Transport System in Plants and Animals

 Exquisite Morning everyone. It’s nice to see you virtually again. I just want
to apologize for not meeting you noong Monday, because we had the final
defense of Grade 12 and Grade 10. I am one of the panelist of grade 10 for
their research in science. Maghapon yun. I was not able to send you an
advisory. BTW it’s done. And we’re here now. I just want to remind you on
your PETA
 Performance Task, deadline (June 3), Exam (May 30-June 2)
 Probably our Topic today, this will be the last topic of Gen.bio 2
 Today, we are going to discuss the transportation system in plants and the
circulatory system in animals.
 (SLIDE) We will Compare and contrast the following processes in plants
and animals. These two require proper functioning of their body processes
to survive. So lets proceed first on the circulatory system. Among the most
important process of the body is the transport system or the circulation
process, which enables all other body systems to function smoothly and --
by supplying sufficient nutrients -- allows members of the species to go
about their normal activities.
 (SLIDE) You have learnt on previous discussions that all organisms need
food, water and oxygen para makasurvive sila. They need to transport all of
these to various parts of their body. And further, animals need to transport
wastes to parts from where they can be removed. As we discussed last
meeting, these waste can be removed from the body tru feces or urine. The
transport of substances in the body is done by the circulatory system. It
consists of heart, blood vessels and blood. These are the main parts of this
system. And the main organ here is the heart.
 (SLIDE) We will discuss first the function of the blood. Halimbawa
naghihiwa kayo ng sibuyas or ingredients ng lulutuin niyo, then you
accidentally cut your finger. Anong mangyayari or I mean what happens
when you get a cut on your body? Okay, blood flows out continuously.
Ano ba ang dugo? What is the main function of blood in the body? If we
say Blood, this is the fluid which flows in blood vessels. It serves as
transport system. Why blood consider as a transport system? Because it
provides supplies for cells, carrying chemical messages. It transports
substances like digested food from the small intestine to the other parts of
the body. It carries oxygen from the lungs to the different cells of the body.
 That’s why kahit san part ng katawan mo ang masugatan, may dugon a
lumalabas. Blood also travels through miles and miles of blood vessels to
reach every cell in our body. It also transports waste for removal from the
body. But have you ever wonder, how does blood carry various
substances?
 Blood is a liquid, which has cells of various kinds suspended in it. Blood
contains cells, fluid and other substances. Now what is blood made of?
 Did you know class that an adult human body has about 5 liters of blood.
Your body probably has a little less than that. Kasi dipende yan sa size and
weight. Of course sa mga payatot jan like me (CHariz) less than 5 liters. But
take note that the average human adult has nearly 5 liters of circulating
blood. Ayan susukatin na mamaya ni ________ kung ilang liters meron siya.
(Chariz)
 Blood is made up of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma.
Blood is a tissue because it is made of atleast 2 different cell types. If you
looked blood under microscope, have you ever experienced that? I was in
college nung naranasan ko siyang iobserve under microscope. Under
microscope, you would see these differently shape cells and platelets.
(SLIDE)
 (SLIDE) The fluid part of the blood is called the plasma. Kung bakit siya
fluid, Plasma is a mixture of water, minerals, nutrients, sugars, proteins and
other substances. It also carries waste. And one thing more, these RBC,
WBC, and platelets are found in plasma.
 Another type is the Red blood cells (RBC) which contain a red pigment
called the hemoglobin. Most blood in the body are red blood cells. RBC are
disk-shaped cells that do not have nucleus. The main function of RBC is
they bring oxygen to every cell in our body. Si hemoglobin binds with
oxygen and transports it to all parts of the body. Kapag mababa ang
hemoglobin content ng dugo ng isang tao, it will be difficult to provide
oxygen efficiently . Ang mangyayari, manghihina ang katawan, may
shortness ng paghinga, nahihilo or nagcacause siya ng pale look or yellow
skin. And mag-iiba ang color ng dugo mo kung lack or low hemoglobin
content ang RBC mo. Kasi si hemoglobin makes blood appear red in color.
