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 UF{TD A]âG]\ AF/56G]\ GFD —l;âFY"ˆ CT]\P
 UF{TD A]âGM HgD lCDF,IGL T/[8LDF\ Sl5,J:T]
GUZL 5F;[ —,]ldAGLˆ JGDF\ YIM CTMP
 A]âGL DFTFG]\ GFD DFIFJTL4 l5TFG]\ GFD
X]âMNG45tGLG]\ GFD IXMWZF VG[ 5]+G]\ GFD ZFC],
CT]\P
 l;âFY" XFSI GFDGF U6 ZFßIYL Ô[0FI[,F CTFP
 l;âFY"GF U'CtIFUG[ —DCFlElGQS|D6ˆ TZLS[
VM/BFJFI K[P
 l;âFY"G[ J{XFBL 5}l6"DFGL ZF+LV[ 5L5/FGF J'1F GLR[
7FG 5|F%T YI]\ CT]\P tIFZYL T[VM —A]∠TZLS[
VM/BFIFP
 VF :Y/ CF,DF\ A]lâUIF S[ AMlWUIFslACFZf TZLS[
VM/BFI K[P
 UF{TD A]â (_ JQF"GL JI[ J{XF,L GÒS S]XLGFZFDF\
lGJF"6 5FdIF CTFP
 UF{TD A]â p5N[X DF8[ 5Fl, EFQFFGM 5|IMU SZTF
CTFP
 p5lGQFNGF lJRFZMGM lJSF; X\SZFRFI[" SIF[" CTMP
 JW"DFGGM HgD 586F GUZGL p¿Z[ S]\0U|FD GFDGF
V[S p5GUZDF\ YIM CTMP
 JW"DFGGF l5TFG]\ GFD l;âFY"4 DFTFG]\ GFD
l+X,FN[JL4 5tGLG]\ GFD IXMNF VG[ 5]+LG]\ GFD
l5|INX"GF CT]\P
 JW"DFG 5KLYL DCFJLZ :JFFDL TZLS[ 5|l;â YIF CTFP
 DCFJLZ :JFDL H{G WD"GF RMJL;DF TLY"\SZ U6FI K[P
 DCFJLZ :JFDLV[ p5N[X DF8[ 5|FS'T VG[ VW" DFUWL
EFQFFGM p5IMU SIF[" CTMP
!)P
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V:T[I4 V5lZU|C VG[ A|ïRI"P
V[SD o * VF56[ U]HZFTL
 U]HZFT T[GF GJZF+LGF TC[JFZ DF8[ ;DU| HUTDF\
lJbIFT K[P
 EZJF0MG]\ C}0M G'tI T[DGL VFUJL VM/B K[P
 U]HZFTGF EJGFYDF\ DCFlXJZF+LGM EjI D[/M EZFI
K[P
V[SD o ( ;D|F8 VXMS
 U]HZFTDF\ lUZGFZ 5J"TGL T/[8L lJ:TFZDF\ —VXMSGM
lX,F,[Bˆ VFJ[,M K[P
 ;D|F8 VXMS DUWGF ;FD|FßI 5Z XF;G SZTM CTMP
 RF6SI —VY"XF:+ˆ DF\ lG5}6 CTFP
 R\ãU]%TGM 5]+ lA\N];FZ VG[ lA\N];FZGM 5]+ VXMSP
 DUW ;FD|FßIGL ZFHWFGL 5F8l,5]+ CTLP
 Sl,\UsVMlZ:;Ff 5ZGF VFS|D6 AFN ;D|F8 VXMSG]\
ìNI5lZJT"G YI]\P
 VXMS[ AF{â ;FW] p5U]%TGF p5N[XYL X:+ ;\gIF; ,LWM
VG[ AF{â WD"GM :JLSFZ SIF[" VG[ WD" p5N[XS AGL UIMP
 VXMS[ AF{â WD"GF 5|RFZ DF8[ 5MTFGF 5]+ DC[gã VG[
5]+L ;\3lD+FG[ l;,MGszL,\SFf DMS<IF CTFP
 DF{I" ;FD|FßIGF 5TG 5KL p¿Zv5lüD EFZTDF\ IJG
ZFÔVMG]\45lüD EFZTDF\ XS GFDGF DwI V[lXIF.
,MSMG]\ XF;G :Y5FI]\P
 VXMS[ .lTCF;DF\ ;D|F8G]\ lAZ]N D[/jI]\P
V[SD o !Z U]%T ;FD|FþI
 U]%TJ\XGF :YF5S zLU]%T CTFP
 R\ãU]%T 5C[,FGF ,uG l,rKJL ÔlTGL ZFHSgIF
S]DFZN[JL ;FY[ YIF CTFP
 R\ãU]%T 5C[,M U]%T ;\JTGM 5|JT"S CTMP
 R\ãU]%T 5C[,FGF ZFßIFZMC6GL VG[ ;¿F5|Fl%TGF X]E
5|;\UGL IFNDF\ —U]%T;\JTˆGL X~VFT Y.P
 R\ãU]%T 5C[,F 5KL T[GM 5]+ ;D]ãU]%T UFNLV[ VFjIMP
 ;D]ãU]%TGF ;DIGL DFlCTL V,FCFAFNGF 5|l;â :T\E
5ZYL D/[ K[P
 ;D]ãU]%T[ VG[S SFjIMGL ZRGF SZLG[ SlJZFHG]\ lAZ]N
D[/jI]\ CT]\P
 1F+5 J\XGF ZFßIGF V\TGF lJHIGL IFNDF\ R\ãU]%T
ALÔV[ —XSFZLˆ lAZ]N WFZ6 SI]"\ CT]\P
 R\ãU]%T ALÔV[ lJS|D ;\JTGM 5|FZ\E SIF[" VG[ T[
lJS|DFlNtI 56 SC[JFIMP
•gI]VFZL Z)!5 7FG5ZA
 RLGL 5|JF;L OFæFGGL GM\WMDF\ R\ãU]%T ALÔGM p<,[B
Ô[JF D/[ K[P
 R\ãU]%T ALÔ[ J{Q6JWDL" CTMP
 .P;P$!$ GF VZ;FDF\ DCFG ;D|F8 R\ãU]%Tv
lJS|DFlNtIG]\ VJ;FG YI]\P
 U]%T I]UG[ —;]J6"U]Uˆ 56 SC[JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
V[SD o !# B\0 5lZRIo VHFIA
B\0 V[g8FS"l8SF VG[ VM:8=[l,IF
 V[g8FS"l8SF B\0 5Z 5'yJLGL ;5F8LGM )_@ AZO Ô[JF
D/[ K[P
 V[g8FS"l8SF B\0DF\ JQF" NZlDIFG K DF;GM lNJ; VG[
K DF;GL ZFl+ CMI K[PVCL\ ;}I" 36F DlCGFVM ;]WL
l1FlTHGL ;5F8LYL p5Z VFJTM GYLP T[YL VFSFXDF\
Z\UA[Z\UL 5ÎVM ZRFI K[P T[G[ —;]D[Z] ßIMlTˆsVF¶ZMZFf
SC[ K[P
 V[g8FS"l8SF B\0 jC[,4 ;L,4 JF¶,Z; H[JF DCFSFI —
NlZIF. ÒJMGL :JU"E}lDˆ TZLS[ VM/BFI K[P
 5[\luJG V[g8FS"l8SFG]\ lJlXQ8 51FL K[P T[YL V[g8FS"l8SF
B\0G[ —5[\luJGˆ GL E}lD 56 SC[JFI K[P
 V[g8FS"l8SF B\0DF\ EFZT[ —D{+LˆVG[ —U\UM+Lˆ GFD[ A[
;\XMWG S[gãM :YF%IF\ K[P
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!**Z DF\ V[g8FS"l8SF B\0DF\ 5|J[XIF CTFP
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V[D}g0Z;GsGMJ["f ;F{5|YD Nl1F6 W|]J ;]WL 5CM\RGFZF
jIlST CTFP
 SF\UFZ]\ VM:8=[l,IFG]\ lJlXQ8 5|F6L K[P T[YL VM:8=[l,IFG[
—SF\UFZ]\VMGL E}lDˆ SC[ K[P
 VM:8=[l,IF 8F5] VG[ B\0 K[P
 DZ[ VG[ 0Fl,"\U VM:8=[l,IFGL D]bI GNLVM K[P
 S},UF0L" VG[ S",U],L" VM:8=[l,IFGL ;MGFGL BF6GF\
D]bI S[gãM K[P
 A|MSG lC, GFDGL lJ`JGL ;F{YL DM8L ;L;FGL BF6
VM:8=[l,IFDF\ VFJ[,L K[P
 SF\UFZ]\4 D[lZGM 3[8]\4 SMVF,F VG[ 5ZJF/FGF 8F5]VMGM
;D}C U|[8A[lZIZ ZLO DF+ VF B\0GL H GCL\4 5Z\T]
lJ`JGL 5|FS'lTS VÔIAL K[P
V[SD o !) VF5là VG[ JIJ:YF5G
V[SD o !! CS VG[ OZH l;‚GL A\G[ AFH]
!!P
સામાજિક જિજ્ઞાન જિષયિસ્તુ (સંજિપ્ત)
ધોરણ ૬-૭-૮ - ૯
TET /TAT /HTAT જેવી સ્પર્ધા ત્મક પરીક્ષધ કે જનર઱ નો઱ેજ મધટે પણ ઉપયોગી

બની શકે તેવ ું ઉપયોગી મટીરીયલ્સ ક઱ેક્શન.ર્ોરણ ૬ -૭ -૮-૯ નધ

વવદ્યધથીઓ પણ સધમધજજક વવજ્ઞધનનધ વવષયવસ્ત પરીક્ષધની તૈયધરી મધટે ખ ૂબ

જ ઓછધ સમયમધું વધુંચી શકે .

 આ ફધઇ઱ બનધવનધર :

ુ ભાઇ પટે લ
મિથન (shikshanjagat.in)
 એક જ પાઇ઱માાં સાંક઱ન કરી એક સાંયુક્ત અાંક
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પ્રાથમમક મિક્ષણ સાંફાંમધત તેમજ અન્ય ઉ઩યોગી
માહહતી/Mp3 Song/Useful મવષયવાર
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 CI]vV[Gvt;F\U .P;P645 DF\ DwI V[lXIFGF
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 RF{CF6 J\XDF\ 5'yJLZFH +LHM VG[ ZFIl5YMZF GFDGF
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 5<,J J\XGF XF;SMDF\ GZl;\C JDF" XlSTXF/L XF;S
CTMP
 SF\RLGF S{,F;GFY D\lNZGL ZRGF 5<,J J\XDF\ Y. CTLP
 RM, J\XGL ZFHWFGL TF\HMZ CTLP
 RM, J\XGF XF;SM 5F;[ XlSTXF/L GF{SFN/ CT]\P
 SxDLZDF\ pt5,J\XGF XF;SM ZFHI SZTF CTFP
 Nl1F6DF\ 5F\0I J\XGF XF;SM CTFP
 D[U:Y[lG;[ 5F\0I J\XGF XF;SM lJX[ ,bI]\ K[ S[4 VF
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 R[ZG]\ ALH]\ GFD S[Z, K[P
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 A[ V1FF\XJ'¿M JrR[ JF:TlJS HDLG ;5F8L p5Z VFXZ[
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 A[ Z[BF\XJ'¿M JrR[G]\ V\TZ OST lJQF]JJ'¿ p5Z
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 lN<,LGL UFNL 5Z VFJGFZ 5|YD DlC,F ;],TFGF
 .P;P 1000 YL 1075 NZlDIFG DC\DN UhGLV[ ZlhIF AGLP
VG[SJFZ EFZT 5Z R0F.VM SZL CTLP  Z]ãdDF N[JL VlE,[BMDF\ 5MTFG]\ GFD 5]Z]QFM H[J]\
 DC\DN UhGL UhGF 5|F\TGM ;],TFG CTMP ,BFJTLP
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;M,\SLG]\ XF;G CT]\P ;\AMWGYL AM,FJTL P
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CTFP
V[SD * ov EFZTo :YFG4;LDF4lJ:TFZ VG[ E}5'Q9  uIF;]ÛLG T]3,S[ T]3,S J\X :YF%IMP
 uIF;]ÛLG T]3,S[ —0FS RMSLˆ 85F, 5âlT NFB, SZLP
 85F,LG[ V[ ;DI[ —C,SFZMˆ SC[JFTM CTMP
 EFZT 8.4 0 p¿Z V1FF\XYL 37.6 0
p¿Z V1FF\X
0 0
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 EFZTGL p¿Z[ SxDLZYL Nl1F6[ SgIFS]DFZL ;]WLGL  —IMdS[ˆ GFDGF .HG[ZGL DNNYL S'Q6N[JZFI[ Nl1F6
p¿ZvNl1F6 ,\AF. VFXZ[ 3214 lSDL K[P EFZTDF\ GC[ZMGF AF\WSFD SZFjIF\ CTF\P
 C;G ;],TFG[ ACD J\XGL :YF5GF SZL CTLP
 5}J[" V~6FR,YL 5lüD[ äFZSF ;]WL 5}J"v5lüD  ACDGL ZFHIDF\ DC\DN UFJF\ GFD[ AFCMX JÒZ YIMP
5CM/F. VFXZ[ 2933 lSDL K[P  ,FCMZGF CFS[D[ lN<,L 5Z ;{IN J\X :YF%IMP
 EFZTDF\ S], Z) ZFHIM4 ! S[l58, :8[8 lN<,L VG[ &  AC,M, GFDGF VO3FG ;ZNFZ[ .P;P!$5! DF\
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DL8Z µ\R]\ K[P
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 NbB6GM prR 5|N[X EFZTGM BGLH E\0FZ SC[JFI K[P
lJEFHG +6 IFNLDF\ SZFI[, K[P
 EFZTG[ *5!* lSDL ,F\AM NlZIFlSGFZM K[P
 ;\3IFNL ov )* H[8,F lJQFIM
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SrKG]\ Z6 H K[P  ;\I]STIFNL ov $* H[8,F lJQFIM

VMUQ8 Z_!$ 7FG 5ZA 8

 ;FDF_S lJ7FG WM & lJQIJ:T]

V[SDo ! DwII]ULG EFZT  અશભદળાશે ઈ.વ.૧૪૧૧ ભાાં અભદાલાદ ળશેય લવાવ્યુ ાં

 ભધ્મકા઱ભાાં ઈ.વ.૭૪૬ થી ૧૩૦૪ એટરે કે આળયે શતુ.ાં

૫૬૦ લ઴ષ સુધી ગુજયાતભાાં ચાલડા લાંળ,વ૊રાંકી લાંળ  વત્તયભી વદીની ળરૂઆતભાાં ગુજયાતભાાં મુઘર ળાવનની

અને લાઘેરા લાંળના ળાવક૊નુ ાં ળાવન શતુ.ાં ળરૂઆત થઇ શતી.

