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Chapter 11

Human Eye

Humaneye: It is a light sensitive organ. It works on the refraction of light through a natural
convex lens made of transparent living material and enables us to see the things around us

It is almost spherical in shape with slight bulge in front of it. It has a diameter of about 2.3cm
The main parts of Human eye are: Cornea, Iris, Pupil, Ciliary Muscles, Eye Lens, Retina and Optic
nerves. The outermost part of eye is composed of three layers of tissues, namely Sclerotic,
Choroid and Retina

Ciliary rmusxles

Retina
hupul
lis- Optke nerve

Cornea

Vitreous hunour

1. Sclerotic: it is the outermost covering of eye. It consists of white 1orous tissues. It protects thee
vital parts of human eye.
2. Cheroid: The dark pigmented membranous layer attached to sclerotic on its inner side is called
choroid. Iit is richily supplied with blood vessels. It darkens the eye from inside & prevents any
internal reflection.
3. Retina: it is the innermost delicate membrane having large number of light sensitive cells called
Rods and Cones. It acts as a screen. The image formation takes place on it.
4. Cornea: The sclerotic layer continues in the front of eye as cornea. It is transparent white
portion of eye which covers the transparent bulge surface of the eye. Light enters the through
the cornea.
5. Iris &Pupil: Behind the cornea, there is an opaque diaphragm called iris and pupil. It provides
colour to eye. It has a central circular aperture called pupil. The iris regulates the amount of light
entering the eye by adjusting the size of pupil.
6. Crystalline lens: It is a transparent crystalline double convex lens situated just behind the iris. It
converge the liglit rays on retina.
The space between the cornea and eye lens is filled with a watery liquid called aqueous humour
and the space between eye lens and retina is filled with transparent jelly like substance called
vitreous humour which support the back of eye.
7. Ciliary Muscles: These hold the eye lens in its position. The ciliary muscles together with
suspensory ligaments can increase or decrease the focal length of the eye lens to see the objects
located at different positions.
8. Optic Nerves: There are about one million sepasrate fibers that connect the rods & cones of the
retina to the brain. It sends the signals generated by retina to the brain
9. Blind Spot: The point on the retina, where the optic nerves leaves the eye ball to go the brain
has no rods and cones cells. Any image formed at this point is not visible, as no signal is sent to
the brain. So, this point is called blind spot of the eye.
10. Yellow spot: Directly behind the pupil, a small yellow spot is situated on the retina. It comprises
entirely of cones. At this point a sharp and clear image is formed when we want to examine it
minutely.
Working of Human eye
1. The light coming from an object enters the eye through the cornea and pupil.
2. The crystalline lens focus the light rays to form real, inverted and diminished image on the
retina.
3. When the light rays fall on the retina, the light sensitive cells get activated upon ilumination
& generate the signals.
The signals are then sent to the brain by optic nerves.

brain interpretsthesignals and render t. erect ima e of ne

Power of Accomodation: The ability of eye lens to adjust its focal length so as to see the objects
placed anywhere.
Near point: The minimum distance at which objects can be seen most clearly without any strain
is called near point. For normal eye, the near point is 25cm.
Far point: The farthest point at which objects can be seen clearly without any strain is called far
point. For normal eye, the far point is infinity.
Range of vision: The distance between the far point and near point is called range of vision. For
normal eye, the range of vision is 25cm to infinity.

Defects of vision: The ability to see is called vision. It is also called as eye sight. Sometimes, the
eye may gradually lose its power of accommodation. In such a condition, the person can not see
the objects clearly and comfortably. He feels strain in the eyes. The vision becomes blurred due
to refractive defects of eye. There are mainly three common refractive defects of vision.

These are:

Myopia
Hypermetropia
Presbyopia
1. Myopia (NearSightedness)
It is that defect of vision due to which a person can not see the distant objects clearly but can
see the near objects clearly. The far point ofeye suffering from myopia decreases and it
becomes less than infinity.
The image formed in myopic eye for far objects, in front of retina.

Causes:
i)Elongation of eye ball
i) Decrease in the focal length of eye lens.

Corrections: This defect can be corrected by using Concave lens of suitable power.

(a) Far point of myopia eye

(b) myopla eye

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(c) Correction of myople

 HYpermetropla (Far Sightedness): t is that defect of vision due to which aperson can not
See the near objects clearly but can see the far objects clearly. The near point of eye sufrering
from hypermetropia increases and it becomes more than
The image formed in
25cm
hypermetropic eye for near objects, behind the retina.
Causes:
lii) Decrease in the size of
eye ball
vIncrease in the focal
length
of eye lens.
Corrections: This defect can be corrected
by using a convex lens of suitable power.

la) Near potnt of a Hypermetroplc eye

N N

b) Hypermetropic eye

(c) Correctionfor Hypermetropic eye

3 Presbyopia: This defect arises due to ageing of a person. The ciliary muscles are weakened

and flexibility of eye lens of human eye decreases with age of person.
As a result, human eye is
unable to see the near objects clearly. This defect is corrected
and far by using Bl focal lens
and convex lens.)
(Which consists of both concave

Concave Lens

Convex Lens

Bi focal Lens