circle | z – 2 | =
2
Here z = 1 lies outside C and z = 2 lies inside C.

Residue at z=2: (Pole of order 2)
d z z 1 z
Res f ( z )  lt dz ( z  2)  z  1 z  2 
2
2
 lt  z  1 2
 1
z 2 z 2
By Cauchy Residue theorem,
z dz
 ( z  1) ( z  2)
C
2
 2  i (1)  2  i
3z 2  z  1
Using Cauchy’s residue theorem evaluate  z
C
2

 1 ( z  3)
Solution:
z  2 is the equation of the circle with centre at origin and radius 2.
 z  1 ( z  3)  0
2
 z  1  0,  z  3  0
2
z 2  1, z3
z  1, z 3
z  1,  1 lies inside the circle and z  3 lies outside the circle
Residue at z  1 is
 3z 2  z  1 
 Lt z 1   z  1 
  z  1 z  1 ( z  3) 
 3z 2  z  1  3
 Lt z 1    
  z  1 ( z  3)  4
Residue at z   1 is
 3z 2  z  1 
 Lt z 1   z  1 
  z  1 z  1 ( z  3) 
 3z 2  z  1  1
 Lt z 1   
  z  1 ( z  3)  8
By Cauchy’s Residue theorem,

 f  z  dz  2 i Sum of the Residues of f  z  at each of its poles which lies inside C 

C
3z 2  z  1 1 3 5 i
 2 dz  2 i     
C  z  1 ( z  3) 8 4 4
z 1
Evaluate   z  1
C
2
( z  2)
dz , where C is z  i  2 using Cauchy’s residue theorem
Solution:
z 1
Let f ( z ) 
 z  1
2
( z  2)
poles of f (z) are z = - 1 (pole of order 2) and z = 2 (simple pole)
Given: z  i  2
x  iy  i  2  x  i  y  1  2
x2   y  1  2  x2   y  1  4
2 2
Squaring on both sides
This is equation of circle with centre  0,1 and radius 2
Hence, The pole z  2 lies outside C and z  1 lies inside C
Residue of f(z) at z   1
1 d  ( z  1) 
 Lt z  1   z  1 
2
1! dz   z  1
2
( z  2) 
 
1 d  ( z 1)   ( z  2)(1)  ( z  1)(1) 

=Lt z  1    Lt z  1  
1! dz   z  2     z  2 
2

 
 1  1
 Lt z  1  2 

 ( z  2)  9


C
( z  1)  1 2 i
   z  12 ( z  2) dz  2 i  0
 9
   
9
C
z 1
Using Cauchy’s residue theorem, find  ( z  3)( z  1)
C
Solution:
The singular points are given by (z – 1) (z – 3) = 0  z = 1 , 3
Given C is | z | = 2
If z = 1 then | z | = | 1 | = 1 < 2
If z = 3 then | z | = | 3 | = 3 > 2

C
Residue at z=1:
z 1
Res  lim  z  1 f  z   lim  z  1  1
z 1
z 1 z 1  z  3 z  1
z 1
  ( z  3)( z  1) dz  2 i  1  2 i
C
2
d
Evaluate  13  5 sin 
0
by using Contour integration.
Solution:
Consider the unit circle | z | = 1 as contour C.
1
Put z  ei  , then  ei 
z
1
z
z  z 1
2
dz
 d  , sin  
iz 2i 2i z

dz dz
dz
I   iz  iz  2 2
C
13  5
2
 2

z  1 C 26iz  5 z  5 C 5 z  26iz  5
2iz 2iz
1
Let f ( z )  2  I  2 f ( z )dz
5z  26iz  5 C
The poles of f(z) are given by 5z2 + 26iz – 5 = 0
26i   26i  2 4 . 5(5) 26i  676  100 26i  576 26i  24i
z   
10 10 10 10
i
z , 5i
5
which are simple poles.
 i
Now 5 z  26iz  5  5 z    z  5i 
2
 5
i 1 i
Since   1, the pole z  lies inside C
5 5 5
and 5i  5  1,  the pole z  5i lies outside C.
 i  i  i 1 1
Now R     lim  z   f ( z )  lim  z    lim
5  z    z  5i  z  5  
5  i  i 5 z  5i
 5  z  5i  5 z 
i
5
 5 
1 1
 lim 
z
i
 i  24i
5 5   5i 
 5 
By Cauchy’s residue theorem,
 1  
 f ( z)dz  2  i  24i   12
C
 
 I  2. 
12 6
2
dθ
Evaluate  13+12 cosθ
0
Solution:
1
z

dz z2 1
 d  , cos 
iz 2z
dz
iz dz dz 1 dz
I      
C
13  12
 z  1 C iz (13z  6 z  6) C i(6 z  13z  6) i6 C ( z 2  13 z  1)
2 2 2
2z z 6
dz 1
Let f ( z )    I   f ( z )dz
13 6i C
C
( z 2  z  1)
6
13
The poles of f(z) are given by z2 + z+1=0
6
2 3
By solving we get z , 
3 2
13  2  3
Now z 2 + z + 1 z  z 
6  3  2
2 2 2
3 3 3
3 3
and  1.5  1,  the pole z  lies outside C.
2 2
 2  2  2 1 1
Now R     lim
2 
z   f ( z )  lim2 
z   lim
 3  z 3  3 z  3 2  3  z 3 
2
3
3
z  z  z 
 3  2  2
1 6
 lim 
z
2
 3 5
3
z 
 2
  6 12 i 1  12 i  2
 f ( z )dz  2 i  5   5 , I    .
C   6i  5  5
2
cos 3 d
Evaluate  5  4 cos 
0
by using Contour integration
Solution:

1
Put z  e i  , then  e i 
z
dz z2 1
 d  , cos 
iz 2z
cos3θ=R.P. of ei3θ =R.P. of (eiθ )3 =R.P. of z3
dz
R.P. of z 3
iz  R.P. of z 3 dz
 I   iz (5 z  2 z  2)
C
5-4
 z  1
2
C
2
2z z
3
z dz
 R.P. of 
C i ( 2 z  5 z  2)
2
z 3 dz
 R.P. of 
C i (2 z  5 z  2)
2
1 z 3 dz
 R.P. of 
2i C (2 z  1)( z  2)
z 3 dz 1
Let  f ( z )dz    I  R.P. of  f ( z)dz
C C (2 z  1)( z  2) 2i C
The poles of f(z) are given by
(2 z  1)( z  2)  0
1
z , z2
2
1
z  , z  2 (simple poles)
2
1
z  is a pole lies inside c.
2
z  2 is a pole lies outside c.
 1  1  1 z3 1
Now Re s  z    lim1  z   f ( z )  lim1  z   
 2  z 2  2 z  2 1 12
2
 z    z  2
 2
 1   i
 f ( z )dz  2 i  12   6
C  

1  i  
 I  R.P. of .  R.P. of 
2i 6 12 12
2
d
Evaluate  1  2 p sin   p
0
2
,|p|<1
i i dz z2  1
Solution: Let z  e , dz  i e d  d  , sin  
iz 2iz
2
d  dz iz 
 1  2p sin   p2    z2  1  2
, Cis | z |  1
0 C
1  2p    p
 2iz 
dz dz 1 dz
  
p C

C iz  p(z  1)  izp
2 2
pz  iz(p  1)  p
2 2
 1
C z 2  iz  p    1
 p
2
d 1dz
 1  2p sin   p2 
p C
 i 
........(1)
0 (z  ip)  z  
 p
i
The poles are given by z  ip & z 
p
i
| z | = | i p | = p < 1.  z= ip lies inside C and z  lies outside C.
p
   
   1 
1 1 ip
  Res of f (z)  z ip  Lt (z  ip)    Lt    
z ip   i   zip z i   1  1  p2
 (z  ip)  z     p   
p 
i p
  p   
dz  ip  2  p
By Cauchy Residue Theorem   i
 2 i  2

 1 p  1 p
2
C (z  ip) z 
 p 

2
d 1  2p  2
From (1)  1  2p sin   p2    2 

p  1  p  1  p2
0

dx
Evaluate (x
0
2
 a 2 )2
,( a  0 ) using contour integration
Solution:

1
Let f ( z ) 
(z  a 2 )2
2
. Consider  f ( z )dz
c
where C is the contour consists of the upper half circle c1 of z  R & the real axix from –R to R.
R
 
c
f ( z )dz   f ( z )dz 
c1
 f ( z )dz .......... .......... ...... (1)
R
The poles of f (z ) are given by ( z  a )  0  z  ai (twice)

2 2 2
z = ai is a pole of order 2 & lies inside C
z = - ai is a pole of order 2 & lies outside C
d  1  d  1  2 1
Res f (z), ai   lt  (z  ai)2   lt     3
z ai dz
 (z  ai) (z  ai) 
2 2 z ai dz  (z  ai)  (2ai)
2 3
4a i
1 
By Cauchy’s Residue Theorem  f ( z )dz  2i( 4a i )  2a
3 3
In (1) R  , then  f ( z )dz  0

c1

 (1)   f ( z )dz   f ( x)dx
c 

dx 
=  (x

2
a )
2 2
 3
2a

dx 
= 2  3
0 (x  a )
2
2 2
2a

dx 
 (x
0
2
a )
2 2
 3
4a

cos ax dx
Evaluate  , a  0, using contour integration.
0
x2 1
Solution:
 
cos ax dx 1 cos ax dx

0
1  x2
 
2  1  x 2
 
RP of eiax
Now 
cos ax dx
1  x2

1  x2
dx  ei  cos   i sin  
 

eiaz
Consider  f  z  dz  R.P  dz
c 1 z
2
c
Where c is the upper half of the semi-circle  with the bounding diameter [–R, R]. By Cauchy’s residue
theorem, we have
R
 f  z  dz   f ( x ) dx   f ( z ) dz
c R 
The poles of f(z) are at 1  z 2  0
z 2  1  z  i
The point z  i lies inside the semi-circle and the point z  i lies outside the semi-circle
Residue at z  i is given by
eiaz
Lt z i  z  i  f  z   Lt z i  z  i 
 z  i  z  i 
e   eai e a
ia i 2
eiaz
=Lt z i   
 z  i  i  i 2i 2i
eiaz dz  e a 
R.P   R.P of 2 i    R.P of  e   e
a a
c
1 z 2
 2i 
R
 
R
f ( x) dx   f ( z ) dz   e  a

If R  , then  f ( z ) dz  0


Hence 

f ( x) dx   e  a
 
cos ax dx 1 cos ax dx  e  a

0
1  x2
 
2  1  x 2

2

x2  x  2
Evaluate

 x 4  10 x 2  9
dx , using contour integration.
Solution:

z2  z  2
Let f  z  
z 4  10 z 2  9
z2  z  2
Consider  f  z  dz   dz
c c
z 4  10 z 2  9
Where c is the upper half of the semi-circle  with the bounding diameter [-R, R]. By Cauchy’s residue
theorem, we have
R
 f  z  dz  
c R
f ( x ) dx   f ( z ) dz

The poles f(z) are at z 4  10 z 2  9  0
z 2
 1 z 2  9   0
z 2  1; z 2  9
z  i; z  3i
The poles are at 3i,  3i, i,  i
Here the poles 3i and i lie inside the semi-circle.
Residue at z  3i is given by
 Lt z 3i  z  3i  f  z 
z2  z  2
 Lt z 3i  z  3i 
z 2
 9  z 2  1
z2  z  2
= Lt z 3i  z  3i 
 z  3i  z  3i   z 2  1
z2  z  2 7  3i
= Lt z 3i 
 z  3i   z  1 48i
2
 Lt z i  z  i  f  z 
z2  z  2
 Lt z i  z  i 
z 2
 9  z 2  1
z2  z  2
= Lt z i  z  i 
 z  i  z  i   z 2  9 

z2  z  2 1 i
= Lt z i 
 z  i   z  9  16i
2
z2  z  2  7  3i 1  i   7  3i  3  3i   10  5
c z 4  10 z 2  9dz  2 i  48i  16i   2 i  48i   2 i  48i   12
5
R
 
R
f ( x) dx   f ( z ) dz 

12
If R  , then  f ( z ) dz  0


5
Hence 

f ( x) dx 
12

x2  x  2 5
 
 x  10 x  9
4 2
dx 
12

x sin mx dx
Evaluate  (x a )
0
2 2
, where a > 0 , m > 0
Solution:
 
Let f ( z )   x sin mxdx  1 
x sin mxdx
2
0
2
(x  a ) 2 (x  a )

2 2
1  x sin mxdx 1  xeimx dx 1

   IP  2  IP(I1 )
2  ( x  a )
2 2
2  ( x  a )
2
2
 
xeimx
I1   2 dx   F ( x)dx
 x  a
2

xeimx zeimx
Here F ( x)  let F ( z ) 
x2  a2 z 2  a2
The poles of F(z) are given by
 z  ia are poles of order 1
 z  ia lies inside C
Consider  f (z) dz where C is the contour consists of the upper half circle C, of | z| = R. and the real axis
C
from –R to R.

R
  f ( z ) dz   f ( z ) dz   f ( x) dx    (1)
C C1 R
zeimz
  Re s of f (z)  z ai  Lt (z  ia)
z ia (z  ib)(z  ib)
e ma (ia) e  ma
 
2ia 2
 e ma   ma
I1  2i    i(0)  ie
 2 
1 1 e  ma
I IP(I1 )  IP(ie  ma ) 
2 2 2
By Cauchy’s Residue Theorem

 (1)   f (z) dz   f (x) dx Q  f (z) dz  0 as R  
C  C

e  ma
  f (x) dx 
0
2

cos x dx
Evaluate  (x
0
2
 a 2 ) (x 2  b2 )
,a>0,b>0
Solution:
eiz
Let f ( z )  Real Part of
( z 2  a 2 ) ( z 2  b2 )
C
from –R to R.
R
  f ( z ) dz   f ( z ) dz   f ( x) dx    (1)
C C1 R
The poles of f  z  are given by (z 2  a 2 )(z 2  b 2 )  0

 z  ia, ib
 z  ia,ib lies inside C and z  ia, ib lies in lower half plane

eiz
  Res of f (z)  z ai  Lt (z  ia)
z ia (z  ia)(z  ia)(z 2  b 2 )
ea

2ia(b 2  a 2 )
eiz
 Res of f (z) zbi  Lt (z  ib)
z ia (z  ib)(z  ib)(z 2  a 2 )
ea

2ib(a 2  b2 )
eiz  ea eb 

 (z 2  a 2 )(z 2  b2 ) dz  2 i   2 
 2ia(b  a ) 2ib(a  b ) 
2 2 2
C
  e b ea 
   
(a 2  b 2 )  b a 
In (1) if R   ,  f (z) dz  0
C1

 (1)   f (z) dz   f (x) dx
C 

eix   e b ea 
 (x 2  a 2 )(x 2  b 2 )
dx  
a 2  b 2  b
 
a 


cos x   e b ea 
 (x 2  a 2 )(x 2  b 2 )
dx  Re al Part of 
a 2  b 2  b
 
a 


  (x 2  a 2 )(x 2  b 2 )
dx  
a 2  b 2  b
 
a 


11
00
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 0 (d) 4

00
a) 1 b) 0 c)  / 2 d ) 2

a) r 2 b) a 2b c) ab2 d ) ab
badxdy
1 2 xy
1x
00
a) 1 b) 1/ 2 c) 2 d) 3
12
00
21 12 01 02
00 00 20 10

R
a) 1 b) 1/ 2 c) 1/ 3 d) 2 / 3

R R R R
ax
00
ax ax aa ay
00 00 0y 00

R R R R
123
000
a) 3 b) 4 c) 2 d) 6


V V R R
12
00
2 1 4 8
a) b) c) d)
3 3 3 3
11
00
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4
  ( x2  y 2 )
0 0
 /2  2  /4   /2  2  /2 
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
y e y
00 y
a ) 1 b) 0 c)  1 d ) 2
21
00
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
 /2  /2
0 0
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
b a
b  a
1x
00
R
1 1 x 2 1 y
x 0 y 0 y 1 x 0
1 y 2 1 y
y 0 x 1 y 0 x 0
ANSWERS:
1 a 6 b 11 d 16 a 21 c
2 a 7 a 12 d 17 c 22 c
3 d 8 b 13 c 18 a 23 a
4 d 9 a 14 a 19 a
5 d 10 c 15 c 20 b

(a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 0

1      
a) ( i 3 j  k ) ( b) 19( i  3 j  3 k )
19
   1   
(c) 96( i  3 j  3 k ) d) (3 i  3 j  k )
19
 
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 0 (d) 1
 
       

2 2 2
5.
           
i  j k 2 i 2 j 2 k 3 i 3 j 3 k i  j k
a) b) c) d)
3 2 2 3 3 2
        
    
7. If F   x  3 y  
i  y  3 z  
k
   
8. If  
a) 0 b) 4 c) -1 d) 2
   
   
 

 

 
a) 0 b) 1 c) a d) r
 
 
 
a) 0 b) 1 c) a d) r
 
 
 
a) 0 b) 1 c) 2 a d) 2 r

B 
A

 
 
c
a) 0 b) 1 c) 2 d) 3
is
  
a)   F =0 b)   F  0 c) 0 d)   ( F )  0
d) Residue theorem
 
s
   

S
ANSWERS:
1 b 6 a 11 c 16 c 21 b
2 c 7 a 12 c 17 b 22 c
3 b 8 b 13 a 18 d 23 c
4 a 9 b 14 a 19 c 24 b
5 a 10 a 15 d 20 a
1. L(1) =
1 1
(a) (b) 2 (c) 1 (d ) s
s s
2. L(e3t ) 
1 1 3 s
(a) (b) (c ) (d )
s3 s 3 s3 s 3
 at
3. L(e ) 
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c ) (d )
s 1 s 1 sa sa
4. L(cos 2t ) 
s s 2 4
(a) 2 (b) (c ) (d )
s 4 s 2
2
s 2
2
s 4
2
5. L(t 4 ) 
4! 3! 4! 5!
(a ) 5 (b) 4 (c) 4 ( d ) 4
s s s s
6. L(at ) 
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c ) (d )
7. L(sinh t ) 
s  s 
(a) 2 (b) 2 (c ) 2 (d ) 2
s  2
s  2
s  2
s  2
1 s
(a) F ( s  a) (b) F ( s  a) (c ) F ( s ) ( d ) F 
a a

sb sa a s
(a) (b) (c ) (d )
( s  b) 2  a 2 ( s  a) 2  b 2 s  a2
2
s  b2
2
11. L(tet ) 
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c ) (d )
( s  1) 2 s 1 s 1 ( s  1) 2
12. L(t sin at ) 

2as 2s s2  a2 1
( a) (b) ( c ) (d ) 2
(s  a )
2 2 2
(s  a )
2 2 2
(s  a )
2 2 2
s  a2
13. L(sin 3t ) 
3 3 s s
(a) 2 (b) (c ) (d )
s 3 s 9
2
s 3
2
s 9
2
14. L(cosh t ) 
s s 1 1
(a) 2 (b) (c ) (d )
s 1 s 1
2
s 1
2
s 1
2
15. L(t1/2 ) 
(3 / 2) (1/ 2) (1/ 2) (3 / 2)
(a) (b) (c ) (d )
s1/2 s 3/2 s1/2 s 3/2
16. L(t 1/2 ) 

  1 1
(a) (b) (c ) (d )
s 2s s s
17. L[te 2t ] 
1 1 1 1
(a) (b)  (c ) (d )
( s  2)2 ( s  2) 2
( s  1) 2 ( s  1) 2
  t 
  a 
1 s
F as 
1
(a) aF (as ) (b) F   (c) F ( s  a ) (d)
a a a
t 
0 
1 s 1 1
(a) 2 (b) (c) (d)
s 1 s 1
2
( s  1)
2 2
s( s  1)
2
L (sin 2t )
2

d d d d2
(a) F ( s) (b)  F ( s) (c) (1) n F ( s) (d )  F ( s)
ds ds ds ds 2
 f (t ) 
22. If L[ f (t )]  F [ s] then L  
 t 
   
0 s  a
 cos t 
23. L  
 t 
s 1 s2  a2
s  a2 s  a2
2
( s 2  a 2 )2

dn dn dn n 1 d
n
(a) (1) n
F ( s) (b) n F ( s) (c)  n F ( s) (d ) ( 1) F ( s)
ds n ds ds ds n
1  e  t 
25. L  
 t 
 s   s   s 1  s 1 
 s 1   s 1  s   s 
26. Lu a (t ) is
(a) (b) (c)  (d) 
s s s s
27. If L[ f (t )]  F [ s] then L[ f ' (t )] 

(a) a (b) a 2 (c) ab (d ) 0
(a) 0 (b)  (c) 1 (d ) 2
(a) 0 (b)  (c) 1 (d ) 2
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d ) 
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d ) 0
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c)  (d) -2
(a) 0 (b)  (c) 1 (d) -1
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d ) 

 
(a)  (b) (c) 2 (d)
2 4

 2
(a) (b) (c) 2 (d) 2
 
1
( s  1) 2
2
sb
 F (s) 
40. If L1[ F (s)]  f (t ) then L1   is
 s 
 t  a
0 0  a
 1 
41. If L1[ F (s)]  f (t ) then L1  2  is
 s  4
sin 2t sin 2t
2 2
s a
sin at sinh at
a a
 1 
43. If L1[ F (s)]  f (t ) then L1  2  is
s 
(a) t (b) 2t (c) 3t (d) t 2

s 2 9

1 t t
(d) f at 
f (t )
(a) (b) f   (c) f 
a a a a
1
s
t t2
(a) (b) t (c) (d) t 2
2 2
s3
( s  3) 2  9
b
sa

(a)   (b)   (c )    (d )  
 2   2   2   2   2 
(a) et  1 (b) et  1 (c) e t (d ) e
ANSWERS:
1 a 11 d 21 b 31 a 41 a
2 b 12 a 22 b 32 c 42 b
3 c 13 b 23 c 33 a 43 a
4 a 14 b 24 a 34 a 44 d
5 a 15 d 25 c 35 b 45 b
6 a 16 a 26 b 36 a 46 c
7 d 17 a 27 a 37 a 47 b
8 b 18 a 28 a 38 b 48 b
9 a 19 d 29 a 39 b 49 c
10 b 20 d 30 a 40 b 50 a


w w w w 2w w
(a) i (b) i (c )  0 (d ) 0
z x z y zz z





(d) coincides
1
z  2i
a  z  i (b) z  i (c) z  1 (d ) z  1


2 2
(a) C1  0, C2  1 (b) C1  2, C2  1
(c) C1  2, C2  1 (d ) C1  2, C2  0

(a) p  1 (b) p  2 (c) p  1 (d ) p  2
1
z 1
2
(a) z  1 (b) z  i (c ) z  0 (d ) z  2

(a) z  2 (b) z  0 (c ) z  1 (d ) z  2


 2 z  4i 
 iz  1 
2

 2 2   2 2 
(a)  2  2  f ( z )  f '( z ) (b)  2  2  f ( z )  4 f '( z )
2 2 2 2
 x y   x y 
     2 2 
(c)    f ( z )  4 f '( z ) (d )  2  2  f ( z )  4 f '( z )
2 2 2
 x y   x y 

1
z
(d) orthogonal
x  iy
x  iy  a
( z1  z 2 )( z 4  z3 ) ( z1  z 2 )( z3  z 4 )
(a) (b)
( z1  z 4 )( z 2  z3 ) ( z1  z 4 )( z3  z 2 )
( z  z 2 )( z 4  z3 ) ( z  z 2 )( z3  z 4 )
(c) 1 (d) 1
( z1  z 4 )( z  z3 ) ( z 4  z1 )( z3  z 2 )
1  iz
z i
(a) 0 (b)  i (c)  2 (d)  1
ANSWERS:
1 a 6 b 11 b 16 c 21 b 26 d
2 d 7 a 12 c 17 d 22 c
3 a 8 a 13 d 18 c 23 b
4 b 9 c 14 b 19 a 24 c
5 b 10 b 15 b 20 a 25 b

zdz
c z2
 
(a) 0 (b) i (c) (d) 2
2 2
z
c ( z  1)
2
(a) (b) 2 (c) (d) 0

n
4. The value of
c
a. (b) (c) (c) n
1
c 2z 1

(a) 0 (b)  i (c) i (d) 2
2
1
c 3z  1
2
(a) 0 (b) (c) i (d) 2
3
f ( z)
c za
(a) f ( a ) (b) 2 if ( a ) (c)  if ( a ) (d) 0
c
curve, is
(a) f ( a ) (b) 2 if ( a ) (c)  if ( a ) (d) 0
f ( z)
c ( z  a)
2

(a) f '( a ) (b) 2 if '( a ) (c)  if '( a ) (d) 0
f ( z)
c ( z  a)
3

(a) f ''( a ) (b) 2 if ''(a) (c)  if ''(a) (d) 0




n
14. The part
n 0
 n
n1
1
z ( z  1)
(a) 0 < <1 (b) 1 < <2 (c) 1 < <0 (d) <1
1
( z  1)( z  2)
(a) 0 < <1 (b) 1 < <2 (c) 1 < <0 (d) <1
1
z2  z  6
(a) 0 < <1 (b) 1 < <2 (c) 2 < <3 (d) <3

sin z
20. If f ( z )  , then
z
sin z  z
21. If f ( z )  , then
z3
22. If then
1
23. If f ( z )  , then
( z  4)2 ( z  3)3 ( z  1)
1
24. If f ( z )e 4
z  then
z a
1  e2 z
z3
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) -2 (d) 1
2z
e
( z  1)2
(a) e2 (b) -2 e2 (c) -1 (d) 2 e2

(a) (b) 1 (c) -1 (d) 0
ANSWERS:
1 c 6 c 11 b 16 a 21 c 26 c
2 a 7 b 12 c 17 b 22 b 27 d
3 b 8 d 13 d 18 c 23 c 28 b
4 c 9 b 14 a 19 a 24 c
5 b 10 b 15 b 20 c 25 b
SRM University
Complex Integration- Multiple Choice questions
UNIT V
Slot-B
1. A continuous curve which does not have a point of self-intersection is called
a
a. Curve
b. Closed curve
c. Simple closed curve
d. Multiple curve
Answer: c. Simple closed curve
𝑧 2 +1
2. The zero’s of 𝑓(𝑧) = 1−𝑧 2 are
a. 0
b. ±𝑖
c. ±1
d. 1
Answer: b. ±𝑖
f ( z)
3. If f (z ) is analytic inside and on C , then the value of 
C
za
dz , where C is
the simple closed curve and a is any point within C is
a. 𝑓(𝑎)
b. 2𝜋𝑖𝑓(𝑎)
c. 𝜋𝑖𝑓(𝑎)
d. 0
Answer: b. 2𝜋𝑖f(a)
f ( z)
4. If f (z ) is analytic inside and on C , then the value of  ( z  a)
C
5
dz , where C is
the simple closed curve and a is any point within C is
𝑓𝑣 (𝑎)
a. 2𝜋𝑖 5!
b. 2𝜋𝑖 𝑓(𝑎)
𝑓𝑖𝑣 (𝑎)
c. 2𝜋𝑖 4!
d. 0
𝑓𝑖𝑣 (𝑎)
Answer:c. 2𝜋𝑖
4!
ez 1
5. The value of 
C
z 1
dz where C is the circle |𝑧| = 𝑖𝑠
3
a. 0
b. 2𝜋𝑖𝑒
𝜋
c. 2 𝑖𝑒
d. 𝜋𝑖𝑒
Answer: a. 0
e2z
6. The value of 
C
( z  1) 3
dz where C is the circle |𝑧| = 2 𝑖𝑠
a. 0
b. 2𝜋𝑖𝑒 −2
c. 8𝜋𝑖𝑒 −2
d. 4𝜋𝑖𝑒 −2
Answer: d. 4𝜋𝑖𝑒 −2
1
7. The value of  2 z  3dz where C is the circle
C
|𝑧| = 1 𝑖𝑠
a. 0
b. 2𝜋𝑖
𝜋
c. 𝑖
2
d. 𝜋𝑖
Answer: a. 0
z2
8. The value of 
C
( z  2) 2
dz where C is the circle |𝑧| = 3 𝑖𝑠
a. 0
b. 2𝜋𝑖
c. 4𝜋𝑖
d. 8𝜋𝑖
Answer: d. 8𝜋𝑖
9. Let 𝐶1 : |𝑧 − 𝑎| = 𝑅1 and 𝐶2 : |𝑧 − 𝑎| = 𝑅2be two concentric circles (𝑅2 <

𝑅1 ), the annular region is defined as
a. Within 𝐶1
b. Within 𝐶2
c. Within 𝐶2 and outside 𝐶1
d. Within 𝐶1 and outside 𝐶2
Answer: d. Within 𝐶1 and outside 𝐶2
10. The part ∑∞𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 (𝑧 − 𝑎 )

−𝑛
consisting of negative integral powers of
(𝑧 − 𝑎) is called as
a. The analytic part of the Laurent’s series
b. The principal part of the Laurent’s series
c. The real part of the Laurent’s series
d. The imaginary part of the Laurent’s series
Answer: b. The principal part of the Laurent’s series
11. Let 𝐶: |𝑧 − 𝑎| = 𝑟 be a circle, the 𝑓(𝑧) can be expanded as a Taylor’s series

if
a. 𝑓(𝑧) is a function on 𝐶
b. 𝑓(𝑧) is an analytic function within 𝐶
c. 𝑓(𝑧) is not an analytic function within 𝐶
d. 𝑓(𝑧) is an analytic function outside 𝐶
Answer: b. f(z) is an analytic function within c

sin 𝑧
12. Expansion of (𝑧−𝜋)
in Taylor’s series about 𝑧 = 𝜋 is
(𝑧−𝜋) (𝑧−𝜋)3 (𝑧−𝜋)5
a. − + −⋯
1! 3! 5!
(𝑧−𝜋)2 (𝑧−𝜋)4 (𝑧−𝜋)6
b. − + −⋯
2! 4! 6!
(𝑧−𝜋)2 (𝑧−𝜋)4
c. −1 + − +⋯
3! 5!
(𝑧−𝜋) (𝑧−𝜋)3 (𝑧−𝜋)5
d. + − +⋯
2! 4! 6!
(𝑧−𝜋)2 (𝑧−𝜋)4
Answer :c. −1 + − +⋯
3! 5!
1
13. The annular region for the function 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 2 −𝑧−6 is
a. 0 < |𝑧| < 1
b. 1 < |𝑧| < 2
c. 2 < |𝑧| < 3
d. |𝑧| < 3
Answer :c. 2 < |𝑧| < 3
1 (𝑧+2)𝑛 3𝑛
14. The Laurent’s series expansion − 2 ∑ − ∑ (𝑧+2)𝑛 for the function
4𝑛
𝑧
𝑓 (𝑧) = (𝑧−1)(𝑧−2) is valid in the region
a. |𝑧 + 2| < 3
b. 1 < |𝑧 + 2| < 2
c. 3 < |𝑧 + 2| < 4
d. |𝑧 + 2| > 4
Answer :c. 3 < |𝑧 + 2| < 4
15. If 𝑓 (𝑧) is not analytic at 𝑧 = 𝑧0 and there exists lim 𝑓(𝑧) and is finite then,
𝑧→𝑧0
a. The point 𝑧 = 𝑧0 is isolated singularity of 𝑓(𝑧)
b. The point 𝑧 = 𝑧0 is a removable singularity of 𝑓 (𝑧)
c. The point 𝑧 = 𝑧0 is essential singularity of 𝑓(𝑧)
d. The point 𝑧 = 𝑧0 is non isolated singularity of 𝑓 (𝑧)
Answer : b. The point 𝑧 = 𝑧0 is a removable singularity of 𝑓 (𝑧)

16. Let 𝑧 = 𝑎 is a simple pole for 𝑓(𝑧) and 𝑏 = lim (𝑧 − 𝑎)𝑓(𝑧), then
𝑧 →𝑎
a. 𝑏 is a simple pole
b. 𝑏 is removable singularity
c. 𝑏 is a residue at a of order 𝑛
d. 𝑏 is a residue at 𝑧 = 𝑎
Answer : d. 𝑏 is a residue at 𝑧 = 𝑎
17. Let z = a is a pole of order m for 𝑓(𝑧), then the residue is

a. lim [(𝑧 − 𝑎)𝑓(𝑧)]
𝑧 →𝑎
b. lim [(𝑧 − 𝑎)𝑓 "(𝑧)]
𝑧 →𝑎
1 𝑑 𝑚−1
c. lim [(z − a)𝑚 𝑓(𝑧)]
𝑧 →𝑎 (𝑚−1)! 𝑑𝑧 𝑚−1
1 𝑑𝑚
d. lim [(z − a)𝑚 𝑓(𝑧)]
𝑧 →𝑎 𝑚! 𝑑𝑧 𝑚
1 𝑑 𝑚−1
e. Answer: c. lim [(z − a)𝑚 𝑓(𝑧)]
𝑧 →𝑎 (𝑚−1)! 𝑑𝑧 𝑚−1
𝑧
18. The residue of 𝑓(𝑧) = (𝑧−1)2
at 𝑧 = 1 is
a. 𝜋
b. 1
c. -1
d. 0
Answer: b. 1
𝑧
19. The residue of 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 2 +1 at 𝑧 = 𝑖 is
a. 1
b. -1
c. 0
d. 1/2
Answer : d. 1/2
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧
20. If 𝑓(𝑧) = , then
𝑧
a. 𝑧 = 0 is a simple pole
b. 𝑧 = 0 is a pole of order 2
c. 𝑧 = 0 is a removable singularity
d. 𝑧 = 0 is a zero of 𝑓(𝑧)
Answer: c. 𝑧 = 0 is a removable singularity
21. The value of the integral  e z dz where |𝑧| = 1 𝑖𝑠

C
a. 2𝜋𝑖
𝜋
b. 2 𝑖
c. 𝜋𝑖
d. 0
Answer: d. 0
−1
22. If 𝑓 (𝑧) = (𝑧−1)
− 2[1 + (𝑧 − 1) + (𝑧 − 1)2 + ⋯ ] then the residue of 𝑓(𝑧)
at z = 1is
a. 1
b. -1
c. 0
d. -2
Answer: b. -1
2𝜋 𝑑𝜃
23. If the integral ∮0 = ∮𝐶 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 , 𝐶 is |𝑧| = 1, then
5+3 cos 𝜃
1
(A) 𝑧 = − 3 lies inside 𝐶 and
(B) 𝑧 = 3 lies outside 𝐶. Which of the following is true.
a. Both A and B
b. Only A
c. Only B
d. Neither A nor B
Answer: a. Both A and B

24. In Cauchy’s Lemma for contour integration, if 𝑓 (𝑧) be continuous function
such that | zf ( z ) | 0 as | z | , for C is the circle | z | R, then
a.  f ( z )dz   as R  .
C
b.  f ( z)dz  0 as R  .
C
c.  f ( z)dz  0 as R  0.
C
d.  f ( z)dz   as R  0.
C
Answer : b.  f ( z)dz  0 as R  .
C
ez
25. If  z 2 dz  0, then C is
C
a. |𝑧| = 1
b. |𝑧 − 1| = 2
c. |𝑧 − 2| = 1
d. |𝑧| = 2
Answer: c. |𝑧 − 2| = 1
SRM University
UNIT V
Slot-C
1. A contour integral is an integral along a ---------------- curve.

a. Open Curve
b. Closed curve
d. Multiple curve
2. If f(z) is analytic inside and on C , the value of ∮𝐶 𝑓(𝑧) 𝑑𝑧 ,where C is the

simple closed curve is
a. f(a)
b. 2𝜋𝑖f(a)
c. 𝜋𝑖f(a)
d. 0
Answer: d. 0
𝑓 (𝑧 )
3. If f(z) is analytic inside and on C , the value of ∮𝐶 (𝑧−𝑎)𝑛
𝑑𝑧 ,where C is the
simple closed curve and a is any point within c is
𝑓𝑛 (𝑎)
a. 2𝜋𝑖 𝑛!
𝑓𝑛−1 (𝑎)
c. 2𝜋𝑖 (𝑛−1)!
d. 0
𝑓𝑛−1 (𝑎)
Answer: c. 2𝜋𝑖 (𝑛−1)!
sin 𝑧 1
4. The value of ∮𝐶 𝑑𝑧 where C is the circle |𝑧| = 3 𝑖𝑠
𝑧+1
a. 0
b. 2𝜋𝑖
𝜋
c. 2 𝑖
d. 𝜋𝑖
Answer: a. 0
𝑒𝑧
5. The value of ∮𝐶 (𝑧−2)2
𝑑𝑧 where C is the circle |𝑧| = 3 𝑖𝑠
a. 0
c. 2𝜋𝑖𝑒 2
Answer: c. 2𝜋𝑖𝑒 2
𝑧
2𝑧−1
a. 0
b. 2𝜋𝑖
𝜋
c. 2 𝑖
d. 𝜋𝑖
Answer: d. 𝜋𝑖
1
a. 0
b. 2𝜋𝑖
𝜋
c. 2 𝑖
d. 𝜋𝑖
Answer: a. 0
8. Let 𝐶1 : |𝑧 − 𝑎| = 𝑅1 and 𝐶2 : |𝑧 − 𝑎| = 𝑅2be two concentric circles(𝑅2 >

a. Within 𝐶1
b. Within 𝐶2
Answer: c. Within 𝐶2 and outside 𝐶1
9. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 ∑∞ 𝑛
𝑛=0 𝑎𝑛 (𝑧 − 𝑎 ) consisting of positive integral powers of (z - a)
is called as
Answer: a. The analytic part of the Laurent’s series

𝑅1 ), the f(z) can be expanded as a Laurent’s series if
a. f(z) is analytic within 𝐶2
b. f(z) is not analytic within 𝐶2
c. f(z) is analytic in the annular region
d. f(z) is not analytic in the annular region
Answer: c. f(z) is analytic in the annular region
1−cos 𝑧
11. Expansion of 𝑧
in Laurent’s series about 𝑧 = 0 is
𝑧 𝑧3 𝑧5
a. − + −⋯
2! 4! 6!
𝑧2 𝑧4 𝑧6
b. − 4! + −⋯
2! 6!
𝑧 𝑧3 𝑧5
c. − + −⋯
1! 3! 5!
𝑧 𝑧3 𝑧5
d. + − +⋯
2! 4! 6!
𝑧 𝑧3 𝑧5
Answer: a. 2! − 4! + −⋯
6!
1
12. The annular region for the function f(z) = is
𝑧 2 −3𝑧+2
a. 0 < |𝑧| < 1
b. 1 < |𝑧| < 2
c. 2 < |𝑧| < 3
d. |𝑧| < 3
Answer :b. 1 < |𝑧| < 2
3 (−1)𝑛 2𝑛 (−1)𝑛 3𝑛
13. The Laurent’s series expansion 1 + 𝑧 ∑ −∑ for the function
𝑧𝑛 𝑧𝑛
𝑧 2 −1
𝑓 (𝑧) = (𝑧+2)(𝑧+3) is valid in the region
a. |𝑧| < 3
b. |𝑧| < 2
c. 2 < |𝑧| < 3
d. |𝑧| > 3
e. Answer :d. |𝑧| > 3
14. If f(z) is not analytic at z = zo and there exists a neighborhood of z = zo

containing no other singularity, then
a. The point z = zo is isolated singularity of f(z)
b. The point z = zo is a zero point of f(z)
c. The point z = zo is nonzero of f(z)
d. The point z = zo is non isolated singularity of f(z)
Answer : a. The point z = zo is isolated singularity of f(z)

1
15. If f(z) = 𝑒 𝑧+1 then
a. z = -1 is removable singularity
b. z = -1 is pole of order 2
c. z = -1 is an essential singularity
d. z = -1 is zero of f(z)
Answer : c. z = -1 is an essential singularity
𝑃(𝑧)
16. Let z = a is a simple pole for 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑄(𝑧) , then the Residue of 𝑓(𝑧) is
𝑃 ′ (𝑎 )
a. 𝑄 (𝑎 )
𝑃(𝑎)
b. 𝑄(𝑎)
𝑃′ (𝑎)
c. 𝑄′ (𝑎)
𝑃(𝑎)
d. 𝑄′ (𝑎)
𝑃(𝑎)
Answer : d. 𝑄′ (𝑎)
17. Let z = a is a pole of order 3 for f(z), then the residue is

𝑧 →𝑎
b. lim [(𝑧 − 𝑎)𝑓 "(𝑧)]
𝑧 →𝑎
1 𝑑2
c. lim [(z − a)3 f (z)]
𝑧 →𝑎 2! 𝑑𝑧 2
1 𝑑3
d. lim [(z − a)3 f (z)]
𝑧 →𝑎 3! 𝑑𝑧 3
1 𝑑2
Answer: c. lim [(z − a)3 f (z)]
𝑧 →𝑎 2! 𝑑𝑧 2
𝑧
18. The residue of f(z) = (𝑧−2)
is
a. 2𝜋𝑖
b. 1
c. 2
d. 0
Answer: c. 2
1
19. The residue of f(z) = (𝑧 2 +1)2
at 𝑧 = 𝑖 is
a. 4i
b. 1/4i
c. 0
d. 1/2i
Answer :b. 1/4i
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧−𝑧
20. If f(z) = 𝑧 3 , then
a. z= 0 is a simple pole
b. z= 0 is a pole of order 2
c. z= 0 is a removable singularity
d. z= 0 is a zero of f(z)
Answer: c. z= 0 is a removable singularity
1
21. The value of the integral ∮𝐶 𝑑𝑧 where |𝑧| = 1 𝑖𝑠
𝑧𝑒 𝑧
a. 2𝜋𝑖
𝜋
b. 2 𝑖
c. 𝜋𝑖
d. 0
Answer: a. 2𝜋𝑖
1
22. If 𝑓 (𝑧) = + [2 + 3𝑧 + 4𝑧 2 + ⋯ ] then the residue of 𝑓(𝑧) at z=0 is
𝑧
a. 1
b. -1
c. 0
d. -2
Answer: a. 1
2𝜋 𝑑𝜃
23. If the integral ∮0 13+5 cos 𝜃 = ∮𝐶 𝑓 (𝑧)𝑑𝑧 , C is |𝑧| = 1, then
(A) 𝑧 = −𝑖/5 lies inside C and
(B) 𝑧 = −5𝑖 lies outside C. Which of the following is true.
a. Both A and B
b. Only A
c. Only B
d. Neither A nor B
∞ cos 𝑚𝑥
24. If the integral ∮−∞ (𝑥 2 +1)2
𝑑𝑥 , 𝑚 > 0, then
(A) 𝑧 = 𝑖 double pole lies in the upper half of the z-plane and
(B) 𝑧 = −𝑖 double pole does not lie in the upper half of the z-plane.
Which of the following is true.
a. Both A and B
b. Only A
c. Only B
d. Neither A nor B
25. If 𝑓 (𝑧) be continuous function such that |𝑓(𝑧)| → 0 as |𝑧| → ∞, for C is the
semicircle |𝑧| = 𝑅 above the real axis, then
a. ∮𝐶 𝑒 −𝑖𝑚𝑧 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 → ∞ 𝑎𝑠 𝑅 → ∞ .
b. ∮𝐶 𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑧 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 → 0 𝑎𝑠 𝑅 → ∞ .
c. ∮𝐶 𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑧 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 → 0 𝑎𝑠 𝑅 → 0 .
d. ∮𝐶 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 → ∞ 𝑎𝑠 𝑅 → 0 .
Answer : b. ∮𝐶 𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑧 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 → 0 𝑎𝑠 𝑅 → ∞ .

