Abstract-

The term Brexit means the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union. In
2015, the UK Parliament launched the legal framework for the Brexit Referendum in line with
the European Union Referendum Act and the Conservative Party's election manifesto. It has
been announced that the Prime Minister of the UK, David Cameron, that in the event of the re-
election of the Conservative Party to the government, they will hold a referendum to determine
public opinion on the continued EU membership in the UK. Thus, after coming to power in the
run-up to the 2015 general elections, in mid-2016 the government held a so-called Brexit
referendum in which 51.9% of voters decided that the UK should leave the EU. Since 2010, the
free movement of EU citizens to the UK has become one of the most politicized issues in the
UK, with a special focus on the so-called welfare tourism. Migration has turned from a matter
of some concern to a source of instability, with migrants labeled as cultural and security
threats.
Thus, immigration was one of the most emotive, contentious issues of the Brexit referendum
campaign in 2016, and reached so many controversies, such as Farage’s infamous poster,
urging the British citizens to take back control of borders.

The article aims to briefly reveal the UK’s short history of migration, then the focus will move
on to the withdrawal agreement and its impact on migration and the risks associated with a no-
deal scenario. The changes induced by Brexit in the migration and mobility processes are
diverse, therefore, the objective of the Withdrawal Agreement is to limit to a minimum the
disruption to people’s lives that the UK’s departure might cause.

THE IMPACT OF BREXIT ON THE FREE MOVEMENT OF PERSONS

The phrase Brexit is a mixture of "Britain" and "exit". the United Kingdom held a referendum on
its European membership on June 23, 2016, ensuing in most people of the electorate (51.89%)
balloting to depart the European Union. The UK left the EU on January 31, 2020. The transition
length lasted till December 31, 2020. On January 1, 2021, the rules set out within the new
European-United Kingdom partnership agreement went into impact.

If you already live in the Netherlands on or before 31 December 2020, you will have difficulties
having an agreement. This means that you will need to use for a house permit before July 1,
2021, to live in the Netherlands. With this file, you will also be able to hold working within the
Netherlands without a work permit.

If you have lived in the Netherlands for less than five years, you could observe for a transient
house permit. If, however, you have lived inside the Netherlands for more than 5 consecutive
years, you could follow for everlasting residency.

All UK folks that were registered in their municipality before 1 August 2020, must have obtained
an invitation letter from IND to use for a residence allow.

The exceptions are made within the following cases:

If you are from the UK and hold European, EEA, or Swiss citizenship.

If you are going to live with a member of the family who falls beneath the withdrawal
agreement, the circle of relatives reunification is still feasible after Brexit.

In case you are a UK citizen with a permanent house permit, this includes a long-term ECU
house that allows you to change your permanent residence permit from the UK and acquire a
Dutch everlasting house report under the withdrawal settlement.

In case you are from other states and you’re courting together with your UK accomplice is
terminated due to death or divorce. you'll be living within the Netherlands beneath EU conditions
with regards to having a job inside the Netherlands and also you need a piece permit, all of it
relies upon whether you got here to live within the Netherlands earlier than or at some point of
the transition period.
In case you arrive within the Netherlands on or before December 31, 2020, you fall below a
waiver settlement, because of this you could keep to paintings in the Netherlands without piece
permission, as long as you've got a house to allow.

If you arrive inside the Netherlands after 31 December 2020 your corporation will want you to
use a piece permit from UWV, in case you are to paintings in the Netherlands for much less than
ninety days. if you are going to paintings inside the Netherlands for greater than ninety days,
your business enterprise needs to apply for a work-related residency allow inside the IND.

In case you are traveling to the UK from the Netherlands, you may nonetheless use your
identification card up to and including September 30, 2021. From October 1, 2021, you may
need a valid passport. Being a UK citizen under a withdrawal agreement, you may use your
identification card to travel between the United Kingdom and the Netherlands till the end of
2025. Please notice that you can want to offer evidence that you fall underneath this settlement.

