Class 10 Maths

Class X
MatheMatiCs
hs aCadeMiC Work Plan 2021
Zirlai Puitu
Emanuel Lalthlengliana
Hmarveng Secondary School
Kolasib District: Kolasib
Message
Covid - 19 Pandemic avangin kum khat aia rei sikul kal lovin naupang ten zirna
In a zir lovin online / internet kal tlangin zirtirtu ten zirlaite an kaihruai a, chutih karah
naupang tam tak ten heng online classte hi retheihna avangin a hmanrua neih loh avangin
Zirlai tam takin chung online class te chu an tangkai pui ve tak tak thei lova. Chung an
harsatna te chu hria in, Pu Emanuel Lalthlengliana, Mathematics Teacher, Hmarveng
Secondary School, Saidan-in a bik taka Mathematics a naupang te kai hruai thei tura
Academic Work Plan 2021 Zirlai Puitu Pawl – X Zirlai te tan bika a buatsaih hi ropui ka
tiin, a thahnemngaihna leh inpekna hi a fakawm ka ti hle a ni.
Kolasib District chhunga hetiang Zirtirtu, Zirlai te hmakhua ngaitak a hlawkna

pawh um lova, a mamawh leh duh ten an duh a an download mai theih tura a thlawn liau
liau a he Mathematics Zirlai Puitu a siam hi Mizoram a Pawl – X Zirlai naupang zawng
zawng te hian lo hmang tangkai ngei se ka duhin ka ngen tak meuh a ni. Tin, Mizoram hmun
hrang hrang a High School Zirtirtu te pawh hian an naupangte a tam thei ang berin an
hman tangkai theihnan hma lo lak sak turin ka ngen bawk e.
(ZOLIANI HNAMTE)
District Education Officer
Kolasib District
Message
Hripui leng avangin zirna in nasa takin a tuar a. Zirlaite pawn harsatna tam tak
tawk in kan remchan dan ang ang a online –Class te neih thin ni mahse duhthusam erawh a
ni thei meuh lo a ni. Kan Education lam hotuten ruahmanna te siam in Reduced Syllabus te
hial an ti chuak a, Chumi bawhzuina tura Zirlaite tan a awlsam tak a an zir theih tur High
School Work Plan Solved Answer 2021 Kan thawhpui in an duang chhuak ta mai hi a
lawmawm hle in ka hria.
He a hnathawh ropui tak hi, kan School Hmarveng Secondary School tan mel
lung pawimawh tak a ni. Tin, Zoram hmun hrang hrang a zirlai, HSLC Board Exam tur ten a
thlawn a an dawng thei tur hi a lawmawm ka ti in an inbuatsaihna ah an harsatna sut kianna
leh hlawhtlinna chantirtu a lo nih theih nan duhsakna ka hlan nghal bawk e.
He thil a lo hlawhtlin theihna tura Sir Emanuel Lalthlengliana, inpekna leh a

tumruhna hi kei ni a thawhpui te hian kan chhuang tak zet a. Zirlaite tan, Zirtirtu tha,
chhuanawm leh inngahna tlak midangte tan malsawmna thlentu a lo nih zel theih nan a
thawhpuiten duhsakna sang ber kan hlan e.
Ka lawm e.
(CHUAUTHANGPUIA)
Headmaster
Hmarveng Secondary School
THUHMAHRUAI
Covid19 hri leng mek avangin hun rei tak chhung sikul kan kal thei
ta lo a, he hri leng avang hian mi tin hian harsatna kan tawk theuh a,
zirlai naupangte hi a tuar nasa ber pawl an ni awm e. Chu tih rualin
lehkha zir loh tawp a theih si loh a, kan sawrkarin a theih chin chinah
online class neih dan turte pawh ruahmanna siamin online class pawh
neih mek zel a ni.
Online class neih chungchangah zirlai naupang tam takin harsatna
an tawk mek a, chhungkuaa Smartphone nei miah lote pawh an awm
fur a ni. Zirlai, online class neih kawnga harsatna nei tam takte, hre
reng chung leh eng emaw chena an zirlaite an lo zir thiam ve theih nan
Class – X Mathematics bikah kumin bik atan Academic Work Plan
2021 Zirlai Puitu buatsaih a ni ta a. He zirlai puitu hi zirlai naupang
a tam thei ang berin an lo hman tangkai theih nan zirtirtu ten hma lo
laksak theuh turin ka ngen bawk che u a ni. Tin, heti ang siam duhna
rilru ka put lai leh ka famkim lohzia ka hriat laiin kan DEO zahawm
tak leh kan Headmaster-te min phurpuina a zarah tun dinhmun hi ka lo
thleng ta a, an chungah pawh thinlung takin lawmthu ka sawi a ni.
He Zirlai puitu hi a thlawn liau liau a ni a, Mathematics zirtirtu
leh zirlai ten lo chhawr tangkai theuh turin duhsakna ka hlan a che u.
Emanuel Lalthlengliana
Khuangpuilam, Kolasib
Phone: 7005160653
Weightage to Form of Questions:
Sl/no. Form of Questions No. of Questions Marks for each question Total Marks
1 Objective type 24 1 24
2 Short Answer I 10 2 20
3 Short Answer II 07 3 21
4 Long Answer 03 5 15
TOTAL 44 80
Weightage to Content Area:
Sl/no. Topic Marks

1 Arithmetic 08
2 Algebra 18
3 Sets 03
4 Geometry 15
5 Coordinate Geometry 08
6 Trigonometry 10
7 Mensuration 10
8 Statistics 08
TOTAL 80
Scheme of Options: All questions shall be compulsory i.e. there shall not be any overall
choice in the questions paper. However, internal choices have been provided in 2 questions
of 3 marks each and 1 question of 5 marks. These choices may be given from within the
same topic.
Note: Man nei a hralh chhawn phal a ni lo. Naupang online class la thei lo leh zirtirna
dawng mumal ve thei lo te puitu a tan a siam a ni e.
CONTENTS
UNIT 1: COMMERCIAL MATHEMATICS
1. Instalments 7 - 11
UNIT II: TIME, DISTANCE AND WORK
2. Time and Distance, Time and Work 12 - 16
UNIT III: ALGEBRA
3. Polynomials 17 - 35
4. Linear Equations in Two Variables 36 - 70
5. Quadratic Equations 71 - 97
6. Arithmetic Progression (AP) 98 - 130
7. Sets 131 - 142
UNIT IV: GEOMETRY
8. Triangles 143 - 145
9. Circles 146 - 157
10. Constructions 158 - 167
UNIT V: COORDINATE GEOMETRY
11. Coordinate Geometry 168 - 207
UNIT VI: TRIGONOMETRY
12. Trigonometric Identities 208 - 213
13. Trigonometric Ratios of Complementary Angles 214 - 224
14. Heights and Distances 225 - 236
UNIT VII: MENSURATION
15. Areas Related to Circles 237 - 239
16. Surface Areas and Volumes 240 - 259
UNIT VIII: STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
17. Mean, Median and Mode of Group Data 260 - 289
18. Probability 290 - 298
19. Pictorial Representation of Data 299 - 305

MATHEMATICS
(Selected & Omitted)
Class – 10
UNIT-I COMMERCIAL MATHEMATICS

1. Instalments:
(i) Instalments payments (Finding value of each instalment, not more than two instalments)
Omitted portion: Finding more than two instalments, sum borrowed, loan, cash price,
interest.
Chapter - 1
EXERCISE 1
1. A loan of ₹ 21,200 is to be returned in two equal annual instalments. If the rate of

interest is 12% per annum, compounded annually, calculate the value of each
instalment.
Solution: Sum borrowed = ₹ 21,200
Rate of interest = 12% p.a.
Let the value of each instalment be ₹ x, and P1 and P2 be the principals for each
instalments respectively.
𝑅 𝑛
We have, 𝐴 = 𝑃 (1 + )
100
12 1
⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑃1 (1 + )
100
3
⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑃1 (1 + )
25
28
⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑃1 ( )
25
25
⇒ 𝑃1 = ( ) 𝑥
28
25 2
Simillarly, 𝑃2 = ( ) 𝑥
28
 𝑃1 + 𝑃2 = Sum borrowed
25 25 2
(28) 𝑥 + (28) 𝑥 = ₹ 21,200
25𝑥 25
(1 + 28) = ₹ 21,200
28
25𝑥 28+25
( ) = ₹ 21,200
28 28
25𝑥 53
(28) = ₹ 21,200
28
28 28
𝑥 = ₹ 21,200× ×
25 53
𝑥 = ₹ 12,544
Hence, the value of each instalment is ₹ 12,544
3. The cash price of a washing machine is ₹ 15,000. Sophia agrees to pay ₹ 2,000 in cash
followed by two equal half yearly instalments. If the rate of interest charged be 16%
per annum compounded half yearly, find the value of each instalment.
Solution: C.P of washing machine = ₹ 15,000
Cash down payment = ₹ 2,000
 Balance to be paid = (₹ 15,000 − ₹ 2,000)
= ₹ 13,000

16%
= = 8% half yearly
2
𝑅 𝑛
We have, 𝐴 = 𝑃 (1 + )
100
8 1
⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑃1 (1 + )
100
2
⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑃1 (1 + )
25
27
⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑃1 ( )
25
25
⇒ 𝑃1 = ( ) 𝑥
27
25 2
27
25 25 2
(27) 𝑥 + (27) 𝑥 = ₹ 13,000
25𝑥 25
(1 + 27) = ₹ 13,000
27
25𝑥 27+25
( ) = ₹ 13,000
27 27
25𝑥 52
(27) = ₹ 13,000
27
27 27
𝑥 = ₹ 13,000× ×
25 52
𝑥 = ₹ 7,290
7. A computer is available for ₹ 34,000 cash or ₹ 14,260 cash down payment, together
with two equal half-yearly instalments. If the rate of interest charged under the
instalment plan is 20% per annum, calculate the value of each instalment.
Solution: C.P of computer = ₹ 34,000
Cash down payment = ₹ 14,260
 Balance to be paid = (₹ 34,000 − ₹ 14,260)
= ₹ 19,740

20%
= = 10% half yearly
2
𝑅 𝑛
We have, 𝐴 = 𝑃 (1 + )
100
10 1
⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑃1 (1 + )
100
1
⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑃1 (1 + )
10
11
⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑃1 ( )
10
10
⇒ 𝑃1 = ( ) 𝑥
11
10 2
11
10 10 2
(11) 𝑥 + (11) 𝑥 = ₹ 19,740
10𝑥 10
(1 + 11) = ₹ 19,740
11
10𝑥 11+10
( ) = ₹ 19,740
11 11
10𝑥 21
(11) = ₹ 19,740
11
11 11
𝑥 = ₹ 19,740× ×
10 21
𝑥 = ₹ 11,374
11. A loan of ₹36,720 is to be returned in two equal annual instalments. If the rate of
1
interest is 12 % per annum, compounded annually, calculate the value of each
2
instalment.

1 25
Rate of interest = 12 % p.a. = % p.a.
2 2
𝑅 𝑛
We have, 𝐴 = 𝑃 (1 + )
100
25 1
⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑃1 (1 + )
200
1
⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑃1 (1 + )
8
9
⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑃1 ( )
8
8
⇒ 𝑃1 = ( ) 𝑥
9
8 2
9
8 8 2
(9 ) 𝑥 + (9 ) 𝑥 = ₹ 36,720
8𝑥 8
(1 + ) = ₹ 36,720
9 9
8𝑥 9+8
( ) = ₹ 36,720
9 9
8𝑥 17
(9) = ₹ 36,720
9
9 9
𝑥 = ₹ 36,720× ×
8 17
𝑥 = ₹ 21,870
13. Emily borrowed ₹ 17,200 at 15% per annum, compounded annually. If she pays it
back in two equal instalments, find the value of each instalment.

𝑅 𝑛
We have, 𝐴 = 𝑃 (1 + )
100
15 1
⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑃1 (1 + )
100
3
⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑃1 (1 + )
20
23
⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑃1 ( )
20
20
⇒ 𝑃1 = ( ) 𝑥
23
20 2
23
20 20 2
(23) 𝑥 + (23) 𝑥 = ₹ 17,200
20𝑥 20
(1 + 23) = ₹ 17,200
23
20𝑥 23+20
( ) = ₹ 17,200
23 23
20𝑥 43
(23) = ₹ 17,200
23
23 23
𝑥 = ₹ 17,200× ×
20 43
𝑥 = ₹ 10,580
UNIT-II TIME, DISTANCE AND WORK
2. Time and Distance, Time and Work
(i) Time and distance: Conversion of units and relationship among time, distance & speed
(ii) Time and work: Solution of problems based on time and work.
Omitted portion:
(i) Time and Distance: Solution of problems based on time and distance (ii)
Time and Work: Problems related to work done by pipes and taps
Chapter – 2
18 5
Note : 1 𝑚/𝑠 = 𝑘𝑚/ℎ or 1 𝑘𝑚/ℎ = 𝑚/𝑠
5 18
18
Example : 20 𝑚/𝑠 = 20 × 𝑘𝑚/ℎ = 72 𝑘𝑚/ℎ
5
5
72 𝑘𝑚/ℎ = 72 × 𝑚/𝑠 = 20 𝑚/𝑠
18
Exercise 2.2
1. Liam can do a work in 15 days and Nolan in 20 days. If they work on it together for 6
days, then find the fraction of the work that is left.
1
Solution: Liam’s 1 day work =
15
1
Nolan’s 1 day work =
20
1 1 4+3 7
(Liam + Nolan)’s 1 day work = + = =
15 20 60 60
7 7
(Liam + Nolan)’s 6 days work = 6 × =
60 10
7 10−7 3
 Remaining work = 1 − = =
10 10 10
2. A can finish a piece of work in 18 days and B can do the same work in 15 days. B
worked for 10 days and left the job. In how many days, A alone will finish the
remaining work?
1
Solution: A’s 1 day work =
18
1
B’s 1 day work =
15
1 2
B’s 10 days work = 10 × =
15 3
2 3−2 1
3 3 3
1 1 1 18
Hence, A will finish the remaining work in ÷ = × = 6 days.
3 18 3 1
3. Adrian can do a piece of work in 16 days and Brody can do the same piece of work in
12 days. With the help of Colin, they completed the piece of work in 4 days. How
much time will Colin alone take to finished it?
Solution: Let Colin finish the work in n days.
1
Adrian’s 1 day work =
16
1
Brody’s 1 day work =
12
1
Colin’s 1 day work =
𝑛
1
We have, (Adrian + Brody + Colin)’s 1 day =
4
1 1 1 1
⇒ + + =
16 12 𝑛 4
1 1 1 1
⇒ = − −
𝑛
4 16 12
1 12 − 3 − 4
⇒ =
𝑛 48
1 5
⇒ =
𝑛 48
⇒ 5𝑛 = 48
48 3
⇒𝑛= =9
5 5
3
Hence, Colin will finish the work in 9 days.
5
4. Anthony can do a piece of work in 4 hours; Bentley and Caleb can do it in 3 hours;
while Anthony and Caleb together can do it in 2 hours. How long will Bentley alone
take to do it?
1
Solution: Anthony’s 1 hour work =
4
1
(Bentley + Caleb)’s 1 hour work =
3
1
(Anthony + Caleb)’s 1 hour work =
2
1 1 3+4 7
(Anthony + Bentley + Caleb)’s 1 hour work = + = =
4 3 12 12
Bentley’s 1 hour work = (Anthony + Bentley + Caleb)’s 1 hour work −

(Anthony + Caleb)’s 1 hour work
7 1 7−6 1
= − = =
12 2 12 12
 Bently will finish the work in 12 hours.