 શારના ઩ાટણની ઩શ્વિભે આલેલ ુાં અનાલાડા ગાભ જે,  વ૊રાંકી યાજતાંત્રભાાં લશીલટી શ્વલબાગ૊ભાાં વોથી ભ૊ટ૊ બાગ

“અણશીરલાડ” નુ ાં અ઩ભ્રાંળ થમેલ ુાં નાભ છે . ‘ભાંડર’ કશેલાત૊.

 ધભાષયણ નાભના ગ્રાંથભાાં જણાવ્મા અનુવાય ઩ાટણની  કીશ્વતિત૊યણ૊ભાાં લડનગયનુાં કીશ્વતિત૊યણ પ્રશ્વવદ્ધ છે .

સ્થા઩ના શ્વલક્રભ વાંલત ૮૦૨(ઈ.વ.૭૪૬) ભાાં થઇ શતી.

V[SDoZ EFZToVFAMCJF VG[ S]NZTL
 ઩ાંચાવયની જગ્માએ લનયાજ ચાલડાએ વયસ્લતી ;\;FWGM
નદીના કકનાયે નવુ ાં નગય અણકશરલા઱ ઩ાટણ
લવાવ્યુ.ાં  શલાભાનની રાાંફા વભમની સ્સ્થશ્વતને આફ૊શલા કશે છે .

 ચાલડા લાંળના ળાવક૊એ રગબગ ૧૯૬ લ઴ષ સુધી  બાયતનુ ાં બોગ૊લરક સ્થાન ઉત્તય ગ૊઱ાધષભાાં ૮.૪ થી
૦

ગુજયાતભાાં યાજવત્તા વાાંબ઱ી શતી. ૩૭.૬૦ ઉત્તય અક્ાાંળ લચ્ચે છે .

 શ્વવદ્ધયાજ જમશ્વવિંશના વભમભાાં કરીકારવલષજ્ઞ  બાયતની ભધ્મભાાંથી કકષ વ ૃત્ત ઩વાય થામ છે .
શેભચાંદ્રાચામષ થઇ ગમા.  ગાંગા નદીને ‘બગીયથી’ ઩ણ કશે છે .

 શ્વવદ્ધયાજ જમશ્વવિંશના શેભચાંદ્રાચામષજીએ  લફશાયભાાં ક૊વી નદીભાાં બમાંકય ઩ુય આલે છે .

આભાંત્રણથી
‘શ્વવદ્ધશેભ ળબ્દાનુળાવન’ નાભન૊ વ્માકયણ ગ્રાંથ યચ્મ૊  નભષદા મ૊જના ગુજયાતની વોથી ભ૊ટી ફહશ ે કુ મ૊જના
ુ ત

શત૊.જેની શાથીની અંફાડી ઩ય ળ૊બામાત્રા કાઢલાભાાં છે .

આલી શતી.  ગાંગાના મુખશ્વત્રક૊ણ પ્રદે ળભાાં ફનેલ ુાં જગર

ાં ‘સુદયલન’
ાં

 કુભાય઩ા઱ના ળાવન લખતે ગુજયાતની વમ ૃદ્ધદ્ધ ટ૊ચ ઩ય તયીકે જાણીતુ ાં છે .

શતી.  સુદયી
ાં વ ૃક્ના રાકડાભાાંથી શ૊઱ી કે સ્ટીભય ફને છે .

 યાણી ઉદમભતીએ પ્રજાના કલ્માણ શેત ુ લાલ ફાંધાલી  ખેયના રાકડાભાાંથી કાથ૊ ફને છે .
શતી. આ લાલ યાણીની લાલ તયીકે ઓ઱ખામ છે .  ચીડના યવભાાંથી ટ઩ેન્ટાઇન ફને છે .

 શ્વવદ્ધયાજ જમશ્વવિંશના ભાતા યાજભાતા ભીન઱દે લીએ  ય૊મર ફેંગાર ટાઈગય એ શ્વલિબયની લાઘની આઠ
યાજ્મભાાંથી માત્રાલેય૊ ફાંધ કયાવ્મ૊ શત૊. જાશ્વતભાાંથી એક છે જે બાયતભાાં જ૊લા ભ઱ે છે .

 ભીન઱દે લીના કશેલાથી ધ૊઱કાભાાં ભારલ ત઱ાલ અને V[SDo# VNF,TM

શ્વલયભગાભભાાં મુનવય ત઱ાલ ફાાંધલાભાાં આવ્મા શતા.  અદારત૊ભાાં વોથી નીચરી અદારત તાલુકા અદારત
 શ્વવદ્ધયાજ જમશ્વવિંશના વભમભાાં ઩ાટણભાાં વશસ્ત્રલરિંગ છે .તેને ટ્રામર ક૊ટષ કશે છે .
ત઱ાલ ફાાંધલાભાાં આવ્યુ ાં શતુ.ાં  ગુજયાતની શાઈક૊ટષ અભદાલાદભાાં આલેરી છે .તેની
 યાજા અજમ઩ા઱ના અલવાન ઩છી તેભન૊ કાયબાય સ્થા઩ના ૧૯૬૦ ભાાં થઇ શતી.
તેભના યાણી નાઈકાદે લી વાાંબ઱તા શતા.  ‘આસ્ટીન’ નાભની ન્મામની દે લી ન્મામતાંત્રનુ ાં પ્રશ્વતક છે .
 નાઈકાદે લીએ ળાશબુદ્દીન ઘ૊યીની વેનાને યુદ્ધભાાં શાય  દે ળની વોથી ટ૊ચની અદારત વલોચ્ચ અદારત છે .તેને
આ઩ી શતી. સુપ્રીભ ક૊ટષ કશે છે .
 વ૊રાંકીલાંળ ઩છી લાઘેરાલાંળના ળાવક૊એ ગુજયાત ઩ય  લડી અદારતને નજીયી અદારત અથલા Court Of
ળાવન ચરાવ્યુ ાં શતુ.ાં Records ઩ણ કશે છે .

O[A|]VFZL Z)!5 7FG5ZA $P

 V[SD o $ D]3, ;FD|FHI o :YF5GF  અકફય અને ભશાયાણા પ્રતા઩ લચ્ચે થમેર શલ્દીઘાટીના
VG[ lJ:TZ6
યુદ્ધભાાં અકફયન૊ શ્વલજમ થમ૊ શત૊.
 મુઘર ફાદળાશ ફાફયે ઇ.વ.૧૫૨૬ ભાાં કદલ્રી ઩ય
 શલ્દીઘાટીના યુદ્ધે ભશાયાણા પ્રતા઩ અને તેભના ઘ૊ડા
આક્રભણ કયુું શતુ.ાં
ચેતકને અભયનાભના આ઩ી છે .
 ઩ાણી઩તના ભેદાનભાાં ફાફયે ઈબ્રાશીભ ર૊દીને શયાલી
 ભશાયાણા પ્રતા઩ે બાભાળાની ભદદથી પયીથી વૈન્મ ઊભુ ાં
કદલ્રીભાાં મુઘર લાંળની સ્થા઩ના કયી.
કયી મુઘર૊ વાભે રડયા અને લચત્ત૊ડ શ્વવલામના ફધા જ
 ફાફયે ઈ.વ.૧૫૨૭ ભાાં લચત્ત૊ડના લીય મ૊દ્ધા વાાંગાને
કકલ્રાઓ તેભને જીતી રીધા.
શયાવ્મ૊ શત૊.
 મુઘર વભમના યાજતાંત્રની વ્મલસ્થા સુફાગીયી ઩ય
 ઇ.વ.૧૫૩૦ ભાાં ફાફયના અલવાન ફાદ તેન૊ ઩ુત્ર
આધાકયત શતી.
હભ
ુ ાયુ કદલ્રીની ગાદી ઩ય આવ્મ૊.
 અકફયના યાજ્મન૊ દયે ક શ્વલબાગ સુફા અથલા પ્રાાંતના
 ળેયળાશે હભ
ુ ાયુને ફે લાય શયાવ્મ૊ શત૊.
નાભથી ઓ઱ખાત૊.
 અભયક૊ટનાાં યાણાને તમાાં અકફયન૊ જન્ભ થમ૊ શત૊.
ુ
 ળેયળાશે ટ૊ડયભરની ભદદથી નલી ભશેસર ઩દ્ધશ્વત
 ળેયળાશને ઇશ્વતશાવભાાં સુધાયક ળાવકના રૂ઩ભાાં માદ
અભરભાાં મ ૂકી શતી.
કયલાભાાં આલે છે .
V[SD o 5 EFZToB[TL4pnF[U VG[ 5lZJCG
 ભાત્ર ૧૩ લ઴ષની ઉંભયે અકફયે શ્વ઩તા ુ ાયુન ુ ાં છત્ર
હભ
 બાયત કૃશ્વ઴પ્રધાન દે ળ છે .દે ળના ૭૦% ર૊ક૊ ખેતીના
ગુભાવ્યુ ાં શતુ.ાં
વ્મલવામ વાથે વાંક઱ામેરા છે .
 અકફય કકળ૊ય શ૊લાથી વયદાય ફશેયાભખાને તેના યક્ક
 ભાત્ર લયવાદી ઩ાણી દ્વાયા થતી ખેતીને ‘વાભાન્મ’ અથલા
અને ઉછે યની જલાફદાયી શ્વનબાલી શતી.
‘આકાળી’ ખેતી કશે છે .
 અકફયના મ ૃતયુ ઩છી તેન૊ ઩ુત્ર ળાશઝાદ૊ વરીભ
 બાયતભાાં ફાજયીનુ ાં વોથી લધુ ઉત઩ાદન યાજસ્થાનભાાં
‘જશાાંગીય’ નાભ ધાયણ કયી કદલ્રીની ગાદીએ ફેઠમ૊
થામ છે .
શત૊.
 બાયતભાાં ભગપ઱ીનુ ાં વોથી લધુ ઉત઩ાદન ગુજયાતભાાં
 અકફયે યાજ્મભાાં માત્રાલેય૊ ફાંધ કયાવ્મ૊ શત૊.
થામ છે .
 અકફય દય શુક્રલાયે પતેશ઩ુય શ્વવક્રીનાાં ઈફાદતખાનાભાાં
 દુશ્વનમાભાાં ળેયડીનુ ાં વોથી લધુ ઉત઩ાદન બાયતભાાં થામ છે .
ફધા ધભષના શ્વલદ્વાન પ્રશ્વતશ્વનશ્વધઓની ધભષ વબા મ૊જત૊.
 બાયતભાાં ક઩ાવનુ ાં વોથી લધુ ઉત઩ાદન ગુજયાતભાાં થામ
 અકફયના દયફાયના નલ યતન૊:
છે .
 ટ૊ડયભર : જભીન ભશેસ ૂરન૊ શ્વનષ્ણાત કદલાન
 બાયતભાાં ળણનુ ાં વોથી લધુ લાલેતય અને ઉત઩ાદન
 યાજા ભાનશ્વવિંશ : દક્વેના અધ્મક્
઩શ્વિભ ફાંગા઱ભાાં થામ છે .
 અબુર પઝર : ‘આઈન-એ-અકફયી’ અને
 ગુજયાતન૊ બાર પ્રદે ળ તેના ‘બારીમા ઘઉં’ ભાટે
‘અકફયનાભા’ ન૊ કતાષ.
જાણીત૊ છે .
 તાનવેન: સુપ્રશ્વવદ્ધ ગામક
 બાયતભાાં ચાનુ ાં વોથી લધુ ઉત઩ાદન આવાભભાાં થામ છે .
 મુલ્રા દ૊પ્મા : કુળાગ્ર બુદ્ધદ્ધલા઱૊ અને શ્વલન૊દી
 ચાના ઉત઩ાદનભાાં બાયત શ્વલિભાાં પ્રથભ ક્રભે છે .
 લફયફર(ભશેળદાવ) : શ્વલન૊દી તુક્કાન૊ જનક અને
 બાયતભાાં ઘઉંના ઉત઩ાદનભાાં ઩ાંજાફ ભ૊ખયાનુ ાં સ્થાન
શાજયજલાફી
ધયાલે છે .આથી તેને ‘ઘઉંન૊ બાંડાય’ કશે છે .
 શભાભ : પ્રશ્વવદ્ધ શકીભ
 બાયતભાાં ક૊પી,કણાષટક,તશ્વભરનાડુ અને કેયરભાાં થામ છે .
 પૈ જી : શ્વવદ્ધશસ્ત કશ્વલ
 ઇન્ન્દયા નશેયની રાંફાઈ 9425કકભી છે .જે દુશ્વનમાની વોથી
 અબ્દુર યશીભ: કશિંદી ઩દ૊ના યચશ્વમતા
ભ૊ટી નશેય મ૊જના છે .
 ળેયળાશે જકાતનાકા કાઢી નાખ્મા શતા અને ટાંકળા઱ાઓ
 ઇ.વ.1818 ભાાં પ૊ટષ ગ્ર૊સ્ટ(ક૊રકાતા) ભાાં ઩શેરી સુતયાઉ
ઉબી કયી વયખા લજનના શ્વવક્કા ઩ડાવ્મા શતા.
કા઩ડની શ્વભરની ળરૂઆત થઇ શતી.