Will I still be able to force with my UK license after Brexit?

The solution depends on where you live. If you live in the UK and visit the Netherlands for a
brief time, sure, you can pressure together with your United Kingdom license. However, if you
live inside the Netherlands, and you've got a United Kingdom driver's license, you will need to
exchange it to get a Dutch driving force's license from the municipality. This requires you to
submit a health statement to a principal vehicle checking out center (CBR).

Will I nevertheless be able to get Dutch put up-Brexit health care?

If you go to the Netherlands before the end of the transition duration, not anything will trade for
you. you may be capable of using Dutch health care. However, this could not be the case in case
you flow to the Netherlands after the give up of the transition a. this could rely upon agreements
made between the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. You're suggested to take out Dutch
medical insurance within 4 months of arriving in the Netherlands.

Please note that you'll always be eligible for Dutch fitness care if you fall beneath the Dutch
health insurance Act and the permanent Care Act (WLZ), for example, in case you live in the
Netherlands and acquire a United Kingdom pension. In this case, you'll additionally want to take
out health insurance.
Do I nonetheless have the proper to receive Dutch social safety blessings after Brexit?

If you circulate to the Netherlands earlier than the give up of the transition period, you fall
beneath a withdrawal agreement, which means you may get your blessings so long as you meet
the necessities.

When you have moved to the Netherlands after the transition duration, you are not situation to
the withdrawal agreement. Whether he'll nonetheless be capable of acquire Dutch social security
advantages isn't always but recognized. this could depend upon agreements made between the
United Kingdom and the Netherlands. If no agreements are made, positive social safety benefits
will now not be paid within the United Kingdom (or perhaps in element).

Uploading merchandise from the UK put up-Brexit

If you purchase something online in the UK, the same rules practice to ordering items outdoor
the EU, which means that you may pay VAT on merchandise costing greater than 22 Euros, and
you will have to pay additional local taxes of One hundred fifty Euros.

To convey food products to the Netherlands from the UK post-Brexit

Due to the fact 2021, there are strict regulations when it comes to importing food into the
Netherlands from the United Kingdom. You're not allowed to bring meat, fish, or dairy
merchandise.

Can I take my pet to the Netherlands after Brexit?

As of January 2021, European pets exported from the UK are now not allowed. this means you'll
want a fitness certificate issued by a UK legitimate as a substitute. Your puppy will need a
pinafore as a way to diagnose you and the rabies vaccine. if your puppy is a covered species, you
can additionally need CITES approval.

Brexit: Netherlands receives particular variations in Bilingual Cooperation

So far, Dutch residents dwelling inside the United Kingdom have been inside the catch-22
popularity, as they are compelled to select between keeping their Dutch citizenship or protecting
their United Kingdom rights with the aid of acquiring United Kingdom citizenship.
A Dutch citizen who chooses to acquire United Kingdom citizenship in guidance for Brexit,
consequently, will robotically lose his or her Dutch citizenship - until she or he is a UK citizen or
a native of the UK. The brand-new exceptions furnished through law are timely, and the Brexit
transition duration will give up on 31 December.

So, as we cross down the Brexit line, the Netherlands has created a final-minute answer for its
United Kingdom citizens: On 5 October 2020, the Rijkswet Inperking Gevolgen Brexit turned
published. The regulation aims to guard the rights of Dutch residents living in the UK via
allowing alternatives to be constrained to a law prohibiting dual Dutch citizenship.

The law lets Dutch residents in the UK who select to gain UK citizenship keep their Dutch
citizenship while the subsequent conditions are met:

Dutch children of mother and father obtaining United Kingdom citizenship or applying for UK
citizenship also can keep their Dutch citizenship. within the previous case, they may have to
expose that their first location of residence was inside the UK among 23 June 2016 or their date
of delivery, and the date on which the concerned parent acquired UK citizenship. inside the latter
case, software for UK citizenship must be submitted between 23 June 2016 and 6 months after
the commencement of the new law, or within 18 months after obtaining a house permit in the
United Kingdom.

