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MAY/JUNE 20I7

CARIBBEAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL

CARIBBEAN ADVANCED PROFICIENCY EXAMINATION@
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
AGRICULTURE, ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
UNIT 2 -Paper 02
2 hours 30 minutes

READ THE FOLLOWING INSTRUCTIONS CAREFULLY.

I This paper consists of SIX questions in THREE sections. Answer ALL

questions.

2. Write your answers in the spaces provided in this booklet.

J Do NOT write in the margins

4 You may use a silent, non-programmable, scientific calculator to answer

questions.

5 If you need to rewrite any answer and there is not enough space to do so
on the original page, you must use the extra lined page(s) provided at the
back of this booklet. Remember to draw a line through your original
answer.

6 If you use the extra page(s) you MUST write the question number
clearly in the box provided at the top of the extra page(s) and' where
relevant, include the question part beside the answer.

DO NOT TURN THIS PAGE UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO.

Copyright O 2015 Caribbean Examinations Council

All rights reserved.
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MODULE 1

Answer BOTH questions.

1. (a) Outline TWO reasons why agriculture is important in the Caribbean.

[4 marks]

(b) (i) Draw a diagram to illustrate the environmentally sustainable practice of temacing in
agricultural systems.

[3 marks]
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(ii) Name ONE other environmentally sustainable practice used in agricultural systems.

I mark]

(c) Outline THREE ways in which genetic engineering can be used to improve agriculture.

[6 marks]

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r (d) Discuss TWO negative effects of using agrochemicals
-6- -l

[6 marksl

Total20 marks

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NOTHING WAS OMITTED.

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2.
-8-

An environmental science student proposed the device in Figure 1 as a model for a sustainable
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agriculture project. The system is manually irrigated daily with a fertilizer solution and flushed
weekly with tap water.

Ilre containing
sharp sand

F'igure 1. Sustainable agriculture method

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 r (a)
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Discuss THREE advantages of using the device shown in Figure l.

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[6 marksl

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r (b)
-10-

Two features of sustainable agriculture are economic viability and ecological integrity.
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Evaluate the ability of the device in Figure 1 to achieve economic viability and ecological
integrity.

[8 marks]

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 r (c) (i)
- ll -

List THREE factors that may threaten sustainable agriculture.

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[3 marksl

(ii) Using an example, explain how any ONE of the factors listed in (c) (i) may threaten
sustai nable agriculture.

[3 marksl

Total20 marks

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0222002011 J
r MODULE
-t2-

2
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Answer BOTH questions.

3 Figure 2 is a pie chart showing the energy usage in a Caribbean country. The total energy usage
for the country is 1.84 x 107 gigajoules (GJ).

Commercial
Residential

750

1000

Transportation

Industrial

Figure 2. Energy use in a Caribbean country

(a) (i) calculate, showing all working, the percentage of energy in this country that is
used for the transportation sector.

[2 marks]

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 r (ii)
- 13 -

Given that the total energy consumed in this Caribbean country is

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I .84 x l0? gigajoules, calculate, showing all working, the total amount of energy
consumed by the residential and industrial sectors.

[4 marksl

(b) (i) Distinguish between 'energy conservation'and 'energy efficiency'

[2 marksl

(ii) State TWO energy conservation methods that may be used in

the transportation
sector

[2 marksl

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(iii) Explain what is meant by the term 'social cost of energy use'. Illustrate your
response with a suitable example.

[4 marks]
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(c) Discuss TWO environmental impacts of using fossil fuels as an energy source.

[6 marksl

Total20 marks

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4. (a)
-16-

Electricity is described as a secondary energy source. State ONE primary energy source and
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distinguish between'primary' and'secondary' sources of energy.

[3 marksl
(b) At a conference, a speaker states that "the world's socioeconomic dependency on fossil fuel
combustion will make it difficult to reduce carbon dioxide emissions". Explain this statement.

[3 marks]
(c) (i) Define the term 'effiiciency of conversion,as it refers to energy.

[2 marksl

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 r (ii)
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A Caribbean family consumes 7 200 MJ of energy per year on household lighting

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using incandescent light bulbs. Only 432 MJ of the energy used is actually
converted into light. Calculate the efficiency of conversion of these light bulbs
and suggest TWO ways in which the family could improve its energy usage for
household lighting.

[4 marksl

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(d) The graph below shows the cost of gasoline in a Caribbean country from 1975 to 201 5

1.50

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1.25
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t97s 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Year

Figure 3. cost of gasoline in a caribbean country from 1975 to 2015

(i) What was the price of gasoline in 2000?

I markl
(ii) Describe the OVERALL trend illustrated in the graph

[3 marksl

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 r (iii)
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The government of this Caribbean country is considering encouraging the use of

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electric vehicles as a means of reducing energy spending. Some opponents of the
plan say that this will not reduce energy spending, as the vehicles will have to use
fossil-fuel generated electricity to charge their batteries. Evaluate the suitability
of the use of electric vehicles for this purpose, given the information in Figure 3.

[4 marksl

Total20 marks

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r MODULE
.20 -

3
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Answer BOTH questions.

5. Thble I shows the amount of different types of municipal waste generated by a country.

TABLE 1: MUNICIPALWASTE GENERATED BYACOUNTRY

I}pe of Waste Tonnes

Paper 200
Glass 50
Plastic 500
Aluminium 300

(a) Draw a bar graph on the grid provided on page 21 to illustrate the information in Table 1.

[5 marksl

(b) Use suitable equations to explain how the use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) destroys the
ozone layer.

[6 marksl
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(c) State THREE health risks associated with ozone depletion.

[3 marksl

(d) Explain how the Montreal Protocol helps to reduce ozone depletion

[6 marksl

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Total20 marks
6. Figure 4 is a diagram showing a cross section of a solid waste disposal site and Figure 5 is a
diagram showing an aerial view of the same solid waste disposal site.

Buried solid weste

Porous soil

To pumping

Aquifer (groundwater suPPlY)

Figure 4. Cross section of solid waste disposal site

Mangrove ecosystem

Buried
solid
waste
Sewage disposal Pits

Dual carriageway (highwaY)

Scrap iron sorting end storage

Residential communities School

Figure 5. Aerial view of solid waste disposal site

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(a) Use Figures 4 and 5 to discuss TWO impacts that may occur as a result of the activities
carried out at the solid waste disposal site.

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[6 marksl
(b) (i) ldentify TWO critical parts that are missing from the landfill in Figure 4.

[2 marks]

:.t15;l (i i) Recycling is one mechanism that can reduce land pollution from landfills by
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reducing waste materials in the landfill. Outline THREE critical steps that are
required for a recycling project to work.

[3 marksl

(iii) Evaluate whether large-scale recycling would be feasible in the Caribbean

context.

:<.:
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[3 marksl

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(c) An environmental conservation group recommended incineration as an alternative method :'lET'.'
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for treating the hazardous waste which is brought to the site in Figure 4. State THREE
advantages and THREE disadvantages of incineration. iLr-.
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