Cycle Test-1
18MAB102T- Multiple Integral
∫5 ∫10
1. The value of dydx is
0 0
A. 50
B. 15
C. 0
D. 25
ANSWER: A
∫1 ∫x
2. The value of dydx is
0 0
A. x2
B. xy
x2
C.
2
1
D.
2
ANSWER: D
∫2 ∫3
3. The value of xy 2 dxdy is
1 2
A. 6/35
B. 35
C. 35/6
D. 70
ANSWER: C
4. In polar system, the name of the curve r = a(1 − cos θ) is
A. circle
B. cardioid
C. cycloid
D. ellipsoid
ANSWER: B
5. Area of the double integral in polar coordinate is equal to
∫∫
A. (r + 1)drdθ
∫∫
B. r3 drdθ
∫∫
C. drdθ
∫∫
D. rdrdθ
ANSWER: D
∫2 ∫3
6. The region of integration in f (x, y)dydx is
−2 −3
A. rectangle
B. triangle
C. square
D. circle
ANSWER: A
7. The volume integration in cartesian coordinates is equal to
∫∫∫
A. rdrdϕdθ
∫∫∫
B. dxdydz
∫∫
C. dydx
∫∫
D. drdθ
ANSWER: B
∫∫
8. In cartesian co-ordinates ds is equal to
S
∫∫
A. dxdy
S
∫∫
B. drdθ
S
∫∫
C. dxdθ
S
∫∫
D. dydθ
S
ANSWER: A
∫a ∫b ∫c
9. The value of dzdydx is
0 0 0
a+b+c
A. abc ( )
2
a+b+c
B.
2
C. abc
abc
D.
2
ANSWER: C
∫1 ∫2
10. The value of x2 y 2 dydx
0 1
A. 7/3
B. 9/7
C. 17/9
D. 7/9
ANSWER: D
∫3 ∫2
11. (x + y)dxdy is equal to
0 0
A. 15
B. 14
C. 13
D. 12
ANSWER: A
2
∫a ∫a
12. By changing into polar coordinates, dxdy =
0 y
∫ a/∫cos θ
π/4
A. rdrdθ
0 0
∫ ∫∞
π/4
B. drdθ
0 0
∫∞ a/2
∫
C. rdrdθ
0 0
∫ ∫∞
π/2
D. drdθ
0 0
ANSWER: A
∫∫
13. If R is the region bounded by x = 0, y = 0, x + y = 1, then dydx is equal to
R
A. 1
B. 1/2
C. 1/3
D. 2/3
ANSWER: B
∫π a(1+cos
∫ θ)
14. rdrdθ is equal to
0 0
A. πa/2
B. πa/4
C. 3πa2 /4
D. π/4
ANSWER: C
∫θ
∫π cos
15. rdrdθ is equal to
0 0
A. 0
B. π/2
C. π
D. π/4
ANSWER: D
√
(a2 −x2 )
∫a ∫
e−(x
2
+y 2 )
16. By changing into polar coordinates, dxdy =
0 0
∫ ∫∞
π/4
e−r drdθ
2
A.
0 0
∫∞ a/2
∫
e−r drdθ
2
B.
0 0
∫ ∫a
π/2
e−r rdrdθ
2
C.
0 0
∫ ∫∞
π/2
D. e−r drdθ
0 0
ANSWER: C
3
∫∞ ∫y e−y
17. The value of dxdy is
0 0 y
A. 1
B. 0
C. 2
D. 3
ANSWER: A
∫4 ∫2 ∫1
18. (x + y + z)dzdydx =
0 0 0
A. 22
B. 24
C. 26
D. 28
ANSWER: D
∫1 ∫2 ∫3
19. e(x+y+z) dzdydx =
0 0 0
A. (e − 1)3
B. (e − 1)(e2 − 1)(e3 − 1)
C. 3(e − 1)
D. e3
ANSWER: B
20. The smaller region of integration of the area between x2 + y 2 = 9 and x + y = 3 lies in the
quadrant.
A. first
B. second
C. third
D. fourth
ANSWER: A
21. The area between two circles r = a cos θ and r = 2a cos θ lies between quadrant.
A. I and II
B. I and III
C. I and IV
D. III and IV
ANSWER: C
∫∫
22. The upper limit of ”y” for dydx in the positive quadrant of the circle x2 + y 2 = a2 is
R
√
A. − a2 − y 2
√
B. + a2 − y 2
√
C. − a2 − x2
√
D. + a2 − x2
ANSWER: D
4
23. The area between the curve y = x and y = x2 is
A. 1/2
B. 1/3
C. 1/6
D. 1
ANSWER: C
∫a ∫x
24. The value of dydx.
−a 0
A. 0
B. 1
C. 2
D. 3
ANSWER: A
∫1 ∫x
25. On changing the order of integration, f (x, y)dydx is equal to
0 0
∫1 ∫y
A. f (x, y)dxdy
0 0
∫1 ∫1
B. f (x, y)dxdy
0 y
∫1 ∫1
C. f (x, y)dxdy
0 0
∫x ∫1
D. f (x, y)dxdy
0 0
ANSWER: B
5
Module – 1 Multiple Integrals

Evaluation of double integration Cartesian and plane polar coordinates – Evaluation of double integration
by changing order of integration – Area as a double integral (Cartesian) – Area as a double integral (Polar)
– Triple integration in Cartesian coordinates – Conversion from Cartesian to polar in double integrals –
Volume using triple integral – Application of Multiple integral in Engineering.
Evaluation of double integration – Cartesian and Polar coordinates
Type – 1 Limits are constants
  x 
1 2
1. Evaluate 2
 y 2 dx dy .
01
Solution:
2
 
12
 x3 
1
x  y dx dy     x y 2  dy
2 2
0 1
01
3
 8 
1
 1
    2 y 2     y 2  dy
0   3 
3
1
7 
    y 2  dy
0 
3
1
7 y3  8
  y   
3 3 0 3
  x 
21
8
Note: 2
 y 2 dy dx 
10
3
If the limits of integration are constants, then the order of integration is insignificant.
32
00
Solution:
 
32 32
2 2
00 00
2
 x2 y2
3
y3 
 
  x  dx
0
2 3 0
3
 8 
   2 x 2  x  dx
0
3 
3
 x3 8 x 2 
  2    30

 3 3 2 0

ab
dx dy
3. Evaluate  x y
.
22
Solution:
ab ab  dy
dx dy dx
  x y     x 
 y
22 22 
a
  log x b2
dy
2
y
 log x b2 log x a2
b a
 log   log  
2 2
32
4. Evaluate   r dr d .
00
Solution:
2
32
 r2 
3 3
  r dr d    2  d   2 d  2  0  6
  3
00 0 0 0
Type – 2 Limits are variables

1 x
0 x
Solution:
 x 
1 x 1 x
  x y x  y  dy dx   y  x y 2 dy dx
2
0 x 0 x
x
 x2 y2
1
y3 
 
  x  dx
0
2 3 x
1
 x3 x5/ 2 x 4 x 4 
       dx

0 
2 3 2 3
1
 
 x 4 x7 / 2 x5 x5  3
     
 8 3  7 10 15  56
 
 2 0

a a2  x2
6. Evaluate  y dy dx .
0 0
Solution:
a2  x2 a2  x2
a
 y2 a

  y dy dx    2 

0
dx
0 0 0
a
 a2  x2  a3
    dx 

0 
2 3
a ay
0 0
Solution:
a2  x2 ay
a
 x2 
a
  y dy dx    2 
y dy
0 0 0 0
a
1 a4
2 0
 y a y dy 
6
CHANGE THE ORDER OF INTEGRATION

For changing the order of integration in a given double integral
Step 1: Draw the region of integration by using the given limits.
Step 2: After changing the order, consider
 dxdy as horizontal strip
 dydx as vertical strip
Step 3: Find the new limits.
Step 4: Evaluate the double integral.
a a
xdydx
Change the order of integration in   2 and hence evaluate it.
8. x + y 2
0 y
Solution:
aa
x
  x 2  y 2 dx dy (Correct Form)
0 y
Given limits x : y  a ; y :0  a
After changing the order,
dy dx  vertical strip
Now, limit x :0  a ; y :0  x
a x
x
a x
 1 
  2 2
dydx    x  2  dy dx
0 0
x +y 0 0 
x + y2 

x
1  y 
a
  x  tan 1    dx
0 
x  x  0
a

  x  tan 1 1  tan 1  0   dx tan 1 1  , tan 1  0   0
0
4
 
a
    dx
0
4
  a
    x 0
4
a

4
 
e y
9. Evaluate   y dy dx by changing the order of integration.
0 x
Solution:
Given limits:
x:0
y:x

dxdy  horizontal strip
 y 
e y e y
  y   y ( x) 0 dy
y
dx dy
0 0 0

e y
 y dy
0
y

  e  y dy
0

 e y 
 
 1  0
 e   e 0  
  
 1  1  

 e  e0
1 e  0; e0  e0  1
 y y2

10. Change the order of integration   ye
0 0
x
dx dy and hence evaluate it.
Solution
Given limits:
x  0, x  y
y  0, y  
 y y2  y 2
 1 
  ye
0 0
x
dx dy    2 ye x dy dx
20x
1  
  y2

 2 ye x dy  dx
20 x
 
1  
  y2

    e x d ( y 2 )  dx
20 x
 

  
2
y
1 
    xe x
 dx
20  x  x (Or) Use Substitution y2 = t, 2ydy = dt, Limits: t : x2  
1   
 x2

  0    xe x  dx
2 0   


1
  xe x dx
20

1  xe x  e x  
   (1)   
2  1   1 1   0
1 
   xe  x  e  x 
2 0
1
  (0  0)  (0  1)  e  0, e0  1
2
1

2

a a2  x2
0 0
xy dy dx by changing the order of integration.
Solution:
Given y  0, y  a 2  x 2
y 2  a2  x2
x2  y 2  a2
x  0, x  a
a2  y2 a2  y2
a a
 x2 
  x y dx dy   y 
 2


0
dy
0 0 0
a
 
y 2
2
a  y 2 dy
0
a a
a2 1 3

2  ydy 
0
2 0
y dy
a a
a2  y2  1  y4 
     
2  2 0 2  4 0
a4 a4
 
4 8
a4 a4
 
4 8
a4

8
1 2 x
12. Changing the order of integration and hence evaluate   xy dy dx .

0 x2
Solution:
Given limits:
y  x2
y  2 x  x y  2
x  0, y  1
1 2 x 1 y 2 2 y

0 x 2
xy dy dx  
0 0
 xy dxdy  
1

0
xy dxdy
 I1  I 2 ( say )      (1)

To find I1 :
1 y
I1    xy dxdy
0 0
y
1
 x2 
  y   dy
0  2 0
1
y 
  y   0 dy
0  2 
1
y2
 dy
0
2
1
 y3 
 
 6 0
1 
   0
6 
1
I1 
6
To find I 2 :
2 2 y
I2    xy dxdy
1 0
2 y
2
 x2 
  y   dy
1  2 0
2  2  y 2 
  y dy
 2 
1  
2

y
2
 4  4 y  y 2 dy
1
2

1
2 1
 4 y  4 y 2  y3 dy
2
1  4 y 2 4 y3 y 4 
    
2 2 3 4 1
1  4(2) 2 4  2  24  4(1) 2 4 1 14  

3 3
       
2 2 3 4  2 3 4  
 
1  32 4 1 
 8   4  2   
2 3 3 4
1 28 1 
 10   
2 3 4

1  10(12)  28(4)  1(3) 

  
2 12 
1 5 
  
2  12 
5
I2 
24
1 5
(1)  I  
6 24
9

24
3
I
8
1 2y
13. Change the order of integration and hence evaluate   x y dx dy .
0 y
Solution:
Given limits: x = y, x = 2 – y
y=0,y=1
After changing the order, dy dx  vertical strip
1 2y 1 x 2 2 x
  x y dx dy    x y dy dx    x y dy dx
0 y 0 0 1 0
x 2 x
1
 y2  2
 y2 
 x   dx   x  
  dx
0  2 0 1  2 0
 
1 2
x3 1 1 5 1
 dx   x 4  x 2  4 x dx   
0
2 21 8 24 3

3 4 y
14. Change the order of integration and hence evaluate   ( x  y) dx dy .
0 1
Solution:
Given limits: x = 1, x = 4 y
y=0,y=3
x –2 –1 0 1 2
y = 4 – x2 0 3 4 3 0
After changing the order, dy dx  vertical strip

3 4 y 2 4 x
2
  ( x  y) dx dy    ( x  y) dy dx
0 1 1 0
4  x2

2
y2 
  x y
 
 dx
1  0
2
2
 x4 
   4 x  x 3  8   4 x 2  dx
1  
2
241

60

4 a 2 ax
15. Change the order of integration and hence evaluate   dydx .

0 x 2
4a
Solution:
Given limits:
x2
y  x 2  4ay        (1)
4a
y  2 ax  y 2  4ax      (2)
x0 , x  4a
Sub (1) in (2),
2
 y2 
   4ay
 4a 
y4
 4ay
16a 2
y 4  64a3 y
 y  64a y   0
4 3
y  y  64a   0
3 3
y  0 and y 3  64a3  0
y0 and y 3  64a3
y0 and y  4a
when y  0  x  0
16a 2
when y  4a  x   4a
4a
After changing the order, dx dy  horizontal strip
4 a 2 ax 4 a 2 ay
 
0 x2
dydx   0 y2
dxdy
4a 4a
4a 2 ay
   x
0 y2
dy
4a
4a
 2

   2
0
ay  y
4a 
dy
4a
 y 2 dy
0 
1
  
4a 
2
2 a ( y )

4a
 3
( y) 2 y3 

 2 a  
 3 12a 
 2 0
4 3 (4a)3 
 a (4a) 2  
3 12a 
 32a 2 (4a)3  3
   (4) 2
4 4 8
 3 12a 
 32a 2 64a 3 
  
 3 12a 
 32a 2 16a 2  16a 2
   
 3 3  3
4a 2 a x
16. Change the order of integration and hence evaluate   x y dy dx .
0 x2 / 4a
Solution:
Given limits:
x2
y  x 2  4ay        (1)
4a
y  2 ax  y 2  4ax      (2)
x0 , x  4a
Sub (1) in (2),
2
 y2 
   4ay
 4a 
y4
 4ay
16a 2
y 4  64a3 y
 y  64a y   0
4 3
y  y  64a   0
3 3
y  0 and y 3  64a3  0
y0 and y 3  64a3
y  0 and y  4a
when y  0  x  0
16a 2
when y  4a  x   4a
4a
dx dy  horizontal strip

4a 2 a x 4a 2 a y
  x y dy dx    x y dx dy
0 x2 / 4a 0 y 2 / 4a
2 ay
4a
 x2 
  y 
 2

 2 dy
 y / 4a
0
4a
 y5  64 4
   2a y2 

 32 a 2
 dy 

 3
a
0
Area as a double integral (Cartesian Coordinates)  dx dy or  dy dx

R R
17. Find the area of the circle x2 + y2 = a2.
Solution:
a a2  y2
 4  dx dy
0 0
a
x 0 a  y2
2
 4 dy
0
a
 4 a 2  y 2 dy
0
a
y a2 1 y 
 4 a y 
2 2
sin  
2 2  a  0
a2  
 4   a
2
 2 2 

x2 y 2
Find the area bounded by the ellipse   1 using double integration.
18. a 2 b2
Solution: By the symmetry of the curve the area of the ellipse is
Area = 4 Area in the first quardrant
x2
b 1-
a a2
= 4  dydx
0 0
a x2
b 1-
= 4  [y]0 a2
dx
0
a
x2
= 4b  1 - 2 dx
0
a
a
4b
a 0
= a 2 - x 2 dx
a
4b  x 2 2 a 2  x 
=  a - x + sin -1   
a 2 2  a 0
4b  a 2 
=  sin -1 
a 2 
π
= 2ab  
2
= πab.
19. Find the double integration the area by the curves y 2 = 4ax and x2 = 4ay .
Solution:
The area is closed by the parabola
y 2 = 4ax - - - - - - - -(1) and x 2 = 4ay - - - - - - - -(2)

To find the limits solve (1) and (2)
x2
(2)  y =
4a
sub in (1)
2
 x2 
  = 4ax
 4a 
x4 = 64a 3
( x4 - 64a 3 ) = 0
x = 0 or ( x3 - 64a 3 ) = 0
x = 0 or x3 = 64a 3 Þ x = 4a

4a 4ax 4a 4a
 x2 
 Area =   dydx =   y  x2 =   4ax -  dx
4ax
dx
0 
0 x2 0 4a
4a 
4a
4a
 x 2 1 x3 
3
 1 2
4a
=   2 a x - x  dx =  2 a
1
2
- 
 4a   3 4a 3 
0
 2 0
4 a 3 1
= (4a) 2 - (4a)3
3 12a
5
4 a 32 32 1 4 2 42 1
= (4) (a) - 64a 3 = a - 64a 3
3 12a 3 12a
5
(22 ) 2 2 16 2 32 2 16 2
= a - a = a - a
3 3 3 3
16
= a2
3
20. Find the area bounded by the parabolas y 2 = 4 - x and y 2 = x by double integration.
Solution:
The area is bounded by
y 2 = 4 - x        (1)
y 2 = x          (2)
y 2 = -(x - 4) is a parabola with vertex (4, 0)
and in the direction of negative x-axis both
the curves are symmetric about x-axis.
To find the limits solve (1) and (2)
4-x = x
2x = 4  x  2
y2 = 2  y = ± 2
2
2 4-y
Area = 2   dxdy
0 y2
4-y 2
2
= 2   x dy
0 2
y
2
= 2  (4 - y 2 - y 2 ) dy
0
2
= 2  (4 - 2y 2 ) dy
0

2
 2y 3 
= 2 4y -
 3  0

  
3
2 2
= 2 4 2 - - 0
 3 
 
 2(2)3 2 
= 2 4 2 -
 3 
 2(2)(2)1 2 
= 2 4 2 - 
 3 
 4 2
= 2 4 2 - 
 3 
  1

= 2 4 2 1 - 
 3
2
=8 2  
3
16
= 2
3
21.
2
Evaluate
R
Solution:
The region of integration is the triangle bounded by the lines
x  0, y  0, x  y  1
1 1 x
 ( x 2  y 2 )dy dx =   x  y 2 dydx
2
0 0
R
1 x
 1
y3

= x 2 y   dx
0
 3 
0
1
 2 (1  x)3 
 0  x (1  x ) 
3 
dx
1
 x3 x 4 (1  x)4 
   
3 4 12  0
1 1 1
  
3 4 12
1

6

Area as a double integral (Polar Coordinates)  rdrdθ

R
Solution:
π a(1+cosθ)
0 0
a(1+cosθ)
 r2 
π
= 2   dθ
0 
2 0
π
=  a 2 (1 + cosθ)2 dθ
0
π
 (1 + 2cosθ + cos θ)dθ

2 2
=a
0
 1  cos 
π
 
= a 2  1 + 2cosθ +    dθ
0   2 
π
3 1 
  2 + 2cosθ + 2 cos2θ  dθ
2
=a
0
π
3 1 sin2θ 
= a  θ + 2sinθ +
2
sinnπ = 0, n
2 2 2  0
3 
= a2  π 
2 
3πa 2
=
2

23. Find the area inside the circle r = asinθ but lying outside the cardioid r = a 1- cosθ .
Solution:
Given r = asinθ        (1)
and r = a 1- cosθ     (2)
Eliminating r from (1) and (2)
asinθ = a(1 - cosθ)
sinθ + cosθ = 1- - - - - -(3)
(3)2  sin 2θ + cos 2θ + 2sinθcosθ = 1
1 + 2sin2θ = 1
sin2θ = 0
2θ = 0, π
π
θ = 0,
2
π
2 asinθ
Area =  
0 a(1-cosθ)
r drdθ
π asinθ
2
 r2 
Area = 
0
2
  a(1-cosθ)
π
2
1
 a sin θ - a (1 - cosθ)  dθ
2 2 2 2
=
2 0
π
a2
 sin θ - 1- 2cosθ + cos θ  dθ
2
2 2
=
2 0
π
a2 2
 sin θ -1  2cosθ  cos θ dθ

2 2
=
2 0
π  
a2 2 2 2
 -1  2cosθ dθ  cos θ d   sin θ d

2 2
=
2 0 0 0
2
a
-θ + 2sinθ0 2
π
=
2
a2  π π 
=  - 2 + 2sin 2  - 0 
2   
a2  π  a2
= - + 2 = 4 - π
2 2  4

Find the area bounded between r = 2cosθ and r = 4cosθ .

24. Solution:
Area =  r dr dθ
R
Where the region R is the area between

the circles r = 2cosθ and r = 4cosθ
 r varies from r = 2cosθ to r = 4cosθ
π π
θ varies from - to
2 2
π
2 4cosθ
Area =  
-π 2cosθ
r dr dθ
2
π 4cosθ
 r2 
2
=  dθ
-π  2  2cosθ
2
π
1 2
=  16cos 2θ - 4cos 2θ  dθ
2 -π
2
π
1 2
= 
2 -π
12cos 2θ dθ
2
π
2
= 6  cos 2θ dθ
-π
2
π
2
= 6(2)  cos 2θdθ
0
π
1π 2
1π
 cos θdθ = 2 2
2
= 6(2)
22 0
= 3π
Conversion from Cartesian to Polar in double integrals
Evaluation of double integrals by changing Cartesian coordinates to polar coordinates:
Changing from ( x, y ) to (r ,  ) , the variables are related by x  r cos  , y  r sin 
and dx dy  J dr d  r dr d
  f ( x, y ) dx dy   f (r cos  , r sin  ) r dr d

Formula
 (n  1) (n  3) (n  5)  2
 n (n  2) (n  4) 3  1 if n is odd
 /2  /2 
       
n n
sin d cos d 
0 0  (n  1) (n  3) (n  5) 1 
  if n is even
 n (n  2) (n  4)  2 2
 
e e
 ( x2  y 2 )  x2
Evaluate dx dy by changing to polar coordinates. And hence find dx
25. 0 0 0
Solution:
x  r cos  , y  r sin  and dx dy  r dr d

r varies from 0 to  ,  varies from 0 to
2

I    e( x  y2 )
2
dx dy
0 0

  r2
2

 0  0 e r dr  d


1   t
2


2 0  0 e dt  d let r 2  t  2r dr  dt and r: 0 to   t: 0 to 

2
1 
 e  d
t

2 0
0

2
1
 e  e0  d

 e   0, e0  1
2 0

1 2
1  1   

2  d  2  
0
0
2
   0 
22  4
  

e dx dy   e dx  e  y dy 
 ( x2  y 2 )  x2 2
Since
0 0 0 0
4
 

 e dx  e dx 
x x2 2
0 0
4
2
 2   

   e x dx     e x dx 
2
0  4 0
2

2 2 x  x2
x
0 0 x  y2
2
dy dx by changing to polar coordinates.
Solution:
The limits of x are x=0 to x=2,
The limits of y are y=0 to y= 2x x2
y  0  r cos   0

 r  0 and cos   0   
2
y  2x  x  y  2x  x 2 2 2
x  0  r sin   0
x  y  2x  0
2 2
sin   0
  0
 r 2  2r cos   0
 r  2 cos 

r var ies from 0 to 2 cos  ,  var ies from 0 to
2
2 2 x x 2
x
I   dy dx
0 0 x  y2
2

2 2cos
r cos 
  
0 0
r2
r dr d

2 2cos
  
0 0
r cos  dr d
 2cos
2
 r2 
  cos    d
0  2 0
 
2  4
2 2
1
  4 cos  d  2  cos3  d  2  .1 
3
2 0 0 3  3
a a
x2
27. Evaluate 
0 y x2  y 2
dx dy by changing to polar coordinates.
Solution:
The limits of x are x=y to x=a, The limits of y are y=0 to y=a

x  y  r cos   r sin     ,
4
a
x  a  r cos   a  r 
cos 

y  0  r sin   0
 r  0 and sin   0    0
a 
r varies from 0 to ,  varies from 0 to
cos  4
a a
x2
I   dx dy
0 y x2  y 2
 a
cos
4
r 2 cos2 
  
0 0
r
r dr d
 a
4 cos
  
0 0
r 2 cos 2  dr d
 a
4
 r 3  cos
  cos 2    d
0  3 0

1 4
 a3 
 0   cos3   0d
2
cos
3  

a3 4

3  sec d
0
a3     a3
a3
log(sec  tan  )0 4  log  sec  tan   log  sec 0  tan 0   log  

 2 1 
3 3   4 4  3 
2 a 2 x  x2
  x  y 2  dy dx by changing to polar coordinates

2
28. Evaluate
0 0
Solution:
The limits of x are x=0 to x=2a, The limits of y are y=0 to y = 2ax  x
2
y  0  r sin   0
 r  0 and sin   0    0
y  2ax  x 2  y 2  2ax  x 2 x  0  r cos   0

x 2  y 2  2ax  0 cos   0   
2
 r  2ar cos   0
2
 r  2 a cos 

r var ies from 0 to 2 a cos  ,  var ies from 0 to
2

2 a 2 ax  x 2
I   x  y 2  dy dx
2
0 0

2 2 a cos
   r  r dr d
2
0 0

2 2 a cos
   r  dr d
3
0 0

2 a cos
 r4 
2
   d
0
4 0

  2a cos  4
2 
   0 d

0
4 


4 2
3 1  3a  4
  cos   d  4a . 4 . 2 . 2  4
16a
 4 4
4 0
a a2  y2
  x  y 2  dy dx by changing to polar coordinates.

2
29. Evaluate
0 0
Solution:
The limits of x are x=0 , x  a 2  y 2 , and limits of y are y=0, y=a
x  0  r cos   0 x  a2  y 2  x2  y 2  a2 y0

r  0 and cos   0    r 2  a2 r sin   0
2
ra sin   0    0
π
r varies from 0 to a, θ varies from 0 to
2
a a2  y2
I   x  y 2  dy dx
2
0 0

2a
    r  r dr d
2
0 0

2 a
    r 3  dr d
0 0


a
 r4 
2
    d
0
4 0

2
 a4  a4  a 4  a 4
    d   0 2  
0
4  4 4 2 8
Triple Integration (Cartesian Coordinates)
z2 y2 x2
I   
z  z1 y  y1 x  x1
f (x, y, z) dx dy dz
Also
x2 y2 z2
I   
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
f (x, y, z) dz dy dx
1 2 3
30. Evaluate    xyz dz dy dx

0 0 0
Solution:
3
1 2 3 1 2
 z2 
I    xyz dz dy dx   
x=0 y=0 z=0 0 0
  dy dx
 2 0
2
 y2 
3
9 
1 2 1
9
  2 0  2 0
  0  dy dx  x   dx
0 0  2 0
1
9
1
4  9
1 1
 x2  1  9
  x   0  dx   2x dx  9 x dx  9    9   0  
20 2  20 0  2 0 2  2
1 1 1
  e
x+y+z
31. Evaluate dxdydz
0 0 0
Solution:
1 1 1 1 1
  e
x  yz
  e  e yz  dy dz
1 y  z
I= dx dy dz =
z=0 y=0 x=0 0 0
 e 
z2
=  2ez 1  ez dz
0
 e3  3e2  3e  1
  e  1
3

c b a
0 0 0
Solution:
a
c b a c b
 x2 
 2


0
0 0 0 0 0
c b
 a2 
   
 2  a y  a z  dy dz
0 0  
b
c
 a2 y2 
 
 2 y  a  a z y  dz

0  2 0
c
 a2 b2 
  ba
 2  a z b  dz

0  2 
c
 a2 b2 z2 

  b z  a z  a b 
 2 2 2 0
a b c (a  b  c)

2
33. x y
4 x
Evaluate    z dx dy dz .
0 0 0
Solution:
4 x xy
I=   
x=0 y=0 z=0
z dz dy dx
x y
4xz2 
=    dydx
0 0  2  0
1 4x
=   x  y dydx
2 00
x 4
1 4 y 2  1  2 x 
4 2
34 2 3  x 3 
=   xy  dx =   x   dx =  x dx   16
2 0  2  2 0 2  40 4 3 
0  0
log 2 x x  y
  e
x y z
34. Evaluate dz dy dx .
0 0 0
Solution:
log 2 x x  y
  e 0 e e
log 2 x
z x y y x
  e
x y z
dz dy dx  dy dx
0 0 0 0 0

  e 
log 2 x
 2x
e 2 y  e x e y dy dx
0 0
x
log 2
 2 x e2 y x y
  e

 2
 e e  dx
0
0
log 2
 e4 x 3 2 x x 5
  
 2


2
e  e  dx 

 8
0
a a x2 2 a x y
2 2 2
dz dy dx
0 0
0 a2  x2  y2  z2
Solution:
a a2  x2 a2  x2  y 2
dz dy dx
Let I  
x 0

y 0

z 0 a  x2  y 2  z 2
2
a2  x2  y 2
a a2  x2   z 
  sin 1   dy dx
0 0   a  x  y   0
2 2 2
a a2  x2
  sin 1 1  sin 1  0  dy dx

0 0
 
a  x2
2

a a
   2  0 dy dx  2   y 0
a2  x2
dx
0 0   0
a
 a
 x a2  x 
2 0
 a 2  x 2 dx  a2  x2  sin 1   
2  2 2  a  0
  a2     2 a2
  0     0  0  
2  2 2  8
dz dy dx
36. Evaluate   1  x2  y2  z2
for all positive values of x,y,z for which the integral is real.
Solution:
1 1 x 2 1 x 2  y 2
dz dy dx
Let I  
x 0 y 0

z 0 1  x2  y 2  z 2
1 x 2  y 2
1 1 x 2   z 
  sin 1   dy dx
  
 1 x  y
2 2
0 0 0
1 1 x 2
  sin 1 1  sin 1  0   dy dx

0 0

 
1 x 2

1 1
 2  0  dy dx  2   y 0
1 x 2
  dx
0 0   0
 1
2
2 0
 1  x 2 dx 
8
dz dy dx
37. Evaluate   x  y  z  1
V
3
over the region of integration bounded by the planes x  0, y  0 ,
z  0, x  y  z  1
Solution:
Here z varies from z  0 to z  1  x  y
y varies from y  0 to y  1  x
x varies from x  0 to x  1
1 1 x 1 x  y
dz dy dx 1
   x  y  z  1
V
3
     x  y  z  1 dz dy dx
x 0 y 0 z 0
3
1 1 x 1 x  y
    x  y  z  1
3
dz dy dx
0 0 0
1 x  y
1 1 x   x  y  z  1 2 
    dy dx
0 0  2  0
1 1 x
1  2 2   x  y  1 2  dy dx
2 0 
  
0
1 1 x
1 1 
2 0   4   x  y  1
2
  dy dx
0  
1 x
1 1
1
   y
 x  y  1 
1
 dx
2 0  4 1  0
1 x
1 1 1 
1
    y   x  y  1  dx
2 0 4 0
 1 1 
 1 

1
1

2 0  4 1  x   2   0   x  1  dx
 
1 1 x 1 
1
1
     
2 0  4 4 2 1 x  dx

1 3 x 
1
1
    
2 0  4 4 1 x  dx


1
1 3 x2 
   x   log 1  x  
2 4 8 0
1  3 1  
     log 2   0  0  0 
2  4 8  
1 5
 log 2 
2 16
Volume using Triple Integral
x2 y 2 z 2
38. Find the volume of the ellipsoid 2  2  2  1
a b c
Solution:
x2 y 2 z 2
Since the ellipsoid 2  2  2  1 is symmetric about the coordinate planes.
a b c
Volume of ellipsoid = 8  volume in the first octant.
In the first octant,

x2 y 2
z varies from 0 to c 1  
a 2 b2
x2
y varies from 0 to b 1 
a2
x varies from 0 to a
x2 x2 y 2
b 1 c 1 2  2
a a2 a b
volume  8    dz dy dx
x 0 y 0 z 0
x2
b 1
a a2 x2 y 2
c 1 
 8
0
  z
0
0
a 2 b2
dy dx
x2
b 1
a a2
x2 y 2
 8  c 1  dy dx
0 0
a 2 b2
x2
b 1
a2
c  2  x2  2 
a
 8   b 1  2   y  dy dx
b  a  
0 0  

x2
b 1
 2 x2    a2
 b  1    
8c  y 2  x 2  2 a 2  1 
a
  b 1  2   y   sin
y  dy dx

b 0 2  a  2  x 
2
  b 1  2 
  a 0
4c 2  x 2 
a
  
b 1  2  sin 1 1 sin 1 0 dx
b 0  a 

4c 2  x 2  
a
b 0  a 2  2
 b 1   dx
a
 x2 
 2 bc  1  2  dx
0
a 
a
 1 x3 
 2 bc  x  2 
 a 3 0
 a3   a  2a  4
 2 bc  a  2  0  2 bc  a    2 bc     abc
 3a   3  3  3
x y z
Find the volume of the tetrahedron bounded by the plane    1 and the coordinate’s planes.
a b c
39.
Solution:
x y z
The region of integration is the region bounded by    1, x  0, y  0, z  0
a b c
 x y
z varies from 0 to c 1   
 a b
 x
y varies from 0 to b  1  
 a
 x  x y
b 1  c  1  
a  a  a b
volume   
x 0 y 0

z 0
dz dy dx
 x
b1 
 x y
  z
a  a c1  
  a b
dy dx
0
0 0
 x
b1 
a  a
 x y
  c 1    dy dx
0 0  a b
 x
b1 
a
 x  y2   a
 c  1   y   dx
0 
a 2b  0

a
 x   x  1 2  x  2 
 c  1   b 1    b 1    dx
0 a   a  2b  a  
a
  x 2 b  x 2 
 c  b 1    1    dx
0  a  2  a  
a
 b  x 2 
 c   1    dx
0 2  a  
bc  x  
a 2
  1    dx
2 0  a  
a
  x 3 
 1 
bc   a   abc abc
   0  1 
2  3  6 6
 a 
 0
40.
Find the volume of sphere x 2  y 2  z 2  a 2 using triple integrals.
Solution:
Since the sphere x 2  y 2  z 2  a 2 is symmetric about the coordinate plane
Volume of sphere = 8  volume in the first octant.
Int the first octant,
z varies from 0 to a2  x2  y 2
y varies from 0 to a2  x2
a a2  x2 a2  x2  y 2
Volume of sphere =  8    dz dy dx
y 0 x 0 z 0
a a x
2 2
  z 0
a2  x2  y 2
 8 dy dx
0 0
a a  x2
2
 8  a 2  x 2  y 2 dy dx
0 0
a2  x2
 y a2  x2  y 2 a2  x2
a
 y 
 8   sin 1   dx
0   a x   0
 2 2 2 2
a
 a 2  x 2 1   a 2  x 2 1 
 8  0  sin (1)   0  sin (0)  dx
0   
2 2
a
 a2  x2 
 8   sin (1)  sin (0)  dx
1 1
0
2 

 
a
 4   a 2  x 2    0  dx
0 2 
a
 x3   a3   2a 3  4 a 3
 2  a 2 x    2  a 3    2  
 3 0  3  3  3
* ** **

Module – 2 Vector Calculus
Review of vectors in 2, 3 dimensions – Gradient, divergence, curl – Solenoidal, Irrotational fields –

Vector identities (without proof) – Directional derivatives – Line integrals, Surface integrals,
Volume integrals – Green’s theorem (without proof) – Gauss divergence theorem (without proof),
Verification, Applications to Cubes, parallelopiped only – Stoke’s theorem (without proof) –
Verification, Applications to Cubes, parallelopiped only – Applications of Line and Volume
integrals in Engineering.
Basic Formulae
     
1.   i  j k
x y z
     
2.   grad   i j k
x y z

a
3. Directional derivative =   
a
4. Normal derivative = 

5. Unit normal vector n̂ 

1   2
6. Angle between the surfaces cos  
1  2
   
7. Let r  x i  y j  z k

r  x2  y2  z 2
r 2  x2  y2  z2
Differentiate partially w.r.t. x

r
2r  2x
x
r x

x r
r y
Differentiate partially w.r.t. y 
y r
r z
Differentiate partially w.r.t. z 
z r

1. 
Find  if   log x 2  y 2  z 2 . 
Solution:
  
  i j k
x y z
i

x
   
y z
2x 2y 2z
i 2 j 2 k 2
(x  y  z )
2 2
(x  y  z )
2 2
(x  y2  z2 )

x y z
2
2
2 2  xi  y j  zk   2r 2r (r  xi  y j  zk & r 2  x 2  y 2  z 2 )
2. Find  if   x y z at the point (1, 2, 3).
Solution:
     
  grad   i j k
x y z
  
  i y z  j x z  k x y
  
 at (1, 2, 3)  6 i  3 j  2 k
3. Find  r .
Solution:
 r  r  r
r  i  j k
x y z
 x  y  z r
r  i  j  k 
r r r r
4. Find the unit normal vector to the surface x2 + xy + z2 = 4 at the point (1, –1, 2).
Solution:
Let  = x2 + xy + z2 – 4
     
  grad   i j k
x y z
  
 2 x  y,  x,  2z
x y z

 (1,1,2)    
   
= (2 x  y )i  xj  2 zk (1, 1, 2) = i  j  4k
The unit normal vector is
 i  j  4k i  j  4k
 nˆ    .
 2 2
1 1  4 2 18
5. Find the unit normal vector to the surface x2 + y2 + z2 = 1 at the point (1, 1, 1).
i jk
Ans nˆ 
3
6. Find the directional derivative of  = 3x2 + 2y – 3z at (1, 1, 1) in the direction 2i  2 j  k .
  
Solution: The gradient of  is   i  j k
x y z
  
 6 x,  2,  3
x y z
  6 x i  2 j  3k
Directional derivative of  is
a  2i  2 j  k
a  22  22  (1)2  9  3
a   2i  2 j  k  19
 .  (6 xi  2 j  3k )    
a   3   (1,1,1) 3
7. Find the directional derivative of  = 2xy + z2 at (1, – 1 , 3) in the direction i  2 j  2k .
14
Ans
3
8. Find the directional derivative of  = x2+ y2 + 4 x y z at (1, – 2 , 2) in the direction 2 i  2 j  k .
44
Ans 
3
where Q is (5, 0, 4).
Solution:
     
  grad   i  j k
x y z

  
  grad   i 2 x  j (2 y )  k 4 z
  
 at (1, 2, 3)  2 i  4 j  12 k
         
a  OQ  OP  (5 i  0 j  4 k )  ( i  2 j  3 k )  4 i  2 j  k

a
a
  
   4i  2 j  k 28
 (2 i  4 j  12 k )  
21 21
10. In what direction from (3, 1, –2) is the directional derivative of  = x2y2z4 a maximum? Find
the magnitude of this maximum.
Solution: Given  = x2 y2z4
  
 2 xy 2 z 4 ,  2 x 2 yz 4 ,  4 x2 y 2 z3
x y z
2 4 2 4 2 2 3
  (2 x y z )i  (2x yz ) j  (4x y z )k
 3, 1, 2 = 96i  288 j  288k  96(i  3 j  3k )

 The maximum directional derivative occurs in the direction of  = 96(i  3 j  3k )
The magnitude of this maximum directional derivative is

  96 12  32  ( 3) 2  96 1 9  9  96 19.
11. In what direction from (1, 1, –2) is the directional derivative of  = x2 – 2y2 + 4 z2
a maximum? Find the magnitude of this maximum.
  
Ans Directional derivative is maximum in the direction of 2 i  4 j  16 k
Maximum directional derivative = 276
12. Find the angle between the surfaces x logz = y2 – 1 and x2y = 2 – z at the point (1, 1, 1).
Solution: Let 1 = y2 – x logz – 1
   x
  log z ,  2 y, 
x y z z
  x  
 1 = – log z i  2 yj  k  1 (1,1,1)
, (  ) = 2 j  k and |  1|  22  (1) 2  5
z

Let 2 = x2 y – 2 + z
  
 2 xy ,  x2 , 1
x y z
  
 2= (2 xy)i  x j  (1)k , (  2)(1,1,1) =
2
2i  j  k and |  2|  22  12  1 2  6
cos 
1.2

 
2 j  k . 2i  j  k  0  2 1 1  1 
   cos  .
  
=
1 2 5 6 30  30 
13. Find the angle between the surfaces z = x2 + y2 – 3 and x2 + y 2 + z2 = 9 at the point (2, – 1 , 2).
8
Ans cos  
3 21
14. Find the angle between the normals to the surface x 2  yz at the points (1, 1, 1) and (2, 4, 1).
Solution:
  
  2 xi  zj  yk
     
1 /(1,1,1)  2i  j  k  2 /( 2,4,1)  4i  j  4k
1  4  1  1  6  2  16  1  16  33
     
1   2 (2i  j  k )  (4i  j  4k ) 13
cos    
1  2 6 33 6 33
15. Find ‘a’ and ‘b’ so that the surfaces ax3  by 2 z  (a  3)x2 and 4x2 y  z 3  11 cut
orthogonally at (2, –1, –3).

Solution:
Let 1  ax3  by 2 z  (a  3) x 2
  
 3ax 2  (a  3)2 x ,  2byz,  by 2
x y z
1  [3ax2  (a  3)2 x]i  2byzj  by 2k

At (2, 1, 3) 1  (8a  12)i  6bj  bk

Let 2  4 x 2 y  z 3  11
  
 8 xy ,  4 x 2 ,  3 z 2
x y z
2  8 xyi  4 x 2 j  3z 2 k
At (2, 1, 3) 2  16i  16 j  27k
Since the surfaces cut orthogonally at (2, 1, 3),

1.2  0
  16(8a  12)  16(6b)  27b  0

 128a  192  69b  0
 128a  69b  192  (1)
Since the po int s (2, 1, 3) lies on the surface 1 ( x, y, z )  0, we have
8a  3b  4a  12
 4a  3b  12  (2)
Solving (1) & (2) we get a  2.333 b  7.111
16. Find a and b such that the surfaces ax2 – byz = (a+2)x and 4x2y+z3=4 cut orthogonally at
(1, –1, 2).
Solution:
Let 1  ax 2  byz  (a  2) x
  
1  i [2ax  (a  2)]  j (bz )  k (by )
  
1 at (1, –1, 2)  i [a  2]  4bj  bk
1  (a  2) 2  17 b 2
2  4 x y  23  4
2
  
2  8 xyi  4 x 2 j  3z 2 k
  
2  8i  4 j  12k
(1, 1, 2 )
 2  64  16  144  224

1.2
cos  
1 2
 8(a  2)  16b  12b


(a  2) 2  17b 2 224
Given  = 900, cos900 = 0
 8a  16  16b  12b
0 
(a  2) 2  17b 2 224
 8a  16 16b  12b  0
 2a  b  4  0 … (1)
Since the point (1,-1,2) lies on the surface 1(x,y,z) = 0,
a – 2b – (a+2) = 0
b = -1
5
 (1)  2a + (-1)-4 = 0 a=
2
17. Find (r n )
Solution:
   j  rn   k  rn 
 rn
 i
 r n
x y z
x y z
 i nr n 1  j nr n 1  k nr n 1
r r r
= i nr n 2 x  j nr n 2 y  k nr n 2 z
n 2 r  xi  yj  zk )
= nr ( xi  yj  zk ) (
 
 r n = nr n  2 r .