The "alternative" to regaining Dutch citizenship

In some restrictive instances, the Dutch citizenship regulation gives for a "choice technique,"
which is a simplified system for acquiring Dutch citizenship.

The law will best come into effect if no settlement is reached between the UK and the EU that
consists of good enough protections for Dutch human beings inside the United Kingdom. If this
occurs, the Royal assertion dictating the powerful date of the regulation will be adopted.

Conversely, if a settlement is reached, a Royal announcement could be published, mentioning the

date on which the safety furnished by means of this regulation will no longer follow. The
protection provided through the law will nevertheless observe to Dutch citizens within the
United Kingdom who publish applications for United Kingdom citizenship before an agreement
can be reached.
Dutch tribes inside the United Kingdom

In brief, Dutch humans and their circle of relatives individuals who flow to the UK on or before
31 can maintain to stay and work in the UK after that date in the event that they apply to resolve
their previous troubles below the European agreement Scheme with the aid of 30 June 2021.
citizens who have been within the UK for five years or more can practice for balance.

Fragomen can advise Dutch people in the UK on qualifying for UK citizenship while
maintaining their Dutch citizenship, as well as those applying for pre-settlement and residency in
the UK.

What will happen to British citizens living and working in Europe?

The UK government has three separate agreements with 31 European countries that adopt
freedom of movement. Each treaty provides a strong measure of protection for British citizens
living in or moving to Europe until the end of the transition period. 

1. The Withdrawal Agreement guarantees British citizens (legally residing in EU member

states) the same rights as they currently have. They can continue to live, work and travel
(although these rights will expire after a leave of absence of more than five years). The
same will apply to British citizens moving to the EU during the transition period, which
is expected to end on 31 December 2020. This is because freedom of movement will
continue to operate during this period.
2. A separate agreement with Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein - three non-EU countries
that have the freedom of movement as part of their European Economic Area (EEA)
membership. This agreement is the same as the gift in the Withdrawal Agreement.
3. An agreement with Switzerland – not in the EEA but accepts freedom of movement. It
also mirrors the offer in the Withdrawal Agreement.
These agreements do not apply to British citizens who wish to move to the EU, Norway, Iceland,
Liechtenstein, and Switzerland after the end of the revolution.
British citizens currently living in the EU, or migrating there during the transition period, will
need to apply for residency in their own country of origin by 30 June 2021. However, on
September 28, 2020, the EU confirmed that other member states were looking to extend this time
limit due to the outbreak of the coronavirus. Payment terms and conditions vary between EU
countries.
It is not yet clear whether British citizens living in EU countries will be able to travel freely to
other EU countries after Brexit. That will be addressed in negotiations on future UK-EU
relations.
What about British citizens who work and live in Ireland?
The rights of British citizens in Ireland (and vice versa) are enshrined under the Irish Act 1949,
which will continue to apply after 2020. Under this arrangement, British citizens living in Ireland
will not have to apply for residency. Their rights will remain the same.
However, both the UK and Ireland have not yet implemented the necessary provisions for
automatic qualification recognition. Without them, there is a risk that diplomas obtained in the
UK are no longer seen in Ireland, and vice versa. The Irish government encourages British
citizens living in Ireland to be recognized by the appropriate Irish administration; this will ensure
that they can continue to operate in Ireland and elsewhere in the EU without being affected.

What will happen to British citizens working and living in the EU if we do not have a UK-EU
trade agreement by the end of 2020?
Their rights are guaranteed under the Withdrawal Agreement, that came into force on 1st
February 2020. It states that British citizens legally residing in EU member states before 1
January 2021 will be able to continue living, working, and moving (although these rights cease
after taking a leave of more than five years). British citizens will have time until June 30,2021 to
apply for accommodation, although some member states have said they will extend the deadline.
It is the responsibility of each member state to set up a payment system to register British
citizens. The government has been expanding its relationship with the EU capital in this regard.

