TECNICAS REUNIDAS, S.A.

STANDARD SPECIFICATION

NUMBER TITLE

J-101 DESIGN LOADS FOR STRUCTURES AND FOUNDATIONS

1 26/05/00 ALL
0 30/06/92 APPROVED P.V. J.C. J.A.N.
HEAD OF ENGINEERING
Rev. DATE REVISED PAGES ORIGINATOR
DEPARTMENT MANAGER
 DESIGN LOADS FOR STRUCTURES AND FOUNDATIONS SPECIFICATION Nº J-101

REVISION 1 Page A of A
DATE 26/05/00
TITLE
TECNICAS REUNIDAS S A

CONTENTS

1. GENERAL ......................................................................................................................... 1

1.1. Object ................................................................................................................................ 1

1.2. Scope ................................................................................................................................ 1

2. STANDARDS .................................................................................................................... 1

2.1. Of mandatory use.............................................................................................................. 1

2.2. Of orientation and consultation.......................................................................................... 1

3. LOADS AND OTHER ACTIONS ....................................................................................... 1

3.1. Live loads .......................................................................................................................... 1

3.2. Pipe racks.......................................................................................................................... 2

3.3. Thermal forces .................................................................................................................. 2

3.4. Impact loads ...................................................................................................................... 3

3.5. Erection loads.................................................................................................................... 3

3.6. Special maintenance loads ............................................................................................... 3

3.7. Vibration loads due to fluidized solid impact ..................................................................... 3

3.8. Forces due to the soils and the watertable........................................................................ 4

3.9. Loads due to wind and earthquake ................................................................................... 5

3.10. Loading assumptions ........................................................................................................ 5

3.10.1. Erection 5

3.10.2. Normal operation............................................................................................................... 5

3.10.3. Abnormal operation ........................................................................................................... 6

3.10.4. Test 6
 DESIGN LOADS FOR STRUCTURES AND FOUNDATIONS SPECIFICATION Nº J-101

REVISION 1 Page 1 of 8
DATE 26/05/00
TITLE
TECNICAS REUNIDAS S A

1. GENERAL

1.1. Object

This Specification has the purpose of establishing the requirements that must be considered in the selection of loads for the design of structures and
foundations.

1.2. Scope

This Specification is applicable to any type of structure and foundation as well as to the elements which make it up.

2. STANDARDS

2.1. Of mandatory use

- NCSE-94-Norma de construcción. Sismorresistente. Parte General y Edificación (Construction Standard. Earthquake resistant. General Part
and Building)

- Norma Básica de la Edificación NBE-AE-88 “Acciones en la Edificación” (Building Loads)

- Instrucción EH-91 “Instrucción para el Proyecto y la Ejecución de Obras de Hormigón en Masa o Armado” (Instruction for the Project and
Execution of Plain or Reinforced Concrete Works)

- Instrucción EF-88 “Instrucción para el Proyecto y la Ejecución de Forjados Unidireccionales de Hormigón Armado o Pretensado” (Instruction
for the Project and Execution of One-way Reinforced Concrete or Prestressed Slabs)

- Instrucción EP-93 “Instrucción para el Proyecto y la Ejecución de Obras de Hormigón Pretensado” (Instruction for the Project and Execution of
Prestressed Concrete Works)

2.2. Of orientation and consultation

- AISC Code

- ACI 318 Code

- UBC (Uniform Building Code)

3. LOADS AND OTHER ACTIONS

3.1. Live loads

The live loads to be considered in each project will appear in the specifications thereof. The Project Supervisor in accordance with the characteristics of
the project will impose those that are suitable to the case. Herebelow are shown some of a general type which will be used in the case that nothing else
is mentioned in the respective specification.

For the design of structures, with independence of the dead load, permanent loads and live loads of the ground (due to its own weight or to pressure) the
following characteristic values of the exploitation or operation live loads will be considered:
 DESIGN LOADS FOR STRUCTURES AND FOUNDATIONS SPECIFICATION Nº J-101

REVISION 1 Page 2 of 8
DATE 26/05/00
TITLE
TECNICAS REUNIDAS S A

• Operating platforms, corridors and access platforms ....................250 kg/m2

• Service platforms where temporarily parts of equipment, spare

parts or very heavy tools may be deposited ...............................500 kg/m2

• Stairways ...............................................................................500 kg/m2

• Pipe loads on equipment: unless exact estimates are available,

an increase of 10% on the equipment weight will be used,

but never less than ..................................................................150 kg/m2

• Handrails ................................................................................150 kg/m

3.2. Pipe racks

- For the design of pipe racks, the following loads will be considered per unit of surface, when more exact data cannot be obtained previously;

• Operating pipe loads when the pipe is larger than 12”....... 200 kg/m2

• Pipes with diameter >12” will be considered as concentrated loads.