DIVERGENCE, CURL, SOLENOIDAL, IRROTATIONAL

   
Let F  F1 i  F2 j  F3 k
  F F F
1. div F    F  1  2  3
x y z
  
i j k
    
2. Curl F    F 
x y z
F1 F2 F3

3. Solenoidal   F  0
 
4. Irrotation al   F  0
18. Find 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹⃗ if 𝐹⃗ = 𝑥𝑦𝑖⃗ + 𝑦𝑧𝑗⃗ + 𝑧𝑥𝑘⃗⃗.

Solution:
𝑖⃗ 𝑗⃗ 𝑘⃗⃗
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹⃗ = 𝛻 × 𝐹⃗ = || 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 | = 𝑖⃗ (0 − 𝑦) − 𝑗⃗⃗(𝑧 − 0) + 𝑘⃗⃗ (0 − 𝑥 )
|
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
= −𝑦 ⃗⃗⃗𝑖⃗– 𝑧 𝑗⃗⃗– 𝑥 𝑘⃗⃗

19. Find ‘a’, such that F  (3 x  2 y  z )i  (4 x  ay  z ) j  ( x  y  2 z )k is solenoidal.

Solution: We know that F is Solenoidal if div F  0 or . F  0
      
i  j k  .[(3x-2y +z ) i  (4 x  ay  z ) j  ( x  y  2 z )k ] = 0
 x y z 
  
 3x  2 y  z    4 x  ay  z    x  y  2 z   0
x y z
 3 + a + 2 =0
 5+a=0  a = –5.

20. Find the constant a, b, c so that F  ( x  2 y  az )i  (bx  3 y  z ) j  (4 x  cy  2 z )k is irrotational.

Solution:
i j k
  
0
x y z
x  2 y  az bx  3 y  z 4 x  cy  2 z
       
 y z   x z 
   
 k  (bx  3 y  z )  ( x  2 y  az )   0
 x y 
 i.e., i (c  1)  j (4  a)  k (b  2)  0
c  1  0, 4  a  0, and b  2  0
 a  4, b  2, c  1
   
21. Find the constant a, b, c so that F  (a x y  b z 3 ) i  (3 x 2  c z ) j  (3 x z 2  y )k is irrotational.
Ans a = 6, b = 1, c = 1
22. Prove that r n r is an irrotational vector for any value of ‘n’ but is solenoidal only if n = – 3 .
Solution:
r  xi  yj  zk
r  r  x2  y 2  z 2
r 2x x x
  
x 2 x 2  y 2  z 2 x2  y 2  z 2 r
Similarly
r 2y y y
  
y 2 x 2  y 2  z 2 x2  y 2  z 2 r
r 2z z z
  
z 2 x 2  y 2  z 2 x2  y 2  z 2 r
 2
n
r n  x2  y 2  z 2

r n r  r n xi  yj  zk 

i j k
 
  r nr 

x

y

z
rnx rn y rnz
 
 i  ( rnz ) 
 y
 n 
z
 

  n
r y  j
 x
r z 
z
 
 n    n
r x k 
  x
 
r y 
 n 
y
r x 

   
 r r   r r   r r 
 i  znr n 1  ynr n 1   j  znr n 1  xnr n 1   k  ynr n 1  xnr n 1 
 y z   x z   x y 
 y z  x z  x y
 i  znr n 1  ynr n 1   j  znr n 1  xnr n 1   k  ynr n 1  xnr n 1 
 r r  r r  r r
 0i  0 j  0k  0
 r n r is irrotational for all values of n.
  
         n 
div r n r    r n r   i j 
 
 k  r ( x i  y j  z k ) 
 x y z 

x
 
 n
r x 
 n
y
r y   
 n
z
r z  
r r r
 r n  xnr n 1  r n  ynr n 1  r n  znr n 1
x y z
 3r n  nr n2 ( x2  y 2  z 2 )  3r n  nr n2 (r 2 )  3r n  nr n  (3  n)r n
 
If n = – 3 then   r n r  0 .
 r n r is solenoidal only if n = – 3.
23. If F  x 3i  y 3 j  z 3k then find div curl F .
,
Solution: div curl F   . (  F )
i j k
  
 F 
x y z
x3 y3 z3

 i (0  0)  j (0  0)  k (0  0)  0
 F  0
 .(  F )  0
24. If   ( y 2  2 xyz 3 )i  ( 3  2 xy  x 2 z 3 ) j  ( 6 z 3  3 x 2 yz 2 )k find  .
Solution:
     
  i j k
x y z ______________________________________ (1)
     
  
  y 2  2 x y z 3 i  3  2 x y  x 2 z 3 j  6 z 3  3 x 2 y z 2 k
_________________(2)
Comparing (1) and (2)


 y2  2 x y z3 _______________ (3)
x

 3  2 x y  x2 z3 _______________ (4)
y

 6 z3  3 x2 y z2 _______________ (5)
z
Integrating (3) w.r.t. x (keeping y and z as constant)
  y 2 x  x 2 y z 3  f1 ( y, z )
Integrating (4) w.r.t. y (keeping x and z as constant)
  3 y  x y 2  x 2 y z 3  f 2 ( x, z )
Integrating (5) w.r.t. z (keeping x and y as constant)

3 4
 z  x 2 y z 3  f 3 ( x, y )
2
3 4
Hence   y 2 x  x 2 y z 3  3 y  z  c where c is a constant, c  f1 ( y, z )  f 2 ( x, z )  f 3 ( x, y )
2

25. If   2 xyz 3 i  x 2 z 3 j  3x 2 yz 2 k find  ( x, y, z ) given that  ( 1, 2,2 )  4.
Solution:
  
  i j k  (1)
x y z
Given   2 xyz 3 i  x 2 z 3 j  3x 2 yz 2 k  (2)
comparing (1) & (2)

 2 xyz 3  (3)
x

 x2 z3  (4)
y

 3 x2 y z2  (5)
z
  x 2 y z 3  f1 ( y, z )
  x 2 y z 3  f 2 ( x, z )
  x 2 y z 3  f 3 ( x, y)
Hence   x 2 y z 3  c where c is a constant, c  f1 ( y, z )  f 2 ( x, z )  f 3 ( x, y )
Given  (1,  2, 2)  4
 (1,  2, 2)   16  c  4
c  20
Hence   x 2 y z 3  20

26. Show that the vector F  ( y 2 cos x  z 3 )i  (2 y sin x  4) j  3xz 2 k is irrotational and find the
scalar potential function.
Solution:
curlF    F  0
i j k
  
 F 
x y z
y 2 cos x  z 3 2 y sin x  4 3 xz 2
 
i 
 y
 
   
3xz 2   2 y sin x  4    j 
z   x
3xz 2  
 2
z
  
y cos x  z 3 


  2
k 
 y
 

y cos x  z 3   2 y sin x  4  
x


 
 i  0  0  j 3z 2  3z 2  k  2 y cos x  2 y cos x   0
To find Scalar potential  we assume F  
F    ( y 2 cos x  z 3 )i  (2 y sin x  4) j  3xz 2 k

    
i j k   ( y cos x  z )i  (2 y sin x  4) j  3xz k
2 3 2
 x y z 
comparing coefficient of i, j & k

 y 2 cos x  z 3  (1)
x

 2 y sin x  4  (2)
y

 3xz 2  (3)
z
  y 2 (sin x)  x z 3  f1 ( y, z )
  y 2 sin x  4 y  f 2 ( x, z )
  x z 3  f 3 ( x, y)

Hence   y 2 sin x  x z 3  4 y  c where c is a constant, c  f1 ( y, z )  f 2 ( x, z )  f 3 ( x, y )
     
27. Show that the vector F  6 xy  z i  3 x  z j  3 xz  y k is irrotational and find the
3 2 2
scalar potential function.

Solution:
    
curlF    F  0
i j k
    i(1  1)  j (3z 2  3z 2 )  k (6 x  6 x)  0
 F 
x y z
6 xy  z 3 3x 2  z 3xz 2  y
To find scalar potential  we assume F  
    
F    6 xy  z 3 i  3x 2  z j  3xz 2  y k 
    
i j k   
  6 xy  z i  3x  z j  3xz  y k
3 2 2
  
 x y z 
comparing coefficient of i, j & k


x

 6 xy  z 3   (1)

y

 3x 2  z   (2)

z

 3xz 2  y   (3)
  3 x 2 y  x z 3  f1 ( y, z )
  3x 2 y  y z  f 2 ( x, z )
  x z 3  y z  f 3 ( x, y)
Hence   3x 2 y  x z 3  y z  c where c is a constant, c  f1 ( y, z )  f 2 ( x, z )  f 3 ( x, y )

   
28. If A and B are irrotational, then prove that A  B is solenoidal.
Solution:
 
A and B are irrotational.
   
   A  0 and   B  0
    

Now   A  B    A  B    B   A  0  0  0
  
 
 A  B is solenoidal.
 
29. Prove that (i) div r  3 (ii) curl r  0 .
Solution:
   
r  xi  y j  z k
        
div r    r   i j

 
 k   x i  y j  z k 
 x y z 
  
 ( x)  ( y )  ( z )  1  1  1  3
x y z
  
i j k
      
Curl r   0i  0 j  0k
x y z
x y z
30. If   x 2  y 2 , then prove that  2  0 .
Solution:
 2    
               
  i j  k    i j k 
 x y z   x y z 
           
      
x  x  y  y  z  z 

 2 x     2 y    0  2  2  0
x y z

31. Prove that curl ( grad  )  0 .
Solution:
  
i j k
  
Curl ( grad  )     
x y z
  
x y z
   2  2     2  2     2  2 
 i    j
 
 x z z x 
k 
 x y y x 

 y z z y     
  
32. State Green’s Theorem.

Statement: If P(x, y) and Q(x, y) are continuous functions of x, y with continuous partial derivatives
P Q
and in a region R of the xy plane bounded by a simple closed curve C, then
y x
 Q P 
  P dx  Q dy       dx dy where C is the curve traversed in the counter clockwise
C R  x y 
direction.
  x (1  y)dx  (x3  y 3 )dy  where C is the boundary of the

2
Verify Green’s theorem for

33. c
region defined by the lines x = 1 and y = 1 .
Solution:
By Green’s theorem
 Q P 
 P dx  Q dy     x  y  dx dy
C R
 x (1  y)dx  ( y  x3 )dy
2 3
Given
c
P  x (1  y )
2
Q  y 3  x3
P Q
 x2  3x 2
y x

Consider
 Q P 
  x  y dxdy
R
1 1
   (3x  x 2 )dydx
2
1 1
1 1
   (2 x )dydx
2
1 1
1
1
 x3 
  2   dy
1 
3  1
4
1 1 1
2 3 2
 1 3 1  (1) dy  1 3 2 dy  1  3  dy
3
4 4 8
   [ y ]11    1  (1)    (1)
3 3 3
Consider
 Pdx  Qdy        
c AB BC CD DA
Along AB, y  1, dy  0 and x var ies from  1 to 1

1 1
 
AB
Pdx  Qdy   x 2 (1  y )dx   x 2 (1  1)dx  0
1 1
Along BC , x  1, dx  0 and y var ies from  1 to 1

1 1
 
BC
Pdx  Qdy   ( x 3  y 3 )dy   (1  y 3 )dy
1 1
1
 y   1 
4
1
  y    1     1  
 4  1  4   4
1 1
 1 1  2
4 4
Along CD, y  1, dy  0 and x var ies from 1 to 1
1
1
 2 x3  2
1
2 4
  Pdx  Qdy   x (1  y )dx   2 x dx     (1)  (1)    1  1  
2 3 2
3
CD 1 1  3 1 3 3 3
Along DA, x  1, dx  0 and y var ies from 1 to 1
1 1
  Pdx  Qdy   ( x  y )dy   (1  y 3 )dy
3 3
DA 1 1
1
 y4  1 1
   y    1   1 2
4 1 4 4

4 4 8
 Pdx  Qdy  0  2  3  2  4  3  3
C
 (2)
 (1)  (2)
Hence the theorem is verified .
Using Green’s theorem , evaluate  (y  sin x)dx  cos x dy where C is the triangle bounded by
34. C
  2
the lines y = 0, x  and y =   x
2 
Solution:
Green’s theorem states that
 Q P 
 Pdx  Qdy     x  y  dxdy
C R
Given  (y  sin x)dx  cos x dy

C
P  y  sin x Q  cos x
P Q
1   sin x
y x
 ( y  sin x)dx  cos x dy   ( sin x  1) dx dy

C R

1 2
 ( sin x  1) dx dy  
R
 ( sin x  1) dx dy
0 y
2
1 
   cos x  x 2 y dy
0 2
1
      y  y 
   cos     cos   dy
0   2 2   2 2 
y 
1
   
  y sin 2  y 2    sin 2    2 
  

           0     
 2 4   2 4 4 
 2 0  2 

 (3x
35. 2
Verify Green’s theorem for  8y 2 )dx  (4y  6xy)dy where C is the boundary of the
C
region defined by the lines x = 0, y = 0 and x + y =1.
Solution:
Green’s theorem states that
  3x  8 y 2  dx   4 y  6 xy  dy
2
Given
C
 Q P 
 Pdx  Qdy     x  y  dxdy
C R
P  3x 2  8 y 2
P
 16 y
y
Q  4 y  6 xy
Q
 6 y
x
Evaluation of RHS:
 Q P 
   x  y dxdy     6 y  16 y  dxdy
R R
1 1 y 1
 10 y dx dy  10 y  x0 dy
1 y

0 0 0
1
  10 y 1  y dy
0
1
 10   y  y 2  dy
0
1
 y 2 y3 
 10   
2 3 0
 1 1  10
 10    
 2 3 6
5

3

Evaluation of LHS:
  Pdx  Qdy     Pdx  Qdy     Pdx  Qdy     Pdx  Qdy 

C OA AB BO
Along OA : y  0  dy  0
 Pdx  Qdy    3x  dx
2
OA OA
1
 3x3 
   1 0  1
 3 0
Along AB :
x  y  1 y  1  x
 dy  dx
 Pdx  Qdy   3x  8 y 2  dx   4 y  6 xy  dy

2
AB AB
  [3x  8 1  x  ]dx  [4 1  x   6 x 1  x ]  dx 

2 2
AB
0
   11x 2  26 x  12  dx
1
0
 11 x3 26 x 2  11 26 11 8
   12 x   (0)  (   12)  1 
 3 2 1 3 2 3 3
Along BO : x  0  dx  0
 Pdx  Qdy   4 y dy
BO BO
0
 4 y2 
   2  0  (1) 
 2 1
 2
8 5
 Pdx  Qdy  1   2 
C
3 3
Hence Green’s theorem is verified.

1
2 C
( xdy  ydx). Hence find area of the ellipse x = a cos , y = b sin .
Solution: W.K.T. Green’s theorem is
 v u 
C (udx  vdy)  R  x  y dxdy …1
x y
Here v u
2 2
v 1 u 1
 
x 2 y 2
x y  1 1
(1)    2 dy  2 dx     2  2 dxdy
C R
1
2 C R
1
2 C
xdy  ydx  Area of the ellipse …2
1
2 C
(2)  Area of the ellipse = xdy  ydx
2
1
2 0
2
1
2 0

2 2
d    0
 
2 0
(cos 2   sin 2  )d  
2 0 2
ab
2
37. State Stoke’s theorem (Relation between Line and Surface Integrals).

Statement: If S is an open surface bounded by a simple closed curve C and if a vector function F is
continuous and has continuous first order partial derivatives in S and on C, then
 curlF  nˆ ds =  F  dr where n̂ is the outward unit normal vector at any point of S.

S C
38. Verify Stoke’s theorem for the vector F  xy i  2yz j  xzk , where S is the open surface of the
rectangular parallelopiped formed by the planes x = 0, y = 0, x = 1, y = 2 and z = 3 above the
XOY plane.
Solution:
By Stoke's theorem
  
B
 F  dr     F  nˆ dS C
C S
 
  dr  x y dx  2 y z dy  x z dz
F A
C
Evaluation of L.H .S : O
 F .dr   F .dr   F .dr   F .dr   F .dr

C OA AB BD DO
Along OA : y  0, z  0, dy  0, dz  0
 F .dr  0
OA
Along AB : x  1, z  0, dx  0, dz  0
 F.dr   0  0
AB AB
Along BC : y  2, z  0, dy  0, dz  0
0
 2 x2 
0
 F.dr  BC  2 x  dx  1 2 x dx   2   0  1  1
BC 1
Along CO: x  0, z  0, dx  0, dz  0

 F .dr   0  0
CO CO
  F .dr  0  0 1  0  1
C
Evaluation of RHS:
  F. n ds      

S S1 S2 S3 S4 S5
Given, F  xy i  2 yz j  xzk
i j k
  
 F   i  0  (2 y )   j   z  0  k  0  x 
x y z
xy 2 yz  xz
 2yi   z  j  xk
Over S1: x = 0 , n = - i
  
3 2
 F . n ds   2 yi  .(i )dydz
S1 0 0
3 2
   2 ydy dz
0 0
2
3 2
 2 y 2  3
   2 y dy dz   
2  0
dz
0 0 0
  4  z 0  12
3
Over S2: x =1 , n = i
   
3 2
 F . n ds     2 yi  . i dydz
S2 0 0
2
3 2
 2 y2  3
   2 y dy dz    dz  12
0 0 0 
2  0

Over S3: y =0 , n =  j
3 1
    
3 1
 F . n ds    z j  .  j dxdz      z  dx dz
S3 0 0 0 0
3
3 3
 z2  9
    xz 0     z  dz      
1
0 0  2 0 2
Over S4: y = 1 , n = j
  
3 1
 F . n ds   z j. j dxdz
S4 0 0
3 1 3
    z  dx dz    xz 0 dz
1
0 0 0
3
 z2  9
  
 2 0 2
Over S5 : z = 1 , n = k
    
2 1
 F . n ds     xk . kdxdy
S5 0 0
1
2 1
 x2  2
     x dxdy      dy
0
0 0
2 0
 1   1  2
2
    dy     y 0  1
0
2   2 
9 9
          
S S1 S2 S3 S4 S5
 12  12    1  1
2 2
 L.HS = R.HS.
Hence Stoke’s theorem is verified.
2 2
39. Verify Stoke’s theorem for F  (x  y )i  2xy j in the rectangular region bounded by the
lines x = 0, x = a, y = 0 and y = b.

Solution:
Given F   x 2  y 2  i  2 xy j
By Stoke’s theorem  F . d r   curl F .n ds

C S
Evaluation of LHS:
 F .dr        
C OA AB BC CO
Along OA : y  0  dy  0, x varies from 0 to a B (a, b)

C (0, b)
a
  F .dr    x  dx
2
OA 0
a
 x3  a3
  
 3 0 3 O (0, 0) A (a, 0)
Along AB: x  a  dx  0, y varies from 0 to b

b

AB
F .dr   2ay dy
0
b
 y2 
 2a     ab 2
 2 0
Along BC: y  b, dy  0 , x varies from a to 0

0
 F . d r    x 2  b 2  dx
BC a
0
 x3 
   b2 x 
 3 a
a3
  ab2
3
Along CO: x  0, dx  0, y varies from b to 0
0
 F .d r    0  y 2  0 0  0
CO b
a3 a3
  F. d r   ab 2   ab 2  0  2ab
2
C
3 3

Evaluation of RHS:
i j k
  
curl F 
x y z
x  y2
2
2 xy 0
 i 0  0  j 0  0  k  2 y  2 y   4 yk
As the region is in the xy plane we can take n  k and ds  dxdy
 curl F .n ds   4 yk.k dx dy
S
b a
 4   y dx dy
0 0
b
 y2 
 4    x 0
a
 2 0
 2ab 2
  F . d r   curl F . nds
C S
Hence Stoke’s theorem is verified.

40. State Gauss Divergence Theorem (Relation between Surface and Volume Integrals).

Statement: If V is the volume bounded by a closed surface S and if a vector function F is having
continuous first order partial derivatives on S , then  F  nˆ ds   divF dV .
S V
where n̂ is the outward unit normal vector to the surface.

   
41. Verify Gauss divergence theorem for F  4 xz i  y j  yz k taken over the cube bounded by the
2
planes x  0, x  1, y  0, y  1, z  0, z  1.
Solution:
   
F  4 xz i  y 2 j  yz k
 F F F
 F  1  2  3
x y z

  F  4z  2 y  y  4z  y

 111 11 11
RHS     F dv     (4 z  y )dxdydz    4 zx  yx 10 dydz    4 z  y dydz
V 000 00 00
1 1
1
 y2 
1
 1  z2 z  4 1 3
=  4 zy   dz    4 z  dz  4      …………………….(1)
0
0
2 0 2  2 20 2 2 2
   
Surface

n
 
F n Equation F n dS   n dS
F
on S s
1 1

S1 i 4 xz x 1 4z dydz   4zdydz
0 0

S2 i  4xz x0 0 dydz 0
1 1

S3 j  y2 y 1 -1 dxdz   (1)dxdz
0 0

S4 j y2 y0 0 dxdz 0
 1 1
S5 k yz z 1 y dxdy   ydxdy
0 0

S6 k  yz z 0 0 dxdy 0
     
LHS   F  n dS               F  n dS
 S S S S S S6 
S  1 2 3 4 5 
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
  4 zdydz   (0)dydz   (1)dxdz   (0)dxdz   ydxdy   (0)dxdy
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1
 4 zdydz 0   dxdz 0   ydxdy 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1
1 1 1 1
 z2 1 1
 y2 
 4 z ( y ) dz   ( x) dz   y ( x) dy 4 zdz   dz   ydy   4   ( z ) 0   
1
0
1
0
1
0   1
0 0 0 0 0 0  2 0  2 0
4 1 1 1 3
  1   2  1   1   ........................................................(2)
2 2 2 2 2

From (1) and (2),
   
       F  n dS
   F dv 
       
V  S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S 6 
Hence Gauss Divergence theorem is verified.

   
42. Verify Gauss divergence theorem for F  x i  y j  z k taken over the cube bounded by the
2 2 2
planes x  0, x  1, y  0, y  1, z  0, z  1.
Solution:
   
F  x2 i  y2 j  z 2 k
 F F F
  F  1  2  3  2 x  2 y  2 z  2( x  y  z )
x y z
1
 1 1 1 1 1
 x2  1 1
1 
RHS     F dv  2    ( x  y  z )dxdydz  2    xy  xz dydz  2    y  z  dydz
0 0 0 0 0 
V 0 0 0
2 2
1 1
 y y2   z2 
1
1 1 
1 1 1
= 2    yz  dz  2    z  dz  2 1  z 0 dz  2 z  
1
0 0 0 0 
2 2 2 2 0
2 0
 1 3
 21    2   3 …………………….(1)
 2 2
   
Surface

n
 
F n Equation F n dS   n dS
F
on S s
 1 1
x 1
  dydz
S1 i x2 1 dydz
0 0

S2 i x 2
x0 0 dydz 0
1 1

S3 j y 2
y 1 1 dxdz  dxdz
0 0

S4 j  y2 y0 0 dxdz 0
 1 1
S5 k z 2
z 1 1 dxdy  dxdy
0 0

S6 k  z2 z 0 0 dxdy 0

     
LHS   F  n dS               F  n dS
 S S S S S S6 
S  1 2 3 4 5 
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
  dydz   (0)dydz   dxdz   (0)dxdz   dxdy   (0)dxdy
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 1  1  1  3............................................................................(2)
From (1) and (2),
   
   F dv               F  n dS
 S S S S S S6 
V  1 2 3 4 5 
Verify Gauss divergence theorem for F  x 3i  y 3 j  z 3k taken over the cube bounded by
43.
x = 0, x = a, y = 0, y = a, z = 0 and z = a.
Solution:
By Gauss Divergence theorem  F  nˆ ds   divF dV

S V
S1 OABC
S2 DEFG
S3 OCDE
S4 ABGF C B
S5 OEFA
S6 CDGB
Evaluation of LHS:
D G A

 F  nds   F  n ds   F  nds  ...   F  nds O
S S1 S2 S6
 E
Over S1: x = 0, n =  i F
 aa aa
 F  n ds =   ( x i  y j  z k ).(i ) dy dz     x3 dy dz
3 3 3
S1 00 00
=0


Over S2: x = a, n = i
 aa aa
 F  n ds    ( x i  y j  z k ).(i) dy dz   x dy dz
3 3 3 3
S2 00 00
aa a a
   a dy dz  a   y  a dz
a
3 3
0
dz a 3
00 0 0
a 4
 za
0
 a (a )  a
4 5

Over S3: y = 0, n =  j
 aa aa
 F  n ds =   ( x i  y j  z k ).( j ) dx dz     y 3 dx dz  0
3 3 3
S3 00 00

Over S4: y = a, n = j
 aa aa
 F  n ds    ( x i  y j  z k ).( j ) dx dz    y 3 dx dz
3 3 3
S4 00 00
aa a a
   a3 dx dz  a3   x 0 dz  a3  a  0  dz  a  z 0  a (a)  a
a 4 a 4 5
00 0 0

Over S5: z = 0, n =  k
 aa aa
 F  n ds =   ( x i  y j  z k ).(k ) dx dy     z 3 dx dy  0
3 3 3
S5 00 00

Over S6: z = a, n = k
 aa aa
 F  n ds    ( x i  y j  z k ).(k ) dx dy    z 3 dx dy
3 3 3
S6 00 00
a a
  x  a dy  a  y 0  a (a)  a
a
a 3 a
0 dy a 3 4 4 5
0 0

  F  n ds  0  a5  0  a5  0  a5  3a5
S

Evaluation of RHS:
 
. F   i  j
 x

y
k
  3

 x i y j z k
z 
3 3

. F  3x 2  3 y 2  3z 2
aaa
 .F dV     3x  3 y 2  3z 2 dx dy dz
2
V 000
aaa
 3   x 2  y 2  z 2 dx dy dz
000
a
aa
 x3 
 3    ( y 2  z 2 ) x  dy dz
00 3  0
aa
 a3 
 3    ( y 2  z 2 ) a  dy dz
00 3 
a
 a3
a
y3 
 3  y  a  az 2 y  dz
03  0
3
a
a4 a4
 3   a 2 z 2 dz
0
3 3
a
 a4 a4 z3 
 3 z  z  a2 
 3 3 3 
0
 a5 a5 a5 
 3   
 3 3 3 
9a 5
  3a5
3

2 2
 2
   
Verify Gauss divergence theorem for F  x  yz i  y  zx j  z  xy k taken over the 
44. rectangular parallelopiped bounded by the planes x = 0, x = a, y = 0, y = b, z = 0, and z = c.

Solution:
By Gauss Divergence theorem C B
 F  nˆ ds   divF dV G
S V
D
O A
S1 OABC
S2 DEFG
S3 OCDE
S4 ABGF F
S5 OEFA E
S6 CDGB
Evaluation of LHS:

 F  nds   F  n ds   F  nds  ...   F  nds
S S1 S2 S6

Over S1: x = 0, n =  i
 cb cb   2 b 
c
b2  z 2
c
 b2 c 2
 y 
 F  n ds   (0  yz ) ( 1) dy dz   ( yz ) dy dz  z  dz
  2  
 
2  2
 
4
S1 00 00 0   0 0

Over S2: x = a, n = i
 cb   2 c
b 
z
 F  n ds =   ( yz  a ) dy dz    y  2   a 2  z  c0  dy
2
 0 
S2 00 0  
b
c2  y 2  b 2c 2
     ca 2  y  b0  a 2bc 
2  2  4
0

Over S3: y = 0, n =  j
a
  x2  a 2  c 2  a 2c 2
ca c
 F  n ds =  ( xz ) dx dz    2 z  dz    
 2  2 4
S3 00 0  0


Over S4: y = b, n = j
 ca   a2
c
  a2c2
 F  n ds =   ( xz  b ) dx dz    z  2   b a  dz  ab c 
2 2 2
S4 00 0     4

Over S5: z = 0, n =  k
 ba
 2 a 
 F  n ds =   ( xy) dx dy    y  x
b 2 2
  dy  a b
S5 00   2   4
0  0

Over S6: z = c, n = k
 ba   a2
b
  2 2
2 a b
 F  n ds =   ( xy  c ) dx dy    y  2   c a  dy  abc 
2 2
0  
S6 00    4
 b 2c 2 b 2c 2 a 2c 2 a 2c 2 a 2b2 a 2b2
  F  n ds   a 2bc    a b 2c    a bc 2 
S
4 4 4 4 4 4
= a2bc  ab2c  abc2  abc (a  b  c)
Evaluation of RHS:
. F  2( x  y  z )
cba
 .F dV     2( x  y  z ) dx dy dz
V 000
a
cb
 x2 
= 2    xy  xz  dy dz
00  2  0
cb
 a2 
 2    ay  az  dy dz
00 2 
b
c
 a2 y2 
 2  y  a  ayz  dz
02  0
2
c
 a 2bz ab 2 z abz 2 
 2   
 2 2 2 
0

 a 2bc ab 2c abc 2 
= 2    = a bc  ab c  abc  abc (a  b  c)
2 2 2
 2 2 2 
Hence Gauss divergence theorem is verified.

   
Evaluate  F .nˆds where F  4 xi  2 y 2 j  z 2 k and S is the surface bounding the region
45. S
2 2
x +y = 4, z = 0 and z = 3.
Solution:
Gauss divergence theorem is
 
 F .nˆds   .Fdv
S V
   2
   (4 x) 
 
 2 y2  

z dv   
V  x y z 
2 4 x 2 3
  4  4 y  2 z dv     (4  4 y  2 z )dzdydx
V 2 4 x2 0
4 x 2 3 3 4 x 2
2
 2z 2 
2
    4 x  4 yz 
2  0
dydx    [(12  12 y  9)  0]dydx
2 4 x2 0  2 4 x2
4 x 2 4 x 2
2 2
 y2 
 
2
 [
4 x2
21  12 y ]dx  
2 
21 y  12
2 
dx
4 x 2
2
x  x 
2 2
4
  42 4  x dx  (42)(2) 
2
4  x dx  84 4  x 2  sin 1  
2
2 0 2 2  2  0
= 84
    4
If F  axi  byj  czk , a, b, c are constants, show that   nˆ ds  3 (a  b  c) where S is the
F
S
46.
surface of a unit sphere.

Solution:
     
 F  ˆ
n ds     FdV    (ax)  by    cz  dV
S V V 
x y z 
4
  a  b  c dV  (a  b  c)V  (a  b  c)  (1)3
V
3
 4
 F  nˆ ds  3  (a  b  c)
S
 F  dr where F  3x i  (2 xz  y) j  zk
2
Evaluate and C is the straight line from A (0, 0, 0) to
47. C
B (2, 1, 3).
Solution:
Given F  3x 2i  (2 xz  y ) j  zk
d r  dxi  dy j  dzk
F . d r  3x 2 dx  (2 xz  y )dy  zdz
x y z  x  x1 y  y1 z  z1 
The equation of AB is    t (say)    
2 1 3  x2  x1 y2  y1 z2  z1 
 x  2t  dx  2dt 1
y  t  dy  dt ,  F . dr   3 x 2 dx  (2 xz  y )dy  zdz
z  3t  dz  3dt C 0
1
1
 t3  t 2 
   36t  8t  dt  36  8     16
2
0  3  2  0
Find the work done when a force F  ( x 2  y 2  x )i  (2 xy  y ) j moves a particle in the

48.
XY - plane from (0, 0) to (1,1) along the parabola y2 = x.
Solution:
Given F   x 2  y 2  x  i   2 xy  y  j
d r  dxi  dy j  dzk
F . dr   x 2  y 2  x  dx   2 xy  y  dy .

Given y 2  x
2 ydy  dx
 F . d r   x 2  x  x  dx   2 y 3  y  dy
 x 2 dx   2 y 3  y  dy
1 1
 F . dr   x dx    2 y  y  dy
2 3
C 0 0
1 1
 x3   2 y 4 y 2 
     
 3 0  4 2 0
 1   2 1   2
   0        0  0   
 3   4 2   3
2
 Work done 
3
    
49.
If F  (3x 2  6 y )i  14 yzj  20 xz 2 k , evaluate   dr from (0,0,0) to (1,1,1) along the curve
C
F
2 3
x = t, y = t , z = t .
Solution:

 
F
C C

  dr   3x  6 y dx  14 yzdy  20xz dz
2 2

1 1
2 2 5 7 2
0 0
*****

Module – 3 Laplace Transforms
Laplace Transforms of standard functions – Transforms properties – Transforms of Derivatives

and Integrals – Initial value theorems (without proof) and verification for some problems – Final
value theorems (without proof) and verification for some problems – Inverse Laplace transforms
using partial fractions – Inverse Laplace transforms using second shifting theorem – LT using
Convolution theorem – problems only – ILT using Convolution theorem – problems only – LT of
periodic functions – problems only – Solve linear second order ordinary differential equations
with constant coefficients only – Solution of Integral equation and integral equation involving
convolution type – Application of Laplace Transform in Engineering.
Introduction
Laplace Transformation named after a Great French mathematician PIERRE SIMON
DE LAPLACE (1749-1827) who used such transformations in his researches related to “Theory of
Probability”. The powerful practical Laplace transformation techniques were developed over
a century later by the English electrical Engineer OLIVER HEAVISIDE (1850-1925) and were
often called “Heaviside - Calculus”.
Transformation
A “Transformation” is an operation which converts a mathematical expression to a different
equivalent form.
Laplace Transform
Let f (t) be a given function which is defined for all positive values of t.

If L{ f (t) }= F(s) = 
 e
– st f (t) dt exists, then F(s) is called Laplace transform of f (t).
0
Exponential Order
A function f (t) is said to be of exponential order if lim e − s t f (t ) = 0 .

t →
Sufficient conditions for the existence of Laplace transforms
The Laplace transform of f (t) exists if
i. f (t) is continuous or piecewise continuous in [a, b] where a > 0 .
ii. f (t) is of exponential order.
Example
L [tan t] does not exist since tan t is not piecewise continuous. i.e., tan t has infinite number of
 3 5 
infinite discontinuities at , , ,
2 2 2
Note:
(i) Not all f (t) are Laplace transformable.
(ii) The above two conditions are not necessary.

Laplace transform for some basic functions
S. No. f (t) L{ f (t)}
1
1 e at , s−a 0
s−a
1
2 e –at , s+a 0
s+a
a
3 sin at , s0
s + a2
2
s
4 cos at , s0
s + a2
2
a
5 sinh at , s a
s − a2
2
s
6 cosh at , s a
s − a2
2
1
7 1
s
K
8 K
s
1
9 t
s2
n!
10 tn
s n +1 , n = 0, 1, 2, ….
 (n + 1)
11 tn
s n+1 , n is not an integer.
1
12 t e at
( s − a)2
p
1
e
−st
13 Periodic function with period ‘p’ f (t ) dt
1 − e −s p 0

Properties of Laplace transform:
S. No. Property Laplace Transform
1 Linear Property L ( af ( t )  bg ( t ) ) = aL ( f ( t ) )  bL ( g (t ) )
L ( e− at f ( t ) ) = F ( s + a )
2 First shifting theorem
L ( e at f ( t ) ) = F ( s − a )
 f (t − a), t  a
If L( f (t )) = F ( s ) and g (t ) =  ,
3 Second shifting theorem 0, t  a
then L( g (t )) = e − a s F ( s).
1 s
4 Change of scale property L ( f ( at ) ) = F  , a  0
a a
dn
L ( t n f ( t ) ) = ( −1) F (s)
n
5 Multiplication by t
ds n
 f (t )   f (t )
6 Division by t L  = s F ( s ) ds, provided lim
t →0
exists
 t  t
7 Transforms of integrals L (  f (t )dt ) = L  fs(t )

0
t
Initial Value theorem:
If L ( f ( t ) ) = F ( s ) then lim f (t ) = lim sF ( s )

8
t →0 s →
Final value theorem:
If L ( f ( t ) ) = F ( s ) then lim f (t ) = lim sF ( s )

9
t → s →0
Convolution of two functions:
10 The convolution of two functions f(t) and g(t) is defined as
 f (u ) g (t − u ) du = f (t ) * g (t )
t
Convolution theorem:
The Laplace transform of convolution of two functions is equal to the product of
11 their Laplace transforms.
(i.e) L  f ( t )  g ( t )  = L  f ( t )  L  g ( t ) .

Problems based on Laplace Transforms

1. (
Find L 2 e −3t + 3 t 2 − 4 sin 2t + 2 cos 3t . )
Solution:
( )
L 2 e −3t + 3 t 2 − 4 sin 2t + 2 cos 3t =
2
s+3
 2  2 
+ 3 3  − 4  2
 s 
 + 2 2 
s   s + 4  s +9
2. Find 𝑳[𝒆𝟑𝒕 + 𝟓 ].
Solution:
𝟏
𝐋[𝐞𝟑𝐭 . 𝐞𝟓 ] = 𝐞𝟓 𝐋[𝐞𝟑𝐭 ] = 𝐞𝟓 ( )
𝐬−𝟑
3. Find the Laplace transform of f ( t ) = cos 2 ( 3t ) .
1 + cos 6t  L(1) + L(cos 6t ) 1 + cos 2t

Solution: L[cos2 3t] = L   = cos 2 t =
 2 2 2
1 s 1 s
= + L(1) = , L(cos at ) = 2
2s 2( s + 36)
2
s s + a2
s 2 + 18
 L[cos2 3t] =
s( s 2 + 36)
4. Find the Laplace transform of sin3 ( 2t ) .
1 3 1
Solution: L  sin3 ( 2t )  = L[3sin2t – sin6t] = L[sin2t] – L[sin6t]
  4 4 4

3sin t − sin 3t  
1
 sin 3 t =
 4 
3  2  1 6  6 1 1 
=  2 –  2  =  2 − .
4  s + 4  4  s + 36  4  s + 4 s 2 + 36 
5. Find L sin 8t cos 4t + cos3 4t + 5 .
Solution:
L sin 8t cos 4t + cos3 4t + 5 = L sin 8t cos 4t  + L cos 3 4t  + L 5
 sin12t + sin 4t   sin( A + B) + sin( A − B) 

L sin 8t + cos 4t  = L    sin A cos B = 
 2   2

=
1
2
L sin12t  + L ( sin 4t )
1  12 4 
=  2 + 2 
2  s + 144 s + 16 
 cos12t + 3cos 4t   cos 3 + 3cos  

L cos3 4t  = L    cos3  = 
 4  4
=
1
4
L ( cos12t ) + 3L ( cos 4t )
1 s 3s 
= + 2

4  s + 144 s + 16 
2
1  5
L 5 = 5 L 1 = 5   = .
s s
1  12 4  1 s 3s  5
L sin 8t cos 4t + cos3 4t + 5 =  2 + 2 +  2 + 2 + .
2  s + 144 s + 16  4  s + 144 s + 16  s
6. Find the Laplace transform of unit step function
0 , t  a
Solution: The Unit step function is ua ( t ) = 
1, t  a, a  0
  
 e− st  1 − e− as
The Laplace transform L  f ( t )  =  e − st
f (t ) dt =  e (1) dt = 
− st
 = −  e − e − as
 = .
0 a  −s  a s  s
7. Find L t 3/ 2  .
Solution:
 ( n + 1)
We know that L t n  =
s n+1
3  3 3
  + 1  
L t  =
3/ 2  2  2 2
= (n + 1) = n (n)
3 5
+1
s2 s2
3 1  3 1 1
  + 1 .  
2 2  2 2 2
= =
s 5/ 2 S 5/ 2
3   (1/ 2 ) =  
=  
4s 5/ 2

Problems based on First Shifting Property

Solution:
L[e – t sin2t] = L[e – a t f(t)] = F (s + a) = F (s + 1)
2
F(s) = L [f (t)] = L (sin 2t) = 𝑠2 +4
2 2
F(s + 1) = (𝑠+1)2 +4 = 𝑠2 +2𝑠+5
9. Find L e − at cos bt  .
Solution:
L e − at cos bt  =  L ( cos bt )  s → s + a
 s 
= 2
 s + b  s →s + a
2
 s+a 
= 
 ( s + a ) + b 
2 2
Problems based on Multiplication by t

1
10. Find the Laplace transform of e −2t t 2 .
Solution: L e t 2  = L t 2 
1 1
−2 t
    s → s + 2
If L  f (t )  = F ( s ), then L e − at f (t )  = F ( s) s →s + a
  1   1  1 
   2 + 1   2  2  
=    =  
 s 2 3  s3 
   2 
s→s + 2   s→s + 2
1
  1 
= 2    2  =  ,n + 1= n n 
3    
( s + 2) 2
11. Obtain the Laplace transform of sin 2t − 2t cos 2t .
 d 
Solution: L[sin 2t − 2t cos 2t ] = L[sin 2t ] − 2 L[t cos 2t ] = Lsin 2t  − 2 − Lcos 2t 
 ds 

2 d  s 
+2  2
2
 s 2 + 4 (1) − s(2s) 
+ 2  ( )
= 2  = 2
s +4 ds  s + 4  s +4  
( )
2
 s +4
2

2 ( s2 + 4) + 2 ( 4 − s2 )
=
(s + 4)
2
2
16
 L[sin 2t − 2t cos 2t ] =
(s )
2
2
+4
12. ( )
Find L t e t .
Solution
L (t f (t ) ) = −
d
L ( f (t ))
ds
( )
L t et ) = −
d
ds
L (e t )
d  1  1
=− L =
ds  s − 1  (s − 1)2
13. Find L (t sin 2t ) .
Solution
L (t f (t ) ) = −
d
L ( f (t ))
ds
L (t sin 2t ) = −
d
L (sin 2t )
ds
d  2  4s
=−  2 =
ds  s + 4  s 2 + 4 2 ( )

14. 2
Find the Laplace transform of f (t) = t cos t .
Solution
 d2  d2  s 
L t 2 cos t  =  2 L  cos t  = 2  2 
 ds  ds  s + 1 
 2
( )   
d  s + 1 .1 − 1.2s.s  d  1 − s 2 
=   = ds  2 2
( ) ( )
2
ds  s +1
2
  s +1 
   
( s + 1) ( −2s ) − (1 − s 2 ) 2 ( s 2 + 1) 2s ( )
2
2
−2s 3 − s 2
= =
( s + 1) ( s + 1)
3 3
2 2
Find the Laplace Transform of 𝒇(𝒕) = 𝒆−𝒕 𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕.