Will British citizens in EU27 be able to return to the UK with non-British family members?
British citizens living in the EEA before 31 December 2020 will be able to return to the UK with
immediate non-English family members (EU and non-EU) as long as the relationship begins
before 31 January 2020. They will need to apply for government applications. The EU
Settlement Scheme will also hold until 31 March 2022 to do so.
Close family members living with British citizens in the EU during the transition (but who did
not live together before 31 January 2020) will also be able to join British citizens returning to the
UK by 31 December 2020. Family members will need to apply through the government's EU
Settlement Scheme. For those family members who move to the UK after 31 December 2020,
they will have to apply in accordance with existing UK immigration laws.
British citizens will not need a visa to travel to the EU until 31 December 2020. This is because
freedom of movement will continue to operate during the transition period.
The EU has agreed to include the UK in the EU list of countries without visas. This gives British
citizens the right to visit the EU after a transition period of up to 90 days without a visa within
any 180-day period. There may be conditions for the UK to provide free visa travel to EU
citizens traveling to the UK. Temporary business travel visas and long travel to the EU will be
the subject of negotiations between the UK and the EU.
Following this change, EU border guards may ask UK people for more information including the
number of days and purpose for their stay. Passports must be valid for at least six months after
the end of the trip. They will also need valid travel insurance.
Will British citizens be able to move to the EU after the transition period?
The automatic right to live and work in the EU expires after a period of change. British citizens
wishing to relocate and work in an EU country will be required to apply in accordance with
existing immigration laws.
Those who want to work in the EU after 31 December 2020 will need to make sure that their
professional qualifications are recognized in the EU.

Impact of Brexit on the European Union

The effect of Brexit on the European Union (EU) became predicted to bring about social and
monetary adjustments to the Union, however additionally long term political and institutional
shifts. The quantity of those outcomes continues to be incredibly speculative till the perfect
phrases of the United Kingdom's post-Brexit courting with the EU will become clean. With a
cease to British participation withinside the EU's rules on freedom of motion of items, persons,
offerings, and capital, and the European Union Customs Union, in addition to sharing crook
intelligence and different matters, there's a clean effect with results for each institution.
Free motion of humans is one of the EU’s maximum celebrated achievements. According to the
December Eurobarometer survey, 81% of Europeans suppose unfastened motion has benefitted
the economic system. Yet in Britain, it's far regularly mentioned as one of the fundamental
motives why humans voted to depart the European Union.
Despite their ambivalence closer to the proper that the EU club gave them to paintings, live, have
a look at, or retire everywhere withinside the EU, British humans made correct use of the
possibilities supplied through unfastened motion. Some estimates placed the variety of British
residents presently resident in EU member states as excessive as 1.3 million.
Free motion additionally intended that the United Kingdom had unfettered get entry to the
European marketplace, inclusive of the liberty to change now no longer simply in items but
additionally in offerings. As 80% of the United Kingdom's economic system is a product of
offerings, that became precious freedom to have, mainly for the ones operating withinside the
monetary offerings sector.
Most of the mistakes within the new EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement come out
without delay in the fact that the United Kingdom has unilaterally decided to stop the
unstructured movement. In fact, one could say that the relationship between unstable movement
and transformation is not so clear-cut. Business is destroyed by people, and in general, by
people. The buyer is independent and the company must be committed to the needs of the
customers, including the desire to move freely.
Citizenship of an EU member nation became a precondition of totally free motion rights in the
EU. Moreover, unfastened motions have become an aspect of a brand-new class of citizenship –
EU citizenship – which additionally conferred the proper to face and vote in neighborhood
elections in any other EU member nation.
With unfastened motion got here the proper to same remedy. In the quarter-century after the
Maastricht Treaty got here into effect, the European Court of Justice made some of the key
rulings which clarified what unfastened motion became approximately and who it became for.
The solution the Court got here up with time and again became that unfastened motion is for
humans (in preference to people, despite the fact that people are of route humans).
Equal remedy additionally intended same get entry to the labor and housing markets. Without
unfastened motion rights, making sure the same get entry stays a challenge. That is the case even
after the excessive take-up of the government’s Settled Status scheme which is meant to assure
rights for EU residents already withinside the UK. A Green Card for Europe might help.
With the finalization of the non-binding proposal, there may also be a temporary suspension of
the use and misuse of the time for political debate. What will not trade now is the symbolic cost
of offline movement for those who had the opportunity to try it out or wanted to do so in the
future.
The tale of Europe isn't only a tale approximately the conflict of ideologies and state nation
rivalry, it's far above a tale of approximate humans. On December 31, New Europeans invited
humans from Britain, Europe, and everywhere in the world, to inform their tale approximately
what unfastened motion has intended for them, the way it has enriched their lives, and given
them possibilities they may by no means have dreamed of before.
Before turning into any such political issue, freedom of motion became truly a herbal a part of
the lives of all EU residents inclusive of the sixty-five million British residents who've ceased to
be so.
Those who knew its cost will mourn the passing of freedom of motion. Others may also best
begin to comprehend what they've misplaced as soon as it has gone.