O[A|]VFZL Z)!5 7FG5ZA 5P

 મ ૂડીય૊કાણ, શ્રશ્વભક૊ની વાંખ્મા અને ઉત઩ાદન પ્રભાણના  ળાશજશાાંએ શ્વલિશ્વલખ્માત તાજભશાર, રાર કકલ્રાભાાં
આધાયે ઉદ્ય૊ગ૊ના ત્રણ પ્રકાય ઩ાડલાભાાં આલે છે :
(૧)કુટીય ઉદ્ય૊ગ(૨)રઘુ ઉદ્ય૊ગ(૩) બાયે ઉદ્ય૊ગ
 ભધ્મપ્રદે ળના ને઩ાનાગયભાાં લતષભાન઩ત્રભાાં લ઩યાત૊
કાગ઱ ફને છે .
 શ૊ળાંગાફાદ અને દે લાવભાાં ચરણી ન૊ટ૊ન૊ કાગ઱ ફને
છે .
 બાયતભાાં ‘઩૊રાદ ઉદ્ય૊ગના શ્વ઩તા’ તયીકે જભળેદજી
ટાટાનુ ાં નાભ પ્રખ્માત છે .
 બાયતભાાં વોથી રાાંફ૊ યાષ્ટ્રીમ ધ૊યીભાગષ નાં.7
લાયાણવીથી કન્માકુભાયી સુધી ઩શ૊ચે છે .
દીલાનેઆભ અને દીલાને ખાવ, યાં ગ ભશર, ભ૊તી
ભસ્જીદ, કદલ્રીની ર્ુમ્ભા ભસ્જીદ લગેયે જેલા પ્રશ્વવદ્ધ
સ્થા઩તમ૊ ફાંધાવ્મા શતા.
 લીય દુગાષદાવે ભાયલાડને સ્લતાંત્ર કયલા ઔયાં ગઝેફ
વાભે વતત ઩ચ્ચીવ લ઴ષ સુધી વાંઘ઴ષ કમો શત૊.
 જશાાંગીયના વભમભાાં દળેયાન૊ તશેલાય બ઩કાથી
ઉજલલાભાાં આલત૊ શત૊.
 અબુર પઝરના ઩ુસ્તકભાાંથી મુઘર વભમની આશ્વથિક
છે .તે
સ્સ્થશ્વત જાણી ળકામ છે .

 વોથી ટુાંક૊ ધ૊યીભાગષ નાં.35 છે . જે ક૊રકાતાથી  તે વભમે ભણ 55.5 યતર ફયાફય શત૊.
ફાાંગ્રાદે ળની વયશદે આલેર ઓનગાઉ સુધી ઩શ૊ચે  ળાશજશાાંને ‘ભશેર૊ના ફાાંધનાય’ તયીકે ઓ઱ખલાભાાં
છે . આલે છે . વાથે તે લચત્ર૊ બેગા કયલાન૊ ળ૊ખીન શત૊.
 યાજ્મ ધ૊યીભાગષભાાં કકર૊ભીટય દળાષલતા
 આ વભમે ટેલનીમય અને ફનીમય નાભના ફ્રેંચ
ભાઈરસ્ટ૊નન૊ યાં ગ રીર૊ શ૊મ છે .
મુવાપય૊ બાયત આવ્મા શતા.
 યાષ્ટ્રીમ ધ૊યીભાગષભાાં કકર૊ભીટય દળાષલતા
 ફનીમય બાયતભાાં ૧૨ લ઴ષ સુધી યહ્ય૊ શત૊ અને તેને
ભાઈરસ્ટ૊નન૊ યાં ગ ઩ી઱૊ શ૊મ છે .
V[SD o ^ D]3, ;FD|FHI ;]J6”I]U VG[ ન૊ધ્યુ ાં છે કે મુઘર ળાવક૊ રશ્કય ઩ાછ઱ ખુફ ખચષ
V:T
કયતા શતા.
 મુઘર ળાવક૊ભાાં અકફય વોથી લધાયે પ્રબાલળા઱ી
 મુઘર ળાવનન૊ ુ
સુલણષયગ એટરે ળાશજશાાંન૊
ળાવક શત૊.
 ળાશજશાાંના વભમભાાં શ્વલળે઴ પ્રભાણભાાં ફાાંધકાભ૊ થમા ળાવનકા઱

શતા.  શ્વળલાજીન૊ જન્ભ ઈ.વ.૧૬૩૦ ભાાં શ્વળલનેયી કકલ્રાભાાં

 અકફયના અલવાન ફાદ ઈ.વ.૧૬૬૫ ભાાં થમ૊ શત૊.
વરીભ,જશાાંગીય(દુશ્વનમાન૊ જીતનાય) નાભ ધાયણ કયી  શ્વળલાજીના શ્વ઩તાનુ ાં નાભ ળાશજી અને ભાતાનુ ાં નાભ
કદલ્રીની ગાદીએ આવ્મ૊.
જીજાફાઈ શતુ.ાં
 જશાાંગીયે ળીખગુરૂ અર્ુ ષનશ્વવશ
િં ે ખુળરૂને ભદદ કયી તેના
 ગુરુ દાદાજી ક૊ન્ડદે લની નજય ત઱ે શ્વળલાજીન૊ ઉછે ય
આય૊઩વય તેભન૊ લધ કમો.
થમ૊ શત૊.
 જશાાંગીયના વભમભાાં ઈંગ્રેન્ડના યાજાના પ્રશ્વતશ્વનશ્વધ
તયીકે શ૊કકન્વ અને ટ૊ભવય૊ બાયત આવ્મા શતા.  ઈ.વ.૧૬૭૪ ભાાં યામગઢભાાં શ્વળલાજીન૊ યાજ્માલબ઴ેક

 જશાાંગીયની ઩તની નુયજશાાં યાજ્મન૊ ભ૊ટા બાગન૊ થમ૊ શત૊.

લશીલટ વાંબા઱તી.
ધ૊યણ-૭ વાભાજજક શ્વલજ્ઞાન દ્ધદ્વતીમ વત્રના ફાકીના
 ળાશજશાાંએ ર્ૂની કદલ્રી ઩ાવે ળાશજશાાંફાદ નાભે નવુ ાં
ળશેય લવાવ્યુ ાં શતુ.ાં ઩ાઠ૊નુ ાં શ્વલ઴મલસ્તુ શલે ઩છીના અંકભાાં પ્રશ્વવદ્ધ

 ઔયાં ગઝેફને કરા, વાંગીત, લચત્ર પ્રતમે અણગભ૊ શત૊. કયલાભાાં આલળે....

 ઔયાં ગઝેફની માદળસ્તત ગઝફની શતી.