15.
Solution
𝑑 𝑑 𝑠
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠 𝑠 2 +1 𝑠 → 𝑠+1
(𝑠 2 +1)(1)−𝑠(2𝑠)
= −[ ]
(𝑠 2 +1)2 𝑠 → 𝑠+1
𝑠 2 −1
=[ ]
(𝑠 2 +1)2 𝑠 → 𝑠+1
(𝑠+1)2 −1 𝑠 2 +2𝑠
= ((𝑠+1)2 = (𝑠2
+1)2 +2𝑠+2)2
𝑠(𝑠+2)
= (𝑠2
+2𝑠+2)2
16. Find the Laplace transform of 𝒇(𝒕) = 𝒕𝒆−𝟑𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕.
Solution
𝑑 𝑑 𝑠
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐿[𝑡𝑒 −3𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡] = − 𝐿[cos 2𝑡]𝑠→𝑠+3 = − [ 2 ]
(𝑠 2 + 4)(1) − 𝑠(2𝑠) 𝑠2 − 4
= −[ ] =[ 2 ]
(𝑠 2 + 4)2 𝑠→𝑠+3
(𝑠 + 4) 2
𝑠→𝑠+3
(𝑠+3)2 −4
= ((𝑠+3)2
+4)2
𝑠 2 +6𝑠+5
= (𝑠2
+6𝑠+13)2

17. Find L  t 2 e − t cos t  .
Solution:
L t 2 e −t cos t  = L t 2 cos t 

s →s +1
 2 d
2   d 2  s 
= ( −1) L cos t  = 2  2 
 ds 2  s→s +1  ds  s + 1  s→s +1

=
(2
) 
 d s + 1 1 − s.2s 

( )
ds 2
 s2 + 1 
s →s +1
   3 
2 ( s + 1) − 6 ( s + 1)
3
 d 1− s   2s − 6s 
2
= = =
ds s 2 + 1 2  3
( ) ( ) ( )
3
 
s → s +1
 s + 1 
2
s → s +1
( s + 1) + 1
2
18. Find L  t 2 e t sin t 
Solution:
2
2 d
L t 2et sin t  = ( −1) 2
L et sin t  ... (1)
ds
1
Now L et sin t  =  L  sin t  s→ s −1 = ... (2)
( )
( s − 1)2 + 1
Substituting (2) in (1) we get
   
d  0 − 2 ( s − 1)  d  −2 ( s − 1) 
L t e sin t  = 
2 t
2
=
ds  s 2 − 2 s + 2 2
ds 

( (
s − 1) + 1 
2
 ) ( ) 
(s ) ( −2) + 2 ( s − 1) 2 ( s 2 − 2s + 2) ( 2s − 2)
2
2
− 2s + 2
=
(s )
4
2
− 2s + 2
=
(  ) ( )
2 s 2 − 2 s + 2  − s 2 − 2s + 2 + 4 ( s − 1) 
2

( s − 2 s + 2)
2 4

=
( )
2 s 2 − 2s + 2  − s 2 + 2s − 2 + 4s 2 + 4 − 8s 
(s )
4
2
− 2s + 2
 F ( s) =
( )
2 s 2 − 2s + 2 3s 2 − 6s + 2
=
(
2 3s 2 − 6s + 2 )
(s ) (s )
4 3
2
− 2s + 2 2
− 2s + 2
Problems based on Division by t
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕
19. Find 𝑳 [ ].
𝒕
Solution
𝐿[ ]=𝐿 [ ]=∫𝑠 𝐹(𝑠)𝑑𝑠
𝑡 𝑡
1
F(s) =L [𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡]=𝑠2 +12
∞ ∞ 1
∫𝑠 𝐹(𝑠)𝑑𝑠=∫𝑠 𝑑𝑠=[𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑠)]∞
𝑠
𝑠2 +1
𝜋
=[𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ∞ − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑠]=[ 2 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑠] = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑠
e − t sin t
20. Find the Laplace transform of .
t
Solution:
 e − t sin t 
( )

 = s L e sin t ds
−t
L
 t 
   1   1
=  L ( sin t )s +1 ds = s  2  ds = s ds
 s + 1  s +1 ( s + 1) + 1
s 2
 
=  tan −1 ( s + 1)  = − tan −1 ( s + 1) = cot −1 ( s + 1)
s 2
 sin 2 t 
21. Find L   .
 t 
Solution:

 sin 2 t  1 − cos 2t  1 1 − cos 2t  1
L  = L
  = 2 L   = 2  L 1 − cos 2t  ds
 t  2t t s

 
1 1 s 
=
1
2s  L 1 − L  cos 2t  ds =   − 2
2 s  s s + 4 
ds
 
1 s 
1
2
1
2
2 
s
(
= log s − log s + 4  = log
2 

s 2 + 4  s
)

   
     
=
1
log
1  = 1 log1 − log 1  = 1 0 − log s

2 4  2 4  2  s 2 + 4 
 1+ 2   1+ 2 
 s s  s 
−1
1  s  1  s2 + 4 
F ( s ) = log   = log  
2  s2 + 4  2  s 
𝒕
Solution
1 𝑠
𝐿[1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡] = 𝑠 − 𝑠2 +1
𝟏− 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 ∞ ∞ 1 𝑠
𝐿[ ] = ∫𝑠 𝐿[1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡]𝑑𝑠 = ∫𝑠 (𝑠 − 𝑠2 +1) 𝑑𝑠
𝒕
1 ∞
= [log 𝑠 − 2 log(𝑠 2 + 1)]
𝑠
1
= − 2 [log(𝑠 2 + 1) − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠 2 ]∞
𝑠
∞ ∞
1 𝑠2 +1 1 1
= − 2 [𝑙𝑜𝑔 ] = − 2 [𝑙𝑜𝑔 (1 + 𝑠2 )]
𝑠2 𝑠 𝑠
1 1 1 1 𝑠2 +1
= − 2 log 1 + 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 [1 + 𝑠2 ] = 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
𝑠2
23. Find 𝑳 [ ].
𝒕
Solution
𝑡
∞ 𝑠 𝑠
=∫𝑠 ( 2 2 − 2 2) 𝑑𝑠
1 1 ∞
=[ 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 ) − 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑠 2 + 𝑏 2 )]
2 2 𝑠

𝑎2
∞
1 𝑠 2 +𝑎2
∞
1 𝑠 2 (1+ 2 )
𝑠
= [𝑙𝑜𝑔 ] = [𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑏2
]
2 𝑠 2 +𝑏2 𝑠 2 𝑠 2 (1+ 2 )
𝑠 𝑠
𝑎2
1 1+ 2 1 𝑠 2 +𝑏2
𝑠
= [𝑙𝑜𝑔1 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( 𝑏2
)]=2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑠2 +𝑎2)
2 1+ 2
𝑠

−2 t
24. Using Laplace transform, evaluate  te sin t dt
0
   − st   d 
Solution:  e −2t
f (t ) dt =   e f (t ) dt  =  L[t sin t ]s = 2 =  − L sin t 
0  0  s = 2  ds s =2
 
d  1   −2s  4
=−  2 =− =
ds  s + 1 
 ( )
 s 2 + 1 2  25

Problems based on Convolution Theorem

t
25. Evaluate  sin u cos(t − u) du using Laplace Transform.
0
t 
Solution: Let L   sin u cos(t − u )du = Lsin t  cost 
0 
= L[sin t] L[cos t] (by Convolution theorem)
1 s s
= =
(s 2
+1 ) (s 2
+1 ) (s 2
+1 )
2
       
t
−1   1 −1  2s
s  t  −1  2s  
 sin u cos(t − u )du = L  2 2  = 2 L  2  = sin t  L  2
= t sin at 
0  s + 1 ( )
 s + 1 ( )
2

2 

 s2 + a2
 ( ) 



t
26. Find the Laplace transform of  t e − t sin t dt
0
Solution:
1
L  sin t  =
s +1
2

d  1 
L  t sin t  = −  2
 s 2 + 1 0 − 2s 
= −  = ( 2s )

ds  s + 1  
( ) ( )
2 2
 s2 + 1  s2 + 1
−t 2s 2 ( s + 1) 2 ( s + 1)
 L te sin t  = = =
(( s + 1) + 1) ( s

( s + 1) )
2 2 2
2 2 2
+ 2s + 2
s→ s +1
 t −t  1
L  t e sin t dt  = L te −t sin t 
 0  s
 1 2 ( s + 1)
=
( )
s s 2 + 2s + 2 2
 t cos t dt .
−t
27. Find the Laplace transform of e
0
 −t t   t  1 
L e  t cos t dt  =  L   t cos t dt   =  L ( t cos t )
 0    0   s→s +1  s  s→( s +1)
1  d   1 d  s 
=   − L ( cos t )  = −
 s  ds   s→ s +1)  s ds  s 2 + 1  s→ s +1
( ( )
  2 2
   2 

 1  s + 1 − 2s    1  1− s 
= − = −
s  s2 + 1 2   2 
  ( )
(
s 2
  s→ s +1)   s + 1   s→ s +1)
(
( )
 2   
 s − 1   ( s + 1) 2
− 1  s 2 + 2s
 F ( s) =  2
=  2
=
 s s 2
(
+ 1 )
 s→( s +1) 

( s + 1 ) 
( s + 1) 2
+ 1
 
 ( s + 1) s 2 + 2s + 2 ( )
2
 t sin 3tdt .
− 4t
28. Find the Laplace transform of e
0
Solution:
3
L sin 3t  =
s +9
2

d  3 
L t sin 3t  = −  2  (
 s 2 + 9 0 − 3(2s) 
 ) 6s
 = −  =
ds  s + 9 
( ) ( )
2 2
 s2 + 9  s2 + 9
 
t  L(t sin 3t ) 6
L   t sin 3tdt  = = 2
0  s ( s + 9) 2
 t  t  6 6
L  e−4t  t sin 3tdt  = L   t sin 3tdt  = =
   
( ( s + 4 )2 + 9 ) (s )
2 2
 0  0  s→s + 4 2
+ 8s + 16 + 9
 −4t t  6
 L  e  t sin 3tdt  =
 
( )
2
 0  s 2 + 8s + 25
Problems based on Initial and Final Value Theorems

Solution
Initial value theorem states that lim f ( t ) = lim sF ( s )

t →0 s→
L. H. S. = lim f (t ) = 2 − cos 0 = 1
t →0
R. H. S. = lim s L ( f (t )) = lim s L (2 − cos t )

s → s →
 
 2   
s 1
= lim s  2 − 2  == lim s  2 −  = 2 −1 = 1
s → s +1 →   1 
 s
 1+ 2 
 s 
L.H.S=R.H.S

30. Verify initial and final value theorems for the function f(t) = 1 + e–t (sin t + cos t).
Solution:
Initial value theorem states that lim f ( t ) = lim sF ( s )

t →0 s→
L  f ( t )  = F ( s )
1
= + L sin t + cos t s →s +1
s

1 1 s +1 1 s+2
= + + = +
s ( s + 1) + 1 ( s + 1) + 1 s ( s + 1) 2 + 1
2 2
L.H.S. = lim f ( t ) = 1 + 1 = 2
t →0
1 s+2   s ( s + 2) 
R.H.S = lim s  +  = lim 1 + 
s→  s
 ( s + 1) 2
+ 1 

s→ 
 ( s + 1) 2
+ 1 
  2   2 
 s 2 1 +    1+ 
 s s
= lim 1 +  = lim 1 +  = 1+1 = 2
s→   2 2   s → 2
 1+ + 2 
 s 1 + s + s 2  
2
   s s2 
L.H.S=R.H.S
Final value theorem states that lim f ( t ) = lim sF ( s )

t → s →0
L.H.S. = lim 1 + e−t ( sin t + cos t ) = 1 + 0 = 1

t →
 s ( s + 2) 
R.H.S = lim 1 +  = 1+ 0 = 1
 ( ) 
s→0  s + 1
2
+ 1
L.H.S.=R.H.S Hence final value theorem verified.
Problems based on Periodic Functions

Periodic function
A function f (t) is said to be periodic function if f (t + p) = f (t) for all t. The least value of
p > 0 is called the period of f (t). For example, sin t and cos t are periodic functions with period 2.
tan t is a periodic function with period .
31. Find the Laplace transform of the square wave function defined by
 a
 E, 0  t 

f (t ) =  & f (t + a) = f (t ) .
2
a
− E ,  t  a

 2
Solution:
a
1
L  f ( t )  = − as 
e − st f ( t ) dt
1− e 0

1  
a/2 a
− st
( ) − st
( )
1 − e− as  0 
=  e f t dt + e f t dt 
a/2 
1  a / 2 − st a  E  e− st 
a/2
 e− st  
a
=  Ee dt +  e− st ( − E ) dt  =   −   
1 − e− as  0  1 − e
− as
 − s 0  −s a / 2 
a/2 
E   − as   − 
as
=  −  e 2 − 1 +  e− as − e 2  
(
s 1 − e− as )  

 
 


E  − as − 
as
− as
=  −e + 1 + e − e 2 
2
(
s 1 − e− as )  
2  −
as 
E  −
as  E 1− e 2 
= 1 − e 2  =  
 − 
as
−
as   

s −
as

s 1 − e 2 1 + e 2  1+ e 
2
  
  
E  e sa / 4 − e − sa / 4  E  sa 
 F ( s ) =  sa / 4 −  = tanh  
s e +e sa / 4
 s  4
1, 0  t  b
32. Find the Laplace transform of the rectangular wave given by f ( t ) =  .
 −1, b  t  2b
Solution:
1, 0  t  b
Given f ( t ) = 
 −1, b  t  2b
This function is periodic in the interval ( 0, 2b ) with period 2b.
2b
1
L  f ( t )  = −2bs e
− st
f ( t ) dt
1− e 0
1  b − st 2b 
=  e f ()
t dt +  e − st f ( t ) dt 
1 − e −2bs  0 b 
1  b − st 2b  1  e − st  b  e − st  2b 
 e dt +  e ( −1) dt  =
− st  
= −
1 − e −2bs  0  1 − e
−2bs
 − s  0  − s  b 
b  

=
1
( ) (
 − e −bs − 1 + e −2bs − e −bs  )
(
s 1− e −2bs
)  
1  −e−bs + 1 + e−bs
( ) − e −bs 
2
=
(
s 1− e −2bs
)  
1  1 − e − bs 
=
1
(1 − e )− bs 2
= 
(
s 1 − e −bs 1 + e −bs)( ) s  1 + e − bs 
1  e sb / 2 − e− sb / 2  1  sb 
 F ( s ) =  sb / 2 −  = tanh  
s e +e sb / 2
 s 2
t , 0t a
33. Find the Laplace transform of f(t) =  and f (t +2a) = f(t) for all t.
 2a − t , a  t  2a
Solution:
2a
1
L  f ( t )  = −2 as e
− st
f ( t ) dt
1− e 0
1  a − st 2a 
=   e f ( t ) dt +  e − st
f ( t ) dt 
1 − e −2 as  0 a 
1  a − st 2a 
=   e t dt +  e − st
( 2 a − t ) dt 
1 − e −2as  0 a 
  e− st   e − st   
a
 e − st   e − st  
2a 
1
 − s  − (1)  s 2   + ( 2a − t )  − s  − ( −1)  s 2  
=  t 
1 − e−2as        0       a 
 
  e− st   e− st   
a
 e − st   e− st  
2a 
1
=   −t −
 s   s2   +  (
− 2 a − t )  +  2   
1 − e−2as        0   s   s   a 
 
1   e− as e− as   1    e−2as  ae− as e− as   
=   − a − 2  − − 2 +  2 − − + 2  
1 − e−2as   s s   s    s  s s   
1  − ae − as e − as 1 e −2 as ae − as e − as 
=  − 2 + 2 + 2 + − 2 
1 − e −2 as  s s s s s s 

( )
2
1 1 + e −2 as − 2e − as  1 − e − sa
=   = 2
1 − e −2 as  s2  s 1− e
− as
(
1 + e − as )( )
1 − e− sa 1  as 
 F (s) = = tanh  
s 1+ e
2
( − as
) s2
 2
 
sin  t , 0  t  
34. Find the Laplace transform of the rectangular wave given by f ( t ) =  .
 0,  2
t
  
Solution:
2  2 
This function is periodic function with period in the interval  0, .
   
2

1
L  f ( t )  = −2 s e
− st
f ( t ) dt
1− e  0
 
1   − st 
= −2 s   e sin  t dt + 0 
 0 
1− e  

1  e− st 
= −2 s  2  − s sin  t −  cos  t  
s +
2
 0
1− e
 − s 
1 e   +  
= −2 s  2 2 
1− e   s + 
 
 − s 
  e  + 1
  
=   =
−  −   − s 
 s  s 
1 − e  1 + e   s 2 +  2
  
( ) 1 − e 
 
(
 s2 +  2 )
    

INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

Inverse Laplace transform for some basic functions:
S. No. F(s) f ( t ) = L−1 ( F ( s ) )
1
1 , s−a 0 e at
s−a
1
2 , s+a 0 e − at
s+a
a
3 , s0 sin at
s + a2
2
s
4 , s0 cos at
s + a2
2
a
5 , s a sinh at
s − a2
2
s
6 , s a cosh at
s − a2
2
7 1 1
s
8 1 t
s2
n!
9 tn
s n +1
10 s−a e a t cos b t
(s − a) 2 + b 2
1 sin b t
11 ea t
(s − a) 2 + b 2 b
12 s−a e a t cosh b t
(s − a) 2 − b 2
1 sinh b t
13 ea t
(s − a) 2 − b 2 b
14 1 t ea t
(s − a) 2
15 s2 − a2 t cos a t
(s 2 + a 2 )2
16 s t sin a t
(s + a 2 )2
2
2a
Properties of Inverse Laplace transforms:
S. No. Property Laplace Transform
1 Linear Property L−1 a F ( s) + b G ( s) = a L−1 [ F ( s)] + b L−1[G ( s)]
L−1 F ( s − a) = e a t f (t )
2 First shifting theorem
L−1 F ( s + a) = e − a t f (t )
 f (t − a), t  a
3 Second shifting theorem L−1[e − a s F ( s) ] = 
0, t  a
1 t
4 Change of scale property L−1 F (a s) = f 
a a
5 Multiplication by s L−1 s F ( s) = f  (t )
t
 F (s) 
L−1  =  f (t ) dt
 s  0
6 Division by s
Inverse Laplace   f (t )
7 L   F ( s) ds  =
−1
Transforms of integrals  s  t
L−1 F ( s) = − L−1[ F ' ( s)]

Inverse Laplace 1
8
Transforms of derivatives t
Convolution theorem for Inverse Laplace Transforms:

9
L−1 F ( s ) • G ( s ) = f (t )  g (t )
 1 1 s 
35. Find L−1  + + 2 .
 s −3 s s −9
Solution:
 1 1 s 
L−1  + + 2  = e + 1 + cosh 3t
3t
 s −3 s s −9

 s 
Find L−1  .

 (s + 2)
2

36.
Solution:
 s       
L−1   = L−1  s + 2 − 2  = L−1  1  − 2 L−1  1  = e −2 t − 2 t e −2 t
2   2   (s + 2)   2 
 (s + 2)   (s + 2)     (s + 2) 
 1 
37. Find L−1  2 .

 s + 2 s + 5 
Solution:
−1 

1 
 −1  1  e −t sin 2t
 
L  2
+ +  = L  ( s + 1) 2 + 4  =
 s 2 s 5    2
𝟏
38. Find 𝑳−𝟏 [ ].
𝒔𝟐 +𝟔𝒔+𝟏𝟑
Solution:
1 1 1
𝐿−1 [ 2 ] = 𝐿−1 [ ] = 𝐿−1
[ ]
𝑠 + 6𝑠 + 13 (𝑠 + 3)2 + 4 (𝑠 + 3)2 + 22
1 2 1
= 𝐿−1 [(𝑠+3)2 ] = e−3t sin 2𝑡.
2 +22 2
 s 
39. Find L−1  .
2
 s + 4s + 5 
Solution:
 s   ( s + 2 ) − 2  −2 t −1  s − 2 
L−1  2  = L   = e L  2
−1

 s + 4s + 5  ( + ) +  s +1
2
 s 2 1 
  s  −1  1 
= e −2 t  L−1  2  − 2L  2 
  s +1  s + 1 
= e−2t cos t − 2sin t 
 s+2 
40. Find L−1  2 .
 s + 2s + 2 
 s+2   ( s + 1) + 1 
Solution: L−1  2 = L−1    L F (s + a ) = e L F (s )
−1 − at −1

 s + 2s + 2  + 2
+
 ( s 1) 1 

 ( s + 1)  −1  1 
= L−1  +L  
 ( s + 1) + 1  ( s + 1) + 1
2 2
  s   1 
=e–t  L−1  2  + L−1  2  
  s + 1  s + 1 
−1  s+2 
L  2  = e–t (cos t + sin t)
 s + 2s + 2 
Problems based on Multiplication by s
s
( s + 2) 2
Solution:
 s   1 
L−1   = L−1  s. 
 ( s + 2 )2   ( s + 2 )2 
   
d −1  1  d
 = e−2t L−1  1 
= L
dt  ( s + 2 )2  dt  s2 
 
=
d −2t
dt
( ) (
e t = e−2t + t −2e−2t = e−2t (1 − 2t ) )
 s 
42. Find L−1  .
 ( s + 2)3 
 
−1  s   s + 2 − 2
Solution: L   = L−1 
3

3 
 (s + 2)   ( s + 2 ) 
−1  1  −1  1 
= L  
2 
– 2 L 
 ( s + 2) 3 
 ( s + 2 )   
−2t −1  1 2
=e L  2  – e −2t L−1  3 
s  s 
(
= e −2 t t − t 2 . )

  1 
Find L−1  tan −1    .
43.   s 
1
Solution: Let F(s) = tan −1  
s
F' ( s ) 1  − 1 −1
2  2 
= = 2
1 + (1 / s )  s  s +1
 1 
By property L−1  F' ( s )  = − L−1   = −sint
   s 2 + 1
−1 −1 '
 L−1 (F ' (s) ) = − sin t ; L−1 ( F (s) ) = L  F ( s )
t
  1   sin t
 L−1  tan −1    =
  s  t
Find L−1 cot −1 ( s + 1)  .

[
44.
Solution: Let L−1 cot −1 ( s + 1) = f ( t )
 L  f ( t )  = cot −1 ( s + 1)
d 1
L tf ( t )  = − cot −1 ( s + 1)  =
ds ( s + 1)2 + 1
 1   1 
tf ( t ) = L−1   = e−t L−1  2  = e−t sin t
 ( s + 1) + 1  s + 1
2
e −t sin t
 f (t ) =
t
 1+ s 
45. Find the inverse Laplace transform of log  .
 s2 
Solution:
  1 + s 
Let L−1 log  2   = f ( t )
  s 
1+ s 
 L  f ( t )  = log  
 s2 

−d   1 + s   −d 
L t f ( t )  =  log  2   =
ds   s   ds 
( )
log (1 + s ) − log s 2  = −

1 1
+ 2 2s
1+ s s
2 1
L t f ( t )  = −
s s +1
2 1  1  1 
t f ( t ) = L−1  −  = 2 L−1   − L−1   = 2 (1) − e−t
 s s + 1   
s  s + 1 
2 − e −t
 f (t ) =
t
−t
−1   1 + s  2 − e
 L  log   =
  s2  t
Problems based on Partial Fractions
 s−5 
46. Find L−1  2 .

 s − 3s + 2 
Solution:
 s −5  −1  − 3 
 = L−1 
A B  −1  4 
L−1  2  + =L  +L   = 4 e − 3e
t 2t
 s − 3s + 2   s − 1 s − 2   s − 1   s − 2 
 2 
−1  5 s − 15 s − 11 
47. Find L .
 ( s + 1)( s − 2 ) 3 
 
Solution:
5s 2 − 15s − 11 A B C D
= + + +
( s + 1)( s − 2 )3 s + 1 s − 2 ( s − 2 )2 ( s − 2 )3
5s 2 − 15s − 11 = A( s − 2) + B ( s + 1)( s − 2) + C ( s + 1)( s − 2) + D ( s + 1)

3 2
1
Put s = −1  A = −
3
1
Equating the coefficients of s3  B =
3
Put s = 2  D = −7

Put s = 0  C = 4
5s 2 − 15s − 11 −1/ 3 1/ 3 4 7
 = + + −
( s + 1)( s − 2 ) 3
s + 1 s − 2 ( s − 2) 2
( s − 2 )3
 5s 2 − 15s − 11  1 −1  1  1 −1  1   1   1 
−1 −1 −1
L   = − L + L + 4 L   − 7 L  
 ( s + 1)( s − 2 ) 
3
3  s + 1 3  s − 2   ( s − 2 ) 
2
 ( s − 2 ) 
3
1 1 1 1
= − e−t + e2t + 4e2t L−1  2  − 7e2t L−1  3 
3 3 s  s 
1 1 7 2
= − e−t + e2t + 4e2t t − e 2t L−1  3 
3 3 2 s 
1 − t 1 2t 7 2t 2
 f ( t ) = − e + e + 4e t − e t
2t
3 3 2
Problems based on Convolution Theorem
 
Using Convolution theorem, find L  .
s −1
48. 2
 s + a
2 2
( ) 
Solution:
L−1  F ( s ) G ( s )  = L−1  F ( s )  L−1 G ( s )
 
L 
−1 s  = L−1  s   L−1  1  = L−1  s   1 L−1  a 
 2 2  s 2 + a 2   s 2 + a 2   s 2 + a 2  a  s 2 + a 2 
(
 s + a
2
) 
1 1
= cos at  sin at =  cos at  sin at 
a a
t t
1 1
=  cos au sin a ( t − u ) du =  sin ( at − au ) cos au du
a0 a0
1 sin ( at − au + au ) + sin ( at − au − au )
t
=  du
a0 2
t
1
sin at + sin a ( t − 2u )  du
2a 0 
=

 − cos a ( t − 2u )  
t
1 
= sin at u +   
2a   −2a  0
 cos a ( t − 2u )  
t
1 
= u sin at +   
2a   2a  0
1   cos at   cos at  
=  t sin at +   − 0 + 
2a   2a   2a  
1  cos at cos at  1
f (t ) =  t sin at + −  = t sin at
2a  2a 2a  2a
s
49. Find the inverse Laplace transform of using convolution theorem.
( s + a )( s 2 + b2 )
2 2
Solution:
L−1  F ( s ) G ( s )  = L−1  F ( s )  L−1 G ( s )
 
 L −1 s  = L−1  s   L−1  1 
 ( )(
 s 2 + a 2 s 2 + b2 ) 

 s2 + a2 
 
 s 2 + b2 
 
1
= cos at  sin bt
b
t
1
=  cos au sin b ( t − u ) du
b0
t
1
sin ( au + bt − bu ) − sin ( au − bt + bu )  du
2b 0 
=
t
sin ( ( a − b ) u + bt ) − sin ( ( a + b ) u − bt )  du
1
2b 0 
=
1  − cos ( bt + ( a − b ) u ) cos ( ( a + b ) u − bt ) 
t
=  + 
2b  a −b a+b  0
1  − cos ( bt + at − bt ) cos ( at + bt − bt )   − cos bt cos bt  

=  + − + 
2b  a−b a+b   a −b a + b  

1  − cos ( at ) cos ( at )   − cos bt cos bt  

=  + − + 
2b  a − b a +b   a −b a + b  
1  −2b cos at 2b cos bt 

=  + 2 
2b  a 2 − b 2 a − b2 
cos bt − cos at
f (t ) =
a 2 − b2
s2
50. Find the inverse Laplace transform of by using convolution theorem.
( s 2 + a 2 )( s 2 + b2 )
Solution:
L−1  F ( s ) G ( s )  = L−1  F ( s )  L−1 G ( s )
 
L−1 
s2  = L−1  s   L−1  s  = cos at  cos bt
 (
 s 2 + a 2 s 2 + b2)( ) 

 s2 + a2 
 
 s 2 + b2 
 
t
=  cos au cos b ( t − u ) du
0
t
1
cos ( au + bt − bu ) + cos ( au − bt + bu )  du
2 0 
=
t
=  cos ( ( a − b ) u + bt ) + cos ( ( a + b ) u − bt )  du
1
20
1  sin ( bt + ( a − b ) u ) sin ( ( a + b ) u − bt ) 
t
=  + 
2  a −b a+b  0
1  sin ( bt + at − bt ) sin ( at + bt − bt )   sin bt sin bt  

=  + − − 
2  a −b a+b   a − b a + b  
1  sin ( at ) sin ( at )   sin bt sin bt  

=  + − − 
2  a − b a + b   a − b a + b  
1  2a sin ( at ) 2b sin ( bt ) 
=  − 2 
2  a 2 − b2 a − b2 
a sin ( at ) − b sin ( bt )
f (t ) =
a 2 − b2
s
Find the inverse Laplace transform of .
51.
( )(
s + 1 s2 + 4
2
)
Solution:
 
s  = L−1  s 1  −1  s  1 −1  2 
L−1  = L    L  
 (
 s2 + 1 s2 + 4 )( ) 

 
 s2 + 1 s2 + 4   s + 1 2
2
 s + 4
2
1
= cos t  sin 2t
2
t
1
cos u sin 2 ( t − u ) du
2 0
=
t
1
40
( QA2 cos
=  sin ( u + 2t − 2u ) − sin ( u − 2t + 2u )  du [2 cos SinABsin sin ( A +
B =(A+B)
= sin –Bsin) −(A A − B ))
sin–(B)]
t
1
=  sin ( 2t − u ) − sin ( u − 2t )  du
40
1  − cos ( 2t − u ) cos ( u − 2t ) 
t
=  + 
4 −1 1 0
1
 cos t − cos 2t + cos t − cos 2t 
=
4
1
=  2 cos t − 2 cos 2t 
4
1
 f ( t ) =  cos t − cos 2t 
2
2
Using Convolution theorem, find the inverse Laplace transform of .
( s + 1) ( s 2 + 4 )
52.
Solution:
 
L 
−1 2  = L−1  1 2   1  −1  2 
= L−1  L  2
 ( s + 1) s 2 + 4
 ( ) 

 
 s +1 s + 4
2
 s + 1  s + 4 
= e − t  sin 2t
t
=  e − u sin 2 ( t − u ) du
0

t
=  e − u sin ( 2t − 2u ) du
0
t
=  e − u  sin 2t cos 2u − cos 2t sin 2u  du
0
t t
= e −u
sin 2t cos 2u du −  e − u cos 2t sin 2u du
0 0
t t
= sin 2t  e − u cos 2u du − cos 2t  e − u sin 2u du
0 0
t t
 e−u   e −u 
= sin 2t  ( − cos 2u + 2sin 2u ) − cos 2t  ( − sin 2u − 2cos 2u )
1 + 4 0 1 + 4 0
 e − t    e−t 
( − cos 2t + 2sin 2t ) −  ( −1)  − cos 2t  ( − sin 2t − 2 cos 2t ) −  ( −2) 
1 1
= sin 2t 
 5  5   5 5 
 e−t 1  e−t  2 
= sin 2t  ( − cos 2t + 2sin 2t ) +  − cos 2t   − sin 2t − 2 cos 2t +  
 5 5  5 5 
e−t 1 2
=  − sin 2t cos 2t + 2sin 2 2t + sin 2t cos 2t + 2 cos 2 2t  + sin 2t − cos 2t
5   5 5
e−t 1 2
=  2 (1)  + sin 2t − cos 2t
5 5 5
1
f (t ) =  2e − t + sin 2t − 2 cos 2t 
5 
s2
( )(
s2 + 1 s2 + 4 )
Solution:
L−1  F ( s ) G ( s )  = L−1  F ( s )  L−1 G ( s )
 
 L 
−1 s2  = L−1  s   L−1  s 
 (
 s 2 + 12 )( )
s 2 + 22 

 s 2 + 12 
 
 s 2 + 22 
 
= cos t  cos 2t

t
=  cos u cos 2 ( t − u ) du
0
t
1
cos ( u + 2t − 2u ) + cos ( u − 2t + 2u )  du
2 0 
=
t
1
=  cos ( −u + 2t ) + cos ( 3u − 2t )  du
20
1  sin ( 2t − u ) sin ( 3u − 2t ) 
t
=  + 
2 −1 3 0
1  sin t sin t   sin 2t sin 2t  

=  + − − 
2  −1 3   −1 3  
1  2sin t 4sin 2t 
=  − 
2  −3 −3 
sin t − 2sin 2t
f (t ) =
−3
 
 e−2 s
−1 .
Find L
( )
54.  s2 + s + 1 2 
Solution:
 
e−2 s  = L−1  e e− s 
−s

−1
L
 s 2 + s + 1 2   2 
( )  s + s +1 s + s +1
2
 1   1 
= L−1  2   L−1  2 
 s + s + 1 t →t −1  s + s + 1 t →t −1
   
   
−1  1  −1  1 
=L L
 1
2
3    1
2
3
  s +  +    s +  + 
 2 4 t →t −1  2 4 t →t −1

   
   
 1   1 
= e − t / 2 L−1  2   e − t / 2 L−1  2 
 2  3   2  3 
 s +     s +   
  2  t →t −1   2  t →t −1
  3   3 
 sin  t  sin  t
 −t / 2  2  −t / 2  2  
= e e 
 3 3 
 2 2 
t →t −1
2  3  2  3 
= e
−( t −1) / 2
sin  ( t − 1)   e−(t −1) / 2 sin  ( t − 1) 
3  2  3  2 
4  −(t −1) / 2  3   3 
= e sin  ( t − 1)   e−(t −1) / 2 sin  ( t − 1)  
3   2   2  
4 t −
u −1
−
t −u −1
 3 3  3 3 3
=  e 2
e 2
sin  u−  sin  t− u−  du
3 0  2 2   2 2 2 
 t 
4 t − 2 −1 1  3 3   3 
=  e cos  u− t  − cos  t − 3  du
3 0 2  2 2   2 
t
  3 3  
 sin  u − t  
2 − 2    2 2 
 t −2 
 3  
= e  − cos  t − 3  u 
3 3  2  

 2 
0
 t −2 
−   4 3 2  3 
=e  2 
 sin t − t cos  t − 3  
 3 3 2 3  2  
Problems based on solving differential equations
dy
55. Solve using Laplace transform + y = e − t given that y(0) = 0.
dt
Solution: Taking L.T. on both sides, we get L  y' ( t ) + L  y ( t ) = L e−t 

   
sL  y ( t ) − y ( 0 ) + L  y ( t ) = L e−t 

 

1
sL  y ( t )  − 0 + L  y ( t )  =
s +1
1
(s+1) L[y(t)] =
s +1
1
L[y(t)] =
( s + 1) 2
y(t)
 1
= L−1 
 ( s + 1)
2
  1
 = e −t L 2  = e-t t
 s 
( L e− at f ( t )  = F ( s + a )
  )

y'' + y' = t 2 + 2t , given y = 4, y' = −2 when t = 0
Solution:
Given y'' + y' = t 2 + 2t
L  y'' + y'  = L t 2 + 2t 

 
 s 2 L  y ( t ) − sy ( 0) − y ' ( 0 ) +  sL  y ( t ) − y ( 0 ) = 2 + 2
        s3 s 2
( )
L  y ( t )  s 2 + s =
2
s3
+
2
s2
+ 4s − 2 + 4
2 2
L  y ( t )  s ( s + 1) = + + 4s + 2
s3 s2
2 + 2s + 4s 4 + 2s3
L  y ( t )  =
s 4 ( s + 1)
2 2 2
L  y ( t )  = + 4 +
s s s +1
2 2 2 
y ( t ) = L−1  + 4 +
s s s + 1 
t3
= 2 + 2 + 2e − t
6
t3
y (t ) = 2 + + 2e − t
3

57.
( )
Solve D 2 + 3 D + 2 y = e −3t , given y ( 0 ) = 1,and y' ( 0 ) = −1 using Laplace Transforms.
Solution:
Given y'' + 3 y' + 2 y = e−3t
Taking Laplace transforms on both sides.
( ) ( )
L y'' + 3 y' + 2 y = L e−3t
1
L  y '' ( t )  + 3L  y ' ( t )  + 2 L  y ( t )  =
    s+3
 s 2 L  y ( t )  − sy ( 0 ) − y ' ( 0 )  + 3  sL  y ( t )  − y ( 0 )  + 2 L  y ( t )  = 1
    s+3
 s 2 L  y ( t )  − s (1) − ( −1)  + 3  sL  y ( t )  − 1 + 2 L  y ( t )  = 1
    s+3
1
L  y ( t )   s 2 + 3s + 2  = +s+2
s+3
s 2 + 5s + 7  s 2 + 5s + 7 
L  y ( t )  = y ( t ) = L−1  
( )
,
( s + 3) s 2 + 3s + 2  ( s + 1)( s + 2 )( s + 3) 
 3/ 2 1 1/ 2 
y ( t ) = L−1  − +
 s + 1 s + 2 s + 3 
3 −1  1  −1  1  1 −1  1 
y (t ) = L  −L  + L 
2  s + 1   s + 2  2  s + 3 
3 1
y ( t ) = e−t − e−2t + e−3t
2 2
58. Solve y'' + 2 y' − 3 y = sin t , given y ( 0 ) = 0, y' ( 0 ) = 0 .
Solution:
Given y'' + 2 y' − 3 y = sin t
L  y'' ( t ) + 2 y' ( t ) − 3 y ( t ) = L sin t 

 
L  y'' ( t ) + 2L  y ' ( t ) − 3L  y ( t ) = L sin t 

   

 s 2 L  y ( t ) − sy ( 0) − y ' ( 0) + 2  sL  y ( t ) − y ( 0) − 3L  y (t ) = 1

    s2 + 1
 s 2 L  y ( t ) − s ( 0 ) − 0 + 2  sL  y ( t ) − ( 0 ) − 3L  y ( t ) = 1

    s2 + 1
1
s 2 L  y ( t ) + 2sL  y ( t ) − 3L  y ( t ) =
s +12
(
L  y ( t )  s 2 + 2s − 3 = ) 1
s2 + 1
1
L  y ( t )  =
( s + 1)( s
2 2
+ 2s − 3 )
   
1 1
y ( t ) = L−1   = = L−1  

2
( )(
 s + 1 s 2 + 2s − 3 ) 

 ( s − 1)( s + 3) s 2 + 1
 ( ) 

Now
1 A B Cs + D
= + +
( s − 1)( s + 3) ( s 2 + 1) s − 1 s + 3 s2 + 1 ( )
( ) ( )
1 = A ( s + 3) s 2 + 1 + B ( s − 1) s 2 + 1 + ( Cs + D )( s − 1)( s + 3)
1
Put s = 1  A =
8
−1
Put s = −3  B =
40
−1
Equating coeff. of s3  C =
10
−1
Equating the constant terms  D =
5
1 1/ 8 −1/ 40 ( −1/10 ) s − 1/ 5
 = + +
( s − 1)( s + 3) ( s 2
+1 ) s −1 s + 3 s2 + 1 ( )
   −1/10 ) s − 1/ 5 
L 
−1 1  = L−1  1/ 8 + −1/ 40 + ( 
 ( s − 1)( s + 3) s 2 + 1
 ( ) 

 s −1 s + 3

s +1
2
(
 )
1 −1  1  1 −1  1  1 −1  s + 2 
= L  − L  − L  2 
8  s − 1  40  s + 3  10  s + 1
1 1 1   s   2 
= et − e−3t −  L−1  2  + L−1  2  
8 40 10   s + 1  s + 1 
1 1 1
= et − e−3t −  cos t + 2sin t 
8 40 10
 
59. Solve the equation y+ 9y = cos2t with y(0) =1, y   = –1.
2
Solution:
( )
Given D2 + 9 y = cos 2t
Taking Laplace transforms on both sides
L  y '' ( t ) + 9 L  y ( t )  = L  cos 2t 
s
s 2 L  y ( t ) − sy ( 0 ) − y ' ( 0 ) + 9L  y ( t ) =
s2 + 4
Using the initial conditions
y ( 0) = 1, and taking y ' ( 0 ) = k
We have
s
s 2 L  y ( t ) − ( s )(1) − k + 9L  y ( t ) =
s +42
s s+k
 L  y ( t )  = +
(s 2
)(
+4 s +9 2
) s2 + 9
s s s k
= − + +
(
5 s2 + 4 ) 5(s 2
+9 ) s +9
2
s +9
2
1 −1  s  1 −1  s  −1  s   s 
 y (t ) = L  2  − L  2  +L  2  + k L−1  2 
5 s + 4 5 s + 9 s + 9 s + 9
1 1 k
= cos 2t − cos 3t + cos 3t + sin 3t
5 5 3
   1 1 k 1 k
Put t = we get y   = ( −1) − ( 0 ) + 0 + ( −1) = − −
2 2 5 5 3 5 3

 
But given y   = −1
2
1 k
 −1 = − −
5 3
12
 k =
5
1 1 4
 y (t ) = cos 2t − cos 3t + cos 3t + sin 3t
5 5 5
4 1
y (t ) = cos 3t + sin 3t  + cos 2t
5 5
60. Solve x'' + 2 x' + 5 x = e − t sin t , where x ( 0 ) = 0, x' ( 0 ) = 1 using Laplace Transforms.
Solution:
Given x'' + 2 x' + 5x = e−t sin t
L  x'' + 2 x' + 5x  = L e−t sin t 

 
1
L  x'' ( t ) + 2L  x' ( t ) + 5L  x ( t ) = 2
    s + 2s + 2
 s 2 L  x ( t ) − sx ( 0 ) − x' ( 0 ) + 2  sL  x ( t ) − x ( 0 ) + 5L  x (t ) = 1

    s + 2s + 2
2
 s 2 L  x ( t ) − s ( 0 ) − 1 + 2  sL  x ( t ) − ( 0 ) + 5L  x ( t ) = 1

    s 2 + 2s + 2
1
L  x ( t )  s 2 + 2s + 5 = +1
s 2 + 2s + 2
s 2 + 2s + 3
L  x ( t )  s 2 + 2s + 5 = 2
s + 2s + 2
s 2 + 2s + 3 ( s + 1)2 + 2
L  x ( t )  = =
( s 2
+ 2 s + 2 )( s 2
+ 2 s + 5 ) (( s + 1)2 + 1) (( s + 1)2 + 4 )