The Withdrawal Agreement (WA)

Compared to migration from third countries, the migration of workers within the EU is limited,
with the exception of the progress registered by the legal framework relating to the free
movement of people within the Internal Market.

Membership of the European Union has a direct impact on the UK labor market through labor
free movement and the contribution of migration to GDP, budget and productivity. It also has
indirect effects on the impact of trade flows and foreign direct investment on integrated
economic activity.
The main purpose of the WA is to protect the residence and employment rights of EU citizens or
the people of the UK, as well as their family members of any nationality.

The debate over the strengths and weaknesses of WA is still clear, but two key questions remain:

1. What will happen to UK citizens living elsewhere in the EU, and equally, what will happen to
EU citizens living in the UK?

2. How can you avoid the reversal of the actual border between Northern Ireland and the
Republic of Ireland if it becomes a border between the UK and the EU?

The most likely answer to the first question is whether EU citizens living in the UK and British
citizens living in the EU before the end of the implementation period will retain the right to
remain where they are. The UK has exercised the ongoing tenure rights of EU citizens and their
families through a reformed system1. However, in addition to being metaphorical, we cannot
ignore the transformation of the UK people, who have been transitioned from migrant workers to
foreign economists, or, third-party citizens, by label-related wrongdoing.

Regarding the second question, Backstop was intended to be the correct answer. To protect the
benefits of being part of a cultural union and as an alternative to Hard Brexit, the British
government negotiated with the European Commission and came up with a plan for The
Backstop, but Northern Ireland also adheres to certain single market rules, raising several fears
about discriminatory practices, excessive border scrutiny, possible changes from a temporary to
permanent solution, which is, in essence, a confusing source of new trade agreements.

Long-term negotiations (so far, actual travel was delayed 3 times, and the latest flex-tension
scheduled for 31 January 2020) revealed the need for a new arrival program, aimed at protecting
both EU citizens and UK citizens. At the same time, struggles to achieve some form of
compromise showed that “the inability to limit EU adoption resulted in a debate on the issue of
migration control ’in relation to EU national membership” (Paul, 2016 quoted in Dupont and
Trauner, 2016, p. 13).