5. A can do a piece of work in the same time in which B and C together can do it. If A
and B together can do it in 10 days and C alone in 50 days, in how many days can B
alone do it?
Solution: A’s 1 day work = (B + C)’s 1 day work … (i)
1
C’s 1 day work =
50
1
(A + B)’s 1 day work =
10
1
⇒ (B + C + B)’s 1 day work = using (i)
10
1
⇒ (2𝐵 + 𝐶)’s 1 day work =
10
1
⇒ (2𝐵)’s 1 day work = − C’s 1 day work
10
1 1
⇒ (2𝐵)’s 1 day work = −
10 50
5−1
⇒ (2𝐵)’s 1 day work =
50
4 1
⇒ 𝐵’s 1 day work = ×
50 2
1
⇒ 𝐵’s 1 day work =
25
Hence, B will finish the work in 25 days.
6. A and B together finish a piece of work in 30 days. They worked together for 20 days
and then A left. After another 20 days, B finished the remaining work. In how many
days B alone can finish the piece of work?
Solution: Let B finished the work in n days.
1
(A + B)’s 1 day work =
30
1 2
(A + B)’s 20 days work = 20 × =
30 3
2 3−2 1
3 3 3
1 1 1 𝑛 𝑛
Hence, B will finish the remaining work in ÷ = × = days.
3 𝑛 3 1 3
But B finish the remaining work in 20 days
𝑛
⇒ = 20
3
⇒ 𝑛 = 20 × 3 = 60
Hence, B alone can finish the work in 60 days.
7. Ella can complete a piece of work in 12 days working 8 hours a day. Alyssa can
complete the same piece of work in 8 days working 10 hours a day. If both Ella and
Alyssa work together, working 8 hours a day, in how many days can they complete the
work?
Solution: Ella completes the work in 12 × 8 hrs = 96 hrs
1
Ella’s 1 hour work =
96
Alyssa completes the work in 8 × 10 hrs = 80 hrs
1
Alyssa’s 1 hour work =
80
1 1 5+6 11
(Ella + Alyssa)’s 1 hour work = + = =
96 80 480 480
480
 Ella and Alyssa will finish the work in hrs
11
480
Working 8 hours a day, Ella and Alyssa will finish the work in ÷ 8 hrs
11
480 1 5
= × hrs = 5 days
11 8 11
8. Lauren and Zoe can do a piece of work in 20 days and 12 days respectively. Lauren
started the work alone and then after 4 days Zoe joined her till the completion of the
work. How long did the work last?
1
Solution: Laurel’s 1 day work =
20
1
Zoe’s 1 day work =
12
1 1 3+5 8 2
(Laurel + Zoe)’s 1 day work = + = = =
20 12 60 60 15
1 1
Laurel’s 4 days work = 4 × =
20 5
1 5−1 4
Remaining work = 1 − = =
5 5 5
4 2 4 15
 Laurel and Zoe will finish the remaining work in ÷ = × = 6 days
5 15 5 2
Hence, the work last for (4 + 6) days = 10 days.
9. Elijah and David are working on an assignment. Elijah takes 9 hours to type 48 pages
on a computer, while David takes 6 hours to type 48 pages. How much time will they
take, working together on two different computers to type an assignment of 220
pages?
Solution: Elijah’s 9 hours work = 48 pages
48 16
Elijah’s 1 hour work = pages = pages
9 3
David’s 6 hours work = 48 pages
48
David’s 1 hour work = pages = 8 pages
6
16 16+24 40
(Elijah + David)’s 1 hour work = +8= =
3 3 3
40 3 33 1
Hence, time taken to type 220 pages = 220 ÷ = 220 × = = 16 hours
3 40 2 2
= 16 hours 30 minutes
10. A and B can do a piece of work in 30 days; B and C can do it in 24 days while C and
A in 20 days. They all work together for 12 days when B and C leave. How many days
more will A take to finish the work?
1
Solution: (A + B)’s 1 day work =
30
1
(B + C)’s 1 day work =
24
1
(C + A)’s 1 day work =
20
1 1 1
Adding, (A + B + B + C + C + A)’s 1 day work = + +
30 24 20
4+5+6
⇒ 2(A + B + C)’s 1 day work =
120
15
⇒ 2(A + B + C)’s 1 day work =
120
1
⇒ 2(A + B + C)’s 1 day work =
8
1 1 1
⇒ (A + B + C)’s 1 day work = × =
8 2 16
1 3
(A + B + C)’s 12 days work = 12 × =
16 4
3 4−3 1
4 4 4
Now, A’s 1 day work = (A + B + C)’s 1 day work − (B + C)’s 1 day work
1 1 3−2 1
= − = =
16 24 48 48
1 1 1 48
Hence, A will finish the remaining work in ÷ = × = 12 days
4 48 4 1
UNIT-III ALGEBRA
3. Polynomials:
(i) Zeros of a polynomial. Relationship between zeros and co-efficients of a polynomial with
particular reference to quadratic polynomials.
(ii) HCF and LCM.
(iii) Rational Expressions.
Omitted portion: Types of problems on Ex.3.3, Q. No.6-17 and 22-24
Chapter -3
Formula
a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b)
a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a2 – ab + b2)
a3 – b3 = (a – b)(a2 + ab + b2)
Solve the following :
i) x2 + 5x + 6 ii) x2 – 9x – 22 iii) 2x2 – 7x + 6 iv) 4a2 – 1

v) 8a3 – 27 vi) x3 + 125 vii) 27y3 – 1
Solution: i) x2 + 5x + 6 p=6
= x2 + 3x +2x+ 6 s=5
= 𝑥(𝑥 + 3) + 2(𝑥 + 3) No. are 3 & 2
= (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 + 2)
ii) x2 – 9x – 22 p = –22
= x2 – 11x + 2x– 22 s = –9
= 𝑥(𝑥 – 11) + 2(𝑥 – 11) No. are –11 & 2
= (𝑥 – 11)(𝑥 + 2)
iii) 2x2 – 7x + 6 p = 12
= 2x2 – 4x – 3x + 6 s = –7
= 2𝑥(𝑥– 2) + 3(𝑥– 2) No. are –4 & –3
= (𝑥– 2)(2𝑥 + 3)
iv) 4a2 – 1
= (2𝑎)2 − 12
= (2𝑎 + 1)(2𝑎 − 1)
v) 8a3 – 27
= (2𝑎)3 − 32
= (2𝑎 − 3){(2𝑎)2 + (2𝑎)(3) + 32 }
= (2𝑎 − 3)(4𝑎2 + 6𝑎 + 9)
vi) x3 + 125
= 𝑥 3 + 52
= (𝑥 + 5){(𝑥)2 − (𝑥)(5) + 52 }
= (𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 25)
vii) 27y3 – 1
= (3𝑦)3 − 12
= (3𝑦 − 1){(3𝑦)2 + (3𝑦)(1) + 12 }
= (3𝑦 − 1)(9𝑦 2 + 3𝑦 + 1)
EXERCISE 3.1
1. Find the zeroes of the following quadratic polynomials and verify the relationship
between the zeroes and the coefficients.
(i) 3𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 2
Solution: 3𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 2
= 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 1𝑥 − 2
= 3𝑥(𝑥 − 2) + 1(𝑥 − 2)
= (𝑥 − 2)(3𝑥 + 1)
Either, 𝑥 − 2 = 0 or 3𝑥 + 1 = 0
⇒ x=2 or 3x = −1
−1
⇒ x=2 or x=
3
−1
∴ The zeroes of 3𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 2 are 2 and .
3
−1 6−1 5 −5 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥
Now, sum of zeroes = 2 + ( ) = = = −( ) = −( )
3 3 3 3 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 2
−1 −2 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
And, product of zeroes = 2 × ( ) = =
3 3 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 2
Hence, verified.
(ii) 2𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 6
Solution: 2𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 6
= 2𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 6
= 2𝑥(𝑥 − 3) − 2(𝑥 − 3)
= (𝑥 − 3)(2𝑥 − 2)
Either, 𝑥 − 3 = 0 or 2𝑥 − 2 = 0
⇒ x=3 or 2x = 2
2
⇒ x=3 or x= =1
2
∴ The zeroes of 2𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 6 are 3 and 1

2 6+2 8 −8 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥
Now, sum of zeroes = 3 + = = = −( ) = −( )
2 6 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
And, product of zeroes = 3 × = =
Hence, verified.
(iii) 4𝑠 2 − 4𝑠 + 1
Solution: 4𝑠 2 − 4𝑠 + 1
= 4𝑠 2 − 2𝑠 − 2𝑠 + 1
= 2𝑠(2𝑠 − 1) − 1(2𝑠 − 1)
= (2𝑠 − 1)(2𝑠 − 1)
Either, 2𝑠 − 1 = 0 or 2𝑠 − 1 = 0
⇒ 2s = 1 or 2s = 1
1 1
⇒ s= or s=
2 2
1 1
∴ The zeroes of 4𝑠 2 − 4𝑠 + 1 are and
2 2
1 1 1+1 2 2 2 4 −4 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠
Now, sum of zeroes = + = = = × = = −( ) = −( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠 2
1 1 1 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
And, product of zeroes = × = =
2 2 4 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠 2
Hence, verified.
(iv) 3𝑥 2 − 4 − 𝑥
Solution: 3𝑥 2 − 4 − 𝑥
= 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 4
= 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 4
= 𝑥(3𝑥 − 4) + 1(3𝑥 − 4)
= (3𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 + 1)
Either, 3𝑥 − 4 = 0 or 𝑥+1=0
⇒ 3𝑥 = 4 or x = −1
4
⇒ x= or x = −1
3
4
∴ The zeroes of 3𝑥 2 − 4 − 𝑥 are and −1
3
4 4−3 1 −1 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥
Now, sum of zeroes = + (−1) = = = −( ) = −( )
4 −4 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
And, product of zeroes = ×−1 = =
Hence, verified.
(v) 4𝑢2 + 8𝑢
Solution: 4𝑢2 + 8𝑢
= 4𝑢(𝑢 + 2)
Either, 4𝑢 = 0 or 𝑢+2=0
⇒ u=0 or u = −2
∴ The zeroes of 4𝑢2 + 8𝑢 are 0 and −2.

−2 −2 4 −8 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑢
Now, sum of zeroes = 0 + (−2) = −2 = = × = = −( )
1 1 4 4 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑢2
0 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
And, product of zeroes = 0 × (−2) = 0 = =
4 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑢2
Hence, verified.
(vi) 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 10
Solution: 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 10
= 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 10
= 𝑥(𝑥 + 5) + 2(𝑥 + 5)
= (𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 + 2)
Either, 𝑥 + 5 = 0 or 𝑥+2=0
⇒ x = −5 or x = −2
∴ The zeroes of 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 10 are −5 and −2

−7 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥
Now, sum of zeroes = −5 + (−2) = −7 = = −( )
1 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 2
10 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
And, product of zeroes = −5 ×(−2) = 10 = =
Hence, verified.
(vii) 𝑡 2 − 15
Solution: 𝑡 2 − 15
2
= 𝑡 2 − √15
= (𝑡 + √15)(𝑡 − √15)
Either, 𝑡 + √15 = 0 or 𝑡 − √15 = 0
⇒ t = −√15 or t = √15
∴ The zeroes of 𝑡 2 − 15 are −√15 and √15

−0 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡
Now, sum of zeroes = −√15 + √15 = 0 = = −( )
1 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡 2
−15 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚

And, product of zeroes = −√15 ×√15 = −15 = =
1 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡 2
Hence, verified.
(viii) 𝑥2 − 3
Solution: 𝑥2 − 3
2
= 𝑥 2 − √3
= (𝑥 + √3)(𝑥 − √3)
Either, 𝑥 + √3 = 0 or 𝑥 − √3 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 = −√3 or x = √3
∴ The zeroes of 𝑥 2 − 3 are −√3 and √3

−0 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥
Now, sum of zeroes =−√3 + √3 = 0 = = −( )
−3 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
And, product of zeroes = −√3 × √3 = −3 = =
Hence, verified.
(ix) 4𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 1
Solution: 4𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 1
= 4𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1𝑥 − 1
= 4𝑥(𝑥 − 1) + 1(𝑥 − 1)
= (𝑥 − 1)(4𝑥 + 1)
Either, 𝑥 − 1 = 0 or 4𝑥 + 1 = 0
⇒ x=1 or 4x = −1
−1
⇒ x=1 or x=
4
−1
∴ The zeroes of 4𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 1 are 1 and
4
−1 4−1 3 −3 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥
Now, sum of zeroes = 1 + ( ) = = = −( ) = −( )
−1 −1 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
And, product of zeroes = 1 × ( ) = =
Hence, verified.
1
2. Find the zeroes of the polynomial 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2, and verify the relation between the
6
coefficients and the zeroes of the polynomial.
1
Solution: 𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 2 = 0
6
6𝑥 2 +𝑥−12
⇒ =0
6
⇒ 6𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 12 = 0
⇒ 6𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 − 8𝑥 − 12 = 0
⇒ 3𝑥(2𝑥 + 3) − 4(2𝑥 + 3) = 0
⇒ (2𝑥 + 3)(3𝑥 − 4) = 0
Either, 2𝑥 + 3 = 0 or 3𝑥 − 4 = 0
⇒ 2x = −3 or 3x = 4
−3 4
⇒ x= or x=
2 3
−3 4
∴ The zeroes of 4𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 1 are and
2 3
−3 4 −9+8 −1 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥
Now, sum of zeroes = + = = = −( )
−3 4 −2 6 −12 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚

And, product of zeroes = × = −2 = × = =
2 3 1 6 6 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 2
Hence, verified.
3. Find a quadratic polynomial, the sum and product of whose zeroes are respectively :
(i) −3, 2
Solution: Let α and β be the zeroes of the required polynomial p(x).
We have, α + β = −3 and α β = 2
 p(x) = 𝑥 2 − (𝛼 + 𝛽)𝑥 + 𝛼 𝛽
= 𝑥 2 − (−3)𝑥 + 2
= 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2
1
(ii) √2, 3