 
 ( s + 1)2 + 2 
x (t ) = L 
−1
( )(
 ( s + 1) + 1 ( s + 1) + 4
2 2
) 

 
s2 + 2
x ( t ) = e−t L−1  
( )(
 s2 + 1 s2 + 4
 ) 

 1/ 3 2/3 
x ( t ) = e−t L−1  2 + 2 
 s +1 s + 4
1 1 
= e−t  sin t + sin 2t 
3 3 
e −t
= sin t + sin 2t 
3
y'' − 3 y' + 2 y = 4t + e 3 t , where y ( 0 ) = 1, y' ( 0 ) = −1
Solution:
Given y'' − 3 y' + 2 y = 4t + 3et
L  y'' − 3 y ' + 2 y  = L 4t + 3et 

 
L  y'' ( t ) − 3L  y' ( t ) + 2L  y ( t ) = 4L t  + 3L e3t 

   
 s 2 L  y ( t ) − sy ( 0 ) − y ' ( 0 ) − 3  sL  y ( t ) − y ( 0 ) + 2L  y (t ) = 4 + 3
         
s2 s − 3
 s 2 L  y ( t ) − s (1) − ( −1) − 3  sL  y ( t ) − 1 + 2L  y (t ) = 4 + 3

    s2 s − 3
 s 2 L  y ( t ) − s + 1 − 3  sL  y ( t ) − 1 + 2L  y ( t ) = 4 + 3

    s2 s − 3

( )
L  y ( t )  s 2 − 3s + 2 = s − 4 +
4
s2
+
3
s−3
( s − 4 ) s 2 ( s − 3 ) + 4 ( s − 4 ) + 3s 2
(
L  y ( t )  s 2
− 3s + 2 ) =
s 2 ( s − 3)
s 4 − 7 s 3 + 13s 2 + 4 s − 12
L  y ( t )  =
(s 2
)
− 3s + 2 s 2 ( s − 3)
s 4 − 7 s3 + 13s 2 + 4s − 12
L  y ( t )  =
( s − 2 )( s − 1) s 2 ( s − 3)
 s 4 − 7 s3 + 13s 2 + 4s − 12 
y ( t ) = L−1  
 ( s − 2 )( s − 1) s ( s − 3) 
2
A B C D E 
= L−1  + 2 + + +
s s s − 1 s − 2 s − 3 
 3 2 −1 / 2 −2 1/ 2 
= L−1  + 2 + + +
s s s − 1 s − 2 s − 3 
1 1
y ( t ) = 3 + 2t − et − 2e 2t + e3t
2 2
62. Solve y'' − 3 y' + 2 y = e 2t , y ( 0 ) = −3, y' ( 0 ) = 5 .
Solution:
Given y '' − 3 y ' + 2 y = e 2t
L  y '' − 3 y' + 2 y  = L e2t 

 
L  y''  − 3L  y'  + 2L  y  = L e2t 

   
 s 2 L  y ( t )  − sy ( 0) − y ' ( 0)  − 3  sL  y ( t )  − y ( 0)  + 2 L  y ( t )  = 1
    s−2
1
 s 2 L  y ( t )  − s ( −3) − 5 − 3  sL  y ( t )  − ( −3)  + 2 L  y ( t )  =
    s−2
1
s 2 L  y ( t )  + 3s − 5 − 3sL  y ( t )  − 9 + 2 L  y ( t )  =
s−2
1
L  y ( t )   s 2 − 3s + 2  + 3s − 14 =
s−2

1
L  y ( t )   s 2 − 3s + 2  = − 3s + 14
 s−2
−3s 2 + 20s − 27
 L  y ( t )  =
( s − 2 ) ( s 2 − 3s + 2 )
 
−3s 2 + 20s − 27
y ( t ) = L−1  
 (
 ( s − 2 ) s 2 − 3s + 2 ) 

 −3s 2 + 20s − 27 
y ( t ) = L−1  
 ( s − 1)( s − 2 ) 
2
−3s 2 + 20s − 27 A B C
= + +
( s − 1)( s − 2 ) 2 s − 1 s − 2 ( s − 2 )2
−3s 2 + 20s − 27 = A ( s − 2) + B ( s − 1)( s − 2) + C ( s − 1)

2
Put s = 1  A = −10
Put s = 2  C = 1
Equating the coeff.of s 2  B = 7
−3s 2 + 20s − 27 −10 7 1

 = + +
( s − 1)( s − 2 ) 2 s − 1 s − 2 ( s − 2 )2
 −3s 2 + 20s − 27   1 
−1  −10  −1  7 
L−1   = L  s − 1  + L  s − 2  + L−1
 
 ( s − 1)( s − 2 )2   ( s − 2 )2 
1
= −10et + 7e 2t + e 2t L−1  2 
s 
= −10et + 7e2t + te2t
63. Use Laplace Transform to solve ( D 2 − 3D + 2) y = e 3t with y (0) = 1 and y ' (0) = 0 .
Solution:
y' '−3 y'+2 y = e 3t -----------(1)
L( y' ' ) − 3L( y' ) + 2L( y) = L(e 3t )
(s 2
)
L( y ) − sy (0) − y ' (0) − 3( sL ( y ) − y (0)) + 2 L( y ) =
1
s −3

(s 2
)
− 3s + 2 L( y ) − s + 3 =
1
s −3
(s − 1)(s − 2)L( y) = 1
+ s −3
s −3
s 2 − 6s + 10
L( y ) =
(s − 1)(s − 2)(s − 3)
 s 2 − 6s + 10 
y(t ) = L−1  
 (s − 1)(s − 2)( s − 3) 
s 2 − 6s + 10 A B C
Consider = + +
(s − 1)(s − 2)(s − 3) s − 1 s − 2 s − 3
s 2 − 6s + 10 = A(s − 2)(s − 3) + B(s − 1)(s − 3) + C (s − 1)( s − 2)
5 1
Put s = 1, A = , put s = 2 , B = −2 and for s = 3, C =
2 2
5 2 −2 12 
y (t ) = L−1  + + 
 s − 1 s − 2 s − 3
5 t 1
y (t ) = e − 2e 2t + e 3t
2 2
d2y
64. Using Lapalce Transform, Solve + 4 y = sin 2t , given y (0) = 3 & y ' (0) = 4 .
dt 2
Solution:
y ' '+ 4 y = sin 2t
L( y ' ' ) + 4 L( y ) = L(sin 2t )
(s 2
)
L( y ) − sy (0) − y ' (0) + 4 L( y ) =
2
s +4
2
(s 2
)
+ 4 L( y ) − 3s − 4 =
2
s +4
2
(s 2
)
+ 4 L( y ) =
2
+ 3s + 4
s +4 2
3s 3 + 4s 2 + 12s + 18
` L( y ) =
( s 2 + 4) 2
3s 3 + 4s 2 + 12s + 18 ( As + B ) (Cs + D)
Consider = 2 + 2
( s 2 + 4) 2 s +4 ( s + 4) 2
(
3s 3 + 4s 2 + 12s + 18 = ( As + B ) s 2 + 4 + (Cs + D))
Comparing the co.eff of s 3 , A = 3
Comparing the co.eff of s 2 , B = 4
Comparing the co.eff of s, C = 0
Comparing the constant term D = 2

 (3s + 4) (0.s + 2) 
y(t ) = L−1  2 + 2 2
 s + 4 ( s + 4) 
 s  −1  2  −1  2 
= 3L−1  2  + 2L  2  + L  2 
2 
 s + 4  s + 4  (s + 4) 
t 3 e −2t
= 3 cos 2t + 2 sin 2t +
6
dx dy
65. Solve − 2 x + 3 y = 0; − y + 2 x = 0 with x ( 0 ) = 8 , y ( 0 ) = 3 .
dt dt
The given differential equation canbe written as
x' ( t ) − 2 x + 3 y = 0 y ' ( t ) − y + 2 x = 0
Taking Laplace transforms weget,
L  x' ( t ) − 2 x + 3 y  = L 0
 
sL  x ( t )  − x ( 0 ) − 2 L  x ( t )  + 3L  y ( t )  = 0
sL  x ( t )  − 8 − 2 L  x ( t )  + 3L  y ( t )  = 0
L  x ( t )  ( s − 2 ) + 3L  y ( t )  = 8 (1)
And L  y ' ( t ) − y + 2 x  = L  0
 
sL  y ( t )  − y ( 0 ) − L  y ( t )  + 2 L  x ( t ) = 0
sL  y ( t )  − 3 − L  y ( t )  + 2 L  x ( t )  = 0
2 L  x ( t )  + ( s − 1) L  y ( t )  = 3 (2)
Solving (1) and (2) we get,
8s − 17 5 3
L  x ( t ) = = + ,
( s + 1)( s − 4) s + 1 s − 4
 5 3 
 x ( t ) = L−1  + ’
 s + 1 s − 4 
x ( t ) = 5e−t + 3e4t

3s − 22 5 2
and L  y ( t ) = = −
( s + 1)( s − 4) s + 1 s − 4
 5 2 
y ( t ) = L−1  −  = 5e−t − 2e 4t
 s +1 s − 4 
t
dy
66. Determine y which satisfies the equation + 2 y +  y dt = 2cos t , y(0) = 1
dt 0
Solution:
t
Given y ' ( t ) + 2 y ( t ) +  y ( t ) dt = 2 cos t , y (0) =1
0
t 
L  y ' ( t )  + 2 L  y ( t )  + L   y ( t ) dt  = L  2 cos t 
 0 
1 2s
sL  y ( t ) − y ( 0 ) + 2L  y ( t ) + L  y ( t ) = 2
s s +1
1 2s
sL  y ( t ) − 1 + 2L  y ( t ) + L  y ( t ) = 2
s s +1
s
L  y ( t )  =
s +1
2
 s 
y ( t ) = L−1  2  = cos t
 s + 1
*****

Module – 4 Analytic Functions
Definition of Analytic Function – Cauchy Riemann equations – Properties of analytic functions –

Determination of analytic function using Milne Thomson’s method – Conformal mappings:
Magnification, Rotation, Inversion, Reflection – Bilinear Transformation – Cauchy’s integral theorem
(without proof) – Cauchy’s integral theorem applications – Application of Bilinear transformation and
Cauchy’s Integral in Engineering.
Analytic function (or) Holomorphic function (or) Regular function.
A function is said to be analytic at a point if its derivative exists not only at that point but also in some
neighbourhood of that point.
Entire (or) an Integral function.

A function which is analytic everywhere in the finite plane except at z =  is called an entire function.
Example: ez, sinz, coshz.
Necessary conditions for f(z) to be analytic.

The necessary conditions for a complex function f(z) = u(x,y) + i v(x,y) to be analytic in a region R are
u v v u
 and  (i.e) C – R equations.
x y x y
Sufficient conditions for f (z) to be analytic.
u v v u
If the partial derivatives , , , exist and continuous in D and satisfies the conditions
x y x y
u v v u
 and   . Then the function f(z) is analytic in a domain D.
x y x y
Harmonic function.
Any function which possess continuous second order partial derivatives and which satisfies Laplace
2 f 2 f
equation is called a harmonic function. (i.e) If   0 , then f is harmonic then
x 2 y 2
Show that the function u = 2x – x3 + 3xy2 is harmonic.

Solution: Given u = 2x – x3 + 3xy2
u x  2 – 3 x 2  3 y 2 u y  6 xy
u xx  6 x u yy  6 x
u xx  u yy  6 x  6 x  0
Hence u is harmonic

1
Show that the function u  log ( x 2  y 2 ) is harmonic and determine its conjugate. Also find f(z).
2
1
2
u 1 1 x
2 
 . 2 2x  2
x 2 x  y x  y2
u 1 1 y
2 
 . 2 2y  2
y 2 x  y x  y2
 2u  x  y   x  2 x 
2 2
y 2  x2
 
x 2  x2  y 2   x2  y 2 
2 2
 2 u  x  y  1  2 y
2 2 2
x2  y 2
 
y 2  x2  y 2   x2  y 2 
2 2
 2u  2u y 2  x 2  x 2  y 2
   0
x 2 y 2  x 2
 y 
2 2
Hence u is harmonic function

To find conjugate of u
u x
1  x, y    2
x x  y 2
1
1  z, o  
z
u y
2  x, y    2
y x  y 2
2  z, o   0
By Milne Thomson Methods
f   z   1  z, o   i2  z, o 
1
 f   z  dz   z dz  0
 log z  c
f  z   log rei
f  z   u  iv  log r  i
u  log r , v  
 2 1  y  
u  log x 2  y 2  r  x  y ,   tan  x  
2 2
  
 y  y
v  tan 1    Conjugate of u is tan 1   .
x x
Conformal transformation.
A mapping or transformation which preserves angles in magnitude and in direction between every pair of
curves through a point is said to be conformal transformation.
Isogonal transformation.
A transformation under which angles between every pair of curves through a point are preserved in
magnitude but altered in sense is said to be isogonal at that point.
Bilinear transformation (or) Mobius transformation (or) linear fractional transformation.
az  b
The transformation w  , ad – bc  0 where a, b,c,d are complex numbers is called a bilinear
cz  d
transformation. This is also called as Mobius or linear fractional transformation.
Cross Ratio.
z  z z  z 
The cross ratio of four points z1 , z 2 , z 3 , z 4 is given by 1 2 3 4 .
z1  z 4 z3  z 2 
2
Show that f (z) = z is differentiable at z = 0 but not analytic at z = 0.
Solution: Let z = x + iy and z  x  iy
z  zz  x 2  y2
2
f (z)  z  (x 2  y 2 )  i0
2
u  x 2  y2 , v  0
u x  2x , vx  0
u y  2y , vy  0
So the C-R equations ux = vy and uy= - vx are not satisfied everywhere except at z = 0.
So f (z) may be differentiable only at z = 0. Now ux = 2x, vy = 0 and uy= 2y, vx = 0 are continuous
everywhere and in particular at (0, 0). So f (z) is differentiable at z = 0 only and not analytic.
z 1
Obtain the invariant points of the transformation w 
z 1
z 1
Solution: Given: w 
z 1
The invariant points are obtained by replacing w by z.
z 1
i.e, z   z 2  1  0  z  i
z 1
y
Can v  tan 1   be the imaginary part of an analytic function? If so construct an analytic
x
function f(z) = u + iv, taking v as the imaginary part and hence find u.
Solution:
y
Let v  tan 1  
x

 2 
1 y  y  ( x  y 2 ).0  y (2 x)  2 xy
vx  2 2 
 2 ; vxx     
 y  x  x y    
2 2 2 2
1    x 2
 y 2
 x 2
 y
 
x
 2 
1 1 x  ( x  y 2 ).0  x(2 y )  2 xy
vy     ; v     
   
yy
 y x x  y
2 2 2 2 2
1    x2  y 2  x2  y 2
 
x
vxx  v yy  0  v is harmonic and hence v can be the imaginary part of an analytic function.

By Milne’s method, f ( z )   v y ( z,0)  ivx ( z,0) dz  c 
y
vx  ; vx ( z , 0)  0;
x  y2
2
x 1
vy  ; v y ( z , 0) 
x y
2 2 z
dz
f ( z)    c  log z  c  log r  i  c1  ic2 ( z  rei )
z
1   y  1  y  
  log( x 2  y 2 )  c1   i tan 1    r  x  y &   tan  x  
2 2
2   x   
u v
(c2  0)
1
u  log( x 2  y 2 )  c1
2
y
Prove that u  x 2  y 2 & v  are harmonic functions but not harmonic conjugate.
x  y2
2
Solution:
y
u  x2  y 2 v
x2  y 2
2 xy
ux  2 x vx 
 
2
x2  y 2
y x 2 2
u y  2 y vy 
x  y2 
2 2
2 y ( y 2  3x 2 )
u xx  2 vxx 
x  y2 
2 3
2 y (3x 2  y 2 )
u yy  2 v yy 
x  y2 
2 3
uxx  u yy  0 vxx  v yy  0

Hence u and v are harmonic.

But ux  v y & vx  u y
C-R equations are not satisfied. Hence u+iv are not an analytic function. So they are not harmonic
conjugate.
z z
Prove that w  wherea  0isanalytic whereas w  isnot analytic.
za z a
Solution:
z x  iy x  iy x  iy  ( x  a )  iy 
w     
z  a x  iy  a ( x  a )  iy ( x  a )  iy  ( x  a )  iy 
( x  iy )(( x  a)  iy ) x( x  a)  y 2 ( x  a) y  xy
  i
( x  a)  y
2 2
( x  a)  y
2 2
( x  a) 2  y 2
x( x  a )  y 2 ay
w i
( x  a)  y
2 2
( x  a)2  y 2
u v
x( x  a )  y 2
u ;
( x  a)2  y 2
(( x  a) 2  y 2 )(2 x  a)  ( x( x  a)  y 2 )(2( x  a))
ux 
(( x  a )2  y 2 )2
2 x( x  a )  2 xy 2  2 x 2 ( x  a)  2 xy 2  2ax( x  a)  2ay 2

(( x  a ) 2  y 2 ) 2
( x  a)(2 x 2  2ax  ax  a 2  2 x 2  2ax)  ay 2

(( x  a ) 2  y 2 ) 2
a (( x  a ) 2  y 2 )
ux  (1)
(( x  a) 2  y 2 ) 2
(( x  a ) 2  y 2 )(2 y )  ( x( x  a)  y 2 )(2 y )
uy 
(( x  a) 2  y 2 ) 2
2 y (( x  a) 2  y 2  ( x( x  a)  y 2 ))

(( x  a )2  y 2 )2
2 y ( x 2  ax  a 2  y 2  x 2  ax  y 2 )

(( x  a ) 2  y 2 ) 2
2ay ( x  a )
uy  (2)
(( x  a ) 2  y 2 ) 2

ay
v ;
( x  a)2  y 2
(( x  a)2  y 2 )(0)  (ay )(2( x  a))
vx 
(( x  a)2  y 2 )2
2ay ( x  a)
vx  (3)
(( x  a)2  y 2 )2
(( x  a) 2  y 2 )(a)  (ay )(2 y )

vy 
(( x  a) 2  y 2 ) 2
a (( x  a ) 2  y 2  2 y 2 )

(( x  a) 2  y 2 ) 2
a(( x  a)2  y 2 )
vy  (4)
(( x  a)2  y 2 )2
From (1) and (4), ux  v y
From (2) and (3), u y  vx
Also ux , u y , vx , vy are continuous functionsin x and y.
z
Hence w  is analytic .
za
z x  iy x  iy x  iy  ( x  a )  iy 
Now w      
z  a x  iy  a ( x  a )  iy ( x  a )  iy  ( x  a )  iy 
( x  iy )(( x  a)  iy ) x( x  a )  y 2 (( x  a) y  xy )
  i
( x  a)2  y 2 ( x  a)2  y 2 ( x  a)2  y 2
x( x  a )  y 2 ay
w i
( x  a)  y
2 2
( x  a)2  y 2
u v
x( x  a )  y 2
u ;
( x  a)2  y 2
a (( x  a ) 2  y 2 )
ux  (5)
(( x  a ) 2  y 2 ) 2
2ay( x  a)
uy  (6)
(( x  a)2  y 2 )2

ay
v ;
( x  a)2  y 2
2ay ( x  a)
vx  (7)
(( x  a) 2  y 2 )2
a(( x  a)2  y 2 )
vy  (8)
(( x  a)2  y 2 )2
From (5) and (8), ux  v y
From (6) and (7), u y  vx
z
Hence w  is not analytic.
z a
Properties of Analytic function
Property : 1
The function f(z) = u + iv is analytic, show that u = constant and v = constant are orthogonal
Proof:
If f  z   u  iv is an analytic function of z , then it satisfies C-R equations
u x  v y , u y  v x
Given u  x, y   C1.............(1)
v  x, y   C2 .............(2)
By total differentiation
u u
du  dx  dy
x y
v v
dv  dx  dy
x y
Differentiate equation (1) & (2) we get du  0 , dv  0
u u v v
 dx  dy  0 and dx  dy  0
x y x y
dy u / x
   m1 ( say )
dx u / y
dy v / x
  m2 ( say )
dx v / y
u / x v / x
 m1 m2    ( u x  v y u y  v x )
u / y v / y
 m1 m2  1
The curves u  x, y   C1 and v  x, y   C2 cut orthogonally.

Property : 2
Prove that an analytic function with constant modulus is constant.
Proof:
Let f  z   u  iv be analytic
By C.R equations satisfied

i.e., u x  v y , u y  vx
 f  z   u  iv
 f  z   u 2  v2  C  f  z   u 2  v2  C 2
2
u 2  v 2  C 2 ...............(1)
Diff (1) with respect to x
u v
2u  2v  0
x x
uux  vvx  0.............(2)
Diff (1) with respect to y
u v
2u  2v  0
y y
uvx  vux  0............(3)
(2)  u  (3)  v   u 2  v 2  u x  0
 ux  0
(2)  v  (3)  u   u 2  v 2  vx  0
 vx  0
W.K.T f   z   ux  ivx  0
f  z  0 Integrate w.r.to z
f  z  C
Property : 3
8. Prove that the real and imaginary parts of an analytic function are harmonic function.
Proof:
Let f (z) = u + iv be an analytic function of z. Then by C- R equations we have,
u v v u
 .......... .(1)   .........( 2)
x y x y
Differentiating (1) partially with respect to x, we get
 2u  2v
 .......... .(3)
x 2 xy
Differentiating (2) partially with respect to y, we get

 2u  2v
 .......... .( 4)
y 2 yx
Adding (3) and (4), we get

 2u  2u  2 v  2v
   0
x 2 y 2 xy yx
 u satisfies the Laplace equation.
Similarly
Differentiating (1) partially with respect to y, we get
 2 v  2u
 .......... .(5)
y 2 yx
Differentiating (2) partially with respect to x, we get
 2v  2u
  .......... .(6)
x 2 xy
Adding (5) and (6), we get

 2v  2v  2u  2u
    0
x 2 y 2 xy yx
 v satisfies the Laplace equation.
Hence the real and imaginary parts of an analytic function are harmonic function.
Property : 4
9. The real part of an analytic function f(z) is constant, prove that f(z) is a constant function.
Proof:
Let f(z) = u + iv
Given u = constant.  ux = 0 and uy= 0
by C-R equations, ux = 0  vy = 0 and uy= 0  vx = 0
f '(z) = ux + ivx = 0 + i0 = 0
Integrating, f (z) = c (where c is a constant)
 2 2 
10. If f(z) is an analytic function, prove that  2  2  f ( z )  4 f ( z )
2 2
 x y 
Proof:
Let f(z) = u + iv be analytic.
Then ux = vy and uy = -vx (1)
Also uxx+ uyy = 0 and vxx+ vyy = 0 (2)

Now |f(z)|2 = u2 + v2 and f(z) = ux + ivx


 | f (z) | 2  2u.u x  2v.v x
x
and
2
x 2

| f (z) | 2  2 u 2x  u.u xx  v 2x  v.v xx  (3)
Similarly
2
y 2

| f (z) | 2  2 u 2y  u.u yy  v 2y  v.v yy  (4)
Adding (3) and (4)
 2 2 

 2  2  | f (z) | 2  2 u 2x  u 2y  u (u xx  u yy )  v 2x  v 2y  v( v xx  v yy ) 
 x y 

 2 u 2x  v 2x  u (0)  v 2x  u 2x  v(0) 

 4 u 2x  v 2x 
11. Find the map of the circle (i) z  3 under the transformation w = 2z
(ii) z  1 by the transformation w = z + 2 + 4i

Solution (i) : Given w = 2z , z  3
w 2 z
w  2 (3)  6
Solution (ii) :
Given: w = z + 2 + 4i
u + iv = x + iy + 2 + 4i = ( x + 2 ) + i ( y + 4 )
u = x + 2, v=y+4
 x = u – 2, y=v–4
 z 1
x2 + y2 = 1 Hence ( u – 2 )2 + ( v – 4 )2 = 1.
1 1 1
Find the image of the infinite strip  y  under the transformation w 
4 2 z
Solution:
1 1
w z
z w

1 u  iv u v
z  2 2  x  2 2 _________(1) y   2 2 _____________________(2)
u  iv u  v u v u v
1 1 1
Given strip is  y  when y 
4 2 4
1 v
  2 2 (by 2)
4 u v
u  (v  2)2  4..........(3)
2
which is a circle whose centre is at  0, 2  in the w -plane and radius 2.

1
When y 
2
1 v
 (by 2)
2 u 2  v2
u 2  v 2  2v  0
u 2  (v  1)2  1..........(4)
which is a circle whose centre is at  0, 1 and radius is 1 in the w -plane.
1 1
Hence the infinite strip  y  is transformed into the region between circles u 2  (v  1)2  1 and
4 2
u  (v  2)  4
2 2
in the w -plane.
y
v
1
y
2
1
y
4
x  0, 1 u
 0, 2
z  plane
w  plane
1
Find the image of z  2i  2 under the transformation w 
z
Solution:
1 1
Given w  z
z w
Now w  u  iv
1 1 u  iv u  iv
z    2 2
w u  iv  u  iv  u  iv  u  v
u  iv u v
i.e., x  iy  2 2  x  2 2 ..........(1) y  2 2 ..........(2)
u v u v u v

x  iy  2i  2  x  i( y  2)  2
x 2   y  2   4  x 2  y 2  4 y  0...................(3)
2
Sub (1) and (2) in (3)

 u   v   v 
2 2
 2 2   2 2  4 2 2   0
u v  u v  u  v 
u2 v2  4v 
  2 0
u  u  v 
2 2 2 2  u  v 
2
2
v 2
u  v   4v  u  v 
2 2
0
2 2
u  v  2 2 2
1  4v   u  v  2 2
0
u  v 
2 2 2
1
1  4v  0  v   ( u 2  v 2  0)
4
which is a straight line in w -plane.
y
v
x2   y  2  4
2
 0, 2 
v0 u
x 1
v
4
z  plane
w  plane
1
Show that the transformation w  transforms in general, circles and straight lines into circles and
z
straight lines.
Solution:
1 1
w z
z w
1 u  iv
 x  iy   2 2
u  iv u  v
u v
x 2 and y  2
u v 2
u  v2

Consider the equation a (x2 + y2) + bx + cy + d = 0 ------------(1)

This equation represents a circle if a  0 and a straight line if a = 0
1
Under the transformation w  equation (1) becomes
z
d (u2 + v2) + bu – cv + a = 0 --------------(2)
This equation represents a circle if d  0 and a straight line if d = 0
Value of a & d Equation (1) and (2) Conclusion
a  0, d 0 Equation (1) and (2) represents a The transformation maps a circle not
circle, not passing through the passing through the origin in z–plane
origin, in the z–plane and w– into a circle not passing through the
plane origin in w–plane
a  0, d = 0 Equation (1) represents a circle The transformation maps a circle

passing through the origin in the passing through the origin in z–plane
z–plane and equation (2) into a straight line not passing through
represents a straight line not the origin in w–plane
passing through the origin in w–
plane
a = 0, d 0 Equation (1) represents a straight The transformation maps a straight line

line not passing through the origin not passing through the origin in the z–
in the z–plane and equation (2) plane into a circle passing through the
represents a circle passing origin in w–plane
through the origin in w–plane
a = 0, d = 0 Equation (1) and (2) represents a The transformation maps represents a
straight line passing through the straight line passing through the origin
origin in the z–plane and w–plane in z–plane into a straight line passing
through the origin in w–plane
1
Thus the transformation w  maps the totality of circles and straight lines as circles or straight lines.
z
Find the image of the circle z  1  1 under the transformation w  z 2
Solution:
In polar form z  r ei , w  R ei

Given
z 1  1
rei 1 1
r cos   i r sin  1 1
(r cos   1)  i r sin  1
(r cos   1) 2  ( r sin  ) 2 12
r 2  2 r cos   0
r  2 cos     (1)
Now, we have
w  z2
R ei   r ei 
2
R ei  r 2 ei 2
R  r2,   2
(1) 
r 2   2 cos  
2
 4 cos 2 
1  cos 2 
4 
 2
r 2  2(1  cos 2 )
R  2(1  cos  )
Find the bilinear transformation of the points –1,0,1 in z- plane onto the points 0,i,3i in w- plane.
Solution:
Given z1  1, w1  0
z2  0, w2  i
z3  i, w3  3i
Cross-ratio
 w  w1  w2  w3    z  z1  z2  z3 
 w  w3  w2  w1   z  z3  z2  z1 
 w  0  i  3i    z   1   0  1
( w  3i)  i  0  ( z  1)(0  (1))
w(2i ) ( z  1)(1)

( w  3i )(i ) ( z  1)(1)

2w z 1

w  3i z  1
2 wz  2w  wz  w  3iz  3i
w(2 z  2  z  1)   3i ( z  1)
w( z  3)   3i ( z  1)
( z  1)
w   3i
( z  3)
Find the bilinear transformation which maps the points z   , i , 0 into w  0, i ,  respectively.
Solution:
Given z1  , w1  0
z2  i, w2  i
z3  0, w3  
Cross-ratio
 w  w1  w2  w3    z  z1  z2  z3 
 w  w3  w2  w1   z  z3  z2  z1 
 w2  z 
 w  w1  w3   1 z1   1  z2  z3 
 w3    z1 
 w  z 
w3   1  w2  w1   z  z3  z1  2  z1 
 w3   z1 
w   z 
 w  w1   2  1   1  z2  z3 
 w3    z1 
 w  z 
  1  w2  w1   z  z3   2  1
 w3   z1 
 w  0  0  1   0  1 (i  0)
(0  1)  i  0  ( z  0)(0  1)
w i i2 1
 , w , w  
i z z z
Find the bilinear transformation which maps the points z = 1, i, -1 into the points
w = 0, 1,  .
Solution:
 w  w1  w2  w3    z  z1  z2  z3 
 w1  w2  w3  w   z1  z2  z3  z 
Here, w3 = 

 w2 
 w  w1  w3   1
 w3    z  z1  z2  z3 
 w   z  z  z  z 
 w1  w2  w3 1   1 2 3
 w3 
 w  w1   
w2
 1
    z  z1  z2  z3 
 w1  w2  1    z1  z2  z3  z 
w
 
 w  w1  1   z  z1  z2  z3 
 w1  w2 1  z1  z2  z3  z 
 w  w1    z  z1  z2  z3 
 w2  w1   z1  z2  z3  z 
 w  0    z  1 i  1
1  0  1  i  1  z 
w
 z  1 i  1
 z  1 i  1
w
 z  1 i  1  i  1  i  z  1
 z  1 i  1  i  1  z  1
Find the bilinear transformation which maps the points 0,1,  in z-plane into itself in w-plane.
Solution:
Given z1  0, w1  0 , z2  1, w2  1 , z3  , w3  
Cross-ratio
 w  w1  w2  w3    z  z1  z2  z3 
 w  w3  w2  w1   z  z3  z2  z1 
 w2  z 
 w  w1  w3   1  z  z1  z3  2  1
 w3    z3 
 w   z 
w3   1  w2  w1  z3   1  z2  z1 
 w3   z3 
w  z 
 w  w1   2  1  z  z1   2  1
 w3    z3 
 w   z 
  1  w2  w1    1  z2  z1 
 w3   z3 
 w  0  0  1   z  0  0  1
(0  1) 1  0  (0  1) 1  0 
w z

Find the bilinear transformation which maps the points z=1,i,-1 into the points w= i,0,-i. Hence find
the image of |z| < 1
Solution:
We know that
 w  w1  w2  w3    z  z1  z2  z3 
 w1  w2  w3  w   z1  z2  z3  z 

 w  i  0  i    z  1 i  1
 i  0  i  w  1  i  1  z 

 w  i  i    z  11  i 
  i  w  i   1  i  z  1

 w  i    z  11  i   1  i 
 w  i   z  11  i  1  i 

 w  i    z  1  1  1  2i 
 w  i   z  1 1  1

 w  i    z  1   2i 
 w  i   z  1  2 

 w  i   i  z  1 ........(1)
 w  i   z  1

 w  i   iz  i
 w  i z 1
Applying componendo and dividendo rule, we get
w  i  w  i iz  i  z  1
  2w iz  i  z  1
w  i  w  i iz  i  z  1  
2i iz  i  z  1
 1  i  z  1  i  1  i  z  1  i
 w  i  
  i  1 z  1  i   i  1 z  1  i
To find the image of z  1
From (1),
 z  1  i  w  i   iw  1
 z  1 w  i w  i
Applying Componendo and dividendo rule, we get
z  1  z  1 iw  1  w  i

z  1  z  1 iw  1  w  i

2z

1  i  w  i  1
2  1  i  w  1  i
 z
1  i  w  i  1
1  i  w  1  i
Now z  1 
1  i  w  i  1  1
1  i  w  1  i
 1  i  w  i  1  1  i  w  1  i
 1  i  u  iv   i  1  1  i  u  iv   1  i
 u  iv  iu  v  i 1  u  iv  iu  v  1  i
 u  v  1  i 1  u  v   u  v  1  i (1  u  v)
u  v 1  1  u  v  u  v  1  1  u  v 
2 2 2 2
 
 u 2  v 2  1  2u  2v  2uv  1  u 2  v 2  2u  2v  2uv 
u 2  v 2  1  2u  2v  2uv  1  u 2  v 2  2u  2v  2uv
 2u  2u  2u  2u
 4u  4u
 8u  0
 u0
the image of z  1 in z-plane is right half of w-plane u  0.
z
21. Prove that w  maps the upper half of the z-plane into the upper half of the w-plane.
1z
What is the image of the circle z  1 under this transformation?
Solution:
z
w  w(1  z )  z
1 z
w  wz  z
w  1  w z
w
z ..............(1)
1 w
put z  x  iy, w  u  iv

x  iy 
u  iv

 u  iv  1  u   iv
1  u  iv 1  u   iv 1  u   iv
u 1  u   iuv  iv 1  u   v 2

1  u   v2
2

u  u 2
 v 2   iv
1  u   v2
2
Equating real and imaginary parts
x
u  u 2
 v2 
, y
v
1  u  v 1  u   v2
2 2 2
v
y 0 0
1  u   v2
2
v
y 0 0
1  u   v2
2
v 0
Thus the upper half of the z- plane is mapped onto the upper half of the w- plane.
Image of z 1:
by (1)
w
z 1 1
1 w
w
 1
1 w
 w  1 w
 u  iv  1  u  iv
 u 2  v2  1  u 2  v 2
 u 2  v 2  1  u   v 2
2
 u 2  1  u 2  2u
 2u  1  0
1
u 
2
sin 2 x
22. Determine the analytic function whose real part is
cosh 2 y  cos 2 x

Solution:
sin 2 x
u
cosh 2 y  cos 2 x
u  cosh 2 y  cos 2 x  2cos 2 x   sin 2 x  2sin 2 x 

1  x, y   
x  cosh 2 y  cos 2 x 
2
1  z , 0  
1  cos 2 z  2 cos 2 z   2sin 2 2 z
1  cos 2 z 
2
1  cos 2 z  2 cos 2 z   2 1  cos 2 2 z 


1  cos 2 z 
2

1  cos 2 z  2 cos 2 z   2 1  cos 2 z 1  cos 2 z 
1  cos 2 z 
2
2 1
   2   cos ec 2 z
1  cos 2 z sin z
u  cosh 2 y  cos 2 x  0   sin 2 x  2sinh 2 y 

2  x, y   
y  cosh 2 y  cos 2 x 
2
2  z, 0   0
By Milne’s Thomson method,
f  z    1  z , 0  dz  i  2  z , 0  dz
   cos ec 2 z dz  i0
 cot z  c
23. If f(z) = u + iv is an analytic function and u  v  e x (cos y  sin y ) find f(z) interms of z
Solution:
f  z   u  iv (1)
if  z   iu  v (2)
 1  i  f  z   u  v   i u  v 
F  z   U  iV , where F  z   1  i  f  z  , U  u  v, V  u  v
 U  u  v  e  cos y  sin y 
x
U
1  x, y    e x  cos y  sin y 
x
1  z , 0   e z
U
2  x, y    e x   sin y  cos y 
y

2  z, 0   e z  1  e z
By Milne’s Thomson Method
F  z    1  z , 0  dz  i  2  z , 0  dz
  e z dz  i  e z dz  e z  ie z
 1  i  e z
1  i  f  z   1  i  e z  C1
f  z   ez  C
24. Find the regular function whose imaginary part is e  x ( x cos y  y sin y )
Solution:
v  e x  x cos y  y sin y 
v
2  x, y  
x
 e x  cos y    x cos y  y sin y  e  x 
2  z, 0   e z   z   e z   e z  ze z  e z 1  z 
u
1  x, y    e x   x sin y  y cos y  sin y 1 
y
1  z,0  e z 0  0  0  0
By Milne’s Thomson Method
f  z    1  z , 0  dz  i  2  z , 0  dz
  0 dz  i  1  z  e z dz
  e z   e z  
 i 1  z      1    C
  1    1  
2
 i   1  z  e z  e  z   C
 i  e  z  ze z  e  z   C  i  ze  z   C
25. Determine the analytic function w = u + iv if u = e2x (x cos2 y – y sin2y).

Solution:
Given u  e2 x  x cos 2 y  y sin 2 y 
u
1  x, y    e 2 x cos 2 y   x cos 2 y  y sin 2 y  2e 2 x
x
 1  z , 0   e 2 z  2 ze 2 z ...................(1)
u
2  x, y    e 2 x   x 2sin 2 y  2 y cos 2 y  sin 2 y 
y
 2  z, 0   0..................................(2)

By Milne Thomson method

F   z   1  z, o   i2  z, o 
From (1) & (2)
 F   z  dz   (e  2 ze 2 z )dz
2z
e2 z  e2 z e2 z 
  2 z  (1)
2  2 4 
e2 z e2 z
  ze2 z  ,  F ( z )  ze 2 z
2 2
26. Construct the analytic function f (z) = u+iv given that 2u+3v = e x (cos y – sin y).
Solution:
2u  3v  e x cos y  sin y 
f  z   u  iv............... 1
3if  z   3iu  3v...............  2
1  2  2 f  z   2u  i2v...........(3)
3   2  (2  3i) f  z    2u  3v   i  2v  3u ............(4)
F  z   U  iV
 2u  3v  U  e x cos y  sin y 
U
1  x, y    e x cos y  e x sin y
x
1  z, o   e z
U
2  x, y    e x sin y  e x cos y
y
2  z, o   e z
By Milne Thomson method
F   z   1  z, o   i2  z, o 
 F   z  dz   e dz  i  e dz
z z
F  z   1  i  e z  C      (5)

From (4) & (5)
1  i  ez  C   2  3i  f  z 
1 i z C
f z  e 
2  3i 2  3i
1  5i z C
f z  e 
13 2  3i

Module – 5 Complex Integration
Cauchy’s integral formulae – Problems – Taylor’s expansions with simple problems – Laurent’s
expansions with simple problems – Singularities – Types of Poles and Residues – Cauchy’s residue
theorem (without proof) – Contour integration: Unit circle, semicircular contour – Application of
Contour integration in Engineering.
Cauchy’s Integral Theorem
If f (z ) is analytic at every point of the region R bounded by a simple closed curve C and if f ' ( z ) is
continuous at all points inside and on C, then  f ( z ) dz  0
C
Cauchy’s integral formula for nth derivative

If f (z) is analytic inside and on a simple closed curve C and z = a is any interior point of the region R
enclosed by C, then f  n  ( a )  n!  f ( z ) dz
2 i C  z  a n 1
f(z) 2 i  n 
 i.e.  n 1
dz  f a
C  z  a
n!
Taylor’s series
If f  z  is analytic inside a circle C with centre at a then Taylor’s series about z  a is
f ' (a) f ' ' (a)

f ( z )  f (a)  ( z  a)  ( z  a) 2  ...
1! 2!
Laurent’s series
If C1 , C2 are two concentric circles with centre at z = a and radii r 1 and r2 (r1 < r2) and if f(z) is analytic
inside and on the circles and within the annular region between C1 andC2, then for any z in the annular
region, we have
 
f ( z )   an ( z  a) n   bn ( z  a )  n ,
n 0 n 1
1 f ( z) 1 f ( z)
2 i C ( z  a)n 1
where dz and bn 
2 i C ( z  a)n 1
an  dz
1 2
Cauchy’s Residue theorem

If f(z) is analytic inside a closed curve C except at a finite number of isolated singular points a1,a2,…an
inside C, then

 f ( z)dz = 2 i  (sum of the residues of f(z) at these singular points).

C
Contour Integration
Type I:
2
 f  cos ,sin   d
0
dz
Let z  ei , dz  iei d  izd  d 
iz
Then we have
1 1 1 1
cos    z   ; sin    z  
2 z 2i  z
cos 2  Real part of z 2 ; cos n  Real part of z n
sin 2  Im part of z 2 ; sin n  Im part of z n
1  cos 2 1  z 2 
cos  
2
 Real part of  ;
2  2 
1  cos 2 1  z 2 
sin 2    Real part of  
2  2 

2
 f  cos  , sin   d   f  z  dz, where C is z  1 and solve by known method.