After Brexit, a new immigration system is expected to be implemented in the UK. The current
migration program is twofold, accepting only the most skilled workers from outside the EU, as
well as workers of all skill levels from the EU. The new one is based on a single path that
provides access to highly skilled and competent workers from all over the world, after a period
of time that will contribute to a phased process. The future plan will work in the same way for all
nations - EU citizens and non-EU citizens alike - unless there are specific reasons for
segregation. However, skilled immigrants will be prioritized, as part of effective measures to
address staff shortages and skills. According to the White Paper on Migration, "the UK remains a
source of foreign talent from the EU and around the world" (The Guardian, 2018). Thus, the new
categories of desirable immigrants are as follows:

• Founders. For experienced business people who want to start a business in the UK that is
young, risky, and efficient. The Startup Visa route is available from the spring of 2019, for those
who are in the early stages of their career with an established business idea, who can enter the
Founder route.

• Unique Talent. A dynamic path for people with high skills in the arts, arts and humanities,
science, research and engineering, and the digital technology fields, who wish to work in the UK.

• Investors. For those who make the biggest financial contribution to the UK.

• Other temporary workers - other temporary routes such as our Youth Mobility Schemes, the
routes of sportspeople, those in the arts, and social workers, will also work.

The new skills-based program also proves that migration is a very selective process, favoring
skilled workers, who need to earn up to £ 30,000 / year and benefit from employer support

35,000
30,000
30,000
25,000
25,000
20,000 20,800
15,000
10,000
5,000
0

201120162017
 Figure 1. Minimum threshold for skilled workers general visa

Source: The Migration Observatory at the University of Oxford, 2019

However, EU-based talent is strongly encouraged to apply for roles in the UK, and they are
exempt from these eligibility criteria. In the Battle of Talent, the UK is determined to liberate in
order to maintain competitive advantage in attracting highly skilled workers.

For incompetent employees, a 12-month permit and a 12-month cooling period will be provided.
During their tenure, workers will not be able to access government subsidies and will not have
the right to bring in the people they depend on. Those limits are expected to have a significant
impact on provision of workers in the construction, health care, part-time (higher education)
sector, where non-UK workers represent the majority. Unfortunately, this new process has
brought the issue of public disintegration to the political agenda, and has led to tensions in the
UK labor market, among senior economic and newcomers, who are directly competing with 3D
jobs.

NO DEAL scenario and the free movement of persons

The introduction of the Immigration Bill could lead to the end of the free movement, as EU
citizens and members of their families will need a permit to move abroad to enter the UK. The
government and the Home Office will need existing laws to grant entry and residency to EU
citizens.

To reduce the negative impact of this situation, the UK can use the following solutions:

• For new entrants, a temporary, non-stretch condition will be provided. New immigrants will
have access to European Temporary Leave to stay in the UK, without visa requirements for 3
months, followed by a European Temporary Leave application (an additional 36 months).

• For stable and former EU citizens and their families, as well as Irish citizens no additional rules
will apply. They may be considered major beneficiaries of the new system, preserving their
status in the UK.
Perhaps the most shocking consequences of the non-compliance agreement point to the fact that
the recurring introduction of immigration control could lead to unintended negative
consequences, such as visa overdose or abnormal migration of EU citizens to the UK and vice
versa.

Immigrants in the UK – a snapshot

Over the past 20 years, the share of the EU population in working age in the UK has grown from
1.8% to 6.3%. EU immigrants on average are young, highly educated and likely to be employed
and not dependent on social benefits.

The UK's open and growing economy has attracted EU immigrants, rather than their social work
benefits or child benefits. The migration of network workers was greatly improved due to the
drag factors, which attracted migrants to choose the UK on their migration journey. Economic
growth and the need for a structure for foreign workers in the high and low skills sectors of the
British economy are also significant impetus for migration (Mitchell and Pain, 2003, p.12).

Regarding the reasons for choosing the UK as the destination country, EU immigrants (wave
2016) have clear plans such as doing work or employment. Thus, the debate over social tourism
or social benefits has escalated, as the financial contributions mentioned above for the newly
involved in the hosting economy.