1
We have, α + β = √2 and α β =
3
 p(x) = 𝑥 2 − (𝛼 + 𝛽)𝑥 + 𝛼 𝛽
1
= 𝑥 2 − √2𝑥 +
3
3𝑥 2 −3√2𝑥+1
=
3
But, p(x) = 0
3𝑥 2 −3√2𝑥+1
 =0
3
3𝑥 2 − 3√2𝑥 + 1 = 0
Hence, the polynomial is 3𝑥 2 − 3√2𝑥 + 1
(iii) 2, −3
We have, α + β = 2 and α β = −3
 p(x) = 𝑥 2 − (𝛼 + 𝛽)𝑥 + 𝛼 𝛽
= 𝑥 2 − (2)𝑥 + (−3)
= 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3
(iv) 0, √5
We have, α + β = 0 and α β = √5
 p(x) = 𝑥 2 − (𝛼 + 𝛽)𝑥 + 𝛼 𝛽
= 𝑥 2 − (0)𝑥 + √5
= 𝑥 2 + √5
(v) 1, 1
We have, α + β = 1 and α β = 1
 p(x) = 𝑥 2 − (𝛼 + 𝛽)𝑥 + 𝛼 𝛽
= 𝑥 2 − (1)𝑥 + 1
= 𝑥2 − 𝑥 + 1
−3
(vi) , −1
2

1
3
 p(x) = 𝑥 2 − (𝛼 + 𝛽)𝑥 + 𝛼 𝛽
−3
= 𝑥 2 − ( ) 𝑥 + (−1)
2
2𝑥 2 +3𝑥−2
=
2
But, p(x) = 0
2𝑥 2 +3𝑥−2
 =0
2
2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 2 = 0
Hence, the polynomial is 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 2

1 1
(vii) − ,
4 4

1 1
We have, α + β = − and α β =
4 4
 p(x) = 𝑥 2 − (𝛼 + 𝛽)𝑥 + 𝛼 𝛽
1 1
= 𝑥 2 − (− ) 𝑥 +
4 4
4𝑥 2 +𝑥+1
=
4
But, p(x) = 0
4𝑥 2 +𝑥+1
 =0
4
4𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 = 0
Hence, the polynomial is 4𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1

(viii) 4, 1
We have, α + β = 4 and α β = 1
 p(x) = 𝑥 2 − (𝛼 + 𝛽)𝑥 + 𝛼 𝛽
= 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1
1
(ix) , −1
4

1
We have, α + β = and α β = −1
4
 p(x) = 𝑥 2 − (𝛼 + 𝛽)𝑥 + 𝛼 𝛽
1
= 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + (−1)
4
2 1
= 𝑥 − 𝑥−1
4
4𝑥 2 −𝑥−4
=
4
But, p(x) = 0
4𝑥 2 −𝑥−4
 =0
4
2
4𝑥 − 𝑥 − 4 = 0
Hence, the polynomial is 4𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 4
4. Write a polynomial whose zeroes are (2 + √3) and (2 − √3).
We have, α = (2 + √3) and β = (2 − √3)
α + β = (2 + √3) + (2 − √3) and α β = (2 + √3)(2 − √3)

2
= 2 + √3 + 2 − √3 = 2 2 − √3
=4 =4−3=1
 p(x) = 𝑥 2 − (𝛼 + 𝛽)𝑥 + 𝛼 𝛽
= 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1
Hence, the polynomial is 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1

−13 −3
5. Write the quadratic polynomial, the product and sum of whose zeroes are and .
5 5

−3 −13
We have, α+β= and α β =
5 5
 p(x) = 𝑥 2 − (𝛼 + 𝛽)𝑥 + 𝛼 𝛽
−3 −13
= 𝑥2 − ( ) 𝑥 + ( )
5 5
3 13
= 𝑥2 + 𝑥 −
5 5
5𝑥 2 +3𝑥−13
=
5
But, p(x) = 0
5𝑥 2 +3𝑥−13
 =0
5
5𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 13 = 0
Hence, the polynomial is 5𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 13
6. Find the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial (6𝑥 2 − 3 − 7𝑥) and verify the
relationship between the zeroes and its coefficients.
Solution: 6𝑥 2 − 3 − 7𝑥
= 6𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 − 3
= 6𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 3
= 3𝑥(2𝑥 − 3) + 1(2𝑥 − 3)
= (2𝑥 − 3)(3𝑥 + 1)
Either, 2𝑥 − 3 = 0 or 3𝑥 + 1 = 0
⇒ 2𝑥 = 3 or 3x = −1
3 −1
⇒ x= or x=
2 3
3 −1
∴ The zeroes of 6𝑥 2 − 3 − 7𝑥 are and
2 3
3 −1 9−2 7 −7 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥
Now, sum of zeroes = + ( ) = = = −( ) = −( )
2 3 6 6 6 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 2
3 −1 −3 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
And, product of zeroes = × = =
2 3 6 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 2
Hence, verified.
−3
7. Find a quadratic polynomial, the sum and product of whose zeroes are √2 and
2
respectively. Also find its zeroes.

−3
2
 p(x) = 𝑥 2 − (𝛼 + 𝛽)𝑥 + 𝛼 𝛽
−3
= 𝑥 2 − √2𝑥 + ( )
2
3
= 𝑥 2 − √2𝑥 −
2
2𝑥 2 −2√2𝑥−3
=
2
But, p(x) = 0
2𝑥 2 −2√2𝑥−3
 =0
2
2𝑥 2 − 2√2𝑥 − 3 = 0
Hence, the polynomial is 2𝑥 2 − 2√2𝑥 − 3
Now, 2𝑥 2 − 2√2𝑥 − 3
= 2𝑥 2 − 3√2𝑥 + √2𝑥 − 3
= √2𝑥(√2𝑥 − 3) + 1(√2𝑥 − 3)
= (√2𝑥 − 3)(√2𝑥 + 1)
Either, √2𝑥 − 3 = 0 or √2𝑥 + 1 = 0
⇒ √2𝑥 = 3 or √2x = −1
3 −1
⇒ x= or x=
√2 √2
3 −1
∴ The zeroes of 6𝑥 2 − 3 − 7𝑥 are and
√2 √2
EXERCISE 3.2
Find the HCF and LCM of the following polynomials (Qs 1 – 11) :
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 20(2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) = 45(𝑥 4 + 8𝑥)

Solution: 𝑓(𝑥) = 20(2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥)
= 20𝑥(2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 2)
= 20𝑥(2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 1𝑥 − 2)
= 20𝑥{2𝑥(𝑥 + 2) − 1(𝑥 + 2)}
= 22 × 5𝑥(𝑥 + 2)(2𝑥 − 1)
𝑔(𝑥) = 45(𝑥 4 + 8𝑥)
= 45𝑥(𝑥 3 + 8)
= 45𝑥(𝑥 3 + 23 )
= 45𝑥(𝑥 + 2){𝑥 2 − (𝑥)(2) + 22 }
= 32 × 5𝑥(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 4)
 HCF = 5𝑥(𝑥 + 2)
LCM = 22 × 32 × 5𝑥(𝑥 + 2)(2𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 4)
= 180 𝑥(𝑥 + 2)(2𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 4)
2. 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 4 + 6𝑥 3 + 8𝑥 2 ) and 𝑔(𝑥) = (7𝑥 5 − 7𝑥 4 − 140𝑥 3 )

Solution: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 + 6𝑥 3 + 8𝑥 2
= 𝑥 2 (𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 8)
= 𝑥 2 (𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 8)
= 𝑥 2 {𝑥(𝑥 + 4) + 2(𝑥 + 4)}
= 𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 + 2)
𝑔(𝑥) = 7𝑥 5 − 7𝑥 4 − 140𝑥 3
= 7𝑥 3 (𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 20)
= 7𝑥 3 (𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 4𝑥 − 20)
= 7𝑥 3 {𝑥(𝑥 − 5) + 4(𝑥 − 5)}
= 7𝑥 3 (𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 + 4)
 HCF = 𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 4)
LCM = 7𝑥 3 (𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 5)
3. 𝑓(𝑥) = 24(𝑥 3 + 9𝑥 2 + 20𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) = 28(𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 − 12𝑥 2 )

Solution: 𝑓(𝑥) = 24(𝑥 3 + 9𝑥 2 + 20𝑥)
= 24𝑥(𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 20)
= 24𝑥(𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 20)
= 24𝑥{𝑥(𝑥 + 5) + 4(𝑥 + 5)}
= 23 × 3𝑥(𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 + 4)
𝑔(𝑥) = 28(𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 − 12𝑥 2 )
= 28𝑥 2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 12)
= 28𝑥 2 (𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 12)
= 28𝑥 2 {𝑥(𝑥 + 4) − 3(𝑥 + 4)}
= 22 × 7𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 3)
 HCF = 22 𝑥(𝑥 + 4)
LCM = 23 × 3 × 7𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 3)
= 168 𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 3)
4. 𝑓(𝑥) = 24(𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) = 6(2𝑥 4 + 5𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 )
Solution: 𝑓(𝑥) = 24(𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥)
= 24𝑥(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 6)
= 24𝑥(𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 6)
= 24𝑥{𝑥(𝑥 − 3) + 2(𝑥 − 3)}
= 23 × 3𝑥(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 2)
𝑔(𝑥) = 6(2𝑥 4 + 5𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 )
= 6𝑥 2 (2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 2)
= 6𝑥 2 (2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 1𝑥 + 2)
= 6𝑥 2 {2𝑥(𝑥 + 2) + 1(𝑥 + 2)}
= 2 × 3𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 2)(2𝑥 + 1)
 HCF = 2 × 3𝑥(𝑥 + 2)
= 6𝑥(𝑥 + 2)
LCM = 23 × 3𝑥 2 (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 2)(2𝑥 + 1)
= 24𝑥 2 (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 2)(2𝑥 + 1)
5. 𝑓(𝑥) = (2𝑥 3 − 128) , 𝑔(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 20) and ℎ(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 − 16)

Solution: 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 − 128
= 2(𝑥 3 − 64)
= 2(𝑥 3 − 43 )
= 2(𝑥 − 4){𝑥 2 + (𝑥)(4) + 42 }
= 2(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 16)
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 20
= 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 20
= 𝑥(𝑥 − 5) − 4(𝑥 − 5)
= (𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 − 4)
ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 16
= 𝑥 2 − 42
= (𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 4)
 HCF = (𝑥 − 4)
LCM = 2(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 + 4)(2𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 16)
6. 𝑓(𝑥) = 8(𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 ) and 𝑔(𝑥) = 20(𝑥 3 − 1)

Solution: 𝑓(𝑥) = 8(𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 )
= 8𝑥 2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)
= 23 𝑥 2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)
𝑔(𝑥) = 20(𝑥 3 − 1)
= 20(𝑥 3 − 13 )
= 20(𝑥 − 1){𝑥 2 + (𝑥)(1) + 12 }
= 22 × 5(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)
 HCF = 22 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)
= 4(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)
LCM = 23 × 5𝑥 2 (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)
= 40𝑥 2 (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)
7. 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 2)2 (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 4)2 and 𝑔(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 7)(𝑥 + 4)3

Solution: 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 2)2 (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 4)2
𝑔(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 7)(𝑥 + 4)3
 HCF = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 4)2
LCM = (𝑥 + 2)2 (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 7)(𝑥 + 4)3
8. 𝑓(𝑥) = (2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 2) and 𝑔(𝑥) = (𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥)

Solution: 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 2
= 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1𝑥 − 2
= 2𝑥(𝑥 − 2) + 1(𝑥 − 2)
= (𝑥 − 2)(2𝑥 + 1)
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥
= 𝑥(𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4)
= 𝑥(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 4)
= 𝑥{𝑥(𝑥 − 2) − 2(𝑥 − 2)}
= 𝑥(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 2)
= 𝑥(𝑥 − 2)2
 HCF = (𝑥 − 2)
LCM = 𝑥(𝑥 − 2)2 (2𝑥 + 1)
9. 𝑓(𝑥) = 8(𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) = 28(𝑥 3 + 1)

Solution: 𝑓(𝑥) = 8(𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥)
= 8𝑥(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1)
= 23 𝑥(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1)
𝑔(𝑥) = 28(𝑥 3 + 1)
= 28(𝑥 3 + 13 )
= 28(𝑥 + 1){𝑥 2 − (𝑥)(1) + 12 }
= 22 × 7(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1)
 HCF = 22 (𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1)
= 4(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1)
LCM = 23 × 7𝑥(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1)
= 56𝑥(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1)
10.𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) , 𝑔(𝑥) = (𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 ) and ℎ(𝑥) = (𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦 3 )
Solution: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2
= (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 − 𝑦)
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3
= (𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )
ℎ(𝑥) = (𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦 3 )
= 𝑥 2 (𝑥 − 𝑦) − 𝑦 2 (𝑥 − 𝑦)
= (𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )
= (𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 − 𝑦)
= (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 − 𝑦)2
 HCF = (𝑥 − 𝑦)
LCM = (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 − 𝑦)2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )
11.𝑓(𝑥) = (2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥), 𝑔(𝑥) = (3𝑥 4 − 12𝑥 2 ) and ℎ(𝑥) = (2𝑥 5 − 2𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 3 )

Solution: 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥
= 2𝑥(𝑥 − 2)
𝑔(𝑥) = 3𝑥 4 − 12𝑥 2
= 3𝑥 2 (𝑥 2 − 4)
= 3𝑥 2 (𝑥 2 − 22 )
= 3𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 2)
ℎ(𝑥) = 2𝑥 5 − 2𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 3
= 2𝑥 3 (𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2)
= 2𝑥 3 (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1𝑥 − 2)
= 2𝑥 3 {𝑥(𝑥 − 2) + 1(𝑥 − 2)}
= 2𝑥 3 (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1)
 HCF = 𝑥(𝑥 − 2)
LCM = 2 × 3𝑥 3 (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 1)
= 6𝑥 3 (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 1)
EXERCISE 3.3
Reduce the following rational expressions to lowest terms (Qs 1 – 5) :

𝑥 2 −2𝑥−8
1.
𝑥 2 −9𝑥+20
𝑥 2 −2𝑥−8
Solution:
𝑥 2 −9𝑥+20
𝑥 2 −4𝑥+2𝑥−8
=
𝑥 2 −5𝑥−4𝑥+20
𝑥(𝑥−4)+2(𝑥−4)
=
𝑥(𝑥−5)−4(𝑥−5)
(𝑥−4)(𝑥+2)
= (𝑥−5)(𝑥−4)
(𝑥+2)
= (𝑥−5)
𝑥 2 −25
2.
5𝑥−𝑥 2
𝑥 2 −25
Solution:
5𝑥−𝑥 2
𝑥 2 −52
=
𝑥(5−𝑥)
(𝑥+5)(𝑥−5)
=
−𝑥(𝑥−5)
−(𝑥+5)
=
𝑥
𝑥 4 +2𝑥 3 +𝑥 2
3.
𝑥(𝑥+1)3
𝑥 4 +2𝑥 3 +𝑥 2
Solution:
𝑥(𝑥+1)3
𝑥 2 (𝑥 2 +2𝑥+1)
=
𝑥(𝑥+1)3
𝑥(𝑥 2 +1𝑥+1𝑥+1)
= (𝑥+1)3
𝑥{𝑥(𝑥+1)+1(𝑥+1)}
= (𝑥+1)3
𝑥(𝑥+1)(𝑥+1)
= (𝑥+1)3
𝑥(𝑥+1)2
= (𝑥+1)3
𝑥
= (𝑥+1)
𝑥 2 +7𝑥+12
4.
𝑥 2 −6𝑥−27
𝑥 2 +7𝑥+12
Solution:
𝑥 2 −6𝑥−27
𝑥 2 +4𝑥+3𝑥+12
=
𝑥 2 −9𝑥+3𝑥−27
𝑥(𝑥+4)+3(𝑥+4)
=
𝑥(𝑥−9)+3(𝑥−9)
(𝑥+4)(𝑥+3)
= (𝑥−9)(𝑥+3)
(𝑥+4)
= (𝑥−9)
8−𝑥
5.
𝑥 2 −7𝑥−8
8−𝑥
Solution:
𝑥 2 −7𝑥−8
8−𝑥
=
𝑥 2 −8𝑥+1𝑥−8
8−𝑥
=
𝑥(𝑥−8)+1(𝑥−8)
−1(𝑥−8)
= (𝑥−8)(𝑥+1)
−1
= (𝑥+1)
𝑥 2 −𝑥−12
18. Find the reciprocal of and reduce that to the lowest terms.
𝑥+3
𝑥 2 −𝑥−12 𝑥+3
Solution: The reciprocal of is
𝑥+3 𝑥 2 −𝑥−12
𝑥+3
Then,
𝑥 2 −𝑥−12
𝑥+3
=
𝑥 2 −4𝑥+3𝑥−12
𝑥+3
=
𝑥(𝑥−4)+3(𝑥−4)
𝑥+3
= (𝑥−4)(𝑥+3)
1
= (𝑥−4)
𝑥−1 2𝑥 2 −4
19. What should be added to ( ) to obtain ?
𝑥−2 𝑥 2 −4
Solution: Let 𝑓(𝑥) be the required expression.