0 C
Type II:

 f  x  dx

z4
Using Cauchy’s integral formula, find 
C
z 2  2z  5
dz , where C is z  1  i  2
Solution:
z 1i 2
x  iy  1  i  2
 x  1  i  y  1  2,  x  1   y  1 2
2 2

Squaring on both sides,
 x  1   y  1 4
2 2
This is equation of circle with centre  1,1 and radius 2.
z2  2 z  5  0
2  4  4 1 5  2  4i
z   1  2i
2 1 2
z4 z4
z 2
2z5
dz  
C  z   1  2i    z   1  2i  
dz
C   
Here –1+2i lies inside the circle c and –1–2i lies outside the circle c.
Let a  1  2i
1 f  z
By Cauchy’s integral formula, f  a    dz
2 i C z  a
1 f  z
Substituting for a, f  1  2i   dz ...... 1
2 i C z   1  2i 
Comparing equation (1) with given problem,
z4
f  z 
z   1  2i 
1  2i  4 2i  3 2i  3
f  1  2i    
 1  2i   1  2i  1  2i  1  2i 4i
Substituting for f  1  2i  in 1
2i  3 1 z4
4i
 
2 i C z  2 z  5
2
dz
Cross multiplying
z4  2i  3 2 i    3  2i
z dz   
C
2
2z5 4i 2
sin  z 2  cos  z 2
Using Cauchy’s integral formula, evaluate  dz , where C is z  3
C
( z  2 ) ( z  1)
Solution:

1 f z
We know that, Cauchy’s integral formula is f  a    dz
2 i C z  a
f  z
(i.e) 2 i f  a    dz
C
za
sin  z 2  cos  z 2
Given:  dz Here, f ( z )  sin  z 2  cos  z 2
C
( z  1)( z  2)
The points a1 1, a2  2 lies inside z  3
1 1 1
Now,   (by Partial fraction method)
(z  1)(z  2) (z  1) (z  2)
sin  z 2  cos  z 2 sin  z 2  cos  z 2 sin  z 2  cos  z 2

 dz    dz   dz
C
( z  1)( z  2) C
( z  1) C
( z  2)
  2 i f (1)  2 i f (2)
f (z)  sin  z 2  cos  z 2

f (1)  sin   cos    1 and f (2)  sin 4  cos 4 1
sin  z 2  cos  z 2
 dz   2 i (1)  2 i (1)  4 i
C
( z  1)( z  2)
1
Using Cauchy’s integral formula, evaluate  ( z  2)
C
( z  1) 2
2
Solution:
Here z  1 is a pole lies inside the circle

z  2 is a pole lies out side the circle
1
  z  2 2 dz
dz

C        z  1
2
z 1 z 2
1 1
Here f  z   , f  z  
z2 ( z  2)2
Hence by Cauchy’s integral formula
f  z 2 i n
C  z  a n1 dz  n! f  a 

1
2 i
C  z  12  z  2   C [ z z (21)]2 dz  1! f (1)
dz
 1   1  1
 2 i    f  z    2 i  
  1  2  
2
  z  2  
2
9

1
 ( z  2) dz  2  i .
C
( z  1) 2
9
z
Using Cauchy’s integral formula, evaluate z
c
2
1
dz where C is z  i  1 .
Solution:
Consider the curve
z  i  1 | x  iy  i | 1
| x  i  y  1 | 1  x 2  ( y  1) 2  1
Which is a circle with centre (0,–1) and radius 1
The poles are obtained by z 2  1  0
 z  i is a simple pole which lies outside C.
z  i is a simple pole which lies inside C.
z
z z ( z  i)
c z 2  1 dz  c ( z  i)( z  i) dz  c ( z  i)  2 if (i)...(1)
z i i 1
f ( z)  , f (i )   
( z  i) (i  i) 2i 2
z 1
(1)   dz  2 if (i )  2 i     i
c
z 1
2
2
Expand f ( z )  log( 1  z ) in Taylor’s series about z  0
Solution: Let f  z   log 1  z  f  0  log1  0
1 1
f ( z )  f (0)  1
1 z 1 0
1
f ( z )  f (0)  1
1  z  2

2
f ( z )  f (0)  2
1  z 3
6 f iv (0)  6
f iv ( z ) 
1  z  4
f (0) f (0) 2 z2 z3 z4
log( 1  z )  f (0)  z z  ...  z     ....
1! 2! 2 3 4
z
Find the Taylor’s series expansion of f(z) = , in the region z  1
( z  1)( z  3)
Solution:
Splitting f(z) into partial fractions, we have
z A B
f z   
 z  1  z  3  z  1  z  3
 z  A  z  3  B  z  1
1
put z   1, we get A 
4
3
put z  3, we get B 
4
 
1  1  3  1  1  1  3  1  1 
 f ( z)          
4  z  1  4  z  3  4  1  z  4  3   z
 1  
 3
1  z 
1
 1  z   1   
1
4   3  
1  z z2 
       1    ...  
2
1 z z ....
4  3 9 
1  1  1  
2
  (1)   z   (1) 2     z 2  ... 

4  3   3  
1   1  n
n
 f ( z )    (1)     z
n
4 n 1   3  
z2 1
Obtain Taylor’s Series to represent the function f ( z )  in the region | z | < 2
( z  2 )( z  3 )
Solution:

z2 1 z2 1
f  z   2
 z  2   z  3 z  5 z  6
Since the degree of the numerator and denominator are same we have to divide and apply partial fractions.
z2 1 5 z  7 5 z  7
 1 2  1
z  5z  6
2
z  5z  6  z  3 z  2 
z z
|z|<2   1 and  1
2 3
Consider
1 1
5 z  7 3 8 3 8 3 z  8 z 
     1    1  
 z  3 z  2  z  2 z  3 2 1  z  3 1  z  2  2  3  3 
   
 2  3
3  z z2  8  z z2 
 1    ....   1    ... 
2 2 2  3 3 9 
z 2 1 5 z  7 3  z z2  8  z z2 
  1   1   1    ....   1    ... 
z  5z  6
2
z  5z  6
2
2 2 2  3 3 9 
1
Find the Laurent’s series expansion of valid in the regions z  2 and 0  z  1  1
 z  2 z 1
Solution:
1 A B A  z  2   B  z  1
f(z)   
 z  2  z  1  z  1  z  2   z  2  z  1
 1  A  z  2  B  z 1
Put z  1, A  1
z  2, B  1
1 1
 f(z) 
 z 1  z  2

Region1:
z 22 z
2
 1
z
1 1
f(z) 
 1  2
z 1   z 1  
 z  z
1 1
1 1 1 2
  1    1  
z z z z
1 1 1  1  2  2 2 
2
  1      ...  1      ...
z  z z  z
  z z 

n n
1  1 1  2
     
z n0  z  z n0 z 
 1  2n
  
n0 z n 1 n0 z n 1
Region 2 :
Put z  1  t  z  1  t
0  z 1 1 0  t 1
 t 1
1 1
f(z) 
 z  1  z  2 
1 1
 
t t 1
1 1
 
t  1  t 
1 1
  1  t 
t

1
t

 1  t  t 2  ... 


1
 z  1  
 1   z  1   z  1  ...
2
1 
   z  1
n

 z  1 n 0
z2  1
Expand f(z) = in a Laurent’s series expansion for z  3 and 2  z  3
z 2  5z  6
Solution:
z2 1 5 z  7 5 z  7
 1 2  1
z  5z  6
2
z  5z  6  z  3 z  2 
5 z  7
Consider
 z  3 z  2
5 z  7 A B A  z  3  B  z  2 
  
 z  3 z  2  z  2 z  3  z  3 z  2 
5z  7  A  z  3  B  z  2
Put z  2 then A  3
Put z  3 then B  8
5z  7 3 8
Substituting we get,  
 z  3 z  2 z  2 z  3
z 2 1 3 8
 1 
z  5z  6
2
z 2 z 3
3
(i) Given z  3  1
z
z2 1 3 8 3 8
 1   1 
z  5z  6
2
z 2 z 3  2  3
z 1   z 1  
 z  z
1 1
3 2 8 3
 1  1    1  
z z z z
3 2 4  8 3 9 
 1  1   2  ...   1   2  ... 
z z z  z z z 
2 z
(ii) Given 2  z  3   1 and 1
z 3

z2 1 3 8 3 8
 1   1 
z  5z  6
2
z 2 z 3  2  z
z 1   3 1  
 z  3
1 1
3 2 8 z 
 1  1    1  
z z 3 3
3 2 4  8 z z 
2
 1  1   2  ...   1    ... 
z z z  3 3 9 
4z
Obtain the Laurent’s series expansion for the function f(z) =
 
in
z 2
1 z  4
z 1  4 and 2  z 1  3
Solution:
Put z 1  u  z  u  1
4z 4z
Now, f ( z )  
 
z  1 ( z  4)  z  1 ( z  1)( z  4)
2
4(u  1)
Hence f (u ) 
u (u  2)(u  3)
4(u  1) A B C A  u  2  (u  3)  B u  u  3  C u (u  2)
   
u (u  2)(u  3) u u  2 u  3 u (u  2)(u  3)
4(u  1)  A  u  2  (u  3)  B u  u  3  C u (u  2)
2
Put u  0 then A 
3
2
Put u  2 then B 
5
16
Put u  3 then C 
15
4(u  1) 2 / 3 2 / 5 16 /15
f (u )    
u (u  2)(u  3) u u  2 u 3
4
(i) u 4  1
u
2 / 3 2 / 5 16 /15
f (u )   
u u  2 u 3

   
21 2  1   
f (u )         16  1 
3  u  5   2   15   3  
 u 1  u    u 1  u  
     
1 1
2  1  2  1  2  16  1  3 
      1      1  
3  u  5  u  u  15  u  u 
1  2 2 2 4  16  3 9 
    1   2  ....   1   2  ....  
u  3 5 u u  15  u u 
1  2 2 2 4  16  3 9 
 f ( z)     1    ....    1    .... 
( z  1)  3 5  ( z  1) ( z  1) 2  15  ( z  1) ( z  1) 2 
2 u
(ii) 2 u 3   1 and 1
u 3
   
21 2  1  16  1 
f (u )         
3  u  5   2   15   u  
 u 1  u    3 1  3  
     
1 1
2  1  2  1  2  16  u 
       1     1  
3  u  5  u  u  45  3 
1  2 2 2 4  16  u u
2

    1   2  ....   1    ....  
u  3 5 u u  45  3 9 
1  2 2 2 4  16  ( z  1) ( z  1) 2 
 f ( z)     1    ....    1    .... 
( z  1)  3 5  ( z  1) ( z  1) 2  45  3 9 
7z  2
Find the Laurent’s series expansion of f ( z )  in 1 < | z + 1| < 3
z( z  2 )( z  1 )
Solution:
The singular points are z = 0, z = 2, z = –1
7z  2 A B C
  
z ( z  2)( z  1) z z  2 z  1
 7z – 2 = A(z – 2) (z + 1 ) + B z (z + 1) + C z ( z – 2)
Put z = 0, –2 = A(–2)  A = 1
z = 2, 14 – 2 = B 2(2 + 1)  B = 2

z = –1, – 7 – 2 = C(–1)(– 1 – 2)  C = –3
7z  2 1 2 3
  
z ( z  2)( z  1) z z  2 z  1
Put t = z + 1  z = t – 1
1 < | t | < 3
1 t
1<|t|   1 and 1
t 3
1 2 3
f (z)   
z z  2 z 1
1 2 3
  
t 1 t  3 t
1 2 3
  
 1  t t
t 1   (3) 1  
 t  3
1 1
1 1 2 t 3
 1    1   
t t 3 3 t
 2 t t t  3
2 3
1 1 1 1
 1   2  3  ...  1         ... 
t t t t  3  3  3   3   t
2 t t t 
2 3
2 1 1
   2  3  ...  1         ...
t t t 3  3  3   3  
2  z 1  z 1  z 1 
2 3
 2  z  1   z  1   z  1  ...  1 
1 2 3
     ...
3  3  3   3  
z dz 1
Evaluate  ( z 1 )( z  2 )
C
2
, where C is the circle z  2 
2
by Cauchy Residue theorem.
Solution:
The poles are obtained by (z – 1) (z – 2)2 = 0
 z = 1 is a simple pole and z = 2 is a pole of order 2.
1
C is the circle | z – 2 | =
2
Here z = 1 lies outside C and z = 2 lies inside C.

Residue at z=2: (Pole of order 2)
d z z 1 z
Res f ( z )  lt dz ( z  2)  z  1 z  2 
2
2
 lt  z  1 2
 1
z 2 z 2
z dz
 ( z  1) ( z  2)
C
2
 2  i (1)  2  i
3z 2  z  1
Using Cauchy’s residue theorem evaluate  z
C
2

 1 ( z  3)
Solution:
z  2 is the equation of the circle with centre at origin and radius 2.
 z  1 ( z  3)  0
2
 z  1  0,  z  3  0
2
z 2  1, z3
z  1, z 3
z  1,  1 lies inside the circle and z  3 lies outside the circle
Residue at z  1 is
 3z 2  z  1 
 Lt z 1   z  1 
  z  1 z  1 ( z  3) 
 3z 2  z  1  3
 Lt z 1    
  z  1 ( z  3)  4
Residue at z   1 is
 3z 2  z  1 
 Lt z 1   z  1 
  z  1 z  1 ( z  3) 
 3z 2  z  1  1
 Lt z 1   
  z  1 ( z  3)  8


C
3z 2  z  1 1 3 5 i
 2 dz  2 i     
C  z  1 ( z  3) 8 4 4
z 1
Evaluate   z  1
C
2
( z  2)
dz , where C is z  i  2 using Cauchy’s residue theorem
Solution:
z 1
Let f ( z ) 
 z  1
2
( z  2)
poles of f (z) are z = - 1 (pole of order 2) and z = 2 (simple pole)
Given: z  i  2
x  iy  i  2  x  i  y  1  2
x2   y  1  2  x2   y  1  4
2 2
Squaring on both sides
This is equation of circle with centre  0,1 and radius 2
Hence, The pole z  2 lies outside C and z  1 lies inside C
Residue of f(z) at z   1
1 d  ( z  1) 
 Lt z  1   z  1 
2
1! dz   z  1
2
( z  2) 
 
1 d  ( z 1)   ( z  2)(1)  ( z  1)(1) 

=Lt z  1    Lt z  1  
1! dz   z  2     z  2 
2

 
 1  1
 Lt z  1  2 

 ( z  2)  9


C
( z  1)  1 2 i
   z  12 ( z  2) dz  2 i  0
 9
   
9
C
z 1
Using Cauchy’s residue theorem, find  ( z  3)( z  1)
C
Solution:
The singular points are given by (z – 1) (z – 3) = 0  z = 1 , 3
Given C is | z | = 2
If z = 1 then | z | = | 1 | = 1 < 2
If z = 3 then | z | = | 3 | = 3 > 2

C
Residue at z=1:
z 1
Res  lim  z  1 f  z   lim  z  1  1
z 1
z 1 z 1  z  3 z  1
z 1
  ( z  3)( z  1) dz  2 i  1  2 i
C
2
d
Evaluate  13  5 sin 
0
Solution:
1
z
1
z
z  z 1
2
dz
 d  , sin  
iz 2i 2i z

dz dz
dz
I   iz  iz  2 2
C
13  5
2
 2

z  1 C 26iz  5 z  5 C 5 z  26iz  5
2iz 2iz
1
Let f ( z )  2  I  2 f ( z )dz
5z  26iz  5 C
The poles of f(z) are given by 5z2 + 26iz – 5 = 0
26i   26i  2 4 . 5(5) 26i  676  100 26i  576 26i  24i
z   
10 10 10 10
i
z , 5i
5
 i
Now 5 z  26iz  5  5 z    z  5i 
2
 5
i 1 i
5 5 5
and 5i  5  1,  the pole z  5i lies outside C.
 i  i  i 1 1
Now R     lim  z   f ( z )  lim  z    lim
5  z    z  5i  z  5  
5  i  i 5 z  5i
 5  z  5i  5 z 
i
5
 5 
1 1
 lim 
z
i
 i  24i
5 5   5i 
 5 
 1  
 f ( z)dz  2  i  24i   12
C
 
 I  2. 
12 6
2
dθ
Evaluate  13+12 cosθ
0
Solution:
1
z

dz z2 1
 d  , cos 
iz 2z
dz
iz dz dz 1 dz
I      
C
13  12
 z  1 C iz (13z  6 z  6) C i(6 z  13z  6) i6 C ( z 2  13 z  1)
2 2 2
2z z 6
dz 1
Let f ( z )    I   f ( z )dz
13 6i C
C
( z 2  z  1)
6
13
The poles of f(z) are given by z2 + z+1=0
6
2 3
By solving we get z , 
3 2
13  2  3
Now z 2 + z + 1 z  z 
6  3  2
2 2 2
3 3 3
3 3
and  1.5  1,  the pole z  lies outside C.
2 2
 2  2  2 1 1
Now R     lim
2 
z   f ( z )  lim2 
z   lim
 3  z 3  3 z  3 2  3  z 3 
2
3
3
z  z  z 
 3  2  2
1 6
 lim 
z
2
 3 5
3
z 
 2
  6 12 i 1  12 i  2
 f ( z )dz  2 i  5   5 , I    .
C   6i  5  5
2
cos 3 d
Evaluate  5  4 cos 
0
by using Contour integration
Solution:

1
Put z  e i  , then  e i 
z
dz z2 1
 d  , cos 
iz 2z
cos3θ=R.P. of ei3θ =R.P. of (eiθ )3 =R.P. of z3
dz
R.P. of z 3
iz  R.P. of z 3 dz
 I   iz (5 z  2 z  2)
C
5-4
 z  1
2
C
2
2z z
3
z dz
 R.P. of 
C i ( 2 z  5 z  2)
2
z 3 dz
 R.P. of 
C i (2 z  5 z  2)
2
1 z 3 dz
 R.P. of 
2i C (2 z  1)( z  2)
z 3 dz 1
Let  f ( z )dz    I  R.P. of  f ( z)dz
C C (2 z  1)( z  2) 2i C
The poles of f(z) are given by
(2 z  1)( z  2)  0
1
z , z2
2
1
z  , z  2 (simple poles)
2
1
z  is a pole lies inside c.
2
z  2 is a pole lies outside c.
 1  1  1 z3 1
Now Re s  z    lim1  z   f ( z )  lim1  z   
 2  z 2  2 z  2 1 12
2
 z    z  2
 2
 1   i
 f ( z )dz  2 i  12   6
C  

1  i  
 I  R.P. of .  R.P. of 
2i 6 12 12
2
d
Evaluate  1  2 p sin   p
0
2
,|p|<1
i i dz z2  1
Solution: Let z  e , dz  i e d  d  , sin  
iz 2iz
2
d  dz iz 
 1  2p sin   p2    z2  1  2
, Cis | z |  1
0 C
1  2p    p
 2iz 
dz dz 1 dz
  
p C

C iz  p(z  1)  izp
2 2
pz  iz(p  1)  p
2 2
 1
C z 2  iz  p    1
 p
2
d 1dz
 1  2p sin   p2 
p C
 i 
........(1)
0 (z  ip)  z  
 p
i
The poles are given by z  ip & z 
p
i
| z | = | i p | = p < 1.  z= ip lies inside C and z  lies outside C.
p
   
   1 
1 1 ip
  Res of f (z)  z ip  Lt (z  ip)    Lt    
z ip   i   zip z i   1  1  p2
 (z  ip)  z     p   
p 
i p
  p   
dz  ip  2  p
By Cauchy Residue Theorem   i
 2 i  2

 1 p  1 p
2
C (z  ip) z 
 p 

2
d 1  2p  2
From (1)  1  2p sin   p2    2 

p  1  p  1  p2
0

dx
Evaluate (x
0
2
 a 2 )2
,( a  0 ) using contour integration
Solution:

1
Let f ( z ) 
(z  a 2 )2
2
. Consider  f ( z )dz
c
where C is the contour consists of the upper half circle c1 of z  R & the real axix from –R to R.
R
 
c
f ( z )dz   f ( z )dz 
c1
 f ( z )dz .......... .......... ...... (1)
R
The poles of f (z ) are given by ( z  a )  0  z  ai (twice)

2 2 2
z = ai is a pole of order 2 & lies inside C
z = - ai is a pole of order 2 & lies outside C
d  1  d  1  2 1
Res f (z), ai   lt  (z  ai)2   lt     3
z ai dz
 (z  ai) (z  ai) 
2 2 z ai dz  (z  ai)  (2ai)
2 3
4a i
1 
By Cauchy’s Residue Theorem  f ( z )dz  2i( 4a i )  2a
3 3
In (1) R  , then  f ( z )dz  0

c1

 (1)   f ( z )dz   f ( x)dx
c 

dx 
=  (x

2
a )
2 2
 3
2a

dx 
= 2  3
0 (x  a )
2
2 2
2a

dx 
 (x
0
2
a )
2 2
 3
4a

cos ax dx
Evaluate  , a  0, using contour integration.
0
x2 1
Solution:
 
cos ax dx 1 cos ax dx

0
1  x2
 
2  1  x 2
 
RP of eiax
Now 
cos ax dx
1  x2

1  x2
dx  ei  cos   i sin  
 

eiaz
Consider  f  z  dz  R.P  dz
c 1 z
2
c
Where c is the upper half of the semi-circle  with the bounding diameter [–R, R]. By Cauchy’s residue
theorem, we have
R
 f  z  dz   f ( x ) dx   f ( z ) dz
c R 
The poles of f(z) are at 1  z 2  0
z 2  1  z  i
The point z  i lies inside the semi-circle and the point z  i lies outside the semi-circle
eiaz
Lt z i  z  i  f  z   Lt z i  z  i 
 z  i  z  i 
e   eai e a
ia i 2
eiaz
=Lt z i   
 z  i  i  i 2i 2i
eiaz dz  e a 
R.P   R.P of 2 i    R.P of  e   e
a a
c
1 z 2
 2i 
R
 
R
f ( x) dx   f ( z ) dz   e  a

If R  , then  f ( z ) dz  0


Hence 

f ( x) dx   e  a
 
cos ax dx 1 cos ax dx  e  a

0
1  x2
 
2  1  x 2

2

x2  x  2
Evaluate

 x 4  10 x 2  9
dx , using contour integration.
Solution:

z2  z  2
Let f  z  
z 4  10 z 2  9
z2  z  2
Consider  f  z  dz   dz
c c
z 4  10 z 2  9
Where c is the upper half of the semi-circle  with the bounding diameter [-R, R]. By Cauchy’s residue
theorem, we have
R
 f  z  dz  
c R
f ( x ) dx   f ( z ) dz

The poles f(z) are at z 4  10 z 2  9  0
z 2
 1 z 2  9   0
z 2  1; z 2  9
z  i; z  3i
The poles are at 3i,  3i, i,  i
Here the poles 3i and i lie inside the semi-circle.
Residue at z  3i is given by
 Lt z 3i  z  3i  f  z 
z2  z  2
 Lt z 3i  z  3i 
z 2
 9  z 2  1
z2  z  2
= Lt z 3i  z  3i 
 z  3i  z  3i   z 2  1
z2  z  2 7  3i
= Lt z 3i 
 z  3i   z  1 48i
2
 Lt z i  z  i  f  z 
z2  z  2
 Lt z i  z  i 
z 2
 9  z 2  1
z2  z  2
= Lt z i  z  i 
 z  i  z  i   z 2  9 

z2  z  2 1 i
= Lt z i 
 z  i   z  9  16i
2
z2  z  2  7  3i 1  i   7  3i  3  3i   10  5
c z 4  10 z 2  9dz  2 i  48i  16i   2 i  48i   2 i  48i   12
5
R
 
R
f ( x) dx   f ( z ) dz 

12
If R  , then  f ( z ) dz  0


5
Hence 

f ( x) dx 
12

x2  x  2 5
 
 x  10 x  9
4 2
dx 
12

x sin mx dx
Evaluate  (x a )
0
2 2
, where a > 0 , m > 0
Solution:
 
Let f ( z )   x sin mxdx  1 
x sin mxdx
2
0
2
(x  a ) 2 (x  a )

2 2
1  x sin mxdx 1  xeimx dx 1

   IP  2  IP(I1 )
2  ( x  a )
2 2
2  ( x  a )
2
2
 
xeimx
I1   2 dx   F ( x)dx
 x  a
2

xeimx zeimx
Here F ( x)  let F ( z ) 
x2  a2 z 2  a2
The poles of F(z) are given by
 z  ia are poles of order 1
 z  ia lies inside C
C
from –R to R.

R
  f ( z ) dz   f ( z ) dz   f ( x) dx    (1)
C C1 R
zeimz
  Re s of f (z)  z ai  Lt (z  ia)
z ia (z  ib)(z  ib)
e ma (ia) e  ma
 
2ia 2
 e ma   ma
I1  2i    i(0)  ie
 2 
1 1 e  ma
I IP(I1 )  IP(ie  ma ) 
2 2 2

 (1)   f (z) dz   f (x) dx Q  f (z) dz  0 as R  
C  C

e  ma
  f (x) dx 
0
2

cos x dx
Evaluate  (x
0
2
 a 2 ) (x 2  b2 )
,a>0,b>0
Solution:
eiz
Let f ( z )  Real Part of
( z 2  a 2 ) ( z 2  b2 )
C
from –R to R.
R
  f ( z ) dz   f ( z ) dz   f ( x) dx    (1)
C C1 R
The poles of f  z  are given by (z 2  a 2 )(z 2  b 2 )  0

 z  ia, ib
 z  ia,ib lies inside C and z  ia, ib lies in lower half plane

eiz
  Res of f (z)  z ai  Lt (z  ia)
z ia (z  ia)(z  ia)(z 2  b 2 )
ea

2ia(b 2  a 2 )
eiz
 Res of f (z) zbi  Lt (z  ib)
z ia (z  ib)(z  ib)(z 2  a 2 )
ea

2ib(a 2  b2 )
eiz  ea eb 

 (z 2  a 2 )(z 2  b2 ) dz  2 i   2 
 2ia(b  a ) 2ib(a  b ) 
2 2 2
C
  e b ea 
   
(a 2  b 2 )  b a 
In (1) if R   ,  f (z) dz  0
C1

 (1)   f (z) dz   f (x) dx
C 

eix   e b ea 
 (x 2  a 2 )(x 2  b 2 )
dx  
a 2  b 2  b
 
a 


 (x 2  a 2 )(x 2  b 2 )
dx  Re al Part of 
a 2  b 2  b
 
a 


  (x 2  a 2 )(x 2  b 2 )
dx  
a 2  b 2  b
 
a 



Ramapuram Campus
Year / Sem: I / II
UNIT I - MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

Part – A
2 2
∫0 ∫0 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 =
(CLO-1,
1. ANS
(A) 4 (B) 2 Apply)
A
(C) 0 (D) 1
2 2
∫0 ∫0 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 =
(CLO-1,
ANS
2. (A) (𝑒 − 1)2 (B) (𝑒 2 − 1)2 Apply)
(C) 1 (D) 0 B
2 5
∫1 ∫2 𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 =
(CLO-1,
3. ANS
(A) 1 (B) −1 Apply)
63 53 C
(C) 4 (D) 4
1 2
∫0 ∫1 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 =
(CLO-1,
4. ANS
(A) 0 (B) 9 Apply)
8
(C) 3
8
(D) − 3 C
𝜋 𝜋
∫02 ∫02 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜑 =
(CLO-1,
5. 𝜋 𝜋 ANS
(A) (B) Apply)
2
𝜋2
3
𝜋2
C
(C) (D)
4 8
𝜋 𝜋
∫0 ∫0 sin(𝜃 + 𝜑) 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜑 =
2 2
(CLO-1,
6. ANS
(A) 2 (B) 1 Apply)
(C) 0 (D) −2 A

1 𝑥
∫0 ∫0 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 =
(CLO-1,
7. ANS
(A) 1 (B) −1 Apply)
1
(C) 2
1
(D) 3 C
𝜋 𝑎 sin 𝜃
∫0 ∫0 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 =
(CLO-1,
8. 2 𝜋 2 ANS
(A) 𝜋 𝑎 (B) 4 𝑎 Apply)
𝜋 3 𝜋 2
B
(C) 4 𝑎 (D) 6 𝑎
2 2 2
∫0 ∫1 ∫1 𝑥 𝑦 2 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 =
(CLO-1,
9. ANS
(A) 24 (B) 28 Apply)
(C) 20 (D) 7 D
If R is the region bounded by 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0 and 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1, then
∬𝑅 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 =
(CLO-1,
10. ANS
Apply)
(A) 1 (B) −1 C
1 1
(C) 2 (D) 3
1 𝑥
The region of integration of the integral ∫0 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 is
(CLO-1,
11. ANS
(A) square (B) rectangle Apply)
(C) triangle (D) circle C
To change Cartesian into polar coordinates in double integration,

the transformation used is (CLO-1,
12. ANS
Remember)
(A) 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 (B) 𝑥 = 𝑎 cos 𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑏 sin 𝜃 A
(C) 𝑥 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 (D) 𝑥 = 𝑎 sec 𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑏 tan 𝜃
𝑎 𝑎
Change the order of integration in ∫0 ∫𝑥 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
(CLO-1,
13. 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑦 ANS
(A) ∫0 ∫𝑥 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 (B) ∫0 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 Apply)
𝑎 𝑥2 𝑎 𝑥2
B
(C) ∫0 ∫0 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 (D) ∫0 ∫𝑥 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
Area of a region R in Cartesian co-ordinates system is
(CLO-1,
14. (A) ∬𝑅 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 (B) ∬𝑅 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 ANS
Remember)
2
B
(C) ∬𝑅 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 (D) ∬𝑅 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Volume of a region R is given by
(CLO-1,
15. (A) ∭𝑅 𝑑𝑣 (B) 2 ∬𝑅 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 ANS
Remember)
(C) ∬𝑅 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 (D) ∬𝑅 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
A

1 2 3
∫0 ∫0 ∫0 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 =
(CLO-1,
16. ANS
(A) 3 (B) 4 Apply)
(C) 2 (D) 6 D
𝑎 𝑏 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
∫1 ∫1 =
𝑥𝑦 (CLO-1,
17. ANS
Apply)
(A) log 𝑎 + log 𝑏 (B) log 𝑎 D
(C) log 𝑏 (D) log 𝑎 log 𝑏
𝜋/2 sin 𝜃
∫0 ∫0 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 =
(CLO-1,
𝜋 ANS
18. (A) 1 (B) Apply)
2
(C) 3
𝜋
(D) 4
𝜋 A
Area of the region R in polar coordinates is

(A) ∬𝑅 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 (B) ∬𝑅 𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 ANS
(CLO-1,
19. Remember)
(C) ∬𝑅 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 (D) ∬𝑅 (𝑟 + 1) 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 C
Area of an ellipse is
(CLO-1,
ANS
20. (A) 𝜋 𝑟 2 (B) 𝜋 𝑎2 𝑏 Remember)
(C) 𝜋 𝑎 𝑏2 (D) 𝜋 𝑎 𝑏 D
2 1
∫0 ∫0 4 𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 =
(CLO-1,
21. ANS
(A) 4 (B) 3 Apply)
(C) 2 (D) 1 A
𝜋 sin 𝜃
∫0 ∫0 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 =
(CLO-1,
22. 𝜋 ANS
(A) 𝜋 (B) 2 Apply)
𝜋 𝜋
C
(C) 4 (D) 6 𝑎2
1 2 2
∫0 ∫0 ∫1 𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 =
(CLO-1,
23. ANS
(A) 2 (B) 4 Apply)
(C) 3 (D) 1 D
𝑎 𝑎 𝑥
Change the order of integration in ∫0 ∫𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦.
𝑥 2+𝑦 2
𝑎 𝑎 𝑥 𝑎 𝑥 𝑥 (CLO-1,
24. (A) ∫0 ∫𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 (B) ∫0 ∫0 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 ANS
𝑥 2+𝑦 2 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 Apply)
𝑎 𝑥 𝑥 𝑎 𝑥2 𝑥 B
(C) ∫0 ∫0 𝑥 2+𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 (D) ∫0 ∫𝑥 𝑥 2+𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥

1 𝑥
Change the order of integration in ∫0 ∫0 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 .
1 𝑦 1 𝑥 (CLO-1,
25. (A) ∫0 ∫1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 (B) ∫0 ∫0 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 ANS
1 𝑦 1 1 Apply)
(C) ∫0 ∫0 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 (D) ∫0 ∫𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 D
In double integration, the transformation used to change Cartesian
into polar coordinates is (CLO-1,
26. ANS
Remember)
(A) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 (B) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = | 𝐽 | 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 B
(C) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = −𝐽 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 (D) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = | 𝐽 | 2 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
𝜋 𝜋
∫0 ∫0 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜑 =
(CLO-1,
27. ANS
(A) 1 (B) 0 Apply)
𝜋
(C) 2 (D) 𝜋 2 D
1 1 1
∫0 ∫0 ∫0 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 =
(CLO-1,
28. ANS
(A) 3 (B) 0 Apply)
(C) 2 (D) 1 D
𝜋 𝑥
∫0 ∫0 sin 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 =
(CLO-1,
29. ANS
𝜋
(C) 2
𝜋
(D) 4 A
1/2 2
∫0 ∫1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 =
(CLO-1,
30. 3 ANS
(A) 3 (B) 2 Apply)
1 3 D
(C) 2 (D) 4
∭𝑅 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 over the volume of the sphere of radius ‘a’ is

(CLO-1,
31. ANS
3 3
(A) 4 𝜋 𝑎 (B) 2 𝜋 𝑎 Remember)
2 4 D
(C) 3 𝜋 𝑎3 (D) 3 𝜋 𝑎3
2 1
∫0 ∫0 𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 =
(CLO-1,
32. ANS
(A) 1 (B) 2 Apply)
(C) 3 (D) 4 A
1 1
∫0 ∫0 (𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 =
(CLO-1,
33. ANS
(A) 1 (B) 2 Apply)
(C) 3 (D) 4 A

The region of integration of the integral

𝑏 𝑎
∫−𝑏 ∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 is (CLO-1,
34. ANS
Apply)
(A) square (B) rectangle B
(C) triangle (D) circle
2 1
∫0 ∫0 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 =
(CLO-1,
35. ANS
(A) 4 (B) 2 Apply)
(C) 0 (D) 1 B
∞ 𝑦 𝑒 −𝑦
∫0 ∫0 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 =
𝑦
(CLO-1,
36. ANS
(A) 4 (B) 2 Apply)
(C) 0 (D) 1
D
*****


Ramapuram Campus
Year / Sem: I / II
Unit 1 – Multiple Integrals

3 2 1
1. Evaluate ∫2 ∫1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦.
𝑥𝑦
Solution
3 2
31 21
1
∫∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = [∫ 𝑑𝑦] [∫ 𝑑𝑥] = [log 𝑦]32[log 𝑥 ]12
𝑥𝑦 2 𝑦 1 𝑥
2 1
3
= (log 3 − log 2)(log 2 − log 1) = (log ) (log 2)
2
𝝅
sin 𝜃
2. Evaluate ∫𝟎 ∫0 𝟐 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃.
Solution
𝜋
sin 𝜃
∫0 ∫0
2 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
2 sin 𝜃 2 2
𝑟2 (sin 𝜃 )2 1 1 1 𝜋 𝜋
= ∫( ) 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ [ ] 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ sin2 θ dθ = ∗ ∗ =
2 0 2 2 2 2 2 8
0 0 0
2 2
3. Evaluate ∫0 ∫0 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 .
Solution
2 2 2 2
∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫[𝑥 ]20𝑑𝑦 = ∫[2 − 0]𝑑𝑦 = [2 y]20 = (2)(2) − 0 = 4

0 0 0 0

3 2
4. Evaluate ∫0 ∫0 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 .
Solution
3 2 3 2 2
𝑥3 8
𝐼 = ∫ ∫ 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫ [( ) + 𝑥𝑦 2 ] 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ [ + 2𝑦 2 ] 𝑑𝑦
( 2 2)
3 0
3
0 0 0 0
3 3 3
8y 2y 8∗3 2∗3
=[ + ] = + = 8 + 18 = 26
3 3 0 3 3
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
5. Evaluate ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧.
Solution
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ ∫ (𝑥 )𝑐0 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ ∫ (𝑐 − 0)𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
= 𝑐∫ (𝑦)𝑏0 dz = 𝑐 ∫ (𝑏 − 0)𝑑𝑧 = 𝑏 𝑐 ∫ 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑏𝑐 (𝑧)𝑎0
0 0 0
= bc(a − 0) = abc
𝝅 𝑎
6. Evaluate ∫𝟎 ∫0 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃.
Solution
𝜋 𝑎 𝜋 𝑎 𝜋 𝜋
𝑟2 (𝑎) 2 𝑎2 𝑎2
∫ ∫ 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ [ − 0] 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 𝑑𝜃 = (𝜃 )𝜋0
2 0 2 2 2
0 0 0 0 0
2 2
𝑎 𝜋𝑎
= (𝜋 − 0) =
2 2
2 2
7. Evaluate ∫0 ∫0 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 .
Solution
2 2 2 2
∫ ∫ 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = [𝑒 𝑥 ]20 [𝑒 𝑦 ]20

0 0 0 0

= (𝑒 2 − 𝑒 0)(𝑒 2 − 𝑒 0)=(𝑒 2 − 1)2
2 2−𝑦
8. Evaluate ∫1 ∫0 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦.
Solution
2−𝑦
2 2−𝑦 2 𝑥2 1 2
∫1 ∫0 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫1 ( 𝑦 ( )) 𝑑𝑦 = ( ) ∫1 (𝑦(2 − 𝑦)2𝑑𝑦
2 2
0
2 2
1 1
= ∫ 𝑦(4 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = ∫(4𝑦 + 𝑦 3 − 4𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦
2 2
1 1
2
1 𝑦2 𝑦4 𝑦3
= [4 ( ) + ( ) − 4 ( )]
2 2 4 3 1
1 4 16 8 1 1 1
= {[4 ( ) + ( ) − 4 ( )] − [4 ( ) + ( ) − 4 ( )]}
2 2 4 3 2 4 3
1 5 5
= { }=
2 12 24
1 1 𝑥
9. Evaluate ∫0 ∫𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦.
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
Solution
1 1𝑥 1 𝑥 𝑥 1 𝑦 𝑦 =𝑥
−1
∫ ∫ 2 2 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∫ 2 2 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( ) ) 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑦 𝑥 +𝑦 0 0 𝑥 +𝑦 0 𝑥 𝑦 =0
1
= ∫ (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1) − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (0)) 𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋 1 𝜋 1 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= ∫ ( − 0) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥)10 = (1 − 0) =
0 4 4 0 4 4 4

32
00
Solution
 
32 32
2 2
00 00
2
 x2 y2
3
y3 
    x  dx
0
2 3 0
3
 8 
   2 x 2  x  dx
0
3 
3
 x3 8 x 2 
  2    30

 3 3 2 0
1 1
11. Evaluate ∫0 ∫0 (𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 .
Solution
1 1 1 1
𝑥2
∫ ∫ (𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ [( + 𝑥𝑦)] 𝑑𝑦
2 0
0 0 0
1 1
= ∫0 (2 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦
1
𝑦 𝑦2
= (2 + )
2 0
1 1
= (2 + 2) − (0 + 0)
=1
𝜋 1
12. Find the value of ∫0 ∫0 (𝑥 2 sin 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 .
Solution
𝜋 1 1 𝜋
∫ ∫ (𝑥 2 sin 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 ∫ sin 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
0 0 0 0

𝑥3 1
= ( ) (−cos 𝑦)𝜋0
3 0
1
= ( − 0) (−cos 𝜋 + cos 0)
3
1
= ( − 0) (1 + 1)
3
2
=
3
c b a
0 0 0
Solution
a
c b a c b
 x2 
 2


0
0 0 0 0 0
c b
 a2 
  
 2  a y  a z  dy dz

0 0  
c
 a2 b2 
   ba  a z b  dz
0  
2 2
b
c
 a2 y2 
 
 2 y  a  a z y  dz

0  2 0
c
 a2 b2 z2 
  b z  a z  a b 
 2 2 2 0
a b c (a  b  c)

2
4 x x y
14. Evaluate    z dx dy dz .
0 0 0
Solution
4 x xy
I=   
x=0 y=0 z=0
z dz dy dx
x y
4xz2 
=    dydx
0 0  2  0

1 4x
=   x  y dydx
2 00
x 4
1 4 y 2  1  2 x 
4 2
34 2 3  x 3 
=   xy  dx =   x   dx =  x dx   16
2 0  2  2 0 2  40 4 3 
0  0
1 1 y 2
dx dy
15. Evaluate   1 x2  y2
.
0 0
Solution
1 1 y 2
dx dy
I  
0 0 1 x2  y2
1 y 2
1  1  
  tan 1  x  dy
   
 1 y  1 y
2 2
0  0
 
  dy
1
  1
tan 1 (1)  tan 1 (0)

 1 y
2
0 
 
1
dy
  log (1  2 )
0
4 1 y2 4
a ay
0 0
Solution
a2  x2 ay
a
 x2  a
  y dy dx   y  2  dy
0 0 0 0
a
1 a4
2 0
 y a y dy 
6

a a2  x2 a2  x2  y2
dz dy dx
0 0
 0 a  x2  y2  z2
2
.
Solution
a a2  x2 a2  x2  y 2
dz dy dx
Let I  
x 0

y 0

z 0 a  x2  y 2  z 2
2
a2  x2  y 2
a a2  x2   z 
  sin 1   dy dx
0 0   a  x  y   0
2 2 2
 
a2  x2 a2  x2

a a a
  1  sin  0 dy dx   2 0

 
a2  x2
sin 1 1
2  0  dy dx  y dx
 
0
0 0 0 0
    2 a2
a
 a
a2  x   x
a2  
 
2 0
 a  x dx  
2
a  x  sin 1      0 
2
  0 
2
0 
2
2 2 2  a  0 2  2 2  8

2
18. Evaluate
R
Solution
The region of integration is the triangle bounded by the

lines x  0, y  0, x  y  1
1 1 x
 ( x 2  y 2 )dy dx =   x  y 2 dydx
2
0 0
R
1 x
 1
y3


= x 2 y  
3 
dx
0 0
1
 2 (1  x)3 
 0  x (1  x ) 
3 
dx
1
 x3 x 4 (1  x)4 
   
3 4 12  0
1
 2 (1  x)3 
 0  x (1  x ) 
3 
dx
1
 x3 x 4 (1  x)4 
   
3 4 12  0

1 1 1
  
3 4 12
1

6
19. Find the area bounded by the lines x  0 , y  1 and y  x using double integration.
Solution
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 x  0 , y  1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 y  x .
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑥 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 0 𝑡𝑜 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑥 𝑡𝑜 1.