And si hemoglobin din ay isang oxygen carrying protein.
 Next one is White blood cells (WBC) which fight against germs na
pwedeng pumasok sa loob ng katawan natin. Like for example si ________
nahulog dahil walang sumalo sa kanya. Ang kinalabasan is nasugatan siya.
 Nagdurugo ang puso niya, ay este dumugo ang sugat niya kako sana.
Halimbawa yung tuhod niya. Nagbike siya, natumba, then nasugatan ang
tuhod niya. Eventually, blood was coming out form the cut. After some time,
he noticed that the bleeding has stopped and a dark red clot had plugged the
cut. So natulala si ______. Bakit kaya biglang ngstop ang bleeding sa sugat?
A type of White blood cell (Macrophage) takes on the role of wound
protector. Its function is to fight infections and oversees the repair process.
These WBC induce healing of the wound. And may important role din si
Platelets kapag nasugatan tayo.
 So we have also PLATELETS. These are tiny pieces of larger cells found
in bone marrow which help in clotting of blood. Platelets last for only five to
ten days, but they have an important role. So balikan natin yung sugat
kanina. When you cut or accidentally scrape your skin, you bleed because
blood vessels have been cut open. Now, as soon as the bleeding starts,
platelets begin to clump together in the affected area or yung sa sugat
mismo. They form plug that reduce blood loss. These platelets release
chemicals that react with protein in plasma. Platelets are cells that help your
blood clot, and they contain special proteins called growth factors. Growth
factors play a crucial role in the healing and restoration of your body,
bringing extra collagen, oxygen, and other elements to damaged tissue.
So ganun yung nangyayari kapag nasusugatan tayo. Kapag naghihilom na
siya. Kiggang na siya. Yung black na nakikita niyo sa sugat.
 Now lets proceed to Blood vessels. Blood travels throughout your body in
tubes called blood vessels. What is the main function of blood vessels
naman? There are different types of blood vessels in the body. You know
that during inhalation a fresh supply of oxygen fills the lungs. Kaya mas
mainam na fresh air ang iniinhale natin. That Oxygen has to be transported
to the rest of the body. So the types of blood vessels are veins, arteries and
capillaries. (SLIDE) So ganito ang mga itsura ng veins arteries capillaries.
Let go over with their functions (SLIDE) Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood
from the heart to all parts of the body. Since the blood flow is rapid and at a
high pressure, the arteries have thick elastic walls. This elastic wall is a
smooth muscle. Each heartbeat pumps blood into your arteries at high
pressure, ito na yung tinatawag nating blood pressure. This pressure pushes
blood tru the arteries. Nakikita niyo sa picture that arteries have walls. These
walls are strong and stretch to withstand the pressure. Lets have a quick
 activity. Let us perform an activity to study the flow of blood through
arteries. Are you ready? Open your camera para makita ko kayo.
 Step 1: Place the middle and index finger of your right hand on the inner
side of your left wrist. Can you feel some throbbing movements? Why do
you think there is throbbing or the beat? This throbbing or beating is
called the pulse and it is due to the blood flowing in the arteries
 Step 2: Count the number of pulse beats in one minute. (After 1 minute)
How many pulse beats could you count? The number of beats per minute is
called the pulse rate.
 Did you know class that A resting person, usually has a pulse rate between
72 and 80 beats per minute. 1-3 years old ( 80-130 beats per minute) 3-5 yrs
old nasa 80-120, dipende sa edad and situation. Kapag ka pagod ka,
kinakabahan, natatakot, that the time na bibilis ang heart beat mo at tataas
ang heart rate mo. The same kapag Nakita mo si crush mo. (Chariz) try to
Find other places in your body where you can feel the pulse. Using a
stetoscope, you can get your heart rate also.
 Do you see the arteries divide into smaller vessels. On reaching the tissues,
they divide further into extremely thin tubes called capillaries. These are tiny
blood vessel that allows these exchange between body cells and the blood.