𝑥−1 2𝑥 2 −4
(𝑥−2) + 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 −4
2𝑥 2 −4 𝑥−1
𝑓(𝑥) = −( )
𝑥 2 −4 𝑥−2
2(𝑥 2 −2) 𝑥−1

= −( )
𝑥 2 −22 𝑥−2
2(𝑥 2 −2) 𝑥−1

= (𝑥+2)(𝑥−2) − ( )
𝑥−2
2(𝑥 2 −2)−(𝑥+2)(𝑥−1)
= (𝑥+2)(𝑥−2)
2𝑥 2 −4−(𝑥 2 −𝑥+2𝑥−2)
= (𝑥+2)(𝑥−2)
2𝑥 2 −4−𝑥 2 +𝑥−2𝑥+2
= (𝑥+2)(𝑥−2)
𝑥 2 −𝑥−2
= (𝑥+2)(𝑥−2)
𝑥 2 −2𝑥+1𝑥−2
= (𝑥+2)(𝑥−2)
𝑥(𝑥−2)+1(𝑥−2)
= (𝑥+2)(𝑥−2)
(𝑥−2)(𝑥+1)
= (𝑥+2)(𝑥−2)
(𝑥+1)
= (𝑥+2)
(𝑥+1)
 The required expression is (𝑥+2)
18 6
20. What should be subtracted from (𝑥 2 to obtain (𝑥+1)(𝑥+2) ?
+𝑥−2)
Solution: Let 𝑓(𝑥) be the required expression.

18 6
(𝑥 2 +𝑥−2)
− 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥+1)(𝑥+2)
18 6
(𝑥 2 +𝑥−2)
− (𝑥+1)(𝑥+2) = 𝑓(𝑥)
18 6
𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 − (𝑥+1)(𝑥+2)
+𝑥−2)
18 6
= − (𝑥+1)(𝑥+2)
𝑥 2 +2𝑥−1𝑥−2
18 6
= − (𝑥+1)(𝑥+2)
𝑥(𝑥+2)−1(𝑥+2)
18 6
= (𝑥+2)(𝑥−1) − (𝑥+1)(𝑥+2)
18(𝑥+1)−6(𝑥−1)
= (𝑥+2)(𝑥−1)(𝑥+1)
18𝑥+18−6𝑥+6
= (𝑥+2)(𝑥−1)(𝑥+1)
12𝑥+24
= (𝑥+2)(𝑥−1)(𝑥+1)
12(𝑥+2)
= (𝑥+2)(𝑥−1)(𝑥+1)
12
= (𝑥−1)(𝑥+1)
12
= (𝑥 2
−1)
12
 The required expression is (𝑥 2
−1)
𝑥 2 +4
21. Find the sum of ( ) and its multiplicative inverse.
𝑥−2
𝑥 2 +4 𝑥−2
Solution: The multiplicative inverse of ( ) is (𝑥 2+4)
𝑥−2
𝑥 2 +4 𝑥−2
Then, +
𝑥−2 𝑥 2 +4
(𝑥 2 +4)2 +(𝑥−2)2
= (𝑥−2)(𝑥 2 +4)
(𝑥 2 )2 +2(𝑥 2 )(4)+(4)2 +(𝑥)2 −2(𝑥)(2)+(2)2

= (𝑥−2)(𝑥 2 +4)
𝑥 4 +8𝑥 2 +16+𝑥 2 −4𝑥+4

= (𝑥−2)(𝑥 2 +4)
𝑥 4 +9𝑥 2 −4𝑥+2
= (𝑥−2)(𝑥 2 +4)
4. Linear Equation in Two Variables:
Finding the solution of system of linear equations in two variables by:
(i) Graphical Method
(ii) By Algebraic Methods:
(a) Elimination by substitution method
(b) Elimination by equating the co-efficients
Omitted portion:
(i) Equations reducible to the system of linear equations in two variables (Types of
problems from Ex. 4.2, Q. No. 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 17 - 26)
(ii) cross multiplication method
(iii) word problems from different areas(Ex.4.4)
(iv) Problems based on conditions for solvability of linear equations in two variables
(a) no solution
(b) infinitely many solutions
(c) unique solutions
Chapter – 4
EXERCISE 4.1
Solve the following systems of equations graphically (Qs 1 – 8) :
1. 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 13 = 0
3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 12 = 0 Table for 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 13 = 0
Solution: 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 13 = 0 x −5 −2 1
y 1 3 5
⇒ 2𝑥 = 3𝑦 − 13
3𝑦−13
⇒ 𝑥=
2
3(1)−13 3−13 −10

If y = 1, then 𝑥 = = = = −5
2 2 2
3(3)−13 9 −13 −4
If y = 3, then 𝑥 = = = = −2
2 2 2
3(5)−13 15−13 2
If y = 5, then 𝑥 = = = =1
2 2 2
3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 12 = 0 Table for 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 12 = 0
x −4 −2 0
⇒ 3𝑥 = 2𝑦 − 12
2𝑦−12
y 0 3 6
⇒ 𝑥=
3
2(0)−12 0−12 −12

If y = 0, then 𝑥 = = = = −4
3 3 3
2(3)−12 6−12 −6
If y = 3, then 𝑥 = = = = −2
3 3 3
2(6)−12 12−12 0
If y = 6, then 𝑥 = = = =0
3 3 3
 The point of intersection is (−2, 3)

Hence, 𝑥 = −2, 𝑦 = 3
10
𝑌
9
8
7
(0,6)6
5
(1, 5)
4
(−2, 3)
3
(−5, 1) 2
1
(−4, 0)
0
-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-1
𝑋′ 𝑂 𝑋
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
𝑌′
-10
2. 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 5 = 0
3𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 12 = 0
Table for 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 5 = 0
Solution: 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 5 = 0 x −4 −7 2
⇒ 2𝑥 = −3𝑦 − 5 y 1 3 −3
−3𝑦−5
⇒ 𝑥=
2
−3(1)−5 −3−5 −8
If y = 1, then 𝑥 = = = = −4
2 2 2
−3(3)−5 −9 −5 −14
If y = 3, then 𝑥 = = = = −7
2 2 2
−3(−3)−13 9 −5 4
If y = −3, then 𝑥 = = = =2
2 2 2
Table for 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 12 = 0
x 4 6 2
3𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 12 = 0 y 0 3 −3
⇒ 3𝑥 = 2𝑦 + 12
2𝑦+12
⇒ 𝑥=
3
2(0)+12 0+12 12
If y = 0, then 𝑥 = = = =4
3 3 3
2(3)+12 6+12 18
If y = 3, then 𝑥 = = = =6
3 3 3
2(−3)+12 −6+12 6
If y = −3, then 𝑥 = = = =2
3 3 3
 The point of intersection is (2, −3)

Hence, 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = −3
10
𝑌
9
8
7
6
5
(−7, 3) 4
3 (6, 3)
(−4, 1) 2
1
(4, 0)
0
-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-1
𝑋′ 𝑂 𝑋
-2
(2, −3)
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
𝑌′
-10
3. 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1 = 0
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 12 = 0
Table for 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1 = 0
Solution: 𝑥−𝑦+1=0 x 0 2 4
⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑦−1 y 1 3 5
If y = 1, then 𝑥 = (1) − 1 = 1 − 1 = 0
If y = 3, then 𝑥 = (3) − 1 = 3 − 1 = 2
If y = 5, then 𝑥 = (5) − 1 = 5 − 1 = 4
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 12 = 0 Table for 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 12 = 0
x 4 2 0
⇒ 3𝑥 = 12 − 2𝑦
2𝑦−12
y 0 3 6
⇒ 𝑥=
3
12−2(0) 12−0 12
If y = 0, then 𝑥 = = = =4
3 3 3
12−2(3) 12−6 6
If y = 3, then 𝑥 = = = =2
3 3 3
12−2(6) 12−12 0
If y = 6, then 𝑥 = = = =0
3 3 3
 The point of intersection is (2, 3)

Hence, 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 3
10
𝑌
9
8
7
6 (0, 6)
5
(4, 5)
4
3 (2, 3)
2
1
(0, 1) (4, 0)
0
-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-1
𝑋′ 𝑂 𝑋
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
𝑌′
-10
4. 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 1
3𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 1
Table for 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 1
Solution: 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 1 x 2 5 8
⇒ 2𝑥 = 3𝑦 + 1 y 1 3 5
3𝑦+1
⇒ 𝑥=
2
3(1)+1 3+1 4
If y = 1, then 𝑥 = = = =2
2 2 2
3(3)+1 9+1 10
If y = 3, then 𝑥 = = = =5
2 2 2
3(5)+1 15+1 16
If y = 5, then 𝑥 = = = =8
2 2 2
3𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 1
Table for 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 1
⇒ 3𝑥 = 4𝑦 + 1 x 3 −5 −1
4𝑦+1
⇒ 𝑥= y 2 −4 −1
3
4(2)+1 8+1 9
If y = 2, then 𝑥 = = = =3
3 3 3
4(−4)+1 −16+1 −15

If y = −4, then 𝑥 = = = = −5
3 3 3
4(−1)+1 −4+1 −3
If y = −1, then 𝑥 = = = = −1
3 3 3
 The point of intersection is (−1, −1)

Hence, 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 − 1
10
𝑌
9
8
7
6
5 (8, 5)
4
3 (5, 3)
(3, 2)
2
1 (2, 1)
(−1, −1) 0
-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-1
𝑋′ 𝑂 𝑋
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
𝑌′
-10
5. 3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1 = 0
2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 8 = 0 Table for 3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1 = 0
Solution: 3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1 = 0 x −1 −2 −3
y 2 5 8
⇒ 3𝑥 = −𝑦 − 1
−𝑦−1
⇒ 𝑥=
3
−(2)−1 −2−1 −3
If y = 2, then 𝑥 = = = = −1
3 3 3
−(5)−1 −5−1 −6
If y = 5, then 𝑥 = = = = −2
3 3 3
−(8)−1 −8−1 −9
If y = 8, then 𝑥 = = = = −3
3 3 3
2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 8 = 0 Table for 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 8 = 0
x −4 −1 2
⇒ 2𝑥 = 3𝑦 − 8
y 0 2 4
3𝑦−8
⇒ 𝑥=
2
3(0)−8 0−8 −8
If y = 0, then 𝑥 = = = = −4
2 2 2
3(2)−8 6−8 −2
If y = 2, then 𝑥 = = = = −1
2 2 2
3(4)−8 12−8 4
If y = 4, then 𝑥 = = = =2
2 2 2

Hence, 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = 2
10
𝑌
9
(−3, 8) 8
7
6
(−2, 5) 5
4
(2, 4)
3
2
(−1, 2)
1
(−4, 0)
0
-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-1
𝑋′ 𝑂 𝑋
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
𝑌′
-10
6. 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 4
3𝑥 − 𝑦 = −5
Table for 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 4
Solution: 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 4 x 2 −1 −4
⇒ 2𝑥 = 4 − 3𝑦 y 0 2 4
4−3𝑦
⇒ 𝑥=
2
4−3(0) 4−0 4
If y = 0, then 𝑥 = = = =2
2 2 2
4−3(2) 4−6 −2
If y = 2, then 𝑥 = = = = −1
2 2 2
4−3(4) 4−12 −8
If y = 4, then 𝑥 = = = = −4
2 2 2
Table for 3𝑥 − 𝑦 = −5
3𝑥 − 𝑦 = −5 x −1 1 −2
y 2 8 −1
⇒ 3𝑥 = 𝑦 − 5
𝑦−5
⇒ 𝑥=
3
(2)−5 2−5 −3
If y = 2, then 𝑥 = = = = −1
3 3 3
(8)−5 8−5 3
If y = 8, then 𝑥 = = = =1
3 3 3
(−1)−5 −1−5 −6
If y = −1, then 𝑥 = = = = −2
3 3 3

Hence, 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = 2
10
𝑌
9
8 (1, 8)
7
6
5
(−4, 4)
4
3
2
(−1, 2) 1
(2, 0)
0
-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-1
𝑋′ (−2, −1) 𝑂 𝑋
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
𝑌′
-10
7. 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 8
𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3 = 0
Table for 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 8
Solution: 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 8 x 4 1 −2
⇒ 2𝑥 = 8 − 3𝑦 y 0 2 4
8−3𝑦
⇒ 𝑥=
2
8−3(0) 8−0 8
If y = 0, then 𝑥 = = = =4
2 2 2
8−3(2) 8−6 2
If y = 2, then 𝑥 = = = =1
2 2 2
8−3(4) 8−12 −4
If y = 4, then 𝑥 = = = = −2
2 2 2
𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3 = 0 Table for 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3 = 0
x −3 1 5
⇒ 𝑥 = 2𝑦 − 3
y 0 2 4
If y = 0, then 𝑥 = 2(0) − 3 = 0 − 3 = −3
If y = 2, then 𝑥 = 2(2) − 3 = 4 − 3 = 1
If y = 4, then 𝑥 = 2(4) − 3 = 8 − 3 = 5