O[A|]VFZL Z)!5 7FG5ZA ^P

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 R{TgI DCF5|E]GM HgD A\UF/DF\ .P;P !$(5
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 R{TgI DCF5|E] J{Q6JED"GL VFRFI" 5Z\5ZFDF\
K[<,F VFRFI" CTFP
 U]Z]GFGSGM HgD .P;P!$&) DF\ 5\ÔAGF
,FCMZ GÒS T,J\0L UFDDF\ 1Fl+I S]\8]\ADF\ YIM
CTMP
 U]Z]GFGSGF VG]IFILVM ;DI HTF\ XLB
SC[JFIFP
 U]Z]GFGSGF p5N[XG[ U|\Y;FC[ADF\ ;\U|lCT SZFIM
K[P
 SALZ VG[ Z{NF; H[JL ;DY" jIlSTVM :JFDL
ZFDFG\NGF lXQIM CTFP
DFR” Z)!5 7FG5ZA
 GZl;\C DC[TFGM HgD H}GFU-DF\ GFUZ S]\8]\ADF\
YIM CTMP
 GZl;\C DC[TFGF 5|EFlTIF\V[ U]HZFTL HGDFG;
5Z µ\0L V;Z SZL K[P
 Z{NF;GM HgD SFXLDF\ YIM CTMP T[DGF l5TFG]\
GFD Z3] VG[ DFTFG]\ GFD W]ZlJlGIF CT]\P
 Z{NF;GF GFD 5ZYL —Z{NF;LˆsZlJNF;Lf 5\Y
:Y5FIMP
 DCFZFQ8=DF\ VlUIFGZDL ;NLDF\ YI[,F EST
5]\0lZS[ lJõ,GFYslJ9MAFf GL ElSTGM DlCDF
:YF%IMP
V[SDo !Z B\0 5lZRIoõàZ
VD[lZSF4Nl16 VD[lZSF VG[
I]ZM5
D[lS;SM VG[ S[Z[lAIG lJ:TFZGF N[XM VG[
äL5MGM AG[,M B\0 K[P
 p¿Z VD[lZSFGF D}/ lGJF;L TZLS[ —Z[0 .lg0IGˆ
ÔlT U6FI K[P
 VD[lZSFG]\ GFD ;\XMWGSTF" .8F,LGF VD[lZUM
J[:5]RLGF GFD[ 50I]\ K[P
 p¿Z VD[lZSF B\0GL p¿ZvNl1F6 ,\AF.
)&5$ lSDL K[P
AG[,F O/ã]5 D[NFGF[G[ —5|[ZLhGF D[NFGˆ TZLS[
VM/BJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
5J"TDF/FDF\ VFJ[,]\ DFpg8
D[lSg,[sV,F:SFf p¿Z VD[lZSFG]\ ;F{YL µ\R]\
lXBZ K[P
 p¿Z VD[lZSFDF\ VlT J[UJF/F O}\SFTF RS|JFTMG[
—8MG["0Mˆ SC[ K[P
 S[G[0FGL ZFQ8=LI ZDT VF.; CMSL K[P
 5\5FhGF D[NFGMG]\ —VF<OF<OFˆ 3F; Ô6LT]\ K[P
 A|Flh,DF\ 5|YD 5M8]"ULh ,MSMG]\ ZFH CMJFYL
T[GL EFQFF 5M8]"ULh K[P
 SNDF\ l`JDF\ 5|YD :YFG WZFJTL $(Z* lSDL
,F\AL V[D[hMG GNLG]\ H/1F[+ ;F{YL DM8]\ K[P
 O|Fg;GL ;F{YL ,F\AL GNL ;LG K[P
5P
 #P ;FDFlHS lJ7FG lJQFIJ:T]
WMZ6 ov ( ALH]\ ;+
V[SD o * EFZTGL ;D:IFVM VG[ p5FIP
 U]HZFTDF\ CF, UZLAL Z[BF GLR[ ÒJTF ,MSMG]\ 5|DF6
!$P*@ H[8,]\ K[P
 B.P.L. Below Poverty Line (UZLAL Z[BF GLR[
ÒJTF ,MSM)
 S[gãLI ,F\R ~xJT lJZMWL aI]ZMGL :YF5GF
.P;P!)&$ DF\ SZJFDF\ VFJL CTLP
 !( JQF"YL JW] p\DZGF ZMHUFZ lJGFGF ,MSMG[ A[SFZ
U6JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
V[SD o ( VF56L VY”jIJ:YF
 BHEL : EFZTLI C[JL .,[lS8=S l,lD8[0
 ONGC : VM., V[g0 G[RZ, U[; SlDXG
 TISCO : 8F8F VFIG" V[g0 :8L, S\5GL l,lD8[0
 WTO : J<0" 8=[0 VMU["GF.h[XG —lJ`J jIF5FZ
;\U9Gˆ GL :YF5GF !))5 DF\ SZJFDF\ VFJL CTLP
 EFZT ;ZSFZ[ 1991 DF\ pNFZ GLlT V5GFJL CTLP
V[SD o !) DCFtDFGF DFU” 5Z Z
 UF\WLÒV[ DL9FGM VgIFIL SFINM TM0JF DF8[
VDNFJFNGF ;FAZDTL VFzDYL *( VG]IFILVM
;FY[ !Z DFR" !)#_ GF ;JFZ[ NF\0LS}RGL X~VFT
SZLP
 UF\WLÒ 5 V[l5|, !)#_ GF ZMH NF\0L 5CM\rIF CTFP
 —WZF;6F ;tIFU|CˆGL VFU[JFGL ;ZMÒGL GFI0]V[
,LWL CTLP
 !)#! DF\ ,\0GDF\ D/[,L ALÒ UM/D[Ò 5lZQFNDF\
UF\WLÒV[ CFHZL VF5L CTLP
 !)#5 DF\ lC\N ;ZSFZGM SFINM VFjIMP
 !)$_ DF\ ,FCMZDF\ D/[, D]l:,D ,LUGF
VlWJ[XGDF\ V,U 5FlS:TFGGM 9ZFJ 5;FZ SZJFDF\
VFjIMP
 UF\WLÒV[ !)$_ DF\ jIlSTUT ;tIFU|CL TZLS[
lJGMAF EFJ[GL 5;\NUL SZL CTLP
 !)$Z DF\ lS|%; lDXG VFjI]\P
 !)$Z GF lC\N KM0M VF\NM,GDF\ UF\WLÒV[ —SZ[\U[ IF
DZ[\U[ˆ GM l;âF\T VF%IMP
7FG5ZA EI V[ TM V0W]\ D’TI] K[ VG[ lC\DT V[8,[ ;JF. lH\NULP
V[SD ov ( YL !$
 ( DL VMUQ8 !)$Z GL ZF+[ —lC\N KM0Mˆ GFDGM
V{lTCFl;S 9ZFJ 5;FZ SZJFDF\ VFjIMP
 !)$& DF\ S[lAG[8 lDXG IMHGFP
 D]l:,D ,LU[ !& VMUQ8 !)$& GF lNJ;G[ —;LWF\ 5U,F\
lNGˆ TZLS[ pHjIMP
 lA|8LX J0F5|WFG V[8,LV[ Z_ O[A|]VFZL !)$* GF ZMH
H}G !)$( ;]WL lC\N ZFßIG[ :JT\+ SZJFGL ÔC[ZFT SZL
CTLP
jksdjksdjnmjk
V[SD o !! ;\Iss]ST ZFq8=MsI]PV[GPf
 ;F{ 5|YD USA GF ZFQ8=5|D]B J]0M lJ<;G[ lJ`J ;\:YF
ZRJFGM lJRFZ ZH} SIF[" CTMP
 ZFQ8=;\3GL :YF5GF 5|YD lJ`J I]â 5KL[ lJ`JDF\ XFlT
VG[ ;,FDTL Ô/JJF V[l5|, !)Z_ DF\ SZJFDF\ VFJLP
 .P;P !)#) DF\ läTLI lJ`J I]â OF8L lGS?I]\ CT]\P
 lJ`J I]â NZlDIFG USA GF ZFQ8=5|D]B V[OP0LP~hJ[<8[[
lJ`J ;\:YF ZRJFGL IMHGF T{IFZ SZLP
 Z$ VMS8MAZ !)$5 GF ZMH UNO- United
Nations Organization GL :YF5GF Y.P
 UNO GL :YF5GF ;DI[ 5! ZFQ8=M T[GF\ ;eIM CTF\P
 Z_!! D]HA UN GL ;eI ;\bIF !)# K[P
 ;\I]ST ZFQ8=GF\ K V\UM GLR[ D]HA K[ o
1. ;FDFgI ;EF
2. ;,FDTL ;lDlT
3. VFlY"S VG[ ;FDFlHS ;lDlT
4. JF,L56F ;lDlT
5. gIFIGL VF\TZZFQ8=LI VNF,T
6. ;lRJF,I
 ;\I]ST ZFQ8=MGL ;FDFgI ;EFG[ —lJ`JGL 5F,F"D[g8ˆ SCL
XSFIP
 EFZTGF\ zLDlT lJßIF,1DL 5\l0T .P;P!)5#v5$ DF\
;\I]ST ZFQ8=MGL ;FDFgI ;EFGF 5|D]B TZLS[ R}\8FIF CTFP
 I]PV[GPGF DCFD\+LGL D]NT 5F\R JQF"GL CMI K[P .P;P
Z__* YL Nl1F6 SMlZIFGF AFGvSLvD}G I]PV[GP GF
DCFD\+L TZLS[ OZH AÔJL ZCIF K[Ps;FPlJP WMv(f
 VFlO|SFDF\ VFJ[, Nl1F6 ;]NFG I]PV[GPGM !)# DM ;eI
N[X CTMP
l0;[dAZ Z)!$ P $
  I]PV[GPGL ;¿FJFZ EFQFFVMDF\  :JT\+ EFZTGF 5|YD UJ"GZ TZLS[ ,F0" DFpg8 A[8GGL
VZ[lAS4RF.lGh4V\U|[Ò4O|[gR4ZlXIG VG[ :5[lGX lGD6}\S SZF.P
EFQFFVMGM ;DFJ[X YFI K[P  :JT\+ 5FlS:TFGGF ZFQ8=5|DB] TZLS[ DC\DN V,L hL6FGL
 !_ l0;[dAZ !)$( GF ZMH ;\I]ST ZFQ8=MGL ;FDFgI lGD6}\S SZF.P
;EFV[ DFGJ VlWSFZMG]\ J{l`JS ÔC[ZGFD]\ D\H}Z SI]"  !5 VMUQ8 !)$* GF ZMH EFZTGF 5|YD J0F5|WFG
CT]\P TZLS[ 5\l0T HJFCZ,F, GC[~V[ lN<,LGF ,F, lS<,F 5Z
 ;,FDTL ;lDlT UNO G]\ ;F{YL DCtJG]\ V\U K[PT[GF 5|YD JFZ l+Z\UM ZFQ8=wJH OZSFjIM CTMP
S], !5 ;eIM K[PH[DF\ 5 SFIDL VG[ !_ lAGSFIDL  EFZTG[ VFhFNL D/L T[ ;DI[ N[XDF\ ,UEU 5&Z H[8,F\
K[P N[XL ZHJF0F\ CTF\P
 I]PV[;PV[P4O|Fg;4U|[8lA|8G4ZlXIF VG[ RLG VF 5F\R  N[XL ZFßIMGF lJl,GLSZ6GL HJFANFZL RFZTGF GFIA
ZFQ8=M ;,FDTL ;lDlTGF SFIDL ;eIM K[P J0F5|WFG VG[ U'C 5|WFG ;ZNFZ J<,EEF. 58[, VG[
 I]PV[GPGL lJX[QF ;\:YFVM o T[DGF ;lRJzL JLP5LPD[GGG[ ;M\5F. CTLP
;\:YF 8}\S]\ GFD J0]\ DYS  EFJGUZGF DCFZFH S'Q6S]DFZl;\CÒV[ EFZT ;\3DF\
lJ`J WHO J<0" C[<Y lHlGJF Ô[0FJFGL 5C[, SZL CTLP
VFZMuI VMU["GF.h[XG  ZT]EF. VNF6L VG[ VgI ,MSMV[ D/L —VFZhL CS}DTˆ
;\:YF GL :YF5GF SZL CTLP
I]G[:SM UNESCO I]GF.8[0 5[lZ;  .P;.!)$( DF\ 5FlS:TFG[ SxDLZ 5Z VFS|D6 SI]"\P V[
G[Xg; ;DI[ SxDLZGF ZFÔ ClZl;\C[ TFtSFl,S Ô[0F6BT 5Z
V[ßI]S[XG,4;FIlg8lOS ;CL SZL HdD] SxDLZG[ EFZT;\3 ;FY[ Ô[0L NLW]\P
V[g0 S<RZ,  UF\WLÒGL CtIF #_ ÔgI]VFZL !)$( GF ZMH GFY]ZFD
VMU["GF.h[XG UM0;[V[ SZL CTLP
VF\TZZFQ8=LI ILO I]GF.8[0 G[Xg; lHlGJF  :JT\+ EFZTG]\ A\WFZ6 30JF DF8[ .P;P!)$& DF\
DH}Z ;\U9G ,[AZ VMU["GF.h[XG A\WFZ6 ;EFGL ZRGF SZJFDF\ VFJLP 0F"PAFAF ;FC[A
I]lG;[O UNICEF I]GF.8[0 gI}IMS" VF\A[0SZ VF56L A\WFZ6 D];¡F ;lDlT GF VwI1F CTFP
G[Xg; .g8ZG[XG,  0F"PZFH[gã 5|;FN EFZTGL A\WFZ6 ;EFGF 5|D]B CTFP
lR<0=G .DZHg;L O\0  A\WFZ6 30JFGL 5|lS|IF l0;[dAZ !)$) ;]WL RF,LP VF
BMZFS VG[ FAO DF8[ !! H[8,F\ ;+M IMÔIF\4H[DF\ !&& lNJ; A[9SM Y.P
O}0 V[g0 ZMD
S'lQF ;\U9G V[lU|S,RZ  Z& ÔgI]VFZL !)5_ YL EFZTGF A\WFZ6GM VD,
SZJFDF\ VFjIMP
VMU["GF.h[XG
 RS|JTL" ZFHUM5F,FRFZL :JT\+ EFZTGF K[<,F EFZTLI
lJ`JA[gS IBRD .g8ZG[XG, JMlX\u8G
UJ"GZ HGZ, CTFP
A[gS VMO ZL Sg:8=SXG 0L ;L
 0F"PZFH[gã 5|;FN :JT\+ EFZTGF 5|YD ZFQ8=5|D]B CTFP