Nangyayari ang gas exchangebecause of capillary walls are only one cell
thick. Capillaries lead to veins. Veins are the vessels which carry carbon
dioxide-rich blood from all parts of the body back to the heart. The veins
have thin walls. There are valves present in veins which allow blood to flow
only towards the heart. The contraction of skeletal muscles around veins can
help blood move in the veins.
 Let’s now proceed to heart. Sino yung mga walang puso dito? (CHariz)
Nakakita na ba kayo ng pumping system na nawowork years from now
without stopping?? Siguro wala pa. Nasisira sila. Ang heart natin ay parang
pumping system. Our heart works like a pump non-stop. The heart is an
organ which beats continuously to act as a pump for the transport of blood,
which carries other substances with it. The heart is located in the chest
cavity with its lower tip slightly tilted towards the left. Kindly hold your
fingers inwards on your palm, like this. That makes your fist right? Your
heart is about the size of your fist. As we said earlier, the heart is an organ
which beats continuously to act as a pump for the transport of blood, which
carries other substances. When the heart muscles contracts, it squeezes the
blood inside the heart. Yung pagsqueeze ng puso natin, nagcrecreate siya ng
 pressure that pushes the blood through the body. (SLIDE) What will happen
if the blood rich in oxygen and the blood rich in carbon dioxide mix with
each other? Para maiwasan ang ganyang pangyayari, the heart has four
chambers. The two upper chambers are called the atria (singular: atrium)
The two top chambers are the right atrium and the left atrium. They receive
the blood entering the heart. A wall called the interatrial septum is between
the atria and the two lower chambers are called the ventricles. The two
bottom chambers are the right ventricle and the left ventricle. These pump
blood out of the heart. A wall called the interventricular septum is between
the two ventricles.
 May partition between the four chambers para maiwasan ang paghahalo ng
dugon a carrier ng oxygen at ng dugon a carrier ng carbon dioxide. (SLIDE)
To understand the functioning of the circulatory system,on how does blood
move through the body, start from the right side of the heart as shown in the
picture and follow the arrows to the lungs.. These arrows show the direction
of the blood flow from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart from
where it is pumped to the rest of the body. From the lungs it returns to the
left side of the heart. The blood is then pumped from the left side of the heart
to the body. It flows from the tiny capillaries around the body before
returning to the right side of the heart. Blood in the arteries that came out of
the heart is under great pressure because of the force from the pumping
action of the heart while blood in veins is under much less pressure because
veins have larger internal diameters than arteries. Pero slowly ang pagcarry
niya ng blood.
 (SLIDE)We have mentioned earlier, na yung walls ng chambers ng puso are
made up of muscles. And ang mga muscles na, they contract and relax
rhythmically. This rhythmic contraction followed by its relaxation produce a
heartbeat. Remember that heartbeats continue every moment of our life. If
you place your hand on the left side of your chest, you can feel your
heartbeat. And may mga part pa ng katawan natin where we can feel it.
Kapag nagpapadoktor tayo, The doctor feels your heartbeats with the help of
an instrument called a stethoscope. Ginagamit ng doctor ang stethoscope as
a device to amplify the sound of the heart. It consists of a chest piece that
carries a sensitive diaphragm, two ear pieces and a tube joining the parts.
Doctors can get clues about the condition of your heart by listening through
a stethoscope.
 (SLIDE) These are some of the problems that affect the cardiovascular
system natin. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death of many
 people. It can caused by smoking, poor diet, stress, physical inactivity or
other cases like heredity. So namamana din natin sa mga parents and
grandparents natin yung mga ganitong uri ng sakit. These are some of the
factors for heart disease.
 (SLIDE) Let us now venture the removal of waste in our body. Recall
respiration where carbon dioxide is removed as waste from the body through
the lungs during exhalation. Also recall that the undigested food is removed
during egestion. Let us now find out how the other waste materials are
removed from the body. When our cells perform their functions, certain
waste products are released. These are toxic and kailangan nilang lumabas sa
katawan natin. Like for example sa pakikipagkaibigan, if alam mo ng toxic
na ang paligid mo, nagiging toxic na mga kaibigan mo, that’s the time na
you need to eradicate them from your life. Diba? Nakakamatay kaya.