1 1 1 1 1
x2 1 1
𝐼 = ∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∫[𝑦]1𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ( )
= ∫ 1 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [x − ] = 1 − =
2 0 2 2
0 𝑥 0 0
20. Find by double integration the area between the parabolas y 2 = 4ax and x2 = 4ay .
Solution
4a 4ax 4a 4a
 x2 
 Area =   dydx =   y  x2 =   4ax -  dx
4ax
dx
0 
0 x2 0 4a
4a 
4a
4a
 x 2 1 x3 
3
 1 2
4a
=   2 a x - x  dx =  2 a
1
2
- 
 4a   3 4a 3 
0
 2 0
4 a 3 1
= (4a) 2 - (4a)3
3 12a
5
4 a 32 32 1 4 2 42 1
= (4) (a) - 64a 3 = a - 64a 3
3 12a 3 12a
5
(22 ) 2 2 16 2 32 2 16 2
= a - a = a - a
3 3 3 3
16 2
= a
3

21. Find the area of the circle x2 + y2 = a2 using double integration.
Solution
a a2  y2
 4  dx dy
0 0
a
 4   x 0
a2  y2
dy
0
a
 4 a 2  y 2 dy
0
a
y 2 a2 1 y 
 4 a  y2  sin  
 2 2  a  0
a2  
 4   a
2
 2 2
22. Find the area of the circle x2 + y2 = a2 using polar coordinates.
Solution
x  r cos , y  r sin 
x2  y2  r 2
r 2  a2
  2 r  a
Area =   r dr d
 0 r 0
  2
a2
=  2
d
 0
=  a2

Solution

π a(1+cosθ)
0 0
a(1+cosθ)
r  π 2
= 2   dθ
0 
2 0
π
=  a 2 (1 + cosθ)2 dθ
0
π
= a 2  (1 + 2cosθ + cos 2θ)dθ
0
 1  cos 
π π
  3 1 
= a 2  1 + 2cosθ +    dθ = a 2   + 2cosθ + cos2θ  dθ
0   2  0 
2 2 
π
3 1 sin2θ 
= a  θ + 2sinθ +
2
sinnπ = 0, n
2 2 2  0
3  3πa2
= a2  π  =
2  2
*****


Ramapuram Campus
Year / Sem: I / II

Part – A

(CLO-2,
1. ANS
A
Curl (grad ) =
(CLO-2,
2. ANS
⃗⃗
A
(C) 2 (D) – 1

𝜑 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 at (1, 1, 1) is (CLO-2,
3. ANS
Apply)
(A) 0 (B) 3 D
(C) 2 (D) 2 √3
4. ANS
Apply)
(A) 0 (B) 1 D
(C) 2 (D) 3
If 𝑢
⃗⃗ × 𝑣⃗ is
(CLO-2,
Remember)

(CLO-2,
ANS
6. (A) ∇  𝐹⃗ = 0 (B) 0 Remember)
(C) ∇ × 𝐹⃗ = 0⃗⃗ (D) 1 C

is given by (CLO-2,
7. ANS
Remember)
(CLO-2,
8. ANS
D
(C) ∬𝑆 (∇  𝐹⃗) 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑆 (D) ∬𝑆 (∇ × 𝐹⃗ )  𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑆

(CLO-2,
ANS
(C) grad 𝜑 (D) |∇ × 𝜑| A

(CLO-2,
10. ANS
(A) 1 (B) 2 Apply)
(C) 3 (D) ⃗0⃗ D

(CLO-2,
11. ANS

point (2, −2, 3) is
(CLO-2,
12. 1 2 2 1 2 2 ANS
(A) − 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗ (B) 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗ A
Apply)
3 3 3 3 3 3
1 2 2 1 2 2
(C) − 𝑖⃗ − 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗ (D) 𝑖⃗ − 𝑗⃗ − 𝑘⃗⃗
3 3 3 3 3 3

13. ANS
Apply)
(A) 2 (B) 0 C
(C) −2 (D) −1
(CLO-2,
14. ANS
Remember)
(A) ∇  𝐹⃗ = 0 (B) 0 C
(C) ∇ × 𝐹⃗ = 0 (D) ∇  (∇ × 𝐹⃗ ) = 0


(CLO-2,
15. ANS
(C) 3 𝜋 (D) 0 B

(CLO-2,
16. ANS
1 D
2
(CLO-2,
17. ANS
point (1, 1, 1) is
(CLO-2,
18. 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + ⃗⃗
𝑘 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗− ⃗⃗
𝑘 ANS
(A) (B) Apply)
√3 √3 B
⃗𝑖⃗− 𝑗⃗⃗⃗− ⃗⃗
𝑘 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + ⃗⃗
𝑘
(C) (D)
√3 √2

19. ANS
Remember)
(A) 0 (B) 1 D
(C) 2 (D) 3
(CLO-2,
20. ANS
Remember)

21. ANS
Apply)
(A) 0 (B) 1 D
(C) 2 (D) 3
∇ 𝜑1  ∇ 𝜑2 ∇ 𝜑1  ∇ 𝜑2 (CLO-2,
22. (A) sin 𝜃 = |∇ 𝜑1| |∇ 𝜑2|
(B) cos 𝜃 = |∇ 𝜑1 | |∇ 𝜑2|
ANS
Apply)
(C) tan 𝜃 = |∇
∇ 𝜑1  ∇ 𝜑2
(D) tan 𝜃 = |∇
∇ 𝜑1 × ∇ 𝜑2 B
𝜑1| |∇ 𝜑2| 𝜑1 | |∇ 𝜑2|


(CLO-2,
23. (A) 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝑟⃗ = 0 (B) 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝑟⃗ = 0 ANS
Remember)
(C) 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝑟⃗ ≠ 0 (D) 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝑟⃗ ≠ 0 A
point (1, − 1, 2) is
(CLO-2,
24. ANS
⃗𝑖⃗−2 ⃗⃗⃗−2
𝑗 ⃗⃗
𝑘 𝑗 + 2 ⃗⃗
⃗𝑖⃗−2 ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑘 Apply)
(A) (B) D
3 3
⃗𝑖⃗ + 2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗+
𝑗 2𝑘 ⃗⃗ 𝑖⃗⃗− 2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗+
𝑗 2𝑘 ⃗⃗
(C) (D)
3 3
𝐵
25. ANS
Remember)

(CLO-2,
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄 A
(C) ∬𝑅 ( − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 (D) ∬𝑅 ( − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
1
2
(CLO-2,
27. ANS
Apply)

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑎2 is (CLO-2,
28. ANS
Apply)
(A) 2 𝜋 𝑎3 (B)3 𝜋 𝑎3 C
3
(C) 4 𝜋 𝑎 (D) 5 𝜋 𝑎3
(1, 0, 3) is (CLO-2,
29. ANS
Apply)
(A) 9 (B) 1 A
(C) – 9 (D) 0

(CLO-2,
30. ANS
C


(CLO-2,
⃗⃗
31. (A) 2 𝑖⃗ + 2 𝑗⃗ + 2 𝑘 (B) 2 𝑖⃗ − 2 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗ ANS
Apply)
(C) 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗ (D) 2 𝑖⃗ − 2 𝑗⃗ − 2 𝑘⃗⃗ A

(CLO-2,
32. ANS
(A) ⃗𝑖 + 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗ (B) 2 𝑖⃗ + 2 𝑗⃗ + 2 𝑘⃗⃗ Apply)
A
(C) 2 ⃗𝑖 − 2 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗ (D) 2 𝑖⃗ − 2 𝑗⃗ − 2 𝑘⃗⃗
point (– 1, 1, 1) is (CLO-2,
33. ANS
Apply)
(A) −2 𝑗⃗ (B) −𝑗⃗ B
(C) 3 𝑖⃗ (D) 4 𝑖⃗
. ∇ 𝑟𝑛 =
(CLO-2,
ANS
34. (A) 𝑛 𝑟⃗ (B) 𝑛 (𝑛 − 1) 𝑟⃗ Apply)
(C) 𝑛 𝑟 𝑛−2 𝑟⃗ (D) 𝑛 𝑟 𝑛 + 2 𝑟⃗ C

(CLO-2,
35. ANS
14 14 Apply)
(A) (B) − A
3 3
4 3
(C) (D)
3 14

36. ANS
Apply)
(A) 3 (B) 0 C
(C) −3 (D) −1
*****


Ramapuram Campus
Year / Sem: I / II

1. Find  if   log x 2  y 2  z 2 . 
Solution
  
  i j k
x y z
i

x
   
y z
2x 2y 2z
i 2  j  k
(x  y2  z2 ) ( x2  y 2  z 2 ) ( x2  y 2  z 2 )

2
x2  y 2  z 2
 xi  y j  zk  
2r
r2
(r  xi  y j  zk & r 2  x 2  y 2  z 2 )
Solution
Given
𝜙 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 𝑧
𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙
𝛻𝜙 = 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗ = 2𝑥𝑖⃗ + 2𝑦𝑗⃗ − 𝑘⃗⃗
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝛻𝜙 at (1, −2,5) = 2𝑖⃗ − 4𝑗⃗ − 𝑘⃗⃗
|𝛻𝜙| = √4 + 4 + 1 = 3
∧ 𝛻𝜙 ⃗⃗
2𝑖⃗+2𝑗⃗−𝑘
𝑛=| |
=
𝛻𝜙 3

Solution
𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙
𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝜙 = 𝛻𝜙 = 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
  
i j k
  
Curl ( grad  )     
x y z
  
x y z
   2  2     2  2     2  2 
i       
      j  x z  z x   k  x y  y x 
 y z z y     
  
⃗⃗.
Solution
𝑖⃗ 𝑗⃗ 𝑘⃗⃗
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹⃗ = 𝛻 × 𝐹⃗ = | 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 | = 𝑖⃗ (0 − 𝑦) − 𝑗⃗⃗(𝑧 − 0) + 𝑘⃗⃗ (0 − 𝑥 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑖 𝑧 𝑗⃗⃗– 𝑥 𝑘⃗⃗
= −𝑦 ⃗⃗⃗–
Solution
𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝛻𝜙 𝑎𝑡 (3, 1, −2) = 92𝑖⃗ + 144𝑗⃗ − 92𝑘⃗⃗
|𝛻𝜙| = √922 + 1442 + 922 = √37664


  
2i  j  2 k .
Solution
    
a  2i  j  2k , a  4  1  4 = 3
  
  (2 xyz  4 z 2 )i  x 2 zj  ( x 2 y  8 xz)k
  
( )(1, 2, 1)  8i  j  10k
   
a    2i  j  2k 37
D.D. =  .   (8i  j  10k ). 
a 3 3

where Q is (5, 0, 4).
Solution
     
  grad   i j k
x y z
  
  grad   i 2 x  j (2 y )  k 4 z
  
 at (1, 2, 3)  2 i  4 j  12 k
         
a  OQ  OP  (5 i  0 j  4 k )  ( i  2 j  3 k )  4 i  2 j  k

a
a
  
   4i  2 j  k 28
 (2 i  4 j  12 k )  
21 21
(2, 4, 1).
Solution
  
  2 xi  zj  yk
     
1 /(1,1,1)  2i  j  k  2 /( 2,4,1)  4i  j  4k

1  4  1  1  6  2  16  1  16  33
     
1   2 (2i  j  k )  (4i  j  4k ) 13
cos    .
1  2 6 33 6 33
   
Solution
   
x y z
3  a  2  0  a  5  0  a  5

irrotational.
Solution
i j k
  
0
x y z
x  2 y  az bx  3 y  z 4 x  cy  2 z
       
 y z   x z 
   
 k  (bx  3 y  z )  ( x  2 y  az )   0
 x y 
 i.e., i (c  1)  j (4  a)  k (b  2)  0
c  1  0, 4  a  0, and b  2  0
 a  4, b  2, c  1

i j k
  
 F 
x y z
x3 y3 z3
 i (0  0)  j (0  0)  k (0  0)  0
 F  0
 .(  F )  0

Solution
   
r  xi  y j  z k
        
div r    r   i j
 

 k   x i  y j  z k 
 x y z 
  
 ( x)  ( y )  ( z )  1  1  1  3
x y z
     
Solution
    
curlF    F  0
i j k
    i(1  1)  j (3z 2  3z 2 )  k (6 x  6 x)  0
 F 
x y z
6 xy  z 3 3x 2  z 3xz 2  y

    
F
C
2 3
x = t, y = t , z = t .
Solution

 
F
C C

  dr   3x  6 y dx  14 yzdy  20xz dz
2 2

1 1
2 2 5 7 2
0 0
    4
S

Solution
     
S V V
4
  a  b  c dV  (a  b  c)V  (a  b  c)  (1)3
V
3
 4
  nˆ ds  3  (a  b  c)
F
S

c
 2x
2 
Solution
 v u 
C R 
x y 
u v
1   sin x
y x

C R

1 2 1

   ( sin x  1)dxdy   [cos x  x]y2
0 y 0 2
2
  y y 
1
   0   cos  dy
0
2 2 2
y
1
 
  y sin 2  y 2   2 
   .    
 2  2 2  2  4
 2 0
 2 8  2 
    .
4 4  

c
Solution
 v u 
C R 
x y 

u  3x  8 y 2 v  4 y  6 xy
u v
 16 y  6 y
y x
v u
  6 y  16 y  10 y
x y
 v u 
R R
1 1 y 1
 10  ( y)dxdy   y[ x]10 y dy
0 0 0
1 1
 10 y(1  y)dy  10 ( y  y 2 )dy
0 0
1
 y2 y3 
 10  
 2 3 0
1 1
 10  .
 2 3
3  2 10 5
 10  
6 6 3
    
    
2
V
Solution
   
F  4 xz i  y 2 j  yz k
 F F F
 F  1  2  3
x y z

  F  4z  2 y  y  4z  y

 111 11 11

0 dydz    4 z  ydydz
V 000 00 00
1 1
1
 y2  
1
1  z2 z  4 1 3

= 4 zy 
0

2 0
dz  
0
 4 z  
2
dz  4     
 2 20 2 2 2

V
   
x  0, x  1, y  0, y  1, z  0, z  1.
Solution
   
F  x2 i  y2 j  z 2 k
 F F F
 F  1  2  3
x y z

  F  2 x  2 y  2 z  2( x  y  z )
1
 111 11
 x2  11
1 
V 000 00 0 00
1 1
 y y2   z2 
1
1 1 
1 1 1
= 2    yz  dz  2    z  dz  2 1  z 0 dz  2 z  
1
0 0 0 0 
2 2 2 2 0
2 0
 1 3
 21    2   3
 2 2
   
S

c s
Given F  ( x 2  y 2 )i  2 xyj
𝑖⃗ 𝑗⃗ 𝑘⃗⃗
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕|
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ = || = 4𝑦 𝑘⃗⃗
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧|
𝑥 − 𝑦2
2
2𝑥𝑦 0
Here n̂  k
b a
ˆ   4 ydxdy =  4 ydxdy  2ab2
 curl F .nds
S S 0 0
1
2 C
( xdy  ydx).
Solution
 v u 
 (udx  vdy)   x  y dxdy
C R
…1
x y
Here v u
2 2
v 1 u 1
 
x 2 y 2
x y  1 1
(1)    2 dy  2 dx     2  2 dxdy
C R
1
2 C R
Solution
1
2 C

2
1
2 0
2
1
20
2 2
d    0
 
2 0
(cos 2   sin 2  )d  
2 0 2
ab
2
*****


Ramapuram Campus
Year / Sem: I / II

Part – A
𝐿 [𝑡 ] =
(CLO-3,
1. 1 1 ANS
B
(C) 𝑠 (D) 𝑠 2
𝐿[cos 𝑡] =
(CLO-3,
2. 1 1 ANS
(A) (B) Apply)
𝑠 2 −1 𝑠 2+ 1 D
𝑠 𝑠
(C) (D)
𝑠 2−1 𝑠 2 +1
3𝑡 ]
𝐿 [𝑒 =
(CLO-3,
3. 1 𝑠 ANS
(A) (B) Apply)
𝑠 −3 𝑠 2+9
1 9 A
(C) (D)
𝑠−log 9 𝑠
𝑎𝑡
(CLO-3,
4. ANS
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡) ∗ 𝑔(𝑡)] =
(CLO-3,
5. ANS
(C) 𝐹 (𝑠) 𝐺(𝑠) (D) 𝐹(𝑠) ÷ 𝐺(𝑠)
C
𝐿[sin 𝑡] =
(CLO-3,
1 1 ANS
6. (A) (B) Apply)
𝑠 2 −1 𝑠 2+ 1
(C)
𝑠
(D)
𝑠 B
𝑠 2−1 𝑠 2 +1

𝐿[𝑒 −3 𝑡 ] =
(CLO-3,
1 𝑠 ANS
7. (A) (B) Apply)
𝑠+3 𝑠 2+9
1 3 A
(C) (D)
𝑠−log 3 𝑠
−1 1
𝐿 [ ]=
𝑠
(CLO-3,
8. ANS
(A) t (B) s Apply)
(C) 1 (D) 𝛿(𝑡)
C
1
𝐿−1 [ 𝑠 2+9 ] =
(CLO-3,
(A) 3 (B) 3 Apply)
B
𝑠
𝐿−1 [𝑠 2 + 9] =
(CLO-3,
(A) 3 (B) 3 Apply)
D

(CLO-3,
11. ANS
𝐿 [𝑡 2 ] =
(CLO-3,
1 1 ANS
12. (A) (B) Apply)
𝑠 𝑠2
2 1 C
(C) (D)
𝑠3 𝑠3
𝐿 [ 1] =
(CLO-3,
13. 1 1 ANS
(A) (B) Apply)
𝑠 𝑠2 A
2 1
(C) (D)
𝑠3 𝑠3
𝐿[𝑒 −2 𝑡 ] =
1 𝑠 (CLO-3,
14. (A) (B) ANS
𝑠 +2 𝑠 2+ 4 Apply)
1 4
A
(C) (D)
𝑠 − log 4 𝑠

𝐿[sin 3 𝑡] =
1 3 (CLO-3,
15. (A) (B) ANS
𝑠2 −9 𝑠2 +9 Apply)
𝑠 𝑠 B
(C) (D)
𝑠2 − 9 𝑠2 + 9
𝐿[sinh 2 𝑡] =
2 2 (CLO-3,
16. (A) (B) ANS
𝑠2 −4 𝑠 2+ 4 Apply)
1 𝑠 A
(C) (D)
𝑠2 − 4 𝑠2 + 4
𝐿 [2 𝑡 ] =
1 𝑠 (CLO-3,
17. (A) (B) ANS
1 2
C
(C) (D)
𝑠 − log 2 𝑠
2𝑡 ]
𝐿 [𝑡 𝑒 =
1 1 (CLO-3,
18. (A) (B) ANS
𝑠−2 (𝑠 − 2)2 Apply)
(C)
2
(D)
1 B
(𝑠 − 2)3 𝑠3

(CLO-3,
19. 1 𝑠 𝑠 ANS
(C) 𝐹(𝑠 + 𝑎) (D) 𝐹(𝑠 − 𝑎)
A
𝑠−2
𝐿−1 [𝑠 2− 4𝑠 + 13] =
(CLO-3,
20. ANS
Apply)
𝑡
(CLO-3,
𝑠
𝑓(𝑡))
A
(C) (D) 𝐹 (𝑢)
𝑡
𝐿−1 [1 ] =
(CLO-3,
1 ANS
(C) 1 (D) 𝛿(𝑡) D

𝑠−3
𝐿−1 [𝑠 2− 6𝑠 + 13] =
(CLO-3,
23. ANS
−3t 2t
C
𝐿 [4 𝑡 ] =
1 𝑠 (CLO-3,
24. (A) (B) ANS
1 4
C
(C) (D)
𝑠 − log 4 𝑠
𝐿[cosh 3𝑡] =
𝑠 1 (CLO-3,
25. (A) (B) ANS
𝑠2 +9 𝑠2 −9 Apply)
(C)
𝑠
(D)
𝑠 C
𝑠2 − 9 𝑠2 + 9
𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 𝑠 2− 𝑎 2 (CLO-3,
26. (A) (𝑠 2
(B) ANS
− 𝑎 2 )2 (𝑠 2 − 𝑎 2 )2 Apply)
𝑠 2− 𝑎 2 𝑠
C
(C) (𝑠 2 + 𝑎 2 )2
(D) 𝑠2 + 9

4𝑠 4𝑠 (CLO-3,
27. (A) (𝑠 2
(B) ANS
+ 4 )2 (𝑠 2 − 4 )2 Apply)
𝑠 4𝑠
A
(C) (𝑠 2 + 4 )2
(D) (𝑠 2 − 4 )2
𝐿 [𝑡 𝑒 𝑡 ] =
(CLO-3,
1 1 ANS
28. (A) (B) Apply)
𝑠−1 (𝑠 − 2)2
1 1 C
(C) (D)
(𝑠 − 1)2 (𝑠 − 1)3
−3 𝑡 ]
𝐿 [2 𝑒 =
2 2 (CLO-3,
29. (A) (B) ANS
𝑠+3 (𝑠 − 3)2 Apply)
(C)
1
(D)
2 A
(𝑠 − 3)2 (𝑠 − 1)3
𝐿 [ 3] =
1 𝑠 (CLO-3,
30. (A) (B) ANS
1 3 D
(C) (D)
𝑠+3 𝑠

𝐿[ sin 5𝑡] =
5 5 (CLO-3,
31. (A) (B) ANS
𝑠2 + 29 𝑠2 + 25 Apply)
(C)
1
(D)
𝑠 B
𝑠 2 + 29 𝑠 2 + 29
𝐿[cos 2 𝑡] =
(CLO-3,
1 1 ANS
32. (A) (B) Apply)
𝑠2 − 4 𝑠2 + 4
(C)
𝑠
(D)
𝑠 D
𝑠 2 −4 𝑠2 + 4
𝐿[cosh 2𝑡] =
𝑠 1 (CLO-3,
33. (A) (B) ANS
𝑠2 + 4 𝑠2 − 4 Apply)
𝑠 𝑠
C
(C) (D)
𝑠2 − 4 𝑠2 + 4
1
𝐿−1 [ 𝑠 − 3 ] =
(CLO-3,
34. ANS
Apply)
(A) 𝑒 3𝑡 (B) 𝑒 −3𝑡 A
𝑠
𝐿−1 [𝑠 2 − 9] =
(CLO-3,
35. ANS
C
1
𝐿−1 [ ]=
( 𝑠 − 1)2 (CLO-3,
36. ANS
Apply)
(C) 𝑒 − 𝑡 (D) 𝑡 𝑒 − 𝑡
*****


Ramapuram Campus
Year / Sem: I / II
1. Find 𝑳[𝟐𝒆−𝟑𝒕 ].
Solution
𝟏
𝐬+𝐚
𝟏
𝐋[𝟐𝐞−𝟑𝐭 ] = 𝟐𝐋[𝐞−𝟑𝐭 ] = 𝟐 ( )
𝐬+𝟑
2. Find 𝑳[𝒆𝟑𝒕 + 𝟓 ].
Solution
𝟏
𝐬−𝐚
𝟏
𝐋[𝐞𝟑𝐭 . 𝐞𝟓 ] = 𝐞𝟓 𝐋[𝐞𝟑𝐭 ] = 𝐞𝟓 ( )
𝐬−𝟑
Solution
1  cos 6t  L(1)  L(cos 6t ) 1  cos 2t

L[cos2 3t]  L    cos 2 t 
 2 2 2
1 s 1 s
=  L(1)  , L(cos at )  2
2s 2( s  36)
2
s s  a2

s 2  18
 2
L[cos 3t] =
s ( s 2  36)

4. Find L t 2  4 sin 2t  2 cos 3t . 
Solution

L t 2  4 sin 2t  2 cos 3t   2  2 
 4 2
 s 
  2 2 
s 3
 s  4  s 9
Solution
2
F(s) = L [f (t)] = L (sin 2t) =
𝑠 2 +4
2 2
F(s + 1) = =
(𝑠+1)2 +4 𝑠 2 +2𝑠+5
Solution
 d 
 ds 
  s 2  4  (1)  s(2s) 
2 d  s  2
= 2 2  2  = 2  2 
s 4 ds  s  4  s 4 
 s  4 
2
2

=
  
2 s2  4  2 4  s2 
 s  4
2
2
16
 L[sin 2t  2t cos 2t ] =
s 
2
2
4
 
7. Find L t e t .
Solution
L t f (t )   
d
L ( f (t ))
ds

 
L t et )  
d
ds
L (e t )
d  1  1
 L 
ds  s  1  s  12
Solution
L t f (t )   
d
L ( f (t ))
ds
L t sin 2t   
d
L (sin 2t )
ds
d  2  4s
  2 
ds  s  4  s  4 2
2
 
2
Solution
 d2  d2  s 
L t 2 cos t    2 L  cos t   2  2 
 ds  ds  s  1 
 
 2
   
d  s  1 .1  1.2 s.s  d  1  s 2 

  ds  2 2 
   
2
ds  s 1
2
  s 1 
   
 s  1  2s   1  s 2  2  s 2  1 2s  
2
2
2 s 3  s 2
 
 s  1  s  1
3 3
2 2
Solution
𝑑 𝑑 𝑠
(𝑠 2 + 4)(1) − 𝑠(2𝑠) 𝑠2 − 4
= −[ ] =[ 2 ]
(𝑠 2 + 4)2 𝑠→𝑠+3
(𝑠 + 4) 2
𝑠→𝑠+3

(𝑠+3)2 −4
= ((𝑠+3)2
+4)2
𝑠 2 +6𝑠+5
= (𝑠2
+6𝑠+13)2
Solution
𝑑 𝑑 𝑠
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠 𝑠 2 +1 𝑠 → 𝑠+1
(𝑠 2 +1)(1)−𝑠(2𝑠)
= −[ ]
(𝑠 2 +1)2 𝑠 → 𝑠+1
𝑠 2 −1
=[ ]
(𝑠 2 +1)2 𝑠 → 𝑠+1
(𝑠+1)2 −1 𝑠 2 +2𝑠
= ((𝑠+1)2 +1)2
= (𝑠 2 +2𝑠+2)2
𝑠(𝑠+2)
= (𝑠2
+2𝑠+2)2
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕
12. Find 𝑳 [ ].
𝒕
Solution
𝐿[ ]=𝐿 [ ]=∫𝑠 𝐹 (𝑠)𝑑𝑠
𝑡 𝑡
1
𝑠 2 +12
∞ ∞ 1
𝑠
𝑠 2 +1
𝜋
2

e  t sin t
t
Solution
 

t
L
 t 
   1   1
  L  sin t s 1 ds  s  2  ds  s ds
 s  1  s 1  s  1  1
s 2
 
  tan 1  s  1    tan 1  s  1  cot 1  s  1
s 2
𝒕
Solution
1 𝑠
𝐿[1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡] = −
𝑠 𝑠 2 +1
𝟏− 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 ∞ ∞ 1 𝑠
𝐿[ ] = ∫𝑠 𝐿[1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡]𝑑𝑠 = ∫𝑠 ( − ) 𝑑𝑠
𝒕 𝑠 𝑠 2 +1
1 ∞
= [log 𝑠 − log(𝑠 2 + 1)]
2 𝑠
1
= − [log(𝑠 2 + 1) − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠 2]∞
𝑠
2
1 𝑠 2 +1 ∞ 1 1 ∞
= − [𝑙𝑜𝑔 ] = − [𝑙𝑜𝑔 (1 + 2 )]
2 𝑠2 𝑠 2 𝑠 𝑠
1 1 1 1 𝑠 2 +1
= − log 1 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 [1 + 2 ] = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
2 2 𝑠 2 𝑠2
15. Find 𝑳 [ ].
𝒕
Solution
𝑡
∞ 𝑠 𝑠
=∫𝑠 ( 2 2 − 2 2 ) 𝑑𝑠
1 1 ∞
=[ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 ) − 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑠 2 + 𝑏2 )]
2 2 𝑠

𝑎2
∞
1 𝑠 2 +𝑎2 ∞ 1 𝑠 2 (1+ )
𝑠2
= [𝑙𝑜𝑔 ] = [𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 ]
2 𝑠 2 +𝑏2 𝑠 2 𝑏
𝑠 2 (1+ 2 )
𝑠 𝑠
𝑎2
1 1+ 1 𝑠 2 +𝑏2
𝑠2
= [𝑙𝑜𝑔1 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( 𝑏2
)]= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
2 1+ 2 2 𝑠 2 +𝑎2
𝑠
∞
Solution
∞ ∞
𝐹(𝑠) = 𝐿 [𝑓 (𝑡)], 𝐹(𝑠) = 𝐿 [𝑡 sin 𝑡]
𝑑 1 2𝑠
=− [ ]=
𝑑𝑠 𝑠 2 +1 (𝑠 2 +1)2
∞ 𝟒 𝟒
∫𝟎 𝒕 𝒆 -2t 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = [𝑭(𝒔)]𝒔 = 𝟐 = =
(𝟒+𝟏)𝟐 𝟐𝟓
Solution

t 0 s
L. H. S. = lim f (t )  2  cos 0  1
t 0

s  s 
 
  
s2  1
 lim s  2  2   lim s  2    2 1  1
s 
 s  1  s  
1 2
1 
 
 s 
L.H.S=R.H.S

Solution
L  f  t   F  s 
1
  L sin t  cos t ss 1
s
1 1 s 1 1 s2
    
s  s  1  1  s  1  1 s  s  1 2  1
2 2

t  s0

t 
1 s2   s2  2 s 
R. H. S. = lim s   
 s 0 
lim 1   1
s 0
 s ( s  1) 2
 1   s 2
 2 s  2 
L.H.S.=R.H.S
1  1 1 s 
19. Find L    2 .
 s 3 s s 9
Solution
 1 1 s 
L1    2   e  1  cosh 3t
3t
 s 3 s s 9
 s 
20. Find L  .
1
2 
 s  2  
Solution
 s       
L1    L1  s  2  2   L1  1   2 L1  1   e 2 t  2 t e 2 t
 s  2 
2   s  22   s  22 
 s  2     

 1 
21. Find L  2 .
1

 s  2s  5
Solution
 1   1  e t sin 2t
L1  2   L1 


 ( s  1) 2  4  
 s  2 s  5    2
 s 
22. Find L1  .
 s2  4s  5 
Solution
 s    s  2   2  2 t 1  s  2 
L1  2   L    e L  2
1

 s  4s  5       s 1
2
 s 2 1 
  s  1  1 
 e 2 t  L1  2   2L  2 
  s 1  s  1 
 s 5 
23. Find L  2 .
1

 s  3s  2 
Solution:
 s 5  1   3 
  L1 
A B  1  4 
L1  2     L    L    4 e  3e
t 2t
 s  3s  2   s 1 s  2   s 1  s 2
 s2 
24. Find L1  .
 s  2s  2 
2
Solution:
 s2   ( s  1)  1 
L1  2 = L1    L F s  a   e L F s 
1  at 1
   
  2

s 2 s 2  ( s 1) 1 
 ( s  1)  1  1 
= L1  L  
 ( s  1)  1  ( s  1)  1
2 2
 1  s  1  1 
= e–t  L  2   L  s 2  1  = e (cos t + sin t)
–t
  s  1 

𝟏
25. Find 𝑳−𝟏 [ ].
𝒔𝟐 +𝟔𝒔+𝟏𝟑
Solution
1 1 1
𝐿−1 [ ] = 𝐿−1 [ ] = 𝐿−1 [ ]
𝑠2 + 6𝑠 + 13 2
(𝑠 + 3) + 4 (𝑠 + 3)2 + 22
1 2 1
= 𝐿−1 [(𝑠+3)2 ] = e−3tsin 2𝑡.
2 +22 2
26. Find L1 cot 1  s  1  .
Solution:
Let L1 cot 1  s  1   f  t 

 
 L  f  t    cot 1  s  1
d 1
L tf  t     cot 1  s  1  
ds  s  12  1
 1   1 
tf  t   L1    et L1  2   et sin t
  s  1  1  s  1
2
e t sin t
 f t  
t
s
 s  22
Solution
 s   1 
L1    L1  s. 
  s  2 2    s  2 2 
   
  d
d
 L1 
1   e2t L1  1 
dt   s  2 2  dt  s2 
 
 
d 2t
dt
  
e t  e2t  t 2e2t  e2t 1  2t 
*****

Ramapuram Campus
Year / Sem: I / II
UNIT IV - ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS

Part – A

(CLO-4,
1. ANS
(A) 𝑧 = 0 (B) 𝑧 = −𝑖 Apply)
(C) 𝑧 = 1 (D) 𝑧 = −1
A
If 𝑤 = 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 is analytic, then the family of curves 𝑢 =
𝐶1 and 𝑣 = 𝐶2 (CLO-4,
2. ANS
Remember)
(A) cut orthogonally (B) intersect each other A
(C) are parallel (D) coincide
If a function 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) satisfies the equation 𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝑢𝑦𝑦 = 0, then u
is called (CLO-4,
3. ANS
Remember)
(A) analytic function (B) harmonic function B
(C) differential function (D) continuous function
Cauchy-Riemann equations in Polar co-ordinates are
(CLO-4,
1 1 1 1 ANS
4. (A) 𝑢𝑟 = 𝑟 𝑣𝜃 , 𝑣𝑟 = − 𝑟 𝑢𝜃 (B) 𝑢𝑟 = − 𝑟 𝑣𝜃 , 𝑣𝑟 = 𝑟 𝑢𝜃 Remember)
1 1 1 1 A
(C) 𝑢𝑟 = − 𝑟 𝑣𝜃 , 𝑣𝑟 = − 𝑟 𝑢𝜃 (D) 𝑢𝑟 = 𝑟 𝑣𝜃 , 𝑣𝑟 = 𝑟 𝑢𝜃

(CLO-4,
5. ANS
(A) 𝑧 = 2 (B) 𝑧 = −2 Apply)
(C) 𝑧 = 0 (D) 𝑧 = 1
C
If 𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑖 𝑣 is an analytic function of z, then

(CLO-4,
6. ANS
(A) u and v are not harmonic (B) u is not harmonic Remember)
(C) both u and v are harmonic (D) u and v are constants C

An analytic function with constant modulus is

(CLO-4,
7. ANS
Cauchy – Riemann equation in Cartesian co-ordinates are
(CLO-4,
8. (A) 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 , 𝑢𝑦 = −𝑣𝑥 (B) 𝑢𝑥 = − 𝑣𝑦 , 𝑢𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 ANS
Remember)
(C) 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 , 𝑢𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 (D) 𝑢𝑥 = −𝑣𝑦 , 𝑢𝑦 = −𝑣𝑥 A
1
The invariant point of the transformation 𝑤 = 𝑧 −2 𝑖 is
(CLO-4,
9. ANS
(A) 𝑧 = 0 (B) 𝑧 = 1 Apply)
(C) 𝑧 = −1 (D) 𝑧 = 𝑖 D
The transformation 𝑤 = 𝑎 𝑧, where a is a real constant represents

(CLO-4,
10. ANS
(A) magnification (B) rotation Apply)
(C) reflection (D) inversion A
𝑧−1
𝑧+1
(CLO-4,
ANS
11. (A) ± 𝑖 (B) ± 1 Apply)
(C) ± 2 (D) ± 3 A
An analytic function with constant real part is

(CLO-4,
12. ANS
An analytic function with constant imaginary part is

(CLO-4,
13. ANS
(C) harmonic (D) constant
D
The transformation 𝑤 = 𝑎 𝑧, where a is a complex constant

represents (CLO-4,
14. ANS
Remember)
(C) magnification and rotation (D) inversion
If 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑒 𝑧 , then 𝑓 (𝑧) is

(CLO-4,
15. ANS
(A) zero function (B) analytic function Remember)
(C) discontinuous function (D) constant function
B

1
𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑧 2 + 1 is analytic everywhere except at
(CLO-4,
16. ANS
(A) 𝑧 = ± 𝑖 (B) 𝑧 = ± 1 Apply)
(C) 𝑧 = ± 2 (D) 𝑧 = ± 3 A
2𝑧+6
𝑧+7
(CLO-4,
17. ANS
Apply)
(A) 6, −1 (B) 3, 2 D
(C) −3, 2 (D) −6, 1
𝑧−1
𝑧+1
(CLO-4,
18. ANS
(A) ± 𝑖 (B) ± 1 Apply)
(C) ± 2 (D) ± 3 A
1
The image of | 𝑧 − 2𝑖 | = 2 under the transformation 𝑤 = 𝑧 is
(CLO-4,
19. ANS
Apply)
(A) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 0 (B) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 = 0 C
(C) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 = 0 (D) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 = 0
The image of | 𝑧 | = 2 under the transformation 𝑤 = 3 𝑧 is

(CLO-4,
20. ANS
(A) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 0 (B) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4 Apply)
(C) 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 0 (D) 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 4
B
1
The image of | 𝑧 + 1 | = 1 under the transformation 𝑤 = 𝑧 is
(CLO-4,
21. ANS
Apply)
(A) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 = 0 (B) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 = 0 A
(C) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 = 0 (D) 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 = 0
1
The transformation 𝑤 = 𝑧 is known as
(CLO-4,
22. ANS
(A) magnification (B) reflection Remember)
(C) rotation (D) inversion D
If the image of a point z under the transformation 𝑤 = 𝑓 (𝑧) is
itself, then the point is called
(CLO-4,
23. ANS
(A) fixed point (B) critical point Remember)
A
(C) singular point (D) regular point
The function 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑧̅ is

(CLO-4,
24. ANS
(C) constant (D) singular
A

The function 𝑓 (𝑧) = sin 𝑧 is

(CLO-4,
25. ANS
(C) not analytic (D) constant B
A mapping that preserves angles between oriented circles both in
magnitude and in sense is called a ______________ mapping. (CLO-4,
26. ANS
Remember)
(A) isogonal (B) conformal B
A transformation that preserves angles between every pair of curves
through a point only in magnitude, but not in direction is said to be
____________ at that point. (CLO-4,
27. ANS
Remember)
(A) isogonal (B) conformal A
The real part of 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑒 2 𝑧 is

(CLO-4,
28. 𝑥 𝑥 ANS
(A) 𝑒 cos 𝑦 (B) 𝑒 sin 𝑦 Apply)
(C) 𝑒 2𝑥 cos 2𝑦 (D) 𝑒 2𝑥 sin 2𝑦 C
1
The points at which the function 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 2 − 1 fails to be analytic
are (CLO-4,
29. ANS
Apply)
(A) 𝑧 = ± 𝑖 (B) 𝑧 = ± 1 B
(C) 𝑧 = ± 2 (D) 𝑧 = ± 3
The transformation 𝑤 = 𝑧 + 𝑎, where a is a complex constant
represents
(CLO-4,
30. ANS
Remember)
(C) translation (D) inversion
5𝑧+4
𝑧+5
(CLO-4,
31. ANS
(A) ± 𝑖 (B) ± 1 Apply)
(C) ± 2 (D) ± 3 C
The harmonic conjugate of 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦 is

(CLO-4,
ANS
32. (A) 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑦 (B) 𝑒 2 𝑥 sin 𝑦 Apply)
(C) 𝑒 2𝑥 cos 2𝑦 (D) 𝑒 2𝑥 sin 2𝑦 A
1−𝑖𝑧
𝑧 −𝑖
(CLO-4,
33. ANS
Apply)
(A) ± 𝑖 (B) ± 1 B
(C) ± 2 (D) ± 3

The real part of 𝑓(𝑧) = log 𝑧 is

(CLO-4,
34. ANS
(A) 𝑢 = log 𝑟 (B) 𝑢 = log 𝑥 Apply)
(C) 𝑢 = log 𝑦 (D) 𝑢 = log 𝜃 A
If 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑖 (𝑐𝑦 − 𝑥) is analytic, then the value of c is

(CLO-4,
35. ANS
(A) ± 𝑖 (B) 1 Apply)
(C) 2 (D) −1 B
1
The critical points of the transformation 𝑤 = 𝑧 + are
𝑧
(CLO-4,
36. ANS
(A) ± 𝑖 (B) ± 1 Apply)
(C) ± 2 (D) ± 3 B
*****


Ramapuram Campus
Year / Sem: I / II
Unit 4 – Analytic Functions
1. Test the analyticity of the function w = sin z.

Solution
w = f (z) = sin z
u + i v = sin (x + iy)
=sin x cos iy + cos x sin iy
= sin x cosh y + i cos x sinh y
u = sin x cosh y v = cos x sinh y

ux = cos x cosh y vx= −sinx sinh y
uy= sin x sinh y vy= cosx cosh y
ux = vy and uy = −vx
∴ C-R equations are satisfied.
2. Verify whether the function 2xy + i (𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 ) is analytic or not.
Solution
u = 2xy v = 𝑥2 − 𝑦2
ux = 2y vx = 2x
uy= 2x vy= −2y
∴ux ≠ vy and uy ≠ − vx
∴ The function is not analytic.

3. Test the analyticity of the function f (z) = 𝒆𝒛 .
Solution
f (z) =𝑒 𝑧
u + iv = 𝑒 𝑥+𝑖𝑦 =𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 (cos y + i sin y)
u= 𝑒 𝑥 cosy v = 𝑒 𝑥 siny
ux = 𝑒 𝑥 cosy vx = 𝑒 𝑥 siny
uy= −𝑒 𝑥 siny vy = 𝑒 𝑥 cosy
ux = vy and uy = − vx
4. Verify whether w = 𝒛𝟑 is analytic or not.
Solution
Given w = 𝑧 3 =(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)3 = 𝑥 3 + 3 𝑥 2 𝑖 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑖 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑖 3 𝑦 3
= 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑖 (3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑦 3 )
u= 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 v = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑦 3
𝑢𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 2 ; 𝑣𝑥 = 6𝑥𝑦
𝑢𝑦 = −6𝑥𝑦; 𝑣𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 2
Now ux = vy and uy = − vx
∴ w = 𝑧 3 is analytic.
5. Is the function f (z) = 𝒛̅ analytic?
Solution
Given u + iv = x – iy
u=x v=–y
ux = 1 vx = –1
uy = 0 vy = –1
ux≠vy

∴ f (z) = 𝑧̅ is not analytic.
6. Find the invariant points of the transformation 𝒇(𝒛) = 𝒛𝟐 .
Solution
Put w = f(z) = z to find the invariant points.

𝑧 = 𝑧2
𝑧 − 𝑧2 = 0
𝑧(1 − 𝑧) = 0
𝑧 = 0,1
z−1
7. Find the invariant points of the transformation w = z + 1 .
Solution
The fixed points of the transformation are obtained by replacing w by z.
𝑧−1
𝑧=
𝑧+1
𝑧2 + 𝑧 − 𝑧 + 1 = 0
𝑧2 + 1 = 0
𝑧 = ± 𝑖 are called fixed points of the transformation.
3z − 5
8. Find the invariant points of the transformation w = .
z+1
Solution
To get the invariant points, put w = z

3𝑧−5
∴z=
1+𝑧
2
𝑧 − 2𝑧 + 5 = 0
Solving for z,
2±√4−20
Z= =
2
2±4𝑖
= = 1±2𝑖
2
∴ The invariant points are z = 1±2𝑖
9. Find the critical point of the transformation w  z 2 .
Solution
dw
Put 0
dz
2z 0
The critical point is z = 0.

1
10. Find the critical points of the transformation w  z  .
z
Solution
dw
Put 0
dz
1 1
1 2  0  2  1  z 2  1
z z
The critical points are z = 1 or z = – 1.
11. Show that the function u = 2x – x3 + 3xy2 is harmonic.
Solution Given u = 2x – x3 + 3xy2

u x  2 – 3 x 2  3 y 2 u y  6 xy
u xx  6 x u yy  6 x
u xx  u yy  6 x  6 x  0
Hence u is harmonic
12. Prove that the function u = 𝒆𝒙 (𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒚 − 𝒚 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚) satisfies Laplace’s equation.
Solution
Given u = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 cos 𝑦 − 𝑦 sin 𝑦)
𝜕𝑢
= 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 cos 𝑦 − 𝑦 sin 𝑦) + 𝑒 𝑥 (cos 𝑦)
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢
= 𝑒 𝑥 (−𝑥 sin 𝑦 − sin 𝑦 − 𝑦 cos 𝑦)
𝜕𝑦
𝜕2 𝑢
= 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 cos 𝑦 − 𝑦 sin 𝑦) + 𝑒 𝑥 (cos 𝑦) + 𝑒 𝑥 (cos 𝑦)
𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕2 𝑢
= 𝑒 𝑥 (−𝑥 cos 𝑦 − cos 𝑦 − cos 𝑦 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦)
𝜕𝑦 2
𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
∴ 2
+ = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 cos 𝑦 − 𝑦 sin 𝑦 + cos 𝑦 + cos 𝑦 − 𝑥 cos 𝑦 − cos 𝑦 − cos 𝑦 +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2
𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦) ∴ 2
+ =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2
13. Prove that the function u = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒚𝟐 + 1 satisfies Laplace’s equation.
Solution
Given u = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 2 +1
𝜕𝑢
= 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 2 + 6𝑥
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢
= 6𝑥𝑦 − 6𝑦
𝜕𝑦
𝜕 2𝑢
= 6𝑥 + 6
𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕2 𝑢
= −6𝑥 − 6
𝜕𝑦 2
𝜕 𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢
2
∴ + =0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2
1
14. Show that the function u  log ( x 2  y 2 ) is harmonic.
2
Solution
1
2
u 1 1 x
2 
 . 2 2x  2
x 2 x  y x  y2
u 1 1 y
2 
 . 2 2y  2
y 2 x  y x  y2
 2u  x  y   x  2 x 
2 2
y 2  x2
 
x 2  x2  y 2   x2  y 2 
2 2
 2 u  x  y  1  2 y
2 2 2
x2  y 2
 
y 2  x2  y 2   x2  y 2 
2 2
 2u  2u y 2  x 2  x 2  y 2
   0
x 2 y 2  x2  y 2 
2
Hence u is harmonic function.
15. Show that the function u  e x cos y is harmonic.