V[g0 0[J,5D[g8
 5\l0T HJFCZ,FF, G[C~V[ H}G !)5$ DF\ lJ`J V[SD o !# :JT\+ EFZT
;D1F 5\RXL, GM lJRFZ lJ`J ;D1F ZH} SIF["P
 VFhFNL 5KL EFZTGF A\WFZ6[ N[XGF XF;G DF8[ ;\3LI
V[SD o !Z VFhFNL VG[ tIFZ 5KL XF;GjIJ:YF :JLSFZLP
 Z& ÔgI]VFZL !)5_ GF ZMH A\WFZ6GM VD, X~ YIM
 14 DL VMUQ8 !)$* GF ZMH EFZTDF\YL 5FlS:TFG
tIFZ[ EFZTDF\ V4A4S4VG[ 0 V[D RFZ JUF["GF\ ZFßIM
V,U 50I]\P CTF\P
 DFR" !)$_ DF\ ,FCMZ D]SFD[ D/[, D]l:,D ,LU  ! VMS8MAZ !)5# GF ZMH DãF; ZFßIDF\YL T[,U ] ]
VlWJ[XGDF\ V,U ZFQ8= 5FlS:TFGGL DF\U SZF.P EFQFL 5|N[XG]\ V,U ZFßI VF\W| 5|N[XGL ZRGF SZF.P
 JF.;ZF¶I DFpg8 A[8G DFR" !)$* DF\ EFZT VFjIF  S[gã ;ZSFZ[ EFZTGL ;JF["rR VNF,TGF 5}J"
CTFP T[DG[ EFZTGF EFU,FGL IMHGF T{IFZ SZLP VF gIFIFWLX Oh,V,LGF VwI1F5N[ —ZFßI
IMHGFGF VD, DF8[ lA|l8X 5F,F"D[g8[ —lC\N :JFT\È 5]GZ"RGF 5\Rˆ GL ZRGF SZLP ! GJ[dAZ !)5& YL
WFZMo!)$*ˆ 5;FZ SIF["P
ZFßIMGL 5]GZZRGF SZTF SFINFGM VD, SZJFDF\ VFjIMP
7FG5ZA DFGL DDTFG]\ V[S lA\N] VD'TGF ;D]ΠSZTF\ JWFZ[ DL9]\ CMI K[P l0;[dAZ Z)!$ P 5
 ZFßIMGL 5]GZ"RGF 5KL !$ ZFßIM VG[ & S[gãXFl;T
5|N[XM Vl:TtJDF\ VFjIFP
 U]HZFTDF\ .gN],F, IFl7S GL VFU[JFGL C[9/
DCFU]HZFT DF8[ R/J/ SZGFZ AWF ZFHSLI 51FMV[
;%8[dAZ !)5& DF\ DCFU]HZFT HGTF 5lZQFN GL
ZRGF SZLP
 VF R/J/YL .gN],F, IFl7S —HGTFGF RFRFˆ AgIFP
 ;\;N[ !)&_ GF D]\A.GF läEFQFL ZFßIG]\ lJEFHG
SZL DCFZFQ8= VG[ U]HZFT ZFßIGL ZRGF SZLP
 U]HZFT ZFßIG]\ pN3F8G 5}ßI ZlJX\SZ DCFZFHGF
C:T[ ! D[ !)&_ GF ZMH YI]\P
 U]HZFTGF 5|YD ZFßI5F, TZLS[ DC[\NL GJFh H\U
TYF D]bID\+L TZLS[ 0F"PÒJZFH DC[TFV[ SFI"EFZ
;\EF?IM CTMP
 .P;PZ_!_ DF\ U]HZFT ZFßIGL :YF5GFG[ 5_ JQF"
5}6" YTF\ VF JQF"G[ —:Jl6"D U]HZFTˆ TZLS[ pHJJFDF\
VFjI]\P
 .P;P!)$( DF\ 5F\l0R[ZLGF ,MSMV[ O|[\RMG[ —lC\N
KM0MˆG]\ V[,FG SI]"\P
 EFZT ;ZSFZ[ UMJFG[ D]ST SZJF —VM5Z[XG lJHIˆ
X~ SZJFGM lG6"I SIF["P
 EFZT VG[ 5FlS:TFG JrR[ !)$(4!)&5 VG[
!)*! V[D +6 JFZ I]âM YIF\PVF +6[IDF\
5FlS:TFGGM 5ZFHI YIM CTMP
 EFZT VG[ 5FlS:TFG JrR[ TFxS\N VG[ XLD,F SZFZ
YIF K[ 56 5FlS:TFG V[ SZFZMG]\ 5F,G SZT]\ GYLP
 UMJF4ND6 VG[ NLJ DF8[ !*4!( l0;[dAZ !)&!
GL DwI ZF+LV[ HGZ, RF{WZLGF G[T'tJ C[9/ ,XSZL
VlEIFG X~ YI]\P
 !Zv_(v!)(* YL UMJFG[ ZFßIGM NZßÔ[ D?IMP
V[SD o !$ B\0 5lZRIoVFlO|SF VG[ V[lXIF
 !( DL ;NLGF V\T ;]WL VFlO|SF B\0 —V\WFlZIF B\0 ˆ
TZLS[ VM/BFTM CTMP
 AFYF[",MdI] 0FIh[ .P;P!$)# DF\ —S[5 VMO U]0
CM5ˆ GL E}lXZ XMWL CTLP
 EFZT TZO VFJJFGM DFU"” JF:SMvNvUFDFV[
!$)( DF\ XMwIM CTMP
 VFlO|SF B\0GM DM8M EFU 5}J" UM/FW"DF\ VFJ[,M K[P
 VFlO|SF B\0GM S], HDLG lJ:TFZ lJ`JGF Z_@ H[8,M
K[P T[ lJ`JGM ALÔ G\AZGM DM8M B\0 K[P
 VFlO|SF B\0GL JFIjIDF\ V[8,F; 5J"TGL CFZDF/F
K[PT[DF\ êRM 5J"T V[8,F; K[P H[GL êRF. #4)&5
DL8Z K[P
7FG5ZA H/GF HMX ;FD[ _N GF RF,[P
 5}J" VFlO|SFGL lUlZDF/FDF\ êRM 5J"T lSl,DFghFZM
K[PH[GL êRF. 54()5 DL8Z K[P
 VFlO|SF B\0GF p¿Z EFUDF\ ;CZFG]\ lJXF/ Z6
VFJ[,]\ K[PH[ )_4&54___ RMlSDL H[8,M lJ:TFZ
WZFJ[ K[P
 VFlO|SF B\0GF NlZIFlSGFZFGL ,\AF. #_4___ lSDL
H[8,L K[P
 GF., GNL N]lGIFGL ;F{YL ,F\AL GNL K[PT[GL ,\AF.
&4$#& lSDL K[P
 VFlO|SF B\0DF\ D]bItJ[ lJQF]JJ'¿LI H\U,M K[P
 VFlO|SF B\0GF lJQF]JJ'¿LI EFUMDF\ t;[vt;[ DFBLGM
p5ãJ K[ H[ SZ0TF\ CFYL5UFGM ZMU YFI K[P
 hF\hLAFZG[ —,JL\UGM 8F5]ˆ 56 SC[ K[P
 GF., GNLGF lSGFZ[ .lH%TslD;Zf GL DCFG
;\:S'lT lJSF; 5FDL CTLP
 .lH%TGL ZFHWFGL S[ZM K[P
 ;]V[h GC[Z[ V[lXIF VG[ I]ZM5G[ B}A H GÒS ,FJL
NLWF K[P
 V[lXIF B\0G]\ :YFG o _!_ v !&' YL **_ v$#'
PpPV VG[ Z&_ v_$' 5}PZ[P4!&)_ v$_ˆ 5PZ[P
JrR[ VFJ[,]\ K[P
 V[lXIF B\0GM S], lJ:TFZ $4#(4!_4___ RMlSDL
K[P
 DFpg8 V[JZ[:8 lJ`JG]\ ;F{YL êR]\ lXBZ K[PH[GL
êRF. (($( DL8Z K[P
 lTaATGF prR5|N[XG[ N]lGIFG]\ KF5Z]\ SC[ K[P
 EFZTGF DMGl;GZD VG[ R[ZF5]\ÒDF\ N]lGIFGM ;F{YL
JW] JZ;FN 50[ K[P
 V[lXIFDF\ ;F{YL JW] UZDL 5FlS:TFGGF H[SMAFAFN
XC[ZDF\ 50[ K[P
 ;F.ALlZIFG]\ JBF["IFg:S XC[Z N]lGIFG]\ ;F{YL JWFZ[
9\0]\ XC[Z K[P
 IF\Ut;[ GNL V[lXIFGL ;F{YL ,F\AL GNL K[P
 SFl:5IG ;ZMJZ N]lGIFG]\ ;F{YL DM8]\ ;ZMJZ K[P
 AF.S, ;ZMJZ N]lGIFG]\ ;F{YL ê0]\ ;ZMJZ K[P
 .hZFI, VG[ Ô[0"GGL JrR[ VFJ[,M D'T ;D]ã
N]lGIFG]\ ;F{YL BFZ]\ ;ZMJZ K[P
l0;[dAZ Z)!$ P ^
 ;FDFlHS lJ7FG lJQIJ:T]
 ;FDFlHS lJ7FG o WMZ6 v ( sV[SD ! YL *f ALH]\ ;+
V[SD o ! WFlD”S ;FDFlHS •U'lT
 VMU6L;DL ;NLDF\ —GJÔU'lTˆ GL X~VFT SZJFDF\
VG[ WFlD"S ;]WFZ6FGF\ VF\NM,GM X~ SZJFDF\ ZFÔ
ZFDDMCGZFI 5|YD CTFP
 ZFÔ ZFDDMCGZFIGM HgD .P;P!**ZDF\ A\UF/GF
C]U,L lH<,FGF ZFWFGUZ UFDGF A|Fï6 S]8]\ADF\ YIM
CTMP
 ZFÔ ZFDDMCGZFI[ !(Z!DF\ A\UF/LDF\ —;\JFN SF{D]NLˆ
4 !(ZZ DF\ OFZ;LDF\ —lDZFTvp,vVBAFZˆ GFDGF
;DFRFZ5+M TYF !()( DF\ —A|ïM;DFHˆ GL VG[
SM,SFTFDF\ lC\N] SM,[HGL :YF5GF SZL CTLP
 !(Z) DF\ V\U|[H UJG"Z lJl,ID A[lg8S[ ;TL 5|YF
p5Z 5|lTA\WGF SFINM 30IM CTMP
 NIFG\N ;Z:JTLGM HgD DMZAL 5F;[GF 8\SFZF UFD[ YIM
CTMP
 NIFG\N ;Z:JTLV[ ;\gIF; ,. DY]ZFDF\ :JFDL
lJZÔG\N 5F;[ H. lCgN] XF:+MGM VeIF; SIF[" CTMP
 NIFG\N ;Z:JTLV[ —J[NM TZO 5FKF J/Mˆ GM AMW VF%IM
VG[ —;tIFY" 5|SFXˆ GFDGF U|\YGL ZRGF SZL CTLP
 NIFG\N ;Z:JTLV[ !(*5 DF\ —VFI" ;DFHˆGL :YF5GF
SZL CTLP VFI";DFH[[ WDF"\TZ 5FD[,F lCgN]VMG[ lCgN]
WD"DF\ 5FKF ,FJJF DF8[ —X]lâ R/J/ˆ X~ SZL CTLP
 :JFDL zâFG\N[ !)_Z CZäFZ 5F;[ —SF\U0Lˆ U]Z]S],
:YF%I]\P
 ZFDS'Q6 5ZDC\;GM HgD A\UF/GF C]U,L lH<,FGF
SFDFZ5}S]Z UFDF\ YIM CTMP
 GZ[gãGFY N¿GM HgD !(&# DF\ YIM CTMP
 GZ[gãGFY N¿[ ZFDS'Q6 5ZDC\;G[ U]Z] DFGL :JFDL
lJJ[SFG\N GFD WFZ6 SI"\ CT]\P
 :JFDL lJJ[SFG\N[ !()# DF\ I]GF.8[0 :8[8LGF lXSFUMGL
VlB, lJ`JWD" 5lZQFNDF\ CFHZL VF5L CTLP
 :JFDL lJJ[SFG\N[ EFZTLIMG[ —é9M4ÔUM VG[ wI[I 5|Fl%T
;]WL D\0IF ZCMˆ G]\ ;}+ VF%I]\P
 :JFDL lJJ[SFG\N[ !()*DF\ A[,}ZDF\ —ZFDS'Q6 lDXG
D9ˆ GL :YF5GF SZL CTLPVF lDXG[ —HG ;[JF V[ H
5|E] ;[JFˆ ;}+GM VD, SIF[" CTMP
 !) DL ;NLDF\ p¿Z 5|N[XGF ZFIAZ[,LDF\ ;{IN VCDN
BFG VG[ A\UF/GF XZLVT]<,FGL VFU[JFGLDF\
D];,DFGMDF\ ÔU'lTGM VFZ\E SIF["PT[D6[ .:,FD WD"
VG[ ;\:S'lTG[ DHA}T VG[ X]â SZJF —JCFAL VF\NM,Gˆ
R,FjI]\P
7FG5ZA 5|[D :JU”GM Z:TM K[P
S], V[SDM o !$
 ;Z ;{IN VCDNBFG[ .P;P!(*_ DF\ —
TAlhAvp,vVB,FSˆ GDFG]\ ;FDFlIS X~ SI]" VG[
!(*5 DF\ V,LU-DF\ D]l:,D SM,[H :YF5L H[ CF, —
V,LU- D]l;,D I]lGJl;"8LˆGF GFD[ Ô6LTL K[P
 U]Zä] FZFDF\ 5|J[X[,F\ N}QF6M N}Z SZJF —lXZMD6L U]Z]äFZF
5|A\WS ;lDlTˆ VG[ 5FüFtI S[/J6L VF5JF VD'T;ZDF\ —
BF,;F SM,[Hˆ GL :YF5GF SZJFDF\ VFJLP
 5FZ;L WD"DF\ ;DFH;]WFZF DF8[ !(5! DF\ —
ZCG]DFv.vDhNIZAG ;EFˆ NFNFEF. GJZM GL
VwI1FTFDF\ :Y5F.P
 VF ;\:YF —ZFxT UMOTFZˆ GFDG]\ D]B5+ ACFZ 5F0TLP
 ßIMlTAF O},[V[ !(5* DF\ 5}GFDF\ SgIF XF/F X~ SZL VG[
—;tI XMWS ;DFHˆGL :YF5GF SZL CTLP
 UF\WL V[ :YF5[,F —VlB, lC\N ClZHG ;\3ˆ GF D\+L 9ÞZ
AF5F CTFP
 9ÞZ AF5FG]\ D}/ GFD VD'T,F, 9ÞZ CT]\P
 9ÞZ AF5FV[ —5\RDCF, EL, ;[JF D\0/ˆGL :YF5GF SZL
CTLP
 V[SD o Z 5IF"JZ6LI 5|N}QF6
 V[SD o # EFZTDF\ ZFQ8=JFN
 VFW]lGS ZFQ8=JFNGM ;F{ 5|YD p¡EJ I]ZM5DF\ YIM CTMP