Hence, 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2
10
𝑌
9
8
7
6
5
4
(−2, 4) (5, 4)
3
2 (1, 2)
1
(−3, 0) (4, 0)
0
-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-1
𝑋′ 𝑂 𝑋
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
𝑌′
-10
8. 2𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 4 = 0
2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 8 = 0
Table for 2𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 4 = 0
Solution: 2𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 4 = 0 x −2 3 8
⇒ 2𝑥 = 5𝑦 − 4 y 0 2 4
5𝑦−4
⇒ 𝑥=
2
5(0)−4 0−4 −4
If y = 0, then 𝑥 = = = = −2
2 2 2
5(2)−4 10−4 6
If y = 2, then 𝑥 = = = =3
2 2 2
5(4)−4 20−4 16
If y = 4, then 𝑥 = = = =8
2 2 2
2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 8 = 0 Table for 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 8 = 0
x 4 3 2
⇒ 2𝑥 = 8 − 𝑦
8−𝑦
y 0 2 4
⇒ 𝑥=
2
8−(0) 8−0 8
If y = 0, then 𝑥 = = = =4
2 2 2
8−(2) 8−2 6
If y = 2, then 𝑥 = = = =3
2 2 2
8−(4) 8−4 4
If y = 4, then 𝑥 = = = =2
2 2 2

Hence, 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = 2
10
𝑌
9
8
7
6
5
4
(2, 4) (8, 4)
3
2 (3, 2)
1
(−2, 0) (4, 0)
0
-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-1
𝑋′ 𝑂 𝑋
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
𝑌′
-10
9. Draw the graph of the equations
4𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 16 = 0 and 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 6 = 0.
Determine the vertices of the triangle formed by these lines and the x-axis.
Solution: 4𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 16 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 = 5𝑦 − 16 Table for 4𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 16 = 0
5𝑦−16 x −4 1 6
⇒ 𝑥= y 0 4 8
4
5(0)−16 0−16 −16

If y = 0, then 𝑥 = = = = −4
4 4 4
5(4)−16 20−16 4
If y = 4, then 𝑥 = = = =1
4 4 4
5(8)−16 40−16 24
If y = 8, then 𝑥 = = = =6
4 4 4
2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 6 = 0 Table for 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 6 = 0
x 3 2 1
⇒ 2𝑥 = 6 − 𝑦
6−𝑦
y 0 2 4
⇒ 𝑥=
2
6−(0) 6−0 6
If y = 0, then 𝑥 = = = =3
2 2 2
6−(2) 6−2 4
If y = 2, then 𝑥 = = = =2
2 2 2
6−(4) 6−4 2
If y = 4, then 𝑥 = = = =1
2 2 2

Hence 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 4
Then, the vertices of the triangle formed by these lines and the x-axis are
(1, 4), (−4, 0) and (3, 0).
10
𝑌
9
8 (6, 8)
7
6
5
4 (1, 4)
3
2 (2, 2)
1
(−4, 0) (3, 0)
0
-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-1
𝑋′ 𝑂 𝑋
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
𝑌′
-10
10.Solve graphically the system of the equations

4𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 20 = 0 and 3𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 15 = 0.
Determine the vertices of the triangle formed by these lines and the y-xis.
Solution: 4𝑥 − 5𝑦 − 20 = 0
⇒ 4𝑥 = 5𝑦 + 20
Table for 4𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 20 = 0
5𝑦+20
⇒ 𝑥= x 5 10 0
4
y 0 4 −4
5(0)+20 0+20 20
If y = 0, then 𝑥 = = = =5
4 4 4
5(4)+20 20+20 40
If y = 4, then 𝑥 = = = = 10
4 4 4
5(−4)+20 −20+20 0
If y = −4, then 𝑥 = = = =0
4 4 4
3𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 15 = 0 Table for 3𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 15 = 0
⇒ 3𝑥 = 15 − 5𝑦 x 5 0 −5
⇒ 𝑥=
2𝑦+12 y 0 3 6
3
15−5(0) 15−0 15
If y = 0, then 𝑥 = = = =5
3 3 3
15−5(3) 15−15 0
If y = 3, then 𝑥 = = = =0
3 3 3
15−5(6) 15−30 −15

If y = 6, then 𝑥 = = = = −5
3 3 3

Hence 𝑥 = 5, 𝑦 = 0
Then, the vertices of the triangle formed by these lines and the x-axis are
(5,0), (0, 3) and (0, −4).
10
𝑌
9
8
7
6
(−5, 6)
5
(10, 4)
4
3 (0, 3)
2
1 (5, 0)
0
-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-1
𝑋′ 𝑂 𝑋
-2
-3
-4
(0, −4)
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
𝑌′
-10
11.Solve the following system of the equations graphically:
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 8, 𝑥 − 2𝑦 = −3.
Also, find the points where these lines meet the x-axis.
Solution: 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 8
⇒ 2𝑥 = 8 − 3𝑦 Table for 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 8
8−3𝑦 x 4 1 −2
⇒ 𝑥= y 0 2 4
2
8−3(0) 8−0 8
If y = 0, then 𝑥 = = = =4
2 2 2
8−3(2) 8−6 2
If y = 2, then 𝑥 = = = =1
2 2 2
8−3(4) 8−12 −4
If y = 4, then 𝑥 = = = = −2
2 2 2
𝑥 − 2𝑦 = −3 Table for 𝑥 − 2𝑦 = −3
⇒ 𝑥 = 2𝑦 − 3 x −3 3 9
y 0 3 6
If y = 0, then 𝑥 = 2(0) − 3 = 0 − 3 = −3
If y = 3, then 𝑥 = 2(3) − 3 = 6 − 3 = 3
If y = 6, then 𝑥 = 2(6) − 3 = 12 − 3 = 9

Hence 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2
Then, the points where these lines meet the x-axis are (−3, 0) and (4, 0).
𝑌
10
9
8
(9, 6)
7
6
(−2, 4) 5
4
(3, 3)
3 (1, 2)
2 (4, 0)
(−3, 0)
1
0
-10𝑋′ -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1𝑂 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 𝑋10
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
𝑌′
-9
-10
12. Solve the following system of the equations graphically:

4𝑥 − 𝑦 = 4 , 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 14.
Shade the region bounded by these lines and the y-axis.
Solution: 4𝑥 − 𝑦 = 4
⇒ 4𝑥 = 𝑦 + 4 Table for 4𝑥 − 𝑦 = 4
𝑦+4 x 1 2 3
⇒ 𝑥= y 0 4 8
4
(0)+4 0+4 4
If y = 0, then 𝑥 = = = =1
4 4 4
(4)+4 4+4 8
If y = 4, then 𝑥 = = = =2
4 4 4
(8)+4 8+4 12
If y = 8, then 𝑥 = = = =3
4 4 4
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 14 Table for 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 14
⇒ 3𝑥 = 14 − 2𝑦 x 4 2 0
⇒ 𝑥=
14−2𝑦 y 1 4 7
3
14−2(1) 14−2 12
If y = 1, then 𝑥 = = = =4
3 3 3
14−2(4) 14−8 6
If y = 4, then 𝑥 = = = =2
3 3 3
14−2(7) 14−14 0
If y = 7, then 𝑥 = = = =0
3 3 3

Hence 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 4
10
𝑌
9
8 (3, 8)
(0, 7) 7
6
5
4 (2, 4)
3
2
(4, 1)
1
(1, 0)
0
-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-1
𝑋′ 𝑂 𝑋
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
𝑌′
-10
13. Solve the following system of the equations graphically:
2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 1, 𝑥 − 𝑦 = −1.
Shade the region bounded by these lines and the y-axis.
Solution: 2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 1
⇒ 2𝑥 = 𝑦 + 1 Table for 2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 1
⇒ 𝑥=
𝑦+1 x 1 2 3
2 y 1 3 5
(1)+1 1+1 2
If y = 1, then 𝑥 = = = =1
2 2 2
(3)+1 3+1 4
If y = 3, then 𝑥 = = = =2
2 2 2
(5)+1 5+1 6
If y = 5, then 𝑥 = = = =3
2 2 2
𝑥 − 𝑦 = −1 Table for 𝑥 − 𝑦 = −1
⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑦−1 x 0 3 6
y 1 4 7
If y = 1, then 𝑥 = (1) − 1 = 1 − 1 = 0
If y = 4, then 𝑥 = (4) − 1 = 4 − 1 = 3
If y = 7, then 𝑥 = (7) − 1 = 7 − 1 = 6

Hence 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 3
10
𝑌
9
8
7
(6, 7)
6
(3, 5)
5
4
(3, 4)
3 (2, 3)
2
(0, 1) 1 (1, 1)
0
-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-1
𝑋′ 𝑂 𝑋
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
𝑌′
-10
14. Represent the following system of equations graphically and write the coordinates of
points where the lines intersect y-axis.
𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 6, 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 12
Solution: 𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 6
Table for 𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 6
⇒ 𝑥 = 6 − 3𝑦
x 6 0 −6
If y = 0, then 𝑥 = 6 − 3(0) = 6 − 0 = 6 y 0 2 4
If y = 2, then 𝑥 = 6 − 3(2) = 6 − 6 = 0
If y = 4, then 𝑥 = 6 − 3(4) = 6 −12 = −6
2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 12 Table for 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 12
⇒ 2𝑥 = 3𝑦 + 12 x 6 3 0
⇒ 𝑥=
3𝑦+12 y 0 −2 −4
2
3(0)+12 0+12 12
If y = 0, then 𝑥 = = = =6
2 2 2
3(−2)+12 −6+12 6
If y = −2, then 𝑥 = = = =3
2 2 2
3(−4)+12 −12+12 0
If y = −4, then 𝑥 = = = =0
2 2 2
The coordinates of points where these lines intersect y-axis are (0, 2) and
(0, −4).
10
𝑌
9
8
7
6
5
4
(−6, 4)
3
(0, 2)
2
1 (6, 0)
0
-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-1
𝑋′ 𝑂 𝑋
-2
(3, −2)
-3
-4 (0, −4)
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
𝑌′
-10
15. Solve the following system of equations graphically:

𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 6, 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 12
And hence find the value of a, if 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 𝑎.
Solution: 𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 6 Table for 𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 6

⇒ 𝑥 = 6 − 3𝑦 x 6 0 −6
y 0 2 4
If y = 0, then 𝑥 = 6 − 3(0) = 6 − 0 = 6
If y = 2, then 𝑥 = 6 − 3(2) = 6 − 6 = 0
If y = 4, then 𝑥 = 6 − 3(4) = 6 −12 = −6

2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 12 Table for 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 12
⇒ 2𝑥 = 3𝑦 + 12 x 6 3 0
⇒ 𝑥=
3𝑦+12 y 0 −2 −4
2
3(0)+12 0+12 12
If y = 0, then 𝑥 = = = =6
2 2 2
3(−2)+12 −6+12 6
If y = −2, then 𝑥 = = = =3
2 2 2
3(−4)+12 −12+12 0
If y = −4, then 𝑥 = = = =0
2 2 2
10
𝑌
9
8
7
6
5
4
(−6, 4)
3
(0, 2)
2
1 (6, 0)
0
-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-1
𝑋′ 𝑂 𝑋
-2
(3, −2)
-3
-4 (0, −4)
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
𝑌′
-10

Hence 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 4
Now, 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 𝑎
⇒ 4(6) + 3(0) = 𝑎
⇒ 24 + 0 = 𝑎
 𝑎 = 24
16. Solve graphically the system of equations:
𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 0, 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 20
Calculate the area bounded by these lines and the y-axis.
Solution: 𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 0 Table for 𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 0

⇒ 𝑥 = 2𝑦 x 0 4 8
If y = 0, then 𝑥 = 2(0) = 0 y 0 2 4
If y = 2, then 𝑥 = 2(2) = 4
If y = 4, then 𝑥 = 2(4) = 8
3𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 20 Table for 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 20
⇒ 3𝑥 = 20 − 4𝑦 x 4 0 −4
20−4𝑦
⇒ 𝑥= y 2 5 8
3
20−4(2) 20−8 12
If y = 2, then 𝑥 = = =4
3 3 3
20−4(5) 20−20 0
If y = 5, then 𝑥 = = =0
3 3 3
20−4(8) 20−32 −12

If y = 8, then 𝑥 = = = −4
3 3 3
10
𝑌
9
8
(−4, 8)
7
6
5 (0, 5)
(8, 4)
4
3
2 (4, 2)
1
(0, 0)
0
-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-1
𝑋′ 𝑂 𝑋
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
𝑌′
-10

Hence, 𝑥 = 4, 𝑦 = 2
1
Now, Area of triangle = × base × height sq. units
2
1
= × 5 × 4 sq. units
2
= 10 sq. units
17. Graphically, solve the following system of equations:

2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 6, 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2 = 0
Find the ratio of the areas of two triangles formed by the lines representing these
equations with the x-axis and the lines with the y-axis.
Solution: 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 6
Table for 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 6
⇒ 2𝑥 = 6 − 𝑦 x 3 2 1
6−𝑦
⇒ 𝑥=
2
y 0 2 4
6−(0) 6−0 6
If y = 0, then 𝑥 = = = =3
2 2 2
6−(2) 6−2 4
If y = 2, then 𝑥 = = = =2
2 2 2
6−(4) 6−4 2
If y = 4, then 𝑥 = = = =1
2 2 2
2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2 = 0 Table for 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2 = 0
⇒ 2𝑥 = 𝑦 − 2 x −1 0 1
⇒ 𝑥=
𝑦−2 y 0 2 4
2
(0)−2 0−2 −2
If y = 0, then 𝑥 = = = = −1
2 2 2
(2)−2 2−2 0
If y = 2, then 𝑥 = = = =0
2 2 2
(4)−2 4−2 2
If y = 4, then 𝑥 = = = =1
2 2 2

Hence, 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 4
1
Now, Area of triangle along x-axis = × base × height sq. units
2
1
= × 4 × 4 sq. units
2
= 8 sq. units
1
Again, Area of triangle along y-axis = × base × height sq. units
2
1
= × 4 × 1 sq. units
2
= 2 sq. units
 The ratio of the areas of triangles is 8 : 2 or 4 : 1.
10
𝑌
9
8
7
6
5
4 (1, 4)
3
2 (0, 2) (2, 2)
1
(−1, 0) (3, 0)
0
-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-1
𝑋′ 𝑂 𝑋
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
𝑌′
-10
18. Draw the graph of the equations:

𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1 = 0, and 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 12 = 0
Determine the coordinates of the vertices of the triangle formed by these lines and x-
axis, and shade the triangular region.
Solution: 𝑥−𝑦+1=0
⇒ 𝑥 =𝑦−1 Table for 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1 = 0
If y = 0, then 𝑥 = (0) − 1 = 0 − 1 = −1 x −1 1 3
y 0 2 4
If y = 2, then 𝑥 = (2) − 1 = 2 − 1 = 1
If y = 4, then 𝑥 = (4) − 1 = 4 − 1 = 3
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 12 = 0 Table for 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 12 = 0
⇒ 3𝑥 = 12 − 2𝑦 x 4 2 0
⇒ 𝑥=
12−2𝑦 y 0 3 6
3
12−2(0) 12−0 12
If y = 0, then 𝑥 = = = =4
3 3 3
12−2(3) 12−6 6
If y = 3, then 𝑥 = = = =2
3 3 3
12−2(6) 12−12 0
If y = 6, then 𝑥 = = = =0
3 3 3