CHariz. So ganun din sa katawan natin, we need to eradicate all the toxic
waste (CO2, ammonia) para mamaintain natin ang balance sa katawan natin.
These waste kasi are toxic sa mga cells natin. If hinayaan natin ang toxic sa
cells natin, homeostasis will be disrupted and mamatay ang mga cells natin.
Kaya kapag naiihi or natatae na kayo, huwag niyong pigilan, masisira ang
buhay niyo. (Chariz, pero totoo)
 The process of removal of wastes produced in the cells of the living
organisms is called excretion. The parts involved in excretion forms the
excretory system.
 The waste which is present in the blood has to be removed from the body.
How can this be done? Paano ba nangyayari tong process na to? A
mechanism to filter the blood is required. This is done by the blood
capillaries in the kidneys. When the blood reaches the two kidneys, it
contains both useful and harmful substances. Finifilter niya ngayon. The
useful substances are absorbed back into the blood. The wastes dissolved in
water are removed as urine. (SLIDE) From the kidneys, the urine goes into
the urinary bladder through tube-like ureters. It is stored in the bladder and is
passed out through the urinary opening at the end of a muscular tube called
urethra as you can see in this picture. The kindeys, ureters, bladder and
urethra form the excretory system. The excretory system responsible in the
elimination of cellular wastes from the body through the lungs, skin, kidneys
and it includes also our digestive system tru the form of feces. Alam niyo ba
class, An adult human being normally passes about 1ñ1.8 L of urine in 24
hours. The urine consists of 95% water, 2.5% urea and 2.5% other waste
 products. Naglalabas din tayo ng toxins sa katawan natin tru sweating. Yung
pawis natin is a waste products. Meron siyang excess salts. Kaya kapag
natikman niyo ang pawis, diba mejo maalat alat. Kasi meron siyang salt
content. Also when we exhale, our lungs are part of the excretory and
respiratory systems, lungs release water and toxic carbon dioxide.
 In the previous lessons, you learnt that plants take water and mineral
nutrients from the soil through the roots and transport it to the leaves. Then
leaves prepare food for the plant, using water and carbon dioxide during
photosynthesis. You also learnt that food is the source of energy and every
cell of an organism gets energy by the breakdown of glucose. The cells use
this energy to carry out vital activities of life. Therefore, food must be made
available to every cell of an organism. Have you ever wondered how water
and nutrients absorbed by the root are transported to the leaves? How is the
food prepared by the leaves carried to the parts which cannot make food?
 We will now discuss the transport system in plants.
 Plants absorb water and minerals by the roots. The roots have root hair. The
root hair increase the surface area of the root for the absorption of water and
mineral nutrients dissolved in water. The root hair is in contact with the
water present between the soil particles. Can you guess how water moves
from the root to the leaves? What kind of transport system is present in
plants?
 (SLIDE)Plants have pipe-like vessels to transport water and nutrients from
the soil. The vessels are made of special cells, forming the vascular tissue.
The vascular tissue for the transport of water and nutrients in the plant is
called the xylem. The xylem forms a continuous network of channels that
connects roots to the leaves through the stem and branches and thus
transports water to the entire plant. We know naman na that leaves
synthesize food. The food has to be transported to all parts of the plant. This
is done by the vascular tissue called the phloem. Thus, xylem and phloem
transport substances in plants.
 Now, plants release a lot of water by the process of transpiration.
(SLIDE)Plants absorb mineral nutrients and water from the soil. Not all the
water absorbed is utilised by the plant. The water evaporates through the
stomata present on the surface of the leaves by the process of transpiration.
The evaporation of water from leaves generates a suction pull (the same that
you produce when you suck water through a straw) which can pull water to
great heights in the tall trees. Transpiration also cools the plant.