 EFZTDF\ ZFQ8=LI ÔU'lTGF 5lZA/M !(5* GF 5|YD
:JFT\È ;\U|FD AFN lJS:IF\ CTF\P
 5FüFtI 5]ZFTtJ lJ¡ V[,[ShF\0Z SlG\UCFD[ EFZTGF VG[S
5\FRLG :Y/MV[ BMNSFD SZFjIF CTFP
 EFZTGF EUJFG,F, .gN= V[ 56 VG[S VJX[QFM XMWL
EFZTGL EjITFGM bIF, VF%IMP
 lC\NL ZFQ8=LI DCF;EF VUFpGF 5|N[lXS ;\U9GM o
A\UF/ lA|l8X .lg0IG ;M;FI8L SM,SFTF
DãF; G[l8J ;EF R[gGF.
.lg0IG V[;Ml;I[XG SM,SFTF
AMdA[ V[;Ml;I[XG D]\A.
;FJ"HlGS ;EF 5}6[
 V[PVMPæ]DGF 5|ItGMYL l0;[dAZ !((5 DF\ lC\NL ZFQ8=LI
DCF;EFGL :YF5GF Y.P
 Z( l0;[dAZ !((5 GF ZMH jIMD[XR\ã A[GZ GF
5|D]B5N[ D]\A.GL UMS]/NF; T[H5F, ;\:S'T 5F9XF,FDF\
5|YD VlWJ[XG D?I]\P H[DF\ *Z H[8,F 5|lTlGlWVM CTFP
oo lC\NL ZFQ8=LI DCF;EFGF VlWJ[XGM oo
GJ[dAZ Z)!$ P &
 VlWJ[XG :Y/ 5|D]B JQF" ;eI
5|YD D]\A. jIMD[XR\ã !((5 *Z
A[GZ
ALH]\ SM,SFTF NFNFEF. !((& $#Z
GJZM
+LH]\ DãF; ANZ]¡LG !((* &_*
T{IA
 JF.;ZMI ,M0" Sh"G[ —EFU,F 5F0M VG[ ZFH SZMˆ GL
GLlT V5GFJL !)_5 DF\ A\U/G]\ lJEFHG SI]"\P
 A\lSDR\ã RÎM5FwIFIGL —VFG\N D9ˆ GJ,SYFDF\YL —J\N[
DFTZDˆ ULT ,[JFI]\ K[P
 A\UF/GF EFU,FGMVD, YIM T[ lNJ; —XMS lNGˆ
TZLS[ pHJFIMP ZJLgãGFY 9FS]ZGF ;}RGYL T[ lNJ; —
V[STF lNG ˆ TZLS[ 56 pHJFIMP
 ZJLgãGFY 8FUMZ[ !)_! DF\ XFlTlGS[TGDF\
lJ`JEFZTL lJnF,I X~ SZL CTLP
 !)!! DF\ V\U|[H ;ZSFZG[ A\UF/GF EFU,F ZN
SZJFGL OZH 50LP
 ZJLgãGFY 8FUMZ[ XFlTlGS[TGDF\ X~ SZ[,L lJ`JEFZTL
lJnF,IG[ !)5! DF\ S[gãLI lJ`JEFZTL lJnF,IGM
NZßÔ[ D?IMP
 DJF/ V[8,[ GZD J,6 WZFJGFZP
 DJF/JFNL G[TFVM o NFNFEF. GJZM 4 ;]Z[gãGFY
A[GZ 4UM5F,S'Q6 UMB,[PP
 —,F,4AF, VG[ 5F,ˆ GL l+5]8LYL VM/BFTF ,F,F
,H5TZFI4AF/ U\UFWZ l8/S VG[ lAl5GR\ã 5F, pU|
J,6GF CMJFYL —HCF,JFNLˆ SC[JFIFP
 ,MSDFgI l8/S[ —:JZFH DFZM HgD l;â CS K[ VG[ C]\
T[ D[/JLG[ H H\5LXˆ GM GFZM VF%IMP
 l8/S[ DZF9L EFQFFDF\ —S[;ZLˆ VG[ V\U|[ DF\ —DZF9Fˆ
GFD[ JT"DFG5+M X~ SIF"P
 X[ZvV[v5\ÔA TZLS[ Ô6LTF ,F,F ,H5TZFI[ —WL
5\ÔALˆ VG[ —WL %I]l5,ˆ H[JF JT"DFG5+M X~ SIF"P
 lAl5GR\ã 5F,[ —gI} .lg0IFˆ ;F%TFlCS VG[ —
J\N[DFTZDˆ JT"DFG5+ X~ SIF"P
 !)_& DF\ -FSFDF\ —D]l:,D ,LUˆ GL :YF5GF Y.P
 V[l5|, !)!_ DF\ AF/ U\UFWZ l8/S[ 5}GFDF\ —.lg0IG
CMD~, ,LUˆ GL :YF5GF SZLP
 V[GL A[;g8[ DãF;DF\ ;%8[dAZ!)!& DF\ —CMD~,
,LUsHJFANFZ ZFHT\+f GL :YF5GF SZLP
 V[GL A[;g8G[ l0;[dAZ !)!* DF\ SM,SFTF D]SFD[
EZFI[,F SF"U|[;GF VlWJ[XGDF\ ;F{5|YD DlC,F 5|D]B
AGFJFIFP
7FG5ZA XaNM H[8,F VMKF T[8,L 5|FY"GF pàDP
 SF"U|[; VG[ D]l:,D ,LUGF G[TFVMV[ !)!& DF\ ,BGF{
D]SFD[ SZ[,L ;DH}TL SZL SZ[, SZFZ —,BGF{ SZFZˆ
TZLS[ Ô6LTM YIMP
 ;]EFQFR\ã AMhGM HgD Z# ÔgI]VFZL !()* DF\
VMl0;FGF S8S D]SFD[ YIM CTMPT[DGL DFTFG]\ GFD
5|EFJTL VG[ l5TFG]\ GFD ÔGSLGFY AMh CT]\P
 ;]EFQFR\ã AMh[ !)#) DF\ —OMZJ0" a,MSˆ GFDGF GJF
ZFHSLI 51FGL ZRGF SZLP
 S[%8G DMCGl;\U[ Ô5FGGL XZ6[ UI[,F EFZTLI
;{lGSMDF\YL —VFhFN lC\N OMHˆGL ZRGF SZLP
 ZF; lACFZL AMh[ $ H],F. !)$# GF ZMH ;JF"G]DT[ —
VFhFN lC\N OMHˆ GF ;JF["rR G[TF TZLS[ ;]EFQFR\ã
AMhGL JZ6L SZLP
 !( VMUQ8 !)$5 GF ZMH OMDF";FGF TF.5[. lJDFGL
DYSYL p50[,F lJDFGDF\ VFU ,FUTF\ G[TF VJ;FG
5FdIF CTF V[J]\ DGFI K[P
 G[TF V[ —R,M lN<,Lˆ G]\ ;}+ VF%I]\ VG[ EFZTG[ —HI
lC\Nˆ GM D\+ VF%IMP
V[SD o $ ;JF["rR VNF,T
 EFZTDF\ Z( DL ÔgI]VFZL !)5_ GF ZMH ;JM"rR
VNF,TGM 5|FZ\E YIMP
 !)(_ GF NXSDF\ ;JM"rR VNF,T[ —ÔC[Z lCTGL
VZ ˆ GL jIJ:YFGM :JLSFZ SIF["P
V[SD o 5 EFZTGF S|F\lTJLZM
 JF;]NJ[ A/J\T O/S[ EFZTDF\ S|FlgTSFZL 5|J'l¿GL ;F{
5|YD X~VFT SZL CTLP T[DG]\ D'tI] O[A|]VFZL !((# DF\
V[0G H[,DF\ YI]\ CT]\P
 JLZ ;FJZSZGM HgD Z( D[ !((# GF ZMH DCFZFQ8=GF
GFl;S lH<,FGF EU}Z UFD[ YIM CTMP
 JLZ ;FJZSZ[ —lD+ D[,Fˆ GFDGL ;\:YF :YF5L CTL H[
5FK/YL —VlEGJ EFZTˆ GFDYL VM/BF.P T[DG[ ;F{
5|YD EFZTDF\ lJN[XL SF50GL CM/L SZL CTLP Z&
O[A|]VFZL !)&& DF\ T[DG]\ D'tI] YI]\ CT]\P
 B]NLZFD AMHGM HgD A\UF/GF D[lNGL5]Z lH<,FGF
DMCAGLDF\ _#v!Zv!(() DF\ YIM CTMP;tI[GAFA]
GFDGF lX1FS[ T[DG[ S|FlgT5YGL lN1FF VF5L CTLPT[DG[
#_ V[l5|, !)_( GF ZMH gIFIFWLX lS\u;OM0"G[ BTD
SZJF DF8[ AMdA O[SIM CTMP
 ZFD 5|;FN lAl:D,GM HgD .P;P!()* DF\ p¿Z
5|N[XGF XFC5]ZDF\ YIM CTMP
 R\ãX[BZ VFhFNG]\ D}/ GFD R\ãX[BZ ;LTFZFD lTJFZL
CT]\P T[DGM HgD Z# H],F. !)_& DF\ DwI 5|N[XGF
hFA]VF GF EFJZF UFDDF\ YIM CTMP
GJ[dAZ Z)!$ P *
 !)#! GL Z* O[A|]VFZLV[ V,CFAFNGF VF<Ë[0 AFUDF\  U]HZFTDF\ 62% U|FdI VG[ 38% J;lT XC[ZL
A[9F CTF tIFZ[ V\U|Ô[ ;FD[GF UM/LAFZDF\ ACFN]ZL lJ:TFZDF\ J;JF8 SZ[ K[P
5}J"S ,0TF ,0TF T[DG]\ D'tI] YI] CT]\P  ;G[ 2011 DF\ YI[,L J;lT U6TZL D]HA EFZTDF\ NZ
 EUTl;\CGM HgD 5\ÔAGF ,FI,5]Z lH<,FGF A\UF CÔZ 5]Z]QFMV[ :+LVMG]\ 5|DF6 940 K[P U]HZFTDF\ VF
UFDDF\ Z( ;%8[dAZ !)_* GF ZMH YIM CTMP Z# DFR" 5|DF6 918 K[P ;F{YL JW] 5|DF6 S[Z,DF\ 1084 K[P
!)#! GF ZMH V\U|[H VO;Z ;Mg0;"GF B}G S[;DF\
 EFZTDF\ S], ;F1FZTF NZov
T[DG[ OF\;L VF5JFDF\ VFJL CTLP
S|D N[XqZFßI S], 5]Z]QFMGM :+LVMGM
 xIFD S'Q6 JDF"GM HgD $ VMS8MAZ !(5* GF ZMH
;F1FZTF ;F1FZTF ;F1FZTF
SrKGF DF\0JLDF\ YIM CTMP T[DG[ !)_5 DF\ !( DL
NZ NZ
O[A|]VFZLV[ —.lg0IG CMD~, ;M;FI8Lˆ GL :YF5GF SZL
EFZT 74.04 82.14 65.46
CTL 4 H[G]\ SFIF",I —.lg0IF CFp;ˆ GFDGF DSFGDF\ X~
SZJFDF\ VFjI]\ CT]\P ZFßI
 xIFD S'Q6 JDF"V[ ;\:YFGF 5|RFZ DF8[ —.lg0IG 1 S[Z/ 93.91 96.02 91.98
;Ml;VM,MlH:8ˆ ;FDFlIS X~ SI]"\ CT]\P 2 U]HZFT 79.31 87.23 70.73
 D¶0D ELBFI ~:TD SFDF GM HgD Z$v_)v!(&!
GF ZMH D]\A.DF\ YIM CTMP  U]HZFTDF\ ;F1FZTFGL ãlQ8V[ 5|YD 5F\R lH<,FVM ov
 T[D6[ !)_* DF\ HD"GLGF :8]V8" UF0" XC[ZDF\ IMÔI[,L lH<,F S], 5]Z]QF DlC,F
AL VF\TZZFQ8=LI ;DFHJFNL 5lZQFNDF\ CFHZL VF5L VDNFJFN 86.65% 92.44% 80.29%
VG[ tIF\ —J\N[ DFTZDˆ D\+ VlST SZ[, EFZTGM l+Z\UL ;]ZT 86.65% 91.05% 81.02%
wJH ;F{ 5|YD JFZ OZSFjIM CTMP VF6\N 85.79% 93.23% 77.76%
V[SD o ^ DFGJ ;\XFWG UF\WLGUZ 85.73% 93.59% 77.37%
 ;G[ 2011 DF\ YI[,L J;lT U6TZL EFZTDF\ VFhFNL B[0F 84.31% 93.40% 76.67%
D?IF 5KL ;FTDL JBTGL CTLP
 EFZT N[XGM S], E}lD lJ:TFZ 32,87,263 RM lSDL
 EFZTDF\ A\WFZ6 D]HA CF,DF\ 22 DFgI EFQFFVM K[P
K[PH[ N]lGIFGF S], lJ:TFZ 5{SL 2.42% H[8,M K[P
V[SD o & DCFtDFGF DFU” 5Z !
EFZT lJ:TFZGL ãlQ8V[ lJ`JDF\ ;FTDF S|D[ K[P  oo UF\WL lJX[ VF8,]\ Ô6M oo
 ;G[ 2001 DF\ EFZTGL J;lT 102.87 SZM0 CTL 4 H[  5]Z]\ GFD ov DMCGNF; SZDR\N UF\WL
;G[ 2011 DF\ 121.01 SZM0 H[8,L Y.P  HgDlNG ov Z VMS8MAZ !(&)
 ;G[ 2011 DF\ J;lT J'lâ NZ 1.7% H[8,M GLRM UIM  HgD :Y/ ov 5MZA\NZ sSLlT"D\lNZf
CTMP  DFTF o v 5}T/LAF.
 1920 DF\ ;Z[ZFX JIVFI] 40/41 JQF" CTL H[ CF,  5tGL ov S:T}ZAF
;Z[ZFX 63/64 JQF" H[8,L K[P  VFwIFltDS U]Z] ov zLDN ZFHR\ã
 ;G[ 2011 DF\ J;lT U6TZL D]HA EFZTGL S], J;lT  ZFHSLI U]Z] ov UM5F,S'Q6 UMB,[
1,210,193,422 K[P  VFtDSYF ov ;tIGF 5|IMUM
 EFZTDF\ ;F{YL JW] J;lT WZFJTF 5F\R ZFßIM o p¿Z  l5|I GF8S ov ZFÔ ClZXR\ã
5|N[X4DCFZFQ8=4lACFZ45lüD A\UF/ VG[ VF\W| 5|N[X  lGJF"6 lNG ov #_v_!v!)$(
K[P  ;DFWL ov ZFH3F8slN<,Lf
 U]HZFTDF\ ;F{YL JW] J;lT WZFJTF 5F\R lH<,FVM o  UF\WL V[ Z5 DL D[ !)!5 GF ZMH VDNFJFNGF