Hence, 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 3
Then, the coordinates of the vertices of the triangle formed by these lines and x-axis
are (−1, 0), (2, 3) and (4,0).
10
𝑌
9
8
7
6 (0, 6)
5
4 (3, 4)
3 (2, 3)
(1, 2)
2
1
(−1, 0) (4, 0)
0
-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-1
𝑋′ 𝑂 𝑋
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
-10
EXERCISE 4.2
Solve the following system of linear equation:
1. 𝑥+𝑦 =7
2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 11
Solution: 𝑥+𝑦 =7 ….. (i)
2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 11 ….. (ii)
From (i), we get
𝑥 =7−𝑦 ….. (iii)
Substituting 𝑥 = 7 − 𝑦 in (ii), we get
2(7 − 𝑦) − 3𝑦 = 11
⇒ 14 − 2𝑦 − 3𝑦 = 11
⇒ −5𝑦 = 11 − 14
⇒ −5𝑦 = −3
−3
⇒ 𝑦=
−5
3
⇒ 𝑦=
5
3
Substituting 𝑦 = in (iii), we get
5
3 35−3 32
𝑥 =7− = =
5 5 5
32 3
Hence, the solution is 𝑥 = ,𝑦=
5 5
2. 7𝑥 − 15𝑦 = 2
𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 3
Solution: 7𝑥 − 15𝑦 = 2 ….. (i)
𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 3 ….. (ii)
From (ii), we get
𝑥 = 3 − 2𝑦 ….. (iii)
Substituting 𝑥 = 3 − 2𝑦 in (i), we get
7(3 − 2𝑦) − 15𝑦 = 2
⇒ 21 − 14𝑦 − 15𝑦 = 2
⇒ −29𝑦 = 2 − 21
⇒ −29𝑦 = −19
−19
⇒ 𝑦=
−29
19
⇒ 𝑦=
29
19
Substituting 𝑦 = in (iii), we get
29
19 38 87−38 49
𝑥 = 3 − 2( ) = 3 − = =
29 29 29 29
49 19
29 29
4. 𝑠−𝑡 =3
𝑠 𝑡
+ =6
3 2
Solution: 𝑠−𝑡 =3 ….. (i)

𝑠 𝑡
+ =6
3 2
2𝑠+3𝑡
⇒ =6
6
⇒ 2𝑠 + 3𝑡 = 36 ….. (ii)
From (i), we get
𝑠 =3+𝑡 ….. (iii)

Substituting 𝑠 = 3 + 𝑡 in (ii), we get
2(3 + 𝑡) + 3𝑡 = 36
⇒ 6 + 2𝑡 + 3𝑡 = 36
⇒ 5𝑦 = 36 − 6
⇒ 5𝑦 = 30
30
⇒ 𝑦=
5
⇒ 𝑦=6
Substituting 𝑦 = 6 in (iii), we get
𝑠 =3+6=9
Hence, the solution is 𝑠 = 9, 𝑡 = 6
6. 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 7
4𝑥 − 3𝑦 = −1
Solution: 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 7 ….. (i)
4𝑥 − 3𝑦 = −1 ….. (ii)
From (i), we get
𝑦 = 7 − 2𝑥 ….. (iii)
Substituting 𝑦 = 7 − 2𝑥 in (ii), we get
4𝑥 − 3(7 − 2𝑥) = −1
⇒ 4𝑥 − 21 + 6𝑥 = −1
⇒ 10𝑥 = −1 + 21
⇒ 10𝑥 = 20
20
⇒ 𝑥=
10
⇒ 𝑥=2
Substituting 𝑥 = 2 in (iii), we get
𝑦 = 7 − 2(2) = 7 − 4 = 3
Hence, the solution is 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 3

11. 𝑥+𝑦 =5
2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 4
Solution: 𝑥+𝑦 =5 ….. (i)
2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 4 ….. (ii)
Multiplying (i) by 3, we get
3𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 15 ….. (iii)
adding (ii) and (iii), we get
2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 3𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 4 + 15
⇒ 5𝑥 = 19
19
⇒ 𝑥=
5
19
Putting 𝑥 = in (i), we get
5
19
+𝑦 =5
5
19 25−19 6
⇒ 𝑦 =5− = =
5 5 5
19 6
5 5
12. 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 10
2𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 2
Solution: 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 10 ….. (i)
2𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 2 ….. (ii)
Multiplying (ii) by 2, we get
4𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 4 ….. (iii)
adding (i) and (iii), we get
3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 4𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 10 + 4
⇒ 7𝑥 = 14
14
⇒ 𝑥= =2
7
Putting 𝑥 = 2 in (i), we get

3(2) + 4𝑦 = 10
⇒ 6 + 4𝑦 = 10
⇒ 4𝑦 = 10 − 6
⇒ 4𝑦 = 4
4
⇒ 𝑦= =1
4
13. 3𝑥 − 5𝑦 − 4 = 0
9𝑥 = 2𝑦 + 7
Solution: 3𝑥 − 5𝑦 − 4 = 0 ….. (i)
9𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 7 = 0 ….. (ii)
9𝑥 − 15𝑦 − 12 = 0 ….. (iii)
subtracting (iii) from (ii), we get
(9𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 7 = 0) − (9𝑥 − 15𝑦 − 12) = 0 − 0
⇒ 9𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 7 − 9𝑥 + 15𝑦 + 12 = 0
⇒ 13𝑦 + 5 = 0
⇒ 13𝑦 = −5
−5
⇒ 𝑦=
13
−5
Putting 𝑦 = in (i), we get
13
−5
3𝑥 − 5 ( ) − 4 = 0
13
39𝑥+25−52
⇒ =0
13
⇒ 39𝑥 − 27 = 0
⇒ 39𝑥 = 27
27
⇒ 𝑥=
39
9
⇒ 𝑥=
13
9 −5
13 13
𝑥 2𝑦
14. + = −1
2 3
𝑦
𝑥− =3
3
𝑥 2𝑦
Solution: + = −1 ]×6
2 3
3𝑥 + 4𝑦 = −6 ….. (i)
𝑦
𝑥− =3 ]×3
3
3𝑥 − 𝑦 = 9 ….. (ii)
Subtracting (ii) from (i), we get
(3𝑥 + 4𝑦) − (3𝑥 − 𝑦) = −6 − 9
⇒ 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 3𝑥 + 𝑦 = −15
⇒ 5𝑦 = −15
−15
⇒ 𝑦=
5
⇒ 𝑦 = −3
Putting 𝑦 = −3 in (i), we get
3𝑥 + 4(−3) = −6
⇒ 3𝑥 − 12 = −6
⇒ 3𝑥 = −6 + 12
⇒ 3𝑥 = 6
6
⇒ 𝑥=
3
⇒ 𝑥=2
Hence, the solution is 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = −3

15. 𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 0
3𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 20
Solution: 𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 0 ….. (i)
3𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 20 ….. (ii)
2𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 0 ….. (iii)
adding (i) and (iii), we get
3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 20 + 0
⇒ 5𝑥 = 20
20
⇒ 𝑥= =4
5
Putting 𝑥 = 4 in (i), we get
4 − 2𝑦 = 0
⇒ −2𝑦 = 0 − 4
⇒ −2𝑦 = −4
−4
⇒ 𝑦= =2
−2
16. 47𝑥 + 31𝑦 = 63
31𝑥 + 47𝑦 = 15
Solution: 47𝑥 + 31𝑦 = 63 ….. (i)
31𝑥 + 47𝑦 = 15 ….. (ii)
Adding (i) and (ii), we get
47𝑥 + 31𝑦 + 31𝑥 + 47𝑦 = 63 + 15
⇒ 78𝑥 + 78𝑦 = 78
 𝑥+𝑦 =1 ….. (iii)
subtracting (ii) from (i), we get
(47𝑥 + 31𝑦) − (31𝑥 + 47𝑦) = 63 − 15

⇒ 47𝑥 + 31𝑦 − 31𝑥 − 47𝑦 = 48
⇒ 16𝑥 − 16𝑦 = 48
⇒ 𝑥−𝑦 =3 ….. (iv)
Now, adding (iii) and (iv), we get
𝑥+𝑦+𝑥−𝑦 =1+3
⇒ 2𝑥 = 4
4
⇒ 𝑥=
2
⇒ 𝑥=2
Putting 𝑥 = 2 in (iii), we get
2+𝑦 =1
⇒ 𝑦 =1−2
⇒ 𝑦 = −1
Hence, the solution is 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = −1

5. Quadratic Equations:
(i) Finding solution of ax2 + bx + c = 0, (a ≠ 0) by
(a) Factorisation method (b) Quadratic formula.
(ii) Application of quadratic equations in solving word-problems from different areas.
(iii) Relationship between discriminant and nature of roots. (Simple problems related to
discriminant and nature of roots).
Omitted portion:
(i) Situational problems based on equation reducible to quadratic equations (Like Ex 5.1 Q.
No 19, 20, 21, etc.) and accordingly word problems which involved reducible equations.
(ii) Types of problems based on discriminant & nature of roots from Ex. 5.3 Q. No. 4- 12,
14-18
Chapter - 5
EXERCISE 5.1
Solve the following quadratic equations by factorization methods :
(i) 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 9 = 0
Solution: 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 9 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 9 = 0
⇒ 𝑥(𝑥 + 3) + 3(𝑥 + 3) = 0
⇒ (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 + 3) = 0
Either, 𝑥 + 3 = 0 or 𝑥+3=0
𝑥 = −3 or 𝑥 = −3
 The roots are −3 and −3.
2
(ii) 𝑥 − 11𝑥 + 18 = 0
Solution: 𝑥 2 − 11𝑥 + 18 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 18 = 0
⇒ 𝑥(𝑥 − 9) − 2(𝑥 − 9) = 0
⇒ (𝑥 − 9)(𝑥 − 2) = 0
Either, 𝑥 − 9 = 0 or 𝑥−2=0
𝑥=9 or 𝑥=2
 The roots are 9 and 2.
2
(iii) 𝑦 − 7𝑦 + 12 = 0
Solution: 𝑦 2 − 7𝑦 + 12 = 0
⇒ 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 − 3𝑦 + 12 = 0
⇒ 𝑦(𝑦 − 4) − 3(𝑦 − 4) = 0
⇒ (𝑦 − 4)(𝑦 − 3) = 0
Either, 𝑦 − 4 = 0 or 𝑦−3=0
𝑦=4 or 𝑦=3
 The roots are 4 and 3.
(iv) 3𝑦 2 − 10𝑦 − 8 = 0
Solution: 3𝑦 2 − 10𝑦 − 8 = 0
⇒ 3𝑦 2 − 12𝑦 + 2𝑦 − 8 = 0
⇒ 3𝑦(𝑦 − 4) + 2(𝑦 − 4) = 0
⇒ (𝑦 − 4)(3𝑦 + 2) = 0
Either, 𝑦 − 4 = 0 or 3𝑦 + 2 = 0
𝑦=4 or 3𝑦 = −2
−2
𝑦=4 or 𝑦=
3
−2
 The roots are 4 and .
3
(v) 9𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 1 = 0
Solution: 9𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 1 = 0
⇒ 9𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 1 = 0
⇒ 3𝑥(𝑥 − 1) − 1(𝑥 − 1) = 0
⇒ (3𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 1) = 0
Either, 3𝑥 − 1 = 0 or 𝑥−1=0
3𝑥 = 1 or 𝑥=1
1
𝑥= or 𝑥=1
3
1
 The roots are and 1.
3
5. 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 3 = 0
Solution: 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 3 = 0
⇒ 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 3 = 0
⇒ 𝑥(2𝑥 − 3) − 1(2𝑥 − 3) = 0
⇒ (2𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 1) = 0
Either, 2𝑥 − 3 = 0 or 𝑥−1=0
2𝑥 = 3 or 𝑥=1
3
𝑥= or 𝑥=1
2
3
 The roots are and 1.
2
6. 6𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2 = 0
Solution: 6𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2 = 0
⇒ 6𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 2 = 0
⇒ 2𝑥(3𝑥 − 2) + 1(3𝑥 − 2) = 0
⇒ (3𝑥 − 2)(2𝑥 + 1) = 0
Either, 3𝑥 − 2 = 0 or 2𝑥 + 1 = 0
3𝑥 = 2 or 2𝑥 = −1
2 −1
𝑥= or 𝑥=
3 2
2 −1
 The roots are and .
3 2
EXERCISE 5.2
Find the roots of the following quadratic equations, using the quadratic formula :
(i) 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1 = 0
Solution: Here, 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 3 and 𝑐 = 1
−𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
2𝑎
−3 ± √32 − 4 × 2 × 1
=
2×2
−3 ± √9 − 8
=
4
−3 ± √1
=
4
−3 ± 1
=
4
−3+1 −3−1
𝑥= or 𝑥=
4 4
−2 −4
= or =
4 4
−1
= or = −1
2
−1
 The roots are and −1.
2
(ii) 4𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1 = 0
Solution: Here, 𝑎 = 4, 𝑏 = −4 and 𝑐 = 1
−𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
2𝑎
−(−4) ± √(−4)2 − 4 × 4 × 1
=
2×4
4 ± √16 − 16
=
8
4 ± √0
=
8
4±0
=
8
4+0 4−0
𝑥= or 𝑥=
8 4
4 4
= or =
8 8
1 1
= or =
2 2
1 1
 The roots are and .
2 2
(iii) 2𝑦 2 − 5𝑦 − 3 = 0
Solution: Here, 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = −5 and 𝑐 = −3
−𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
2𝑎
−(−5) ± √(−5)2 − 4 × 2 × (−3)

=
2×2
5 ± √25 + 24
=
4
5 ± √49
=
4
5±7
=
4
5+7 5−7
𝑥= or 𝑥=
4 4
12 −2
= or =
4 4
−1
=3 or =
2
−1
 The roots are 3 and .
2
(iv) 3𝑦 2 + 13𝑥 − 10 = 0
Solution: Here, 𝑎 = 3, 𝑏 = 13 and 𝑐 = −10
−𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
2𝑎
−13 ± √132 − 4 × 3 × (−10)

=
2×3
−13 ± √169 + 120
=
6
−13 ± √289
=
6
−13 ± 17
=
6
−13+17 −13−17
𝑥= or 𝑥=
6 6
4 −30
= or =
6 6
2
= or = −5
3
2
3
2
1. 𝑥 + 4𝑥 − 5 = 0
Solution: Here, 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 4 and 𝑐 = −5
−𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
2𝑎
−4 ± √42 − 4 × 1 × (−5)
=
2×1
−4 ± √16 + 20
=
2
−4 ± √36
=
2
−4 ± 6
=
2
−4+6 −4−6
𝑥= or 𝑥=
2 2
2 −10
= or =
2 2
=1 or = −5
 The roots are −1 and −5.
2. 𝑝2 𝑥 2 + (𝑝2 − 𝑞 2 )𝑥 − 𝑞 2 = 0
Solution: Here, 𝑎 = 𝑝2 , 𝑏 = (𝑝2 − 𝑞 2 ) and 𝑐 = −𝑞 2
−𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
2𝑎
−(𝑝2 − 𝑞 2 ) ± √(𝑝2 − 𝑞 2 )2 − 4 × 𝑝2 × (−𝑞 2 )

=
2 × 𝑝2
−(𝑝2 − 𝑞 2 ) ± √(𝑝2 )2 − 2𝑝2 𝑞 2 + (𝑞2 )2 + 4𝑝2 𝑞 2

=
2𝑝2
−(𝑝2 − 𝑞 2 ) ± √(𝑝2 )2 + 2𝑝2 𝑞 2 + (𝑞2 )2
=
2𝑝2
−(𝑝2 − 𝑞 2 ) ± √(𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 )2
=
2𝑝2
−(𝑝2 − 𝑞 2 ) ± (𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 )
=
2𝑝2
−(𝑝2 −𝑞 2 )+(𝑝2 +𝑞 2 ) −(𝑝2 −𝑞 2 )−(𝑝2 +𝑞 2 )

𝑥= or 𝑥=
2𝑝2 2𝑝2
−𝑝2 +𝑞 2 +𝑝2 +𝑞 2 −𝑝2 +𝑞 2 −𝑝2 −𝑞 2
= or =
2𝑝2 2𝑝2
2𝑞 2 −2𝑝2
= or =
2𝑝2 2𝑝2
𝑞2
= or = −1
𝑝2
𝑞2
𝑝2
4. 5𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 2 = 0
Solution: Here, 𝑎 = 5, 𝑏 = −6 and 𝑐 = −2
−𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
2𝑎
−(−6) ± √(−6)2 − 4 × 5 × (−2)

=
2×5
6 ± √36 + 40
=
10
6 ± √76
=
10
6 ± 2√19
=
10
2(3 ± √19)
=
10
3 ± √19
=
5
3+√19 3−√19
𝑥= or 𝑥=
5 5
3+√19 3−√19
The roots are and .
5 5
EXERCISE 5.3
1. Determine the nature of the roots of 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3 = 0. If the real roots exist.