Figure 2. Reasons for EU arrivals (2016)

11% 6%

14%
46%

24%

definite job looking for job

study Other with or joining the family
 Source: Kone and Markaki, 2017

Immigrants fill positions that are not required by indigenous workers, as they choose areas with
available jobs and fill the shortage of workers. “Whether they have high or low skills,
immigrants rarely close the door on indigenous workers. Instead, migrants often complement
indigenous workers or accept such jobs

the natives do not want or cannot do it. They create new job opportunities by increasing
productivity, self-employment, and increasing job creation for indigenous workers (Constant,
2014, p. 2).

Employers in the UK complain about the difficulty of filling vacancies and warn of the negative
impact of the following sectors, often occupied by immigrants: the HORECA sector, the
construction industry, and health and social care.

Despite the negative media coverage on migrants, public opinion in main destination countries
have a positive perception on newcomers’ contribution on the labor market, as opposed to the
labelling of job thieves (Figure 4). Moreover, “the construction of migrants as victims at best,
and as cultural and security threats at worst, particularly in the case of Muslim refugees, not only
assists in their dehumanization, it also legitimizes actions taken against them through the
perpetuation of a particular discourse on the European Self and the non-European Other”
(Tazreena, 2018, p.7).

100
78 75
80 73
68 66 69
60 5754 5854
53 49
40 46
30 3632
20 25
23
0

USFRANCE GERMANY
ITALY SPAIN UK
FILL JOBS TAKE JOBS
CREATE JOBS
Figure 4. Public opinion on immigrants and jobs (2011)
Source: Transatlantic Trends, n.d.
After the entry of the former communist countries from the eastern and central parts of Europe,
we are seeing a dramatic increase in the number of people from Eastern Europe, in part because
of that.

Along with Ireland and Sweden, the UK was one of the few EU member states that has not
imposed temporary restrictions on the employment of A8 citizens (in addition to their freedom of
movement rights) since May 1, 2004. When Romania and Bulgaria joined the EU, the UK
converted. a way to open doors, in favor of a restrictive state that provides limited access to
newcomers from the above-mentioned countries. For Eastern employees, wage inequality has
always been a major factor in moving to the UK.

In 2015, the employment rate was 72.5% of UK nationals, 78.2% of all EU immigrants and
81.9% of immigrants from EU member states in 2004 (Wadsworth et al., 2019, p. 5). Immigrants
from the EU donate £ 2,300 more to the exchequer each year on net terms than the average adult.
During their lifetime, they pay £ 78,000 more than they earn on social services and benefits -
while the remainder of the UK citizen's contribution is zero (Oxford Economics, 2018, p.6)

Conclusion-

As we have summarized in this report, numerous studies have now been published setting out a
range of projections for how Brexit is likely to affect UK economic growth in the longer term
(typically up to 2030). The vast majority of these studies predict that the UK economy will be
smaller following Brexit than it would have been, had the UK remained a member of the EU.
This is because most studies predict that Brexit will increase trade barriers between the UK and
other countries on average – and there is an extensive body of economic evidence which
demonstrates that stronger trade, investment and migratory links in the past between countries
have been associated with faster economic growth.

Brexit hurts Britain's younger workers. Germany is projected to have a labor shortage of 3

million skilled workers by 2030.Those jobs won't be as readily available to the U.K.'s workers
after Brexit. Employers are having a harder time finding applicants. One reason is that EU-born
workers left the U.K., their numbers falling by 95% in 2017. This has hit the low-skilled and
medium-skilled occupations the most.

Brexit is a vote against globalization. As a result, it has weakened forces in the EU that favor
integration. Members of right-wing, anti-immigration parties are particularly anti-EU in France
and Germany. If they gained enough ground, they could force an anti-EU vote. If either of those
countries left, the EU would lose its most robust economies and would dissolve.

On the other hand, the majority of EU citizens still strongly support the union. In a Pew Research
Center survey across 10 European nations, almost 75% say the EU promotes peace, and 55%
believe it supports prosperity. In addition, more than a third see the role of the U.K. as
diminishing.
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