VDNFJFN4;]ZT4J0MNZF4ZFHSM8 VG[ AGF;SF\9F K[P SMRZADF\ —;tIFU|Cˆ VFzDGL :YF5GF SZLP
 U]HZFTDF\ ;F{YL JW] J;lT ULRTF 1376 RM lSDL  GF.8C}0 ov lA|8LX ZFÔ S[ ZF6L äFZF SM. JIlSTG[
5|DF6[ ;]ZT lH<,FDF\ K[P V;FWFZ6 jIlSTUT ;O/TF S[ ,MS;[JF DF8[ V5FTM
 ,1FäL5 8F5]VM4ND6 VG[ NLJ4NFNZF VG[ GUZ V[JM0"P
CJ[,L4V\NDFG lGSMAFZ 8F5]4l;lÞD ;F{YL VMKL  DCFtDF UF\WL V[ —S{;Z[ lC\NˆGL p5FlW tIFULG[
WZFJTF\ 5F\R ZFßIM VG[ S[gã XFl;T 5|N[XM K[P !)Z_vZ!DF\ V;CSFG]\ VF\NM,G SI]"\ CT]\P
7FG5ZA 5|FY”GF ;JFZGL RFJL VG[ ;\wIFSF/GL ;F\S/ K[P GJ[dAZ Z)!$ P (
 #P ;FDFlHS lJ7FG lJQIJ:T] WMZ6 (
!P EFZTDF\ lA|8LX XF;GGM 5|EFJ
VG[ ZFq8=JFNL VF\NM,GM
 .P;P !$5# DF\ T]S" D];,DFGMV[ VF\TZZFQ8=LI J[5FZL
DYS SMg:8[lg8GM5, ÒTL ,LW]\P
 5M8]"U,GM JF:SMvNvUFDF l,:AG A\NZ[YL EFZT TZOGM
H/DFU" XMWJF GLS?IMP
 JF:SMvNvUFDF DCDNv.aGvDÒN GFDGF EFZTLI
B,F;LGL DNNYL EFZT 5CM\RJFDF\ ;O/ YIM CTMP
 .P;P !$)( DF\ 5M8]"U,GF JF:SMvNvUFDFV[ EFZT
VFJJFGM GJM H/DFU" XMWTF\ ;F{5|YD 5M8]"ULhM
EFZTDF\ VFjIFP
 JF:SMvNvUFDF ;F{ 5|YD EFZTGF SFl,S8 A\NZ[ VFjIM
CTMP
 tIFZ AFN S|DXo G[WZ,[g0sCM,[g0fGF 0R ,MSM4
.\u,[g0DF\YL V\U|[Ô[4 O|Fg;DF\YL O|[gRM4 J[5FZ SZJF
EFZTDF\ VFjIFP
 EFZTDF\ YI[,F ;¿F;\3QF"DF\ V\U|Ô[ ;JF["5ZL AgIFP
 V\U|[Ô[V[ EFZTDF\ ;F{5|YD ;]ZTDF\ 5MTFG]\ J[5FZL DYS
:YF%I]\P
 .P;P!&__ DF\ .:8 .lg0IF S\5GGL X~VFT Y.P
 .P;P !*&$ DF\ AS;ZGF I]âDF\ lJHI D[/JL .:8
.lg0IF S\5GLV[ clåD]BL XF;G5âlTc åFZF ZFßI JCLJ8
X~ SIF["P
 5}J"GF N[XM ;FY[ J[5FZ SZJF DF8[ CM,[g0[ 0R .:8 .lg0IF
S\5GL :YF5L CTLP
 .P;P !&&$ DF\ O|g[ R .:8 .lg0IF S\5GLGL X~VFT Y.
CTLP
 DCFZF6L lJS8MlZIFV[ EFZTG]\ XF;G .P;P!(5*DF\
5MTFGF C:TS ,. ,LW]\P
 EFZTDF\ ;F{5|YD D]\A. VG[ YF6F JrR[ Z[,J[GL X~VFT
.P;P!(5# DF\ Y. CTLP
 .P;P!(5* DF\ EFZT VG[ .\u,[g0 JrR[ VFUAM8 ;[JFGM
5|FZ\E YIMP
 .\u,[g0DF\ VF{nF[lUS S|F\lTGL X~VFT Y. CTLP
 ZFÔ ZFDDMCGZFIGF 5|IF;MYL ;TL YJFGF lZJFH 5Z
5|lTA\W D]SFIMP
 V\U|[H UJ"GZ HGZ, lJl,ID A[lg8S[ ;TL YJFGF lZJFH
5Z 5|lTA\W D}SIMP
 ,M0" D[SM,[GF 5|IF;MYL EFZTDF\ V\U|[Ò EFQFFGF lX1F6GM
5|FZE YIMP
7FG5ZA ;%8[dAZ Z)!5
 RF<;" J]0GL E,FD6MYL DãF;4 D]\A. VG[ S,S¿FDF\
I]lGJl;"8LVM :Y5F.P
 ;Z ;{IN V[CDN[ D]l:,D ;DFH ;]WFZ6FGL X~VFT
SZLP
 9ÞZAF5FV[ VFlNJF;L ;DFHG[ ;]WFZJFG]\ SFI" X~
SI]"P
 JMZG C[l:8\uh[ A\UF/4 lACFZ VG[ VMlZ:;FDF\ RF,TL
clåD]BL XF;G5âlTc GFA}N SZLP
 UJ"GZ HGZ, J[,[:,L c;CFISFZL IMHGF ;\3c GM HGS
CTMP
 0[,CFp;L cBF,;FGLlTc GM HGSP
 ,M0" l,8GGF VgIFIL SFINFVM VG[ 5U,F\G[ SFZ6[
ZFQ8=JFNL 5|J'l¿G[ p¿[HG D?I]\P
 cJ\N[ DFTZDc ULTGF ZRlITF A\lSDR\ã RÎM5FwIFI K[P
 AF/U\UFWZ lT/S vc:JZFH DFZM HgDl;â CS K[ VG[
T[G[ ,.G[ H C]\ H\5LXcP
 S[8,FS ,[BSM ,M0" lDg8MG[ D]l:,D SMDJFNGF l5TF SC[
K[P
 zL VZlJ\N 3FQF[ U]HZFTDF\ ;X:+ S|F\lTGL ;F{5|YD
E}lDSF T{IFZ SZL CTLP T[DG[ T[DGF 5]:TS cEJFGL
D\lNZc DF\ S|F\lT IMHGFG]\ J6"G SI]" K[P
 c5LÎ; .lg0IF V[S8v!*($c ,M0" SMG"JMl,;[ ZH} SIF["
CTMP
 ZFÔ DC[gã 5|TF5[ 5MTFGL ;CL JF/L 5ÎL ZlXIFGF
hFZG[ DMS,L CTLP
 .P;P!)Z_ V;CSFG]\ VF\NM,GP
 UF\WLÒV[ DMCG,F, 5\0IFG[ c0]\U/L RMZcG]\ p5GFD
VF%I]\ CT]\P
 .P;P!)_* DF\ D[0D lEBF.Ò SFDFV[ 5ZN[XGL E}lD
5Z ;F{5|YD lC\NGM ZFQ8=wJH OZSFjIM CTMP
 pWDl;\CG[ V\U|[H ;ZSFZ ;FD[ pU| S|F\lTSFZL R/J/GF
K[<,F XCLN U6JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
 lR¿Z\HGNF;GF VJ;FG 5KL :JZFH 51F lGA"/ AGL
UIMP
 J[;[:,LV[ 8L5] ;],TFGG[ CZFJLG[ DFZL GFbIMP
 .P;P!)!) DF\ ZM,[8 V[S8P
 ,MSDFgI 8L/S cHCF,JFNc GF D]bI 5]Z:STF"P
 RF{ZLRF{ZF p¿Z 5|N[XGF UMZB5]Z lH<,FG]\ V[S UFD
H[DF\ 5 O[A]VFZL !)ZZGF ZMH Z! 5M,L;MG[ RMSLDF\
5]ZL ÒJTF ;/UFJFIF CTFP VF AGFJ 5KL UF\WLÒV[
V;CSFZG]\ VF\NM,G 5FK]\ B[rI]\P
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 cJ\N[ DFTZDc ULT cVFG\ND9c GJ,SYFDF\YL ,[JFDF\
VFjI]\P
 ZM,[8 V[S8YL jIlST:JFT\È VG[ JF6L:JFT\È GFDX[QF
AgI]\P
 .P;P !)Z# DF\ :JZFßI 51FGL :YF5GFP
 ,F,4 AF, VG[ 5F,GL l+5]8LV[ HCF,JFNGL GLlT
V5GFJLP
ZP :JFT\áI5Fl%T TZO 5|IF6
 .P;P!)Z* YL .P;P!)$* ;]WLGM ;DIUF/M EFZTLI
ZFQ8=LI R/J/GM ALÔ[ TAÞM U6FI K[P
 .P;P!)Z* DF\ .lg0IG :8[rI]8ZL SlDXG lGDJFDF\ VFjI]\P
H[GF 5|D]B 5N[ ßCMG ;FIDGGL lGD6}\S SZJFDF\ VFJLP
 .lg0IG :8[rI]8ZL SlDXG c;FIDG SlDXGc TZLS[ 56
VM/BFI K[P
 ;FIDG SlDXGG]\ EFZTDF\ D]\A.DF\ VFUDG YI]\ CT]\P H[G]\
:JFUT c;FIDG UM A[Sc ;}+MrRFZYL SZJFDF\ VFjI]\P
 V\U|[Ô[GF ,F9LRFH"YL !* GJ[dAZ !)Z( GF ZMH ,F,F
,H5TZFIG]\ ,FCMZDF\ VJ;FG YI]\ CT]\P
 ,F,F ,H5TZFIG[ zâF\Hl, VF5TF\ UF\WLÒV[ SCI]\ CT]\ S[4
cßIF\ ;]WL VFSFXDF\ ;}I" RDSTM ZC[X[4 tIF\ ;]WL ,F,FÒ
H[JL jIlST SIFZ[I DZL H G XS[Pc
 ,F,F ,H5TZFIGF D'tI] DF8[ HJFANFZ V\U|[H ßCMG
;M0;"GL CtIF EUTl;\C4 ;]BN[J VG[ ZFHU]Z]V[ SZL CTLP
 EUTl;\C4 ;]BN[J VG[ ZFHU]Z]G[ OF\;LGL ;Ô SZF. T[ S[;
c,FCMZ QF0I\+c GFD[ 5|bIFT AgIM CTMP
 c,FCMZ QF0I\+c S[; HTLGNF;GL &$ lNJ;GL E}B C/TF/
DF8[ 5|bIFT AgIM CTMP
 Z& ÔgI]VFZL !)#_ GF ZMH EFZTDF\ ;F{5|YD :JFT\È
lNJ; pHJFIM CTMP
 DCFtDF UF\WLÒGF G[T'tJ C[9/ 5}6" :JZFßIGL 5|Fl%TGM
;\3QF" X~ YIMP
 VF ;\3QF" .P;P !)Z( DF\ YI[, AFZ0M,L ;tIFU|CYL X~
YIMP
 UF\WLÒV[ ;FAZDTL ClZHG VFzDYL !Z DFR" !)#_ GF
ZMH NF\0L S}RGL X~VFT SZL CTLP
 DCFtDF UF\WLÒ v cVFhFNL DF8[ CJ[ C]\ V[S 5/ 56 ZMSF.
XS]\ T[D GYLPc
 DCFN[J N[;F.V[ NF\0LS}RGL T],GF cDCFlElGQS|D6c ;FY[
SZL CTLP
 ;]EFQFR\ã AMh[ NF\0LS}RGL T],GF cG[5Ml,IGGL 5[lZ; DFR"c
;FY[ SZL CTLP
 VF NF\0L UFD J,;F0 lH<,FDF\ VFJ[,]\ K[P NF\0L IF+FGL
,\AF. #&& lSDL CTLP UF\WLÒV[ *_ JQF"GL JI[ 5U5F/F
VF NF0L IF+F 5}ZL SZL CTLP
7FG5ZA ;%8[dAZ Z)!5
 VaAF; T{IAÒGL WZ5S0 YTF\ WZF;6F ;tIFU|CG]\
G[T'tJ ;ZMlHGL GFI0]V[ :JLSFI]" CT]\P
 clC\N KM0Mc GL ,0T UF\WLÒGF G[T'tJDF\ ( VMUQ8
!)$Z GF ZMH X~ SZJFDF\ VFJL CTLP
 ;]EFQFR\ã AMhGM HgD Z# ÔgI]VFZL !()* DF\
A\UF/FGF S8S GFDGF UFDDF\ YIM CTMP T[DGF l5TFG]\
GFD ÔGSLGFY CT]\P
 ;]EFQFR\ã AMh[ HD"GLDF\ cVFhFN lC\N Z[l0IM :8[XGc GL
:YF5GF SZL CTLP
 ;]EFQFR\ã AMh[ cOMZJ0" a,MSc GFDGM 51F :YF%IM CTMP
 ;]EFQFR\ã AMh[ cHI lC\Nc G]\ ;}+ VF%I]\P
 ;]EFQFR\ã AMh[ l;\UF5]ZDF\ SFDR,Fp ;ZSFZ :YF5L
CTLP
 Z$ DFR" !)$& GF ZMH +6 ;eIMG]\ AG[,]\ S[lAG[8
lDXG EFZTDF\ VFjI]\P
 ) l0;[dAZ !)$& GF ZMH A\WFZ6 ;EFGL 5|YD A[9S
D/L CTLP H[DF\ Z5_ ;eIMV[ CFHZL VF5L CTLP
 DFpg8 A[8G EFZTDF\ lA|l8X ;ZSFZGF K[<,F JF.;ZMI
CTFP
 .\u,[g0GF ZFQ8=wJHG[ cI]lGIG h[Sc GF GFD[ VM/MJFDF\
VFJ[ K[P
 RS|JTL" ZFHUM5F,FRFZL :JT\+ EFZTGF 5|YD lC\NL
UJ"GZ HGZ, CTFP
 EFZTG[ VFhFNL D/L V[ ;DI[ N[XDF\ ,UEU 5&Z
H[8,F\ N[XL ZFßIM CTF\P
 :JT\+ EFZTGF 5|YD GFIA J0F5|WFG J<<EEF. 58[,
CTFP
#P !($5 5KLG]\ lJ`J !
 Z_ DL ;NLGF DwI EFUDF\ VFJ[,]\ .P;P !)$5 G]\ JQF"
lJ`JZFHSFZ6DF\ ;LDF:T\E H[J]\ :YFG WZFJ[ K[P
 Z$ VMS8MAZ !)$5 GF ZMH ;\I]ST ZFQ8=MsI]PV[GPf GL
lJlWJT :YF5GF Y.P
 ;\I]ST ZFQ8=MGL :YF5GFDF\ 5_ N[XMV[ EFU ,LWM CTMP
 ;\I]ST ZFQ8=MGL :YF5GF Y. tIFZ[ C[GZL 8=]DG[
VD[lZSFGF ZFQ8=5|D]B CTFP