Solution: 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3 = 0
Here, 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = −4 and 𝑐 = 3
𝐷 = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
= (−4)2 − 4 × 2 × 3
= 16 − 24
= −8
Since, 𝐷 < 0, the given equation has no real roots.
13.Find the value of k for which the roots of 9𝑥 2 + 8𝑘𝑥 + 16 = 0 are real and equal.
Solution: 9𝑥 2 + 8𝑘𝑥 + 16 = 0
Here, 𝑎 = 9, 𝑏 = 8𝑘 and 𝑐 = 16
𝐷=0
𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0
(8𝑘)2 − 4 × 9 × 16 = 0
64(𝑘 2 − 9) = 0
𝑘2 − 9 = 0
𝑘2 = 9
𝑘 = ±√9
𝑘 = ±3
 𝑘=3 or 𝑘 = −3
EXERCISE 5.4
1. Find two numbers whose sum is 27 and product is 182.
Solution: 𝑥+? = 27
⇒ ? = 27 − 𝑥
Let x and 27 − 𝑥 be the two numbers
So, 𝑥(27 − 𝑥) = 182
⇒ 27𝑥−𝑥 2 − 182 = 0
⇒ −𝑥 2 + 27𝑥 − 182 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 27𝑥 + 182 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 14𝑥 − 13𝑥 + 182 = 0
⇒ 𝑥(𝑥 − 14) − 13(𝑥 − 14) = 0
⇒ (𝑥 − 14)(𝑥 − 13) = 0
Either, 𝑥 − 14 = 0 or 𝑥 − 13 = 0
𝑥 = 14 or 𝑥 = 13
When 𝑥 = 14 , 27 − 𝑥 = 27 – 14 = 14
When 𝑥 = 13 , 27 − 𝑥 = 27 – 13 = 13
 The two numbers are 13 and 14
2. Find two consecutive numbers whose squares have the sum 85.
Solution: Let x and 𝑥 + 1 be the two consecutive numbers
So, 𝑥 2 + (𝑥 + 1)2 = 85
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 − 85 = 0
⇒ 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 84 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 42 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 42 = 0
⇒ 𝑥(𝑥 + 7) − 6(𝑥 + 7) = 0
⇒ (𝑥 + 7)(𝑥 − 6) = 0
Either, 𝑥 + 7 = 0 or 𝑥−6=0
𝑥 = −7 or 𝑥=6
When 𝑥 = −7 , 𝑥 + 1 = −7 + 1 = −6
When 𝑥 = 6 , 𝑥 + 1 = 6 + 1 = 7
 The two consecutive numbers are −7 and −6 or 6 and 7
3. Two numbers differ by 4 and their product is 192. Find the numbers.
Solution: Let x and 𝑥 + 4 be the two numbers
So, 𝑥(𝑥 + 4) = 192
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 192 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 16𝑥 − 12𝑥 − 192 = 0
⇒ 𝑥(𝑥 + 16) − 12(𝑥 + 16) = 0
⇒ (𝑥 + 16)(𝑥 − 12) = 0
Either, 𝑥 + 16 = 0 or 𝑥 − 12 = 0
𝑥 = −16 or 𝑥 = 12
When 𝑥 = −16 , 𝑥 + 4 = −16 + 4 = −12
When 𝑥 = 12 , 𝑥 + 4 = 12 + 4 = 16
 The two numbers are −16 and −12 or 12 and 16
4. Divide 12 into two parts such that the sum of their squares is 74.
Solution: Let x and 12 − 𝑥 be the two parts
So, 𝑥 2 + (12 − 𝑥)2 = 74
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 144 − 24𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 74 = 0
⇒ 2𝑥 2 − 24𝑥 + 70 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 35 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 35 = 0
⇒ 𝑥(𝑥 − 7) − 5(𝑥 − 7) = 0
⇒ (𝑥 − 7)(𝑥 − 5) = 0
Either, 𝑥 − 7 = 0 or 𝑥−5=0
𝑥=7 or 𝑥=5
When 𝑥 = 7 , 12 − 𝑥 = 12 − 7 = 5
When 𝑥 = 5, 12 − 𝑥 = 12 − 5 = 7
 The two parts are 5 and 7
5. The sum of the square of two consecutive natural numbers is 421. Find the numbers.
Solution: Let x and (𝑥 + 1) be the two consecutive natural numbers
So, 𝑥 2 + (𝑥 + 1)2 = 421
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 − 421 = 0
⇒ 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 420 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 210 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 15𝑥 − 14𝑥 + 210 = 0
⇒ 𝑥(𝑥 + 15) − 14(𝑥 + 15) = 0
⇒ (𝑥 + 15)(𝑥 − 14) = 0
Either, 𝑥 + 15 = 0 or 𝑥 − 14 = 0
𝑥 = −15 or 𝑥 = 14
Omitting the negative value i.e −15 is not natural number
When 𝑥 = 14 , 𝑥 + 1 = 14 + 1 = 15
 The two consecutive natural numbers are 14 and 15
6. Find two consecutive odd positive integers, sum of whose squares is 290.
Solution: Let x and 𝑥 + 2 be the two consecutive odd positive integers
So, 𝑥 2 + (𝑥 + 2)2 = 290
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4 − 290 = 0
⇒ 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 286 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 143 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 13𝑥 − 11𝑥 − 143 = 0
⇒ 𝑥(𝑥 + 13) − 11(𝑥 + 13) = 0
⇒ (𝑥 + 13)(𝑥 − 11) = 0
Either, 𝑥 + 13 = 0 or 𝑥 − 11 = 0
𝑥 = −13 or 𝑥 = 11
Omitting the negative value i.e −13 is not odd positive integers
When 𝑥 = 11 , 𝑥 + 2 = 11 + 2 = 13
 The two consecutive odd positive integers are 11 and 13
10
7. The sum of a number and its reciprocal is . Find the number.
3
1
Solution: Let x be the number and be its reciprocal
𝑥
1 10
So, 𝑥+ = ]×3𝑥
𝑥 3
⇒ 3𝑥 2 + 3 = 10𝑥
⇒ 3𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 3 = 0
⇒ 3𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 − 1𝑥 + 3 = 0
⇒ 3𝑥(𝑥 − 3) − 1(𝑥 − 3) = 0
⇒ (3𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3) = 0
Either, 3𝑥 − 1 = 0 or 𝑥−3=0
1
𝑥= or 𝑥=3
3
1
 The number is or 3
3
8. Find three consecutive positive integers such that the sum of the square of the first and
the product of the other two is 154.
Solution: Let x, (𝑥 + 1) and (𝑥 + 2) be the three consecutive positive integers
So, 𝑥 2 + (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 2) = 154
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1𝑥 + 2 − 154 = 0
⇒ 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 152 = 0
⇒ 2𝑥 2 + 19𝑥 − 16𝑥 + 152 = 0
⇒ 𝑥(2𝑥 + 19) − 8(2𝑥 + 19) = 0
⇒ (2𝑥 + 19)(𝑥 − 8) = 0
Either, 2𝑥 + 19 = 0 or 𝑥−8=0
−19
𝑥= or 𝑥=8
2
−19
Omitting the negative value i.e is not positive integers
2
When 𝑥 = 8 , 𝑥 + 1 = 8 + 1 = 9 and 𝑥 + 2 = 8 + 2 = 10
 The three consecutive positive integers are 8, 9 and 10
9. Two numbers differ by 3 and their product is 504. Fond the numbers.
So, 𝑥(𝑥 + 3) = 504
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 504 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 24𝑥 − 21𝑥 − 504 = 0
⇒ 𝑥(𝑥 + 24) − 21(𝑥 + 24) = 0
⇒ (𝑥 + 24)(𝑥 − 21) = 0
Either, 𝑥 + 24 = 0 or 𝑥 − 21 = 0
𝑥 = −24 or 𝑥 = 21
When 𝑥 = −24 , 𝑥 + 3 = −24 + 3 = −21
When 𝑥 = 21 , 𝑥 + 3 = 21 + 3 = 24
1
10. The sum of two numbers is 18. The sum of their reciprocals is . Find the numbers.
4
Solution: Let x and 18 − 𝑥 be the two numbers

1 1
Their reciprocals are and
𝑥 18−𝑥
1 1 1
So, + = ] × 4𝑥(18 − 𝑥)
𝑥 18−𝑥 4
⇒ 4(18 − 𝑥) + 4𝑥 = 𝑥(18 − 𝑥)
⇒ 72 − 4𝑥 + 4𝑥 = 18𝑥 − 𝑥 2
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 18𝑥 + 72 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 72 = 0
⇒ 𝑥(𝑥 − 12) − 6(𝑥 − 12) = 0
⇒ (𝑥 − 12)(𝑥 − 6) = 0
Either, 𝑥 − 12 = 0 or 𝑥−6=0
𝑥 = 12 or 𝑥=6
When 𝑥 = 12 , 18 − 𝑥 = 18 − 12 = 6
When 𝑥 = 6, 18 − 𝑥 = 18 − 6 = 12
11. The sum of the squares of three consecutive positive integers is 50. Find the integers.
So, 𝑥 2 + (𝑥 + 1)2 + (𝑥 + 2)2 = 50
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 + 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4 − 50 = 0
⇒ 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 45 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 15 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 15 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 ( 𝑥 + 5) − 3( 𝑥 + 5) = 0
⇒ (𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 − 3) = 0
Either, 𝑥 + 5 = 0 or 𝑥−3=0
𝑥 = −5 or 𝑥=3
Omitting the negative value i.e −5 is not positive integers
When 𝑥 = 3 , 𝑥 + 1 = 3 + 1 = 4 and 𝑥 + 2 = 3 + 2 = 5
12. A two-digit number is such that the product of its digits is 18. When 63 is subtracted
from the number, the digits interchange their places. Find the number.
Solution: Let x be the unit’s digit
Unit’s digit × ten’s digit = 18
⇒ x × ten’s digit = 18
18
⇒ ten’s digit =
𝑥
180 18
The number is 𝑥 + , interchanging the digit is 10𝑥 +
𝑥 𝑥
180 18
So, 𝑥+ − 63 = 10𝑥 + ]×𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 180 − 63𝑥 = 10𝑥 2 + 18
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 2 − 63𝑥 + 180 − 18 = 0
⇒ −9𝑥 2 − 63𝑥 + 162 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 18 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 18 = 0
⇒ 𝑥(𝑥 + 9) − 2(𝑥 + 9) = 0
⇒ (𝑥 + 9)(𝑥 − 2) = 0
Either, 𝑥 + 9 = 0 or 𝑥−2=0
𝑥 = −9 or 𝑥=2
Omitting the negative value i.e −9 is not a digit
180 180
The number is 𝑥 + =2+ = 2 + 90 = 92
𝑥 2
4
13. The difference of two numbers is 4. If the difference of their reciprocals is , find the
21
numbers.