- The longitudinal tie beams of frames will be designed to support as a minimum a concentrated load in the center of the span of 1000 kg.

- When the distance between frames is equal to or larger than 8 m, the tie beams of frames will be designed taking into consideration the wind
load.

- It will be considered that the wind load on frames acts on a minimum height of 1.00 m per pipe tray.

3.3. Thermal forces

Normally and unless exceptional circumstances appear:

- The indirect loads in the combination of structures derived from thermal effects will not be considered, so that expansion joints to be
conveniently distributed must be provided.

- The friction forces caused by expansion or contraction, by changes of temperature, will be considered in the following cases:

• Partial anchoring of pipes or equipment

• Sliding or friction of equipment

• In the expansion or contraction of structures, equipment and pipes, the following friction coefficients will be considered:

• Supports on rollers ……………………………………..0.07

 DESIGN LOADS FOR STRUCTURES AND FOUNDATIONS SPECIFICATION Nº J-101

REVISION 1 Page 3 of 8
DATE 26/05/00
TITLE
TECNICAS REUNIDAS S A

• Teflon plates with teflon ………………………………0.10

• Steel plates with steel …………………………………0.40

• Steel plates with concrete …………………………….0.45

• Pipe trays and supports .……………………………….0.15

3.4. Impact loads

The minimum impact loads or dynamic effects will be the following:

ELEMENT DESIGNED APPLICATION OF THE LOAD IMPACT LOAD

Travelling crane rails Per UNE-76-201-88 Per UNE-76-201-88

Hoist beams 25% of the load to be lifted

Vertical

Longitudinal 10% of the load on wheels

Vertical 25% of the load to be lifted

Davits
20% of the weight of lifting movable
Lateral
equipment

3.5. Erection loads

- As erection loads, the temporary loads and forces caused by equipment erection must be considered.

- When they are not known, a load of 1.000 kg applied in the center of the beam spans will be taken into account.

3.6. Special maintenance loads

- When it is required to extract the pipe bundles of special equipment (mainly heat exchangers), a horizontal force applied to the axis of
equipment will be considered, equivalent to 100% of the pipe bundle weight, when the weight is equal or less than 2.5 t.

- Equal to 50% of the pipe bundle weight when it is larger than 2.5 t but taking into account that its value will not be less than 2.5 t.

- The fixed support will be calculated for 100% of the force necessary for extraction.

- The davits (except those of manhole) will be calculated for the heaviest equipment to be lifted, plus 25% for impact, but never less than a total
of 500 kg. The design will be based in the use of a simple pulley. The maximum allowable load will be clearly marked in all davits.

3.7. Vibration loads due to fluidized solid impact

– Normal impact forces are those corresponding to the average height and density of the fluid bed in process vessels and pipes during normal
operation of the unit.

– Extraordinary impact forces are those corresponding to the most severe of the following conditions:
 DESIGN LOADS FOR STRUCTURES AND FOUNDATIONS SPECIFICATION Nº J-101

REVISION 1 Page 4 of 8
DATE 26/05/00
TITLE
TECNICAS REUNIDAS S A

• Maximum height and density of fluid bed in process vessels and pipes during normal operation of the unit.

• The most unfavorable combination of height and density of fluid bed which can appear during start-up or stoppage of the unit.

- The following symbols will be used:

P= Weight of fluidized solid in the vessel and its nozzles

Fx= Lateral impact force at level (x)

N= Minimum number of levels in the process vessel

T = Total impact force, expressed in % of (P)

Wx= Part of (W) corresponding to level (x)

W= Overall weight of the process vessel, including pipes, isolation, platforms and fluidized solid (P).

- For the design, the following will be taken into consideration:

• The whole structure which supports process vessels with fluidized solids must be designed and built to resist the impact forces.

• The impact forces will be considered as static lateral loads.

• The magnitude of the overall impact force (T) will be for a single unit of FCC equal to 0.1 of (P).

• The impact force for any level (x) of the process vessel will be determined by the formula:

T.WX
FX =
W

• The impact forces (Fx) will be applied to (N) levels in the process vessels.The number of levels (N) will not be less than the overall
vertical length of the vessel divided by the largest outside diameter thereof. The levels will be spaced at vertical distances similar
above and below the supporting level.