Solution
u u
 e x cos y  e x ( sin y )
x y
 2u  2u
 e x cos y  e x ( cos y )
x 2
y 2
𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢
∴ + =0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2
∴u is harmonic.
16. Find the analytic function f ( z )  u  i v where u  3 x 2 y  y 3 .

Solution
u  3 x2 y  y3
ux  6 x y
u x ( z, 0)  0
u y  3 x2  3 y2
u y ( z, 0)  3 z 2
Milne Thomson Method
 
f ( z )   u x ( z , 0)  iu y ( z, 0) dz  C
f ( z )    i 3 z 2 dz  C
f ( z )  i z 3  C
17. Find the image of the circle z  3 under the transformation w = 2z.
Solution
Method 1
Given w = 2z
u + i v = 2 (x + i y)
u v
x ,y
2 2
Given z  3
xi y  3
2 2
u v
x  y 3 x  y 9    9
2 2 2 2
2 2
u 2  v 2  36
which represents a circle with centre (0, 0) and radius 6.
(or) Method 2
w=2z
w 2 z
w  2 (3)  6
18. Find the image of the circle z  1 by the transformation w = z + 2 + 4i.

Solution
Given: w = z + 2 + 4i
u + iv = x + iy + 2 + 4i = ( x + 2 ) + i ( y + 4 )
u = x + 2, v=y+4
 x = u – 2, y=v–4
 z 1
x2 + y2 = 1 Hence ( u – 2 )2 + ( v – 4 )2 = 1.

1
19. Find the image of z  2i  2 under the transformation w  .
z
Solution
1 1
Given w  z
z w
Now w  u  iv
1 1 u  iv u  iv
z    2 2
w u  iv  u  iv  u  iv  u  v
u  iv
i.e., x  iy  2 2
u v
u v
 x  2 2 ..........(1) y  2 2 ..........(2)
u v u v
x  iy  2i  2  x  i( y  2)  2
x 2   y  2   4  x 2  y 2  4 y  0...................(3)
2
Sub (1) and (2) in (3)

 u   v   v 
2 2
 2 2   2 2  4 2 2   0
u v  u v  u  v 
 u  v   4v u  v   0
2 2 2 2
u 2  v2 
2
1  4v   u 2  v 2 
0
u 2  v2 
2
1
1  4v  0  v   ( u 2  v 2  0)
4
which is a straight line in w - plane.
20. Find the bilinear transformation of the points –1, 0, 1 in z - plane onto the points
0, i, 3i in w- plane.
Solution
Given z1  1, w1  0 z2  0, w2  i z3  i, w3  3i
Cross-ratio
 w  w1  w2  w3    z  z1  z2  z3 
 w  w3  w2  w1   z  z3  z2  z1 
 w  0  i  3i    z   1   0  1
( w  3i)  i  0  ( z  1)(0  (1))
w(2i ) ( z  1)(1)

( w  3i )(i ) ( z  1)(1)

2w z 1

w  3i z  1
2 wz  2w  wz  w  3iz  3i
w(2 z  2  z  1)   3i ( z  1)
w( z  3)   3i ( z  1)
( z  1)
w   3i
( z  3)
21. Find the bilinear transformation which maps the points z   , i , 0 into w  0, i , 
respectively.
Solution
Given z1  , w1  0 z2  i, w2  i z3  0, w3  
Cross-ratio
 w  w1  w2  w3    z  z1  z2  z3 
 w  w3  w2  w1   z  z3  z2  z1 
 w2  z 
 w  w1  w3   1 z1   1  z2  z3 
 w3    z1 
 w  z 
w3   1  w2  w1   z  z3  z1  2  z1 
 w3   z1 
w   z 
 w  w1   2  1   1  z2  z3 
 w3    z1 
 w  z 
  1  w2  w1   z  z3   2  1
 w3   z1 
 w  0  0  1   0  1 (i  0)
(0  1)  i  0  ( z  0)(0  1)
w i i2 1
 , w , w  
i z z z
*****


Ramapuram Campus
Year / Sem: I / II
UNIT V - COMPLEX INTEGRATION

Part – A
The point 𝑧0 at which a function 𝑓(𝑧) is not analytic is known as

(CLO-5,
1. ANS
(A) zeros (B) isolated singular point Remember)
(C) singular point (D) removable singular point
C
𝑧+3
− 3)(𝑧 − 2)
(CLO-5,
2. ANS
Apply)
(A) 𝑧 = 1, 3 (B) 𝑧 = 1, 0 D
(C) 𝑧 = 1, 2 (D) 𝑧 = 2, 3
𝑑𝑧
The value of ∫𝐶 where C is the circle | 𝑧 | = 2 is
𝑧−1 (CLO-5,
3. ANS
Apply)
(A) 0 (B) 2𝜋𝑖 B
(C) −2𝜋𝑖 (D) 1
𝑧
𝑧−1
(CLO-5,
4. ANS
(A) 0 (B) 1 Apply)
(C) −1 (D) 2𝜋𝑖 B
𝑧
𝑧+1
(CLO-5,
5. ANS
(A) 0 (B) 2 Apply)
C
(C) −1 (D) 2𝜋𝑖
𝑧+3
+ 1)(𝑧 + 2)
(CLO-5,
6. ANS
(A) 𝑧 = 1, 3 (B) 𝑧 = 1, 0 Apply)
(C) 𝑧 = −1, −2 (D) 𝑧 = 2, 3
C

𝑧
𝑧−2
(CLO-5,
7. ANS
(C) −2𝜋𝑖 (D) 1
B
𝑧
The residue of 𝑓(𝑧) = at its pole is
( 𝑧 − 1) 2
(CLO-5,
8. ANS
(A) 0 (B) 1 Apply)
B
(C) −1 (D) 2𝜋𝑖
𝑒− 𝑧
The value of ∫𝐶 𝑑𝑧 is
𝑧+1
(CLO-5,
9. ANS
(A) 0 (B) 2 𝜋 𝑖 𝑒 Apply)
(C) −2𝜋𝑖 (D) 1
B
𝑧
The singularity of 𝑓(𝑧 ) = (𝑧 is
– 2)3
(CLO-5,
10. ANS
Apply)
(A) pole of order 2 (B) pole of order 3 B
(C) simple pole (D) pole of order n
sin 𝑧
If 𝑓(𝑧 ) = , then z = 0 is
𝑧
(CLO-5,
11. ANS
(A) pole (B) removable singularity Apply)
(C) essential singularity (D) isolated singularity B
If 𝑓(𝑧 ) = ∫𝐶 𝑒 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 , where C is |𝑧 | = 1, then 𝑓 (𝑧 ) =

(CLO-5,
12. ANS
(C) −1 (D) 2𝜋𝑖
A
3 𝑧2 + 5 𝑧 + 1 1
The value of ∫𝐶 𝑑𝑧 , where C : |𝑧 | = is
𝑧+1 2 (CLO-5,
13. ANS
Apply)
(A) 0 (B) 2 𝜋 𝑖 A
(C) −2𝜋𝑖 (D) 1
𝑑𝑧
The value of ∫𝐶 where C is the circle | 𝑧 − 1 | = 1 is
𝑧−1
(CLO-5,
14. ANS
(C) −2𝜋𝑖 (D) 𝜋𝑖
B
𝑧2 1
The value of ∫𝐶 (𝑧 − 1)2(𝑧 + 1)
2
(CLO-5,
15. 1 ANS
(A) 0 (B) Apply)
1
4
1
A
(C) (D)
2 3

𝑧
𝑧−2
(CLO-5,
16. ANS
(C) −2𝜋𝑖 (D) 1
A
𝑧
The residue of 𝑓(𝑧 ) = (𝑧 at its pole is
− 1)2
(CLO-5,
17. ANS
Apply)
(A) 0 (B) 1 D
(C) −1 (D) 2
A zero of an analytic function 𝑓 (𝑧 ) is a value of z for which

(CLO-5,
18. ANS
(A) 𝑓(𝑧 ) = 1 (B) 𝑓(𝑧 ) ≠ 1 Apply)
(C) 𝑓(𝑧 ) ≠ 0 (D) 𝑓(𝑧 ) = 0 D
1
𝑧 (𝑧 − 1)
(CLO-5,
19. ANS
Apply)
(A) 0 < | 𝑧 | < 1 (B) 1 < | 𝑧 | < 2 A
(C) 2 < | 𝑧 | < 3 (D) | 𝑧 | > 1
If 𝑓(𝑧 ) is analytic and 𝑓′(𝑧 ) is continuous at all points in the
region bounded by the simple closed curves C1 and C2, then
(CLO-5,
20. (A) ∫𝐶 𝑓 (𝑧 ) 𝑑𝑧 = ∫𝐶 𝑓(𝑧 ) 𝑑𝑧 (B) ∫𝐶 𝑓(𝑧 ) 𝑑𝑧 ≠ ∫𝐶 𝑓 (𝑧 ) 𝑑𝑧 ANS
Remember)
1 2 1 2
A
(C) ∫𝐶 𝑓′(𝑧 ) 𝑑𝑧 = ∫𝐶 𝑓′(𝑧 ) 𝑑𝑧 (D) ∫𝐶 𝑓′(𝑧 ) 𝑑𝑧 ≠ ∫𝐶 𝑓′(𝑧 ) 𝑑𝑧
1 2 1 2
If 𝑓(𝑧 ) is analytic and 𝑓′(𝑧 ) is continuous at all points inside and

on a simple closed curve C, then ∫𝐶 𝑓 (𝑧 ) 𝑑𝑧 = (CLO-5,
21. ANS
Remember)
(A) 0 (B) 2𝜋𝑖 A
(C) −2𝜋𝑖 (D) 1
If 𝑓(𝑧 ) is analytic inside and on C, then the value of
𝑓(𝑧)
∮𝐶 𝑧 − 𝑎 𝑑𝑧 , where C is a simple closed curve and ‘a’ is any
(CLO-5,
point within C is, ANS
22. Remember)
(A) 0 (B) 2𝜋𝑖 𝑓(𝑎)
B
(C) −2𝜋𝑖 𝑓(𝑎) (D) 1
1
𝑧2 − 𝑧 − 6
(CLO-5,
23. ANS
(A) 0 < | 𝑧 | < 1 (B) 1 < | 𝑧 | < 2 Apply)
(C) 2 < | 𝑧 | < 3 (D) | 𝑧 | < 3
C

1
𝑧2 – 3 𝑧 + 2 (CLO-5,
24. ANS
Apply)
(A) 0 < | 𝑧 | < 1 (B) 1 < | 𝑧 | < 2 B
(C) 1 < | 𝑧 | < 0 (D) | 𝑧 | < 1
𝑒𝑧 1
The value of ∫𝐶 𝑑𝑧, where C : |𝑧| = 2 is
(𝑧 − 1)3
(CLO-5,
25. 1 ANS
(A) 0 (B) Apply)
1
4
1
A
(C) (D)
2 3
1 1
The value of ∫𝐶 (𝑧 − 1)2(𝑧 – 2)(𝑧 − 3)
2
(CLO-5,
26. 1 ANS
(A) 0 (B) Apply)
1
4
1
A
(C) (D)
2 3
If C is a simple closed curve containing a and b, then
1
∫𝐶 (𝑧 – 𝑎)(𝑧 − 𝑏)
𝑑𝑧 is
(CLO-5,
27. ANS
Apply)
(A) 0 (B) 2𝜋𝑖 𝑎 A
(C) 2𝜋𝑖 𝑏 (D) 1
𝑧−2
𝑓 (𝑧 ) = (𝑧 −1)(𝑧 + 3 )(𝑧 + 2)
has a zero at
(CLO-5,
28. ANS
(A) 𝑧 = 1 (B) 𝑧 = 2 Apply)
(C) 𝑧 = −2 (D) 𝑧 = − 3 B
𝑧+2
𝑓 (𝑧 ) = (𝑧 −1)2 (𝑧 − 2)
has
(CLO-5,
29. ANS
(A) poles at 𝑧 = 1, 2 (B) a simple pole at 𝑧 = 1 Apply)
(C) essential singularity (D) no poles A
𝑧2 + 1
The value of ∫𝐶 𝑑𝑧 where C is the circle | 𝑧 − 1 | = 1 is
𝑧2 − 1
(CLO-5,
30. ANS
(C) 2𝜋𝑖 (D) 1
C
𝑧−2
The residue of 𝑓(𝑧 ) = at 𝑧 = 0 is
𝑧 (𝑧 − 1)
(CLO-5,
31. ANS
(A) 0 (B) −2 Apply)
(C) 2 (D) 1 C

1
If 𝑓(𝑧 ) = (𝑧 2 + 1)2
, then
(CLO-5,
32. ANS
Apply)
(A) 𝑧 = ± 𝑖 each simple pole (B) 𝑧 = ± 𝑖 each pole of order 2 B
(C) 𝑧 = ± 1 each simple pole (D) 𝑧 = 𝑖 is not a pole
𝑑𝑧
The value of ∫𝐶 𝑑𝑧 , where C : | 𝑧 − 𝑎 | = 𝑟 is
𝑧−𝑎 (CLO-5,
33. ANS
Apply)
(A) 0 (B) 4 𝜋 𝑖 C
(C) 2𝜋𝑖 (D) 1
𝑑𝑧
If 𝑧 = 𝑎 is inside a simple closed curve C, then ∫𝐶 =
(𝑧 – 𝑎)2
(CLO-5,
34. ANS
(C) −2𝜋𝑖 (D) 1 A
Let 𝐶1 : |𝑧 − 𝑎| = 𝑅1 and 𝐶2 : |𝑧 − 𝑎| = 𝑅2 be two concentric circles

with 𝑅2 < 𝑅1 , the annular region is defined as (CLO-5,
35. ANS
(A) within 𝐶1 (B) within 𝐶2 Remember)
D
(C) within 𝐶2 and outside 𝐶1 (D) within 𝐶1 and outside 𝐶2
𝑑𝑧
The value of of ∫𝐶 𝑑𝑧 where C is the circle | 𝑧 | = 1 is
3𝑧 + 1
(CLO-5,
36. ANS
(C)
2𝜋𝑖
(D) 1
C
3
*****


Ramapuram Campus
Year / Sem: I / II
Unit 5 – Complex Integration
1
1. Evaluate  ez dz where C is | z – 2 |=1 by Cauchy’s integral theorem.
C
(A)  i (B) 4  i (C) 0 (D) 2  i
Solution
1
ez is analytic inside and on C.
1
Hence by Cauchy’s Integral theorem,  ez dz = 0 .
C
Answer: (C)
1
2. Evaluate  2 z − 3 dz where C is | z | = 1 by Cauchy’s integral formula.
C
(A) 1 (B) 4  i (C) 0 (D) 2  i
Solution
3
Here a = lies outside | z | = 2.
2
1
 2 z − 3 dz = 0
C
Answer: (C)
1
3. Evaluate  ( z − 3) 2 dz where C is | z | = 1 by Cauchy’s integral formula.
C
(A) 1 (B) 4  i (C) 0 (D) 2  i
Solution
Here a = 3 lies outside | z | = 1.
1
 ( z − 3) 2 dz = 0
C
Answer: (C)
2z
4. Evaluate  z −1dz where C is | z | = 2 by Cauchy’s integral formula.
C
(A) 1 (B) 4  i (C) 0 (D) 2  i
Solution
Here f ( z ) = 2 z and a = 1 lies inside | z | = 2.
2z
 z − 1 dz = 2  i f (1) = 2 i (2) = 4  i
C
Answer: (B)
cos  z
5. Evaluate  z −1
dz where C is | z | = 3.
C
(A) –2  i (B) 4  i (C) 0 (D) 2  i
Solution
Here f ( z ) = cos  z and a = 1 lies inside | z | = 3.
cos  z
 z − 1
dz = 2  i f (1) = 2 i (−1) = −2  i
C
Answer: (A)
e−z
6. Evaluate  z + 1 dz where C is | z | = 1.5.
C
(A) –2  i e (B) 4  i (C) 0 (D) 2  i e
Solution
Here f ( z ) = e − z and a = −1 lies inside | z | = 1.5.
e−z
 z + 1 dz = 2  i f (−1) = 2 i e Answer: (D)
C
1
7. Evaluate  z e z dz where C is | z | = 1.
C
(A) –2  i e (B) 2  i (C) 0 (D) 2  i e
Solution
1
ez
1
ez
 z dz = 2  i f (0) = 2 i1 = 2  i Answer: (B)
C
z +1
8. Evaluate  z ( z − 2) dz where C is | z | = 1.
C
1 1
(A) –2  i e (B) (C) − (D) 2  i e
2 2
Solution
z +1
z−2

z +1
z − 2 dz = 2  i f (0) = − 1
 z 2
C
Answer: (C)
cos  z 2
9. Evaluate  (z − 1)( z − 2) dz where C is | z | = 1.5.
C
(A) 1 (B) 4  i (C) 0 (D) 2  i
Solution
cos  z 2
Here f ( z ) = and a = 1lies inside | z | = 1.5.
z−2
cos  z 2
z−2 cos 
 z − 1 dz = 2  i f (1) = 2  i 1 − 2 = 2  i
C
Answer: (D)
1
10. Evaluate  (z + 1)( z − 2) 2 dz where C is | z | = 1.5.
C
4 i 2 i
(A) 1 (B) (C) 0 (D)
9 9
Solution
1
Here f ( z ) = and a = −1 lies inside | z | = 1.5.
( z − 2) 2
1
( z − 2) 2 1 2 i
 z + 1 dz = 2  i f (−1) = 2  i 9 = 9
C
Answer: (D)

z
11. Evaluate  (z − 1)3 dz where C is | z | = 2 by Cauchy’s integral formula for derivatives.
C
(A) 1 (B) 4  i (C) 0 (D) 2  i
Solution
Here f ( z ) = z and a = 1 lies inside | z | = 2.
By Cauchy’s Integral formula for derivatives,
z 2 i
 (z − 1)3 dz = 2!
f (1) =  i (0) = 0
C
Answer: (C)
3 − e2z
12. Calculate the residue at z = 0 for the function f ( z ) = .
z
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) – 2
Solution
Re s  f ( z ), a = lim ( z − a) f ( z )
z →a
(3 − e 2 z )
Re s  f ( z ), 0 = lim ( z − 0) =2
z →0 z
Answer: (B)
1
13. Calculate the residue at z = i for the function f ( z ) = .
z +1
2
1
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) (D) – 2
2i
Solution
Re s  f ( z ), a = lim ( z − a) f ( z )
z →a
Re s  f ( z ), i  = lim ( z − i )
1 1
=
z →i ( z + i) ( z − i) 2 i
Answer: (C)

z
14. Calculate the residue at z = – i for the function f ( z ) = .
z +1
2
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 1/2 (D) – 2
Solution
Re s  f ( z ), a = lim ( z − a) f ( z )
z →a
Re s  f ( z ), − i  = lim ( z + i )
z 1
=
z → −i ( z + i) ( z − i) 2
Answer: (C)
e2z
15. Calculate the residue of the function f ( z ) = at its pole.
(z + 1)2
(A) 2e (B)3e (C) 2e – 2 (D)2e2
Solution
z = – 1 is a pole of order 2.
d n −1
Re s  f ( z ), a  =
1
lim n −1 ( z − a) n f ( z )
(n − 1) ! z → a dz
d 2 −1 e2 z
Re s  f ( z ), − 1 =
1 1 d 2z
lim −
( z + 1) 2
= lim e = 2 e −2
(2 − 1) ! z → −1 dz 2 1
( z + 1) 2
1! z → −1 dz
Answer: (C)

11
00
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 0 (d) 4

00
a) 1 b) 0 c)  / 2 d ) 2

a) r 2 b) a 2b c) ab2 d ) ab
badxdy
1 2 xy
1x
00
a) 1 b) 1/ 2 c) 2 d) 3
12
00
21 12 01 02
00 00 20 10

R
a) 1 b) 1/ 2 c) 1/ 3 d) 2 / 3

R R R R
ax
00
ax ax aa ay
00 00 0y 00

R R R R
123
000
a) 3 b) 4 c) 2 d) 6


V V R R
12
00
2 1 4 8
a) b) c) d)
3 3 3 3
11
00
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4
  ( x2  y 2 )
0 0
 /2  2  /4   /2  2  /2 
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
y e y
00 y
a ) 1 b) 0 c)  1 d ) 2
21
00
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
 /2  /2
0 0
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
b a
b  a
1x
00
R
1 1 x 2 1 y
x 0 y 0 y 1 x 0
1 y 2 1 y
y 0 x 1 y 0 x 0
ANSWERS:
1 a 6 b 11 d 16 a 21 c
2 a 7 a 12 d 17 c 22 c
3 d 8 b 13 c 18 a 23 a
4 d 9 a 14 a 19 a
5 d 10 c 15 c 20 b

(a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 0

1      
a) ( i 3 j  k ) ( b) 19( i  3 j  3 k )
19
   1   
(c) 96( i  3 j  3 k ) d) (3 i  3 j  k )
19
 
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 0 (d) 1
 
       

2 2 2
5.
           
i  j k 2 i 2 j 2 k 3 i 3 j 3 k i  j k
a) b) c) d)
3 2 2 3 3 2
        
    
7. If F   x  3 y  
i  y  3 z  
k
   
8. If  
a) 0 b) 4 c) -1 d) 2
   
   
 

 

 
a) 0 b) 1 c) a d) r
 
 
 
a) 0 b) 1 c) a d) r
 
 
 
a) 0 b) 1 c) 2 a d) 2 r

B 
A

 
 
c
a) 0 b) 1 c) 2 d) 3
is
  
a)   F =0 b)   F  0 c) 0 d)   ( F )  0
d) Residue theorem
 
s
   

S
ANSWERS:
1 b 6 a 11 c 16 c 21 b
2 c 7 a 12 c 17 b 22 c
3 b 8 b 13 a 18 d 23 c
4 a 9 b 14 a 19 c 24 b
5 a 10 a 15 d 20 a
1. L(1) =
1 1
(a) (b) 2 (c) 1 (d ) s
s s
2. L(e3t ) 
1 1 3 s
(a) (b) (c ) (d )
s3 s 3 s3 s 3
 at
3. L(e ) 
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c ) (d )
s 1 s 1 sa sa
4. L(cos 2t ) 
s s 2 4
(a) 2 (b) (c ) (d )
s 4 s 2
2
s 2
2
s 4
2
5. L(t 4 ) 
4! 3! 4! 5!
(a ) 5 (b) 4 (c) 4 ( d ) 4
s s s s
6. L(at ) 
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c ) (d )
7. L(sinh t ) 
s  s 
(a) 2 (b) 2 (c ) 2 (d ) 2
s  2
s  2
s  2
s  2
1 s
(a) F ( s  a) (b) F ( s  a) (c ) F ( s ) ( d ) F 
a a

sb sa a s
(a) (b) (c ) (d )
( s  b) 2  a 2 ( s  a) 2  b 2 s  a2
2
s  b2
2
11. L(tet ) 
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c ) (d )
( s  1) 2 s 1 s 1 ( s  1) 2
12. L(t sin at ) 

2as 2s s2  a2 1
( a) (b) ( c ) (d ) 2
(s  a )
2 2 2
(s  a )
2 2 2
(s  a )
2 2 2
s  a2
13. L(sin 3t ) 
3 3 s s
(a) 2 (b) (c ) (d )
s 3 s 9
2
s 3
2
s 9
2
14. L(cosh t ) 
s s 1 1
(a) 2 (b) (c ) (d )
s 1 s 1
2
s 1
2
s 1
2
15. L(t1/2 ) 
(3 / 2) (1/ 2) (1/ 2) (3 / 2)
(a) (b) (c ) (d )
s1/2 s 3/2 s1/2 s 3/2
16. L(t 1/2 ) 

  1 1
(a) (b) (c ) (d )
s 2s s s
17. L[te 2t ] 
1 1 1 1
(a) (b)  (c ) (d )
( s  2)2 ( s  2) 2
( s  1) 2 ( s  1) 2
  t 
  a 
1 s
F as 
1
(a) aF (as ) (b) F   (c) F ( s  a ) (d)
a a a
t 
0 
1 s 1 1
(a) 2 (b) (c) (d)
s 1 s 1
2
( s  1)
2 2
s( s  1)
2
L (sin 2t )
2

d d d d2
(a) F ( s) (b)  F ( s) (c) (1) n F ( s) (d )  F ( s)
ds ds ds ds 2
 f (t ) 
22. If L[ f (t )]  F [ s] then L  
 t 
   
0 s  a
 cos t 
23. L  
 t 
s 1 s2  a2
s  a2 s  a2
2
( s 2  a 2 )2

dn dn dn n 1 d
n
(a) (1) n
F ( s) (b) n F ( s) (c)  n F ( s) (d ) ( 1) F ( s)
ds n ds ds ds n
1  e  t 
25. L  
 t 
 s   s   s 1  s 1 
 s 1   s 1  s   s 
26. Lu a (t ) is
(a) (b) (c)  (d) 
s s s s
27. If L[ f (t )]  F [ s] then L[ f ' (t )] 

(a) a (b) a 2 (c) ab (d ) 0
(a) 0 (b)  (c) 1 (d ) 2
(a) 0 (b)  (c) 1 (d ) 2
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d ) 
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d ) 0
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c)  (d) -2
(a) 0 (b)  (c) 1 (d) -1
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d ) 

 
(a)  (b) (c) 2 (d)
2 4

 2
(a) (b) (c) 2 (d) 2
 
1
( s  1) 2
2
sb
 F (s) 
40. If L1[ F (s)]  f (t ) then L1   is
 s 
 t  a
0 0  a
 1 
41. If L1[ F (s)]  f (t ) then L1  2  is
 s  4
sin 2t sin 2t
2 2
s a
sin at sinh at
a a
 1 
43. If L1[ F (s)]  f (t ) then L1  2  is
s 
(a) t (b) 2t (c) 3t (d) t 2

s 2 9

1 t t
(d) f at 
f (t )
(a) (b) f   (c) f 
a a a a
1
s
t t2
(a) (b) t (c) (d) t 2
2 2
s3
( s  3) 2  9
b
sa

(a)   (b)   (c )    (d )  
 2   2   2   2   2 
(a) et  1 (b) et  1 (c) e t (d ) e
ANSWERS:
1 a 11 d 21 b 31 a 41 a
2 b 12 a 22 b 32 c 42 b
3 c 13 b 23 c 33 a 43 a
4 a 14 b 24 a 34 a 44 d
5 a 15 d 25 c 35 b 45 b
6 a 16 a 26 b 36 a 46 c
7 d 17 a 27 a 37 a 47 b
8 b 18 a 28 a 38 b 48 b
9 a 19 d 29 a 39 b 49 c
10 b 20 d 30 a 40 b 50 a


w w w w 2w w
(a) i (b) i (c )  0 (d ) 0
z x z y zz z





(d) coincides
1
z  2i
a  z  i (b) z  i (c) z  1 (d ) z  1


2 2
(a) C1  0, C2  1 (b) C1  2, C2  1
(c) C1  2, C2  1 (d ) C1  2, C2  0

(a) p  1 (b) p  2 (c) p  1 (d ) p  2
1
z 1
2
(a) z  1 (b) z  i (c ) z  0 (d ) z  2

(a) z  2 (b) z  0 (c ) z  1 (d ) z  2


 2 z  4i 
 iz  1 
2

 2 2   2 2 
(a)  2  2  f ( z )  f '( z ) (b)  2  2  f ( z )  4 f '( z )
2 2 2 2
 x y   x y 
     2 2 
(c)    f ( z )  4 f '( z ) (d )  2  2  f ( z )  4 f '( z )
2 2 2
 x y   x y 

1
z
(d) orthogonal
x  iy
x  iy  a
( z1  z 2 )( z 4  z3 ) ( z1  z 2 )( z3  z 4 )
(a) (b)
( z1  z 4 )( z 2  z3 ) ( z1  z 4 )( z3  z 2 )
( z  z 2 )( z 4  z3 ) ( z  z 2 )( z3  z 4 )
(c) 1 (d) 1
( z1  z 4 )( z  z3 ) ( z 4  z1 )( z3  z 2 )
1  iz
z i
(a) 0 (b)  i (c)  2 (d)  1
ANSWERS:
1 a 6 b 11 b 16 c 21 b 26 d
2 d 7 a 12 c 17 d 22 c
3 a 8 a 13 d 18 c 23 b
4 b 9 c 14 b 19 a 24 c
5 b 10 b 15 b 20 a 25 b

zdz
c z2
 
(a) 0 (b) i (c) (d) 2
2 2
z
c ( z  1)
2
(a) (b) 2 (c) (d) 0

n
4. The value of
c
a. (b) (c) (c) n
1
c 2z 1

(a) 0 (b)  i (c) i (d) 2
2
1
c 3z  1
2
(a) 0 (b) (c) i (d) 2
3
f ( z)
c za
(a) f ( a ) (b) 2 if ( a ) (c)  if ( a ) (d) 0
c
curve, is
(a) f ( a ) (b) 2 if ( a ) (c)  if ( a ) (d) 0
f ( z)
c ( z  a)
2

(a) f '( a ) (b) 2 if '( a ) (c)  if '( a ) (d) 0
f ( z)
c ( z  a)
3

(a) f ''( a ) (b) 2 if ''(a) (c)  if ''(a) (d) 0




n
14. The part
n 0
 n
n1
1
z ( z  1)
(a) 0 < <1 (b) 1 < <2 (c) 1 < <0 (d) <1
1
( z  1)( z  2)
(a) 0 < <1 (b) 1 < <2 (c) 1 < <0 (d) <1
1
z2  z  6
(a) 0 < <1 (b) 1 < <2 (c) 2 < <3 (d) <3

sin z
20. If f ( z )  , then
z
sin z  z
21. If f ( z )  , then
z3
22. If then
1
23. If f ( z )  , then
( z  4)2 ( z  3)3 ( z  1)
1
24. If f ( z )e 4
z  then
z a
1  e2 z
z3
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) -2 (d) 1
2z
e
( z  1)2
(a) e2 (b) -2 e2 (c) -1 (d) 2 e2

(a) (b) 1 (c) -1 (d) 0
ANSWERS:
1 c 6 c 11 b 16 a 21 c 26 c
2 a 7 b 12 c 17 b 22 b 27 d
3 b 8 d 13 d 18 c 23 c 28 b
4 c 9 b 14 a 19 a 24 c
5 b 10 b 15 b 20 c 25 b
SRM University
UNIT V
Slot-C
1. A contour integral is an integral along a ---------------- curve.

a. Open Curve
b. Closed curve
d. Multiple curve
2. If f(z) is analytic inside and on C , the value of ∮𝐶 𝑓(𝑧) 𝑑𝑧 ,where C is the

simple closed curve is
a. f(a)
b. 2𝜋𝑖f(a)
c. 𝜋𝑖f(a)
d. 0
Answer: d. 0
𝑓 (𝑧 )
3. If f(z) is analytic inside and on C , the value of ∮𝐶 (𝑧−𝑎)𝑛
𝑑𝑧 ,where C is the
simple closed curve and a is any point within c is
𝑓𝑛 (𝑎)
a. 2𝜋𝑖 𝑛!
𝑓𝑛−1 (𝑎)
c. 2𝜋𝑖 (𝑛−1)!
d. 0
𝑓𝑛−1 (𝑎)
Answer: c. 2𝜋𝑖 (𝑛−1)!
sin 𝑧 1
𝑧+1
a. 0
b. 2𝜋𝑖
𝜋
c. 2 𝑖
d. 𝜋𝑖
Answer: a. 0
𝑒𝑧
a. 0
c. 2𝜋𝑖𝑒 2
Answer: c. 2𝜋𝑖𝑒 2
𝑧
2𝑧−1
a. 0
b. 2𝜋𝑖
𝜋
c. 2 𝑖
d. 𝜋𝑖
𝜋
Answer: c. 2 𝑖
1
a. 0
b. 2𝜋𝑖
𝜋
c. 2 𝑖
d. 𝜋𝑖
Answer: a. 0
8. Let 𝐶1 : |𝑧 − 𝑎| = 𝑅1 and 𝐶2 : |𝑧 − 𝑎| = 𝑅2be two concentric circles(𝑅2 >

a. Within 𝐶1
b. Within 𝐶2
Answer: c. Within 𝐶2 and outside 𝐶1
9. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 ∑∞ 𝑛
𝑛=0 𝑎𝑛 (𝑧 − 𝑎 ) consisting of positive integral powers of (z - a)
is called as
Answer: a. The analytic part of the Laurent’s series

𝑅1 ), the f(z) can be expanded as a Laurent’s series if
a. f(z) is analytic within 𝐶2
b. f(z) is not analytic within 𝐶2
c. f(z) is analytic in the annular region
d. f(z) is not analytic in the annular region
Answer: c. f(z) is analytic in the annular region
1−cos 𝑧
11. Expansion of in Laurent’s series about 𝑧 = 0 is
𝑧
𝑧 𝑧3 𝑧5
a. − + −⋯
2! 4! 6!
𝑧2 𝑧4 𝑧6
b. − 4! + −⋯
2! 6!
𝑧 𝑧3 𝑧5
c. − + −⋯
1! 3! 5!
𝑧 𝑧3 𝑧5
d. + − +⋯
2! 4! 6!
𝑧 𝑧3 𝑧5
Answer: a. 2! − 4! + 6!
−⋯
1
12. The annular region for the function f(z) = is
𝑧 2 −3𝑧+2
a. 0 < |𝑧| < 1
b. 1 < |𝑧| < 2
c. 2 < |𝑧| < 3
d. |𝑧| < 3
Answer :b. 1 < |𝑧| < 2
3 (−1)𝑛 2𝑛 (−1)𝑛 3𝑛
13. The Laurent’s series expansion 1 + 𝑧 ∑ −∑ for the function
𝑧𝑛 𝑧𝑛
𝑧 2 −1
𝑓 (𝑧 ) = is valid in the region
(𝑧+2)(𝑧+3)
a. |𝑧| < 3
b. |𝑧| < 2
c. 2 < |𝑧| < 3
d. |𝑧| > 3
Answer :d. |𝑧| > 3
14. If f(z) is not analytic at z = zo and there exists a neighborhood of z = zo

containing no other singularity, then
a. The point z = zo is isolated singularity of f(z)
b. The point z = zo is a zero point of f(z)
c. The point z = zo is nonzero of f(z)
d. The point z = zo is non isolated singularity of f(z)
Answer : a. The point z = zo is isolated singularity of f(z)

1
15. If f(z) = 𝑒 𝑧+1then
a. z = -1 is removable singularity
b. z = -1 is pole of order 2
c. z = -1 is an essential singularity
d. z = -1 is zero of f(z)
Answer : c. z = -1 is an essential singularity
𝑃(𝑧)
16. Let z = a is a simple pole for 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑄(𝑧) , then the Residue of 𝑓(𝑧) is
𝑃 ′ (𝑎 )
a. 𝑄 (𝑎 )
𝑃(𝑎)
b. 𝑄(𝑎)
𝑃′ (𝑎)
c. 𝑄′ (𝑎)
𝑃(𝑎)
d. 𝑄′ (𝑎)
𝑃(𝑎)
Answer : d. 𝑄′ (𝑎)
17. Let z = a is a pole of order 3 for f(z), then the residue is

𝑧 →𝑎
b. lim [(𝑧 − 𝑎)𝑓 "(𝑧)]
𝑧 →𝑎
1 𝑑2
c. lim [(z − a)3 f (z)]
𝑧 →𝑎 2! 𝑑𝑧 2
1 𝑑3
d. lim [(z − a)3 f (z)]
𝑧 →𝑎 3! 𝑑𝑧 3
1 𝑑2
Answer: c. lim [(z − a)3 f (z)]
𝑧 →𝑎 2! 𝑑𝑧 2
𝑧
18. The residue of f(z) = (𝑧−2)
is
a. 2𝜋𝑖
b. 1
c. 2
d. 0
Answer: c. 2
1
19. The residue of f(z) = (𝑧 2 +1)2
at 𝑧 = 𝑖 is
a. 4i
b. 1/4i
c. 0
d. 1/2i
Answer :b. 1/4i
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧−𝑧
20. If f(z) = 𝑧 3 , then
a. z= 0 is a simple pole
b. z= 0 is a pole of order 2
c. z= 0 is a removable singularity
d. z= 0 is a zero of f(z)
Answer: c. z= 0 is a removable singularity
1
21. The value of the integral ∮𝐶 𝑑𝑧 where |𝑧| = 1 𝑖𝑠
𝑧𝑒 𝑧
a. 2𝜋𝑖
𝜋
b. 2 𝑖
c. 𝜋𝑖
d. 0
Answer: a. 2𝜋𝑖
1
22. If 𝑓 (𝑧) = + [2 + 3𝑧 + 4𝑧 2 + ⋯ ] then the residue of 𝑓(𝑧) at z=0 is
𝑧
a. 1
b. -1
c. 0
d. -2
Answer: a. 1
2𝜋 𝑑𝜃
23. If the integral ∮0 13+5 cos 𝜃 = ∮𝐶 𝑓 (𝑧)𝑑𝑧 , C is |𝑧| = 1, then
(A) 𝑧 = −𝑖/5 lies inside C and
(B) 𝑧 = −5𝑖 lies outside C. Which of the following is true.
a. Both A and B
b. Only A
c. Only B
d. Neither A nor B
∞ cos 𝑚𝑥
24. If the integral ∮−∞ (𝑥 2 +1)2
𝑑𝑥 , 𝑚 > 0, then
(A) 𝑧 = 𝑖 double pole lies in the upper half of the z-plane and
(B) 𝑧 = −𝑖 double pole does not lie in the upper half of the z-plane.
Which of the following is true.
a. Both A and B
b. Only A
c. Only B
d. Neither A nor B
25. If 𝑓 (𝑧) be continuous function such that |𝑓(𝑧)| → 0 as |𝑧| → ∞, for C is the
semicircle |𝑧| = 𝑅 above the real axis, then
a. ∮𝐶 𝑒 −𝑖𝑚𝑧 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 → ∞ 𝑎𝑠 𝑅 → ∞ .
b. ∮𝐶 𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑧 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 → 0 𝑎𝑠 𝑅 → ∞ .
c. ∮𝐶 𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑧 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 → 0 𝑎𝑠 𝑅 → 0 .
d. ∮𝐶 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 → ∞ 𝑎𝑠 𝑅 → 0 .
Answer : b. ∮𝐶 𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑧 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 → 0 𝑎𝑠 𝑅 → ∞ .

18mab102t - 5 Units MCQ

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JBM

SRM OF INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

UNIT – I: MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

4. The area of an ellipse is

a) log a  log b b) log a c) log b d) log a log b

8. If R is the region bounded x  0, y  0, x  y  1 then  dxdy is equal to

9. Area of the double integral in cartesian co-ordinate is equal to

11. Area of the double integral in polar co-ordinate is equal to

13. The name of the curve r  a(1  cos ) is

14. The volume integral in cartesian coordinates is equal to

UNIT – II: VECTOR CALCULUS

1. The directional derivative of   xy  yz  zx at the point (1,2,3) along x - axis is

2. In what direction from (3, 1, -2) is the directional derivative of   x 2 y 2 z 4 maximum?

The unit vector normal to the surface x  y  z  1 at (1, 1, 1) is

15. If  scalar functions then curl ( grad ) is

10. L(e at cos bt ) 

12. L(t sin at ) 

16. L(t 1/2 ) 

21. If L[ f (t )]  F [ s] then L[tf (t )] 

24. If L[ f (t )]  F [ s] then L[t n f (t )] 

27. If L[ f (t )]  F [ s] then L[ f ' (t )] 

36. The period of tan t is

37. The period of sin t is

44. Inverse Laplace transform of s is

45. If L1[ F (s)]  f (t ) then L1 ( F (as)) is

49. The value of e t  sin t 

1. Cauchy – Riemann equation in polar co-ordinates are

2. If w  f (z ) is analytic function of z , then

3. The function f ( z )  u  iv is analytic if

4. The function w  sin x cosh y  i cos x sinh y is

5. If u and v are harmonic, then u  iv is

6. If a function u ( x, y ) satisfies u xx  u yy  0, then u is

7. If u  iv is analytic, then the curves u  c1 and v  c2 are

9. The transformation w  cz where c is real constant represents

10. The complex function w  az where a is complex constant represents

13. If f(z) is analytic where f ( z )  r 2 cos 2  ir 2 sin p , the value of p is

15. The critical point of transformation w  z 2 is

16. An analytic function with constant modulus is

18. If f (z ) and f ( z ) are analytic function of z , then f (z ) is

21. If f(z) is regular function of z then,

22. The transformation w  z  c where c is a complex constant represents

1. A curve which does not cross itself is called a

(a) (b) 2 (c) (d) 0

 ( z  2) dz; (n  1) where c is the circle | z  2 | 4 is

curve and a is any point within c, is

closed curve and a is any point within c, is

11. Let be a circle, the f(z) can be expanded as a Taylor’s series if

12. Let and be two concentric circles ( ), the f ( z )

13. Let C1 :| z  a | R1 and C2 :| z  a | R2 be two concentric circles ( R2  R1 ), the annular

19. If f ( z ) is not analytic at z  z0 and there exists a neighborhood of z  z0 containing no

28. The residue of f ( z )  cot z is

Unit -I - MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

a) (b) (c) (d) X axis

(a) (b) (c) (d) Y axis

11. Area of a region in polar system is

(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) 1

 r sin drdda

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 0 (d) 4

(a) 1 (b) 1/2 (c) 2 (d) 3

25.If R is the region bounded x  0, y  0, x  y  1 then  dxdy is equal to

(a) 1 (b) 1/2 (c) 1/3 (d) 2/3

(a) 2/3 (b) 1/3 (c) 4/3 (d) 8/3