 ;\I]ST ZFQ8=MGF BT5+GM VFZ\E VFD]BYL YFI K[P
 ;\I]ST ZFQ8=MGF\ S], & V\UM K[P
 .P;P !)$5 YL !)&Z ;]WLGF ;DIUF/FG[ 9\0F I]âGF
GFD[ VM/BJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
 HD"GL N[X GFhLJFNGL lJRFZ;6L WZFJ[ K[P
 .8F,L N[X OF\;LJFNGL lJRFZ;Z6L WZFJ[ K[P
 ;MlJI[T I]lGIG[ .P;P !)$) DF\ ;F{5|YD V6]VBTZM
SIF[" CTMP
5P
 .8F,LDF\ OF\;LJFNGM V\T ,FJJF DF8[ ,MSXFCL  A\WFZ6;EFGL ZRGF S[lAG[8 lDXG IMHGFGF VFWFZ[
XF;GjIJ:YF :Y5F. CTLP
 ;MlJI[T I]lGIGGF G[T'tJ C[9/GF N[XM ;FdIJFNL
lJRFZWFZFDF\ DFGTF CTFP
 .P;P !)$) DF\ lJ`JDF\ GF8MsNATO) ,xSZL ;\U9GGL
:YF5GF Y.P
 .P;P !)5$ DF\ lJ`JDF\ ;LVF8MsSEATO) ,xSZL
;\U9GGL :YF5GF Y.P
 ;MlJI[T I]lGIGGL G[TFULZL C[9/ ;FdIJFNL N[XMV[ JM;F["
SZFZ ,xSZL ;\U9GGL :YF5GF SZLP
 .P;P !)$) DF\ RLGDF\ DFVMvt;[ T]\UGF G[T'tJ C[9/
;FdIJFNL S|F\lT Y.P
 ;MlJI[T I]lGIG[ cAl,"GGL GFSFA\WLc SZL CTLP VF 38GFG[  ZFH[gã 5|;FN A\WFZ6;EFGF R}\8FI[,F VwI1F CTFP
36F lJåFGM 9\0F I]âGL X~VFT DFG[ K[P
 .P;P !)$) DF\ dIFGDFZsADF"f :JT\+ YI]\P
 .P;P !)$( DF\ zL,\SF :JT\+ YI]\P
 HD"GLG]\ 5F8GUZ Al,"G K[P
 .P;P !)$* DF\ .g0MG[lXIF G[WZ,[g0hGL U],FDLDF\YL
VFhFN YI]\P
 .P;P !)55 DF\ .g0MG[lXIFDF\ cAFg0]\U 5lZQFNc IMÔ.
CTLP
 VD[lZSFV[ & VMU:8 !)$5 GF ZMH Ô5FGGF lCZMlXDF
XC[Z 5Z V6]AMdA GFbIM CTMP
 VD[lZSFV[ ) VMU:8 !)$5 GF ZMH Ô5FGGF GFUF;FSL
XC[Z 5Z V6]AMdA GFbIM CTMP
 c;[g8Mc (CENTO) ;\U9GG]\ G[T'tJ VD[lZSFV[ ,LW]\ K[P
 V[lXIF B\0DF\ ;F{5|YD EFZT N[X[ VFhFNL D[/JLP
$P EFZTG]\ A\WFZ6 o 30TZ VG[
,16M
 A\WFZ6V[ EFZTGM D}/E}T N:TFJ[H K[P
 A\WFZ6 ;EFV[ Z& GJ[dAZ !)$) GF ZMH EFZTG]\
A\WFZ6 5;FZ SI]"P
 SF\U|[;[ ,FCMZ VlWJ[XGDF\ 5]6" :JZFH DF8[GM 9ZFJ 5;FZ
SIF[" CTMP
 EFZTGF A\WFZ6GL X~VFT VFD]BYL YFI K[P
 EFZTGL A\WFZ6;EFGF S], ;eIMGL ;\bIF #() CTLP
 EFZTGL A\WFZ6;EFDF\ VG];}lRT ÔlTGF ;bIMGL ;\bIF
#_ CTLP
 A\WFZ6;EFDF\ V[\u,Mv.lg0IGMG]\ 5|lTlGlWtJ O|[\gS
V[gYGLV[ SI]" CT]\P  EFZTDF\ !$ JQF"GL p\DZ ;]WLGF AF/SMG[ lX1F6
D[/JJFGM CS K[P
7FG5ZA ;%8[dAZ Z)!5
SZJFDF\ VFJL CTLP
 S[lAG[8 lDXGDF\ S], +6 ;eIM CTFP
 A\WFZ6;EFV[ T[GL SFDULZL ) l0;[dAZ !)$& YL X~
SZL CTLP
 A\WFZ6;EFDF\ N[XL ZFßIMGF S], )# ;eIM CTFP
 A\WFZ6;EFDF\ lA|l8X lC\NGF S], Z)& ;eIM CTFP
 A\WFZ6;EFDF\ 5FZ;LVMG]\ G[T'tJ V[RP5LPDMNLV[ SI]"
CT]\P
 ;ZMlHGL GFI0] VG[ lJHIF,1DL 5\l0T A\WFZ6;EFDF\
:+L;eIM CTF\P
 A\WFZ6 30JF DF8[ BZ0F ;lDlTGF VwI1F 0MPELDZFJ
VF\A[0SZ CTFP
 A\WFZ6 30TSZGL SFDULZL A[ JQF"4 VlUIFZ DF; VG[
V-FZ lNJ; RF,L CTLP
 A\WFZ6 30TZGL SFDULZL NZlDIFG A\WFZ6;EFGL
A[9SM S], !&& lNJ; RF,L CTLP
 VFD]B A\WFZ6G[ ;DHJFDF\ RFJL~5 AG[ K[P
 .P;P !)*& DF\ A\WFZ6DF\ ;F{5|YD ;]WFZM SZL
VFD]BDF\ c;DFHJFNLc4 clAG;F\5|NFlISc4 cV[STFc VG[
cZFQ8=GL VB\l0TTFc H[JF XaNM pD[ZJFDF\ VFjIFP
 EFZTG]\ A\WFZ6 5lZJT"GXL, K[P
 EFZTG]\ A\WFZ6 lJ`JDF\ ;F{YL lJ:T'T VG[ lJUTJFZ
K[P
 ;\3 IFNLDF\ S], )* lJQFIM4 ZFßI IFNLDF\ && lJQFIM
VG[ ;\I]ST IFNLDF\ $* lJQFIMGM ;DFJ[X SZJFDF\
VFjIM K[P
 A\WFZ6DF\ EFZT DF8[ ;\3 XaNGM H p5IMU SZJFDF\
VFjIM K[P
 A\WFZ6DF\ ;]WFZF DF8[ ;\;NGF A\G[ U'CMDF\ Zq# ;eIMGL
AC]DlT H~ZL K[P
 ;\;NLI 5âlTDF\ ;\;N ;JM"5ZL CMI K[P
 ;\;N ,MSMG]\ 5|lTlGlWtJ SZ[ K[P
 ;\3GL WFZF;EFG[ ;\;N SC[ K[P
5P D}/E}T CSM4 OZHM VG[
ZFHGLlTGF DFU”NX”S l;†F\TM
^P
 VF56F A\WFZ6DF\ S], & D}/E}T CSMGM ;DFJ[X  EFZTDF\ V[8GL" HGZ,4 SMd%8=M,Z VG[ VMl08Z HGZ,4
SZJFDF\ VFjIM K[P R}\86L 5\RGF D]bI R}\86L VlWSFZL T[DH lJN[XDF\
 :JT\+TFGF CSDF\ & 5|SFZGL :JT\+TFGM ;DFJ[X SZFDF\ EFZTGF ZFHN}TMGL lGD6}\S ZFQ8=5|D]B SZ[ K[P
VFjIM K[P  ZFQ8=5|D]B ZFßI;EFDF\ !Z ;eIMGL lGD6}\S SZ[ K[P
 J[TG R}SjIF lJGF SZFJJFDF\ VFJTL DH}ZLG[ J[9 SC[ K[P  SM. 56 BZ0M ZFQ8=5|D]BGL D\H}ZL 5KL H SFINM AG[
 !$ JQF"YL GFGL p\DZGF AF/SMG[ Ô[BDSFZS SFDMDF\ K[P
ZMSL XSFI GlCP  ;\;NG]\ ;+ RF,] G CMI tIFZ[ J8 C]SD ACFZ 5F0JFGL
 0MPVF\A[0SZGF DT D]HA A\WFZ6LI .,FÔ[ ;\A\WL ;¿F ZFQ8=5|D]B WZFJ[ K[P
Ô[UJF.GM CS cA\WFZ6GF VFtDFc ;DFG K[P  ZFQ8=LI S8MS8L NZlDIFG ,MS;EFGL D]NT V[S JQF" ;]WL
 .P;P !)*& DF\ A\WFZ6DF\ ;]WFZM SZL A\WFZ6DF\ ,\AFJL XSFI K[P
GFUlZSGL D}/E}T OZÔ[ ;DFJJFDF\ VFJLP  ZFQ8=5|D]B 5MTFG]\ ZFÒGFD]\ p5ZFQ8=5lTG[ VF5[ K[P
 NZ JQF[" & ÔgI]VFZLGF lNJ;G[ cD}/E}T OZHlNGc TZLS[  5|WFGD\0/GL A[9SMG]\ VwI1F5N J0F5|WFG ;\EF/[ K[P
pHJJFG]\ ;}RG YI]\ K[P  ZFßIG]\ JCLJ8LT\+ ;GNL ;[JF TZLS[ VM/BFI K[P
 A\WFZ6DF\ EFZTG[ S<IF6 ZFßI AGFJJF DF8[ ZFHGLlTGF  ;\3;\;NGF p5,F U'CGL JW]DF\ JW] ;eI ;\bIF Z5_
DFU"NX"S l;âF\TMGL Ô[UJF. K[P CMI K[P
 ZFHGLlTGF DFU"NX"S l;âF\TM EFlJ ;DFHG]\ NX"G SZ[ K[P  ZFßI;EFV[ SFIDL U'C K[P
 cZFHGLlTGF l;âF\TM N[XGF XF;GDF\ 5FIFG]\ DCtJ WZFJ[ K[c ;\3;\;NGF A\G[ U'CMG]\ ;\I]ST A[9SG]\ VwI1F5N ZFßI
v HJFCZ,F, G[CZ] ;EFGF R[ZD[Gsp5ZFQ8=5|DB ] f ;\EF/[ K[P
 ,MS;EFV[ 5;FZ SZ[, GF6FSLI BZ0M ZFßI;EFV[ !$
^P ;ZSFZGF\ V\UM lNJ;DF\ ,MS;EFG[ 5ZT DMS,JFGM CMI K[P
 ;ZSFZGF\ D]bI +6 V\UM K[PWFZF;EF4 SFZMAFZL VG[  ZFßIGL WFZF;EFG]\ p5,]\ U'C lJWFG5lZQFN VG[ GLR,]\
gIFIT\+ U'C lJWFG;EF TZLS[ VM/BFI K[P
 EFZTDF\ ;\3;ZSFZGL SFZMAFZLGF A\WFZ6LI J0F  ZFßIGL lJWFG;EFDF\ VMKFDF\ VMKF &_ VG[ JW]DF\
ZFQ8=5|D]B K[P JW] 5__ ;eIM CM. XS[ K[P
 EFZTDF\ ZFQ8=5|D]BGL R}\86L 5ZM1F ZLT[ YFI K[P  ;\;NDF\ VwI1FGL 5ZJFGUL JUZ SM. 56 ;eI &_
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JWFZ[ JI WZFJTM CMJM Ô[.V[P VwI1F SZ[ K[P
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5ZYL N}Z SZJF DF8[ DCFlEIMUGL Ô[UJF. SZJFDF\ VFJL ;\RF,G ;\EF/[ K[P
K[P  ;\3;\;NGF p5,F U'CsZFßI;EFfDF\ Z#( ;eIM
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 p5ZFQ8=5|D]B 5MTFGF CMÛFGL ~V[ ZFßI;EFGF VwI1F AG[ ;eIM SZ[ K[P
K[P  ,MS;EFDF\ VlJ`JF;GL NZBF:T 5;FZ YTF\
 ZFQ8=5|D]B J0F5|WFGGL ;,FCYL 5|WFGD\0/GF ;eIMGL 5|WFGD\0/[ ZFÒGFD]\ VF5J]\ 50[ K[P
lGD6}\S SZ[ K[P  VlJ`JF;GL NZBF:T lJ51F 5;FZ SZ[ K[P
7FG5ZA ;%8[dAZ Z)!5 &P
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K[P
 ;FDFgI BZ0M ;\;NGF A\G[ U'CDF\YL 5;FZ Y. XS[ K[P
 ;FDFgI BZ0M A\G[ U'CDF\YL 5;FZ +6 JFZ JFRG AFN
Y. XS[ K[P
 GF6FSLI BZ0M ZFQ8=5|D]BGL D\H}ZL lJGF ZH}SZL XSFI
GlCP
 GF6FSLI BZ0M 5|YD ,MS;EFDF\ ZH} SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
 JCLJ8L VlWSFZLVM ;ZSFZG]\ ;FTtI Ô/J[ K[P
 V\NFH5+ V[ JFlQF"S GF6FSLI lGJ[NG K[P H[G[ GF6F5|WFG
ZH} SZ[ K[P
 ßIFZ[ SM. 56 BZ0F 5Z ;ZBF DT 50[ tIFZ[
:5LSZsVwI1Ff H[ DT VF5L lG6"I ,[ K[ T[G[ lG6F"IS
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 EFZT HUTGL ;F{YL DM8L ,MSXFCL WZFJTM N[X K[P
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JrR[ T[DH &(_ 5}P VG[ )*_ 5}P Z[BF\XGL JrR[ VFJ[,
K[P
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 .\lNZF 5M.g8 EFZTGM Nl1F6TD K[0M K[P
 EFZTGM NlZIFlSGFZM 5'yJLGL l+ßIF H[8,M V[8,[ S[
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