• The impact forces will be considered in any horizontal direction which can give way to the largest stress or overturning moment.

• For each vessel of the unit, the impact forces (Fx) will be considered acting in each one of the following combinations:

The impact forces above and below the supporting level acting in any direction.

The impact forces above the supporting level acting alone in the same direction.

The impact forces above and below the supporting level acting in opposition.

• For units with various vessels, the overall impact forces for all the vessels will be considered to act simultaneously in the same
horizontal direction.

• The process vessels with fluidified solids will be connected to their supporting structure above and below the supporting level. These
connections must be designed and located so as to minimize the impact vibration.

The stiffness of the mentioned connections of the vessel and the support structure should be taken into consideration upon
determining how the impact forces are transmitted from the vessel to the supporting structure and to the foundation.

3.8. Forces due to the soils and the watertable

- The buried works such as pools, pits, manholes, sumps, etc. must resist under empty conditions the earth pressures and the pressure due to
the watertable if applicable.

- They must also be calculated to resist the forces to which they will be subjected when full of water.
 DESIGN LOADS FOR STRUCTURES AND FOUNDATIONS SPECIFICATION Nº J-101

REVISION 1 Page 5 of 8
DATE 26/05/00
TITLE
TECNICAS REUNIDAS S A

3.9. Loads due to wind and earthquake

- For loads due to wind, the Basic Code of Building NBE-AE-88 “Acciones en la Edificación” (Building Loads) will be applied.

- For loads due to earthquake, the Code NCSE-94 “Norma de Construcción Sismorresistente. Parte General y Edificación” (Earthquake
resistant Construction Code. General Part and Building) will be applied.

3.10. Loading assumptions

The loading assumptions to be taken into consideration in the design and calculation of the structures and foundations will be the following (all are
additive).

3.10.1. Erection

– Deadload of structure (without including fireproofing lining).

– Weight of empty equipment (without including insulation, internal elements and platforms supported on the equipment).

– Earth pressures.

– Erection loads.

– Wind.

3.10.2. Normal operation

– Dead load of the structure, including fireproofing lining.

– Dead load of equipment, including all the internals, insulation and platforms supported from the equipment.

– Dead load of piping plus insulation.

– Operating weight of the “fluid” or material treated in the equipment and piping under operation, plus its insulation.

– Live loads of exploitation or use.

– Special maintenance loads.

– Thermal origin forces.

– Impact effects.

– Impact effects of normal loads by “impact” of fluidified solids.

– Unbalanced forces coming from vibrating equipment or fluids agitation.

– Earth pressure or pressure from stored materials.

– Snow load.

– Wind or earthquake forces. The most unfavorable one will be consdiered from among the following assumptions: earthquake + 50%
wind or only wind.
 DESIGN LOADS FOR STRUCTURES AND FOUNDATIONS SPECIFICATION Nº J-101

REVISION 1 Page 6 of 8
DATE 26/05/00
TITLE
TECNICAS REUNIDAS S A

– When the characteristics of the structure and the conditions of the ground so advise, the differential settlements of the foundations
will be studied insofar as their effects are concerned.

– When differential setttlements may appear between adjacent structures or between these and equipment, which could affect directly
or indirectly to nozzles…….they shall be taken into consideration as one more assumption.

– The differential settlements will be obtained from the geotechnical report or derived from the tests which for that purpose must exist
in the project soil report.

3.10.3. Abnormal operation

– The same considerations of load assumptions than in “Normal Operation” will be used with the following modifications:

– Weights of the fluids for the most unfavorable case between operation, start-up or stoppage.

– Impact loads of abnormal fluidified solids.

– Loads due to 50% of the wind.

3.10.4. Test

– Dead load of structure, including fireproofing.

– Dead load of equipment, including all internals, insulation and platforms supported from the equipment.

– Dead load of piping plus insulation.

– Weight of equipment in water test, foreseeing the possibility of simultaneousness of testing all equipment or each equipment
separately.

– Explotation or use live loads.

– Earth pressures.

– Loads due to 50% of the wind.

– The project supervisor will fix in the respective specification, in agreement with the Project Management or Process or Piping or
Towers and Tanks Departments the equipment which due to the fact of being tested on the ground will not be taken into
consideration as one more assumption in these conditions.

– Care must be taken of the importance to the structure of having large equipment which due to their process do not operate full of
fluid, but which must be tested during stoppages full of water, so that the supervisor must take this factor into account upon fixing this
possibility in the respective specification.