1 1
Their reciprocals are and
𝑥 𝑥+4
1 1 4
So, − = ] × 21𝑥(𝑥 + 4)
𝑥 𝑥+4 21
⇒ 21(𝑥 + 4) − 21𝑥 = 4𝑥(𝑥 + 4)
⇒ 21𝑥 + 84 − 21𝑥 = 4𝑥 2 + 16𝑥
⇒ −4𝑥 2 − 16𝑥 + 84 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 21 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 21 = 0
⇒ 𝑥(𝑥 + 7) − 3(𝑥 + 7) = 0
⇒ (𝑥 + 7)(𝑥 − 3) = 0
Either, 𝑥 + 7 = 0 or 𝑥−3=0
𝑥 = −7 or 𝑥=3
When 𝑥 = −7, 𝑥 + 4 = −7 + 4 = −3
When 𝑥 = 3, 𝑥 + 4 = 3 + 4 = 7
14. Three consecutive positive integers are such that the sum of the square of the first and
the product of the other two is 46, find the integers.
So, 𝑥 2 + (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 2) = 46
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1𝑥 + 2 − 46 = 0
⇒ 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 44 = 0
⇒ 2𝑥 2 + 11𝑥 − 8𝑥 − 44 = 0
⇒ 𝑥(2𝑥 + 11) − 4(2𝑥 + 11) = 0
⇒ (2𝑥 + 11)(𝑥 − 4) = 0
Either, 2𝑥 + 11 = 0 or 𝑥−4=0
−11
𝑥= or 𝑥=4
2
−11
Omitting the negative value i.e is not positive integers
2
When 𝑥 = 4 , 𝑥 + 1 = 4 + 1 = 5 and 𝑥 + 2 = 4 + 2 = 6
15. The difference of the squares of two numbers is 88. If the larger number is 5 less than
twice the smaller number, then find the two numbers.
Solution: Let x be the smaller number and larger number is 2𝑥 − 5
So, (2𝑥 − 5)2 − 𝑥 2 = 88
⇒ 4𝑥 2 − 20𝑥 + 25 − 𝑥 2 − 88 = 0
⇒ 3𝑥 2 − 20𝑥 − 63 = 0
⇒ 3𝑥 2 − 27𝑥 + 7𝑥 − 63 = 0
⇒ 3𝑥(𝑥 − 9) + 7(𝑥 − 9) = 0
⇒ (𝑥 − 9)(3𝑥 + 7) = 0
Either, 𝑥 − 9 = 0 or 3𝑥 + 7 = 0
−7
𝑥=9 or 𝑥=
3
When 𝑥 = 9 , 2𝑥 − 5 = 2 × 9 − 5 = 18 − 5 = 13
−7 −7 −14−15 −29
When 𝑥 = , 2𝑥 − 5 = 2 × −5= =
3 3 3 3
−7 −29
Omitting the negative value i.e ≮
3 3
16. The length of the hypotenuse of a right triangle exceeds the length of the base by 2 cm
and exceeds twice the length of the altitude by 1 cm. Find the length of each side of
the triangle.
Solution: h = 2p + 1, b + 2 = h
𝑝=𝑥
b + 2 = 2p + 1
b = 2p + 1– 2 = 2p – 1
𝑏 = (2𝑥 − 1)
Let x cm be the length of the altitude
Length of base = (2𝑥 − 1) cm
Length of hypotenuse = (2𝑥 + 1) cm
By using Pythagoras theorem,
𝑝2 + 𝑏 2 = ℎ2
⇒ 𝑥 2 + (2𝑥 − 1)2 = (2𝑥 + 1)2
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1 = 4𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 4𝑥 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 = 0
⇒ 𝑥(𝑥 − 8) = 0
Either, 𝑥=0 or 𝑥−8=0
𝑥=8
Omitting the zero i.e altitude is not zero
 Length of altitude = 8 cm
Length of base = (2𝑥 − 1) = 2 × 8 − 1 = 16 − 1 = 15 cm
Length of hypotenuse = (2𝑥 + 1) = 2 × 8 + 1 = 16 + 1 = 17 cm

17. The hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle is 6 cm more than twice the shortest side. If
the third side is 2 cm less than the hypotenuse, find the sides of the triangle.
Solution: Let x cm be the length of the shortest side
Length of hypotenuse = (2𝑥 + 6) cm
𝑝=𝑥
Length of third side = (2𝑥 + 6 − 2) = (2𝑥 + 4) cm
By using Pythagoras theorem, 𝑏 = (2𝑥 + 4)
𝑝2 + 𝑏 2 = ℎ2
⇒ 𝑥 2 + (2𝑥 + 4)2 = (2𝑥 + 6)2
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 2 + 16𝑥 + 16 = 4𝑥 2 + 24𝑥 + 36
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 16𝑥 − 24𝑥 + 16 − 36 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 − 20 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 63 = 0
⇒ 𝑥(𝑥 − 10) + 2(𝑥 − 10) = 0
⇒ (𝑥 − 10)(𝑥 + 2) = 0
Either, 𝑥 − 10 = 0 or 𝑥+2=0
𝑥 = 10 or 𝑥 = −2
Omitting the negative value i.e length is not zero
 Length of shortest side = 10 cm
Length of hypotenuse = (2𝑥 + 6) = 2 × 10 + 6 = 20 + 6 = 26 cm
Length of third side = (2𝑥 + 4) = 2 × 10 + 4 = 20 + 4 = 24 cm
18. Is it possible to design a rectangle mango grove whose length is twice its breadth, and
the area is 800 m2? If so, find its length and breadth?
Solution: Let x m be breadth of rectangle mango grove

𝑙 = 2𝑥
Length = 2𝑥 m
𝑏=𝑥
Area of rectangle = 800 m2
𝑙 × 𝑏 = 800 𝐴 = 800𝑚2
⇒ 2𝑥 × 𝑥 = 800
⇒ 2𝑥 2 = 800
⇒ 𝑥 2 = 400
⇒ 𝑥 = ±√400
⇒ 𝑥 = ±20
Either, 𝑥 = 20 or 𝑥 = −20
Omitting the negative value i.e breadth is not zero
 breadth = 20 m and length = 2x = 2× 20 = 40 m
19. Is it possible to design a rectangle park of perimeter 80 m and area 400 m2? If so, find
its length and breadth?
Solution: Let x m be breadth of rectangle mango grove

𝑙 = 40 − 𝑥
Perimeter of rectangle = 80 m
𝑏=𝑥
⇒ 2(𝑙 + 𝑏) = 80
2
⇒ 2(𝑙 + 𝑥) = 80 𝑝 = 80 𝑚 𝐴 = 400𝑚
⇒ 𝑙 + 𝑥 = 40
⇒ 𝑙 = 40 − 𝑥
Length = (40 − 𝑥) m
Area of rectangle = 400 m2
𝑙 × 𝑏 = 800
⇒ (40 − 𝑥) × 𝑥 = 400
⇒ 40𝑥 − 𝑥 2 = 400
⇒ −𝑥 2 + 40𝑥 − 400 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 40𝑥 + 400 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 20𝑥 − 20𝑥 + 400 = 0
⇒ 𝑥(𝑥 − 20) − 20(𝑥 − 20) = 0
⇒ (𝑥 − 20)(𝑥20) = 0
Either, 𝑥 − 20 = 0 or 𝑥 − 20 = 0
𝑥 = 20 or 𝑥 = 20
 breadth = 20 m and length = 40 − 𝑥 = 40 − 420 = 20 m
20. In a class test, the sum of Evelyn’s mark in Mathematics and English is 30. Had she
got 2 marks more in Mathematics and 3 marks less in English, the product of their
marks would have been 210. Find her marks in the two subjects.
Solution: Let x be Mathematics mark and English mark = 30 − 𝑥
2 marks more in Mathematics = 𝑥 + 2
3 marks less in English = 30 − 𝑥 − 3 = 27 − 𝑥
So, (𝑥 + 2)(27 − 𝑥) = 210
⇒ 27𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 54 − 2𝑥 − 210 = 0
⇒ −𝑥 2 + 25𝑥 − 156 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 25𝑥 − 156 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 13𝑥 − 12𝑥 − 156 = 0
⇒ 𝑥(𝑥 − 13) − 12(𝑥 − 13) = 0
⇒ (𝑥 − 13)(𝑥 − 12) = 0
Either, 𝑥 − 13 = 0 or 𝑥 − 12 = 0
𝑥 = 13 or 𝑥 = 12
When 𝑥 = 13 , 30 − 𝑥 = 30 − 13 = 17
When 𝑥 = 12, 30 − 𝑥 = 30 − 12 = 18
Mathematics marks is 13 or 12 and English marks is 17 or 18
21. The diagonal of a rectangular field is 60 metres more than the shorter side. If the
longer side is 30 metres more than the shorter side, find the sides of the field.
Solution: Let x m be the length of the shortest side
Length of the diagonal = (𝑥 + 60) m

𝑝=𝑥
Length of the longer side = (𝑥 + 30) m
By using Pythagoras theorem, 𝑏 = 𝑥 + 30
𝑝2 + 𝑏 2 = ℎ2
⇒ 𝑥 2 + (𝑥 + 30)2 = (𝑥 + 60)2
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 + 60𝑥 + 900 = 𝑥 2 + 120𝑥 + 3600
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 60𝑥 − 120𝑥 + 900 − 3600 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 60𝑥 − 2700 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 90𝑥 + 30𝑥 − 2700 = 0
⇒ 𝑥(𝑥 − 90) + 30(𝑥 − 90) = 0
⇒ (𝑥 − 90)(𝑥 + 30) = 0
Either, 𝑥 − 90 = 0 or 𝑥 + 30 = 0
𝑥 = 90 or 𝑥 = −30
Omitting the negative value i.e length is not negative
 Length of the shortest side = 90 m
Length of the longer side = (𝑥 + 30) = 90 + 30 = 120 m
22. A rectangular park is to be designed whose breadth is 3 m less than its length, Its area
is to be 4 square metres more than the area of a park that has already been made in the
shape of an isosceles triangle with its base as the breadth of rectangular park and
altitude 12 m. Is it possible to have such a rectangular park? If so, find its length and
breadth.
12 m
∟
∟
−3
Solution: Let x m be the length of the rectangular park
breadth of the rectangular park = 𝑥 − 3 m
Base of a triangle = breadth of the rectangular park = 𝑥 − 3 m
Height of a triangle = 12 m
So, Area of rectangle – Area of triangle = 4 m2

1
⇒ 𝑙×𝑏− ×𝑏×ℎ =4
2
ℎ
⇒ 𝑏 (𝑙 − ) = 4
2
12
⇒ (𝑥 − 3) (𝑥 − )=4
2
⇒ (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 6) − 4 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 18 − 4 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 14 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 14 = 0
⇒ 𝑥(𝑥 − 7) − 2(𝑥 − 7) = 0
⇒ (𝑥 − 7)(𝑥 − 2) = 0
Either, 𝑥 − 7 = 0 or 𝑥−2=0
𝑥=7 or 𝑥=2
When 𝑥 = 7 , 𝑥 − 3 = 7 − 3 = 4
When 𝑥 = 2, 𝑥 − 3 = 2 − 3 = −1
Omitting 𝑥 = 2 i.e breadth is not negative
 Length = 7 m and breadth = 4 m
23. The product of Claire’s age (in years) two years ago and her age four years from now
is one more than twice her present age. What is her present age?
Solution: Let x yrs be the present age of Claire
2 yrs ago, Claire’s age = (𝑥 − 2) yrs
4 yrs hence, Claire’s age = (𝑥 + 4) yrs
So, (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 4) = 2𝑥 + 1
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 8 − 2𝑥 − 1 = 0
⇒ 𝑥2 − 9 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 32 = 0
⇒ (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 3) = 0
Either, 𝑥 + 3 = 0 or 𝑥−3=0
𝑥 = −3 or 𝑥=3
Omitting the negative value i.e age is not negative
 The present age of Claire is 3 yrs
24. The sum of the reciprocals of Thomas’s ages, (in years) 3 years ago and 5 years from
1
now is . Find his present age.
3
Solution: Let x yrs be the present age of Thomas
3 yrs ago, Thomas’s age = (𝑥 − 3) yrs
5 yrs hence, Thomas’s age = (𝑥 + 5) yrs

1 1 1
So, (𝑥−3)
+ (𝑥+5) = ] × 3(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 5)
3
⇒ 3(𝑥 + 5) + 3(𝑥 − 3) = (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 5)
⇒ 3𝑥 + 15 + 3𝑥 − 9 = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 15
⇒ 3𝑥 + 15 + 3𝑥 − 9−𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 15 = 0
⇒ −𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 21 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 21 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 21 = 0
⇒ 𝑥(𝑥 − 7) + 3(𝑥 − 7) = 0
⇒ (𝑥 − 7)(𝑥 + 3) = 0
Either, 𝑥 − 7 = 0 or 𝑥+3=0
𝑥=7 or 𝑥 = −3
Omitting the negative value i.e age is not negative
 The present age of Thomas is 7 yrs
25. A pole has to be erected at a point on the boundary of a circular park of diameter 13
metres in such a way that the difference of its distances from two diametrically
opposite fixed gates A and B on the boundary is 7 metres. Is it possible to do so? If
yes, at what distances from the two gates should the pole be erected?
Solution: AC and BC be the distance between the two gates and the pole
𝐶
Let x m be the length of BC
𝑥
So, 𝐴𝐶 − 𝐵𝐶 = 7 𝐴 . 𝐵
13 m
𝐴𝐶 = (𝑥 + 7) m
𝐴𝐵 = 13 m
∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 is a right angled triangle, right angled at C
𝐵𝐶 2 + 𝐴𝐶 2 = 𝐴𝐵2
⇒ 𝑥 2 + (𝑥 + 7)2 = 132
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 + 14𝑥 + 49 = 169
⇒ 2𝑥 2 + 14𝑥 + 49 − 169 = 0
⇒ 2𝑥 2 + 14𝑥 − 120 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 60 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 − 5𝑥 − 60 = 0
⇒ 𝑥(𝑥 + 12) − 5(𝑥 + 12) = 0
⇒ (𝑥 + 12)(𝑥 − 5) = 0
Either, 𝑥 + 12 = 0 or 𝑥−5=0
𝑥 = −12 or 𝑥=5
Omitting the negative value i.e distance is not negative
𝐵𝐶 = 5 m and 𝐴𝐶 = 𝑥 + 7 = 5 + 7 = 12 m
 The distance between the two gates and the pole are 5 m and 12 m
26. Sum of the areas of two squares is 640 m2. If the difference of their perimeters is 64
m, find the sides of the two squares.
Solution: Let x m be the side of smaller square
Perimeter of bigger square – perimeter of small square = 64
⇒ 4𝑆 − 4𝑥 = 64
⇒ 𝑆 − 𝑥 = 16
⇒ 𝑆 = (𝑥 + 16) m
So, Sum of the areas of two squares = 640 m2
⇒ 𝑥 2 + (𝑥 + 16)2 = 640
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 + 32𝑥 + 256 − 640 = 0
⇒ 2𝑥 2 + 32𝑥 − 384 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 16𝑥 − 192 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 24𝑥 − 8𝑥 − 192 = 0
⇒ 𝑥(𝑥 + 24) − 8(𝑥 + 24) = 0
⇒ (𝑥 + 24)(𝑥 − 8) = 0
Either, 𝑥 + 24 = 0 or 𝑥−8=0
𝑥 = −24 or 𝑥=8
Omitting the negative value i.e length of side is not negative
When 𝑥 = 8 , 𝑥 + 16 = 8 + 16 = 24
 The sides of two squares are 8 m and 24 m
27. Seven year’s ago Vana’s age was five times the square of Zodini’s age. Three years
hence Zodini’s age will be two-fifth of Vana’s age. Find their present ages.
Solution: Let x yrs be the present age of Zodini

2
3 yrs hence, (The present age of Vana + 3) = (𝑥 + 3)
5
5
⇒ The present age of Vana + 3 = (𝑥 + 3)
2
5 5𝑥+15−6 5𝑥+9
⇒ The present age of Vana = (𝑥 + 3) − 3 = =( ) yrs
2 2 2
5𝑥+9
7 yrs ago, − 7 = 5(𝑥 − 7)2
2
5𝑥+9−14
⇒ = 5(𝑥 2 − 14𝑥 + 49)
2
5𝑥−5
⇒ = 5𝑥 2 − 70𝑥 + 245
2
⇒ 10𝑥 2 − 140𝑥 + 490 = 5𝑥 − 5
⇒ 10𝑥 2 − 140𝑥 + 490 − 5𝑥 + 5 = 0
⇒ 10𝑥 2 − 145𝑥 + 495 = 0
⇒ 2𝑥 2 − 29𝑥 + 99 = 0
⇒ 2𝑥 2 − 18𝑥 − 11𝑥 + 99 = 0
⇒ 2𝑥(𝑥 − 9) − 11(𝑥 − 9) = 0
⇒ (𝑥 − 9)(2𝑥 − 11) = 0
Either, 𝑥 − 9 = 0 or 2𝑥 − 11 = 0
11
𝑥 = 9 or 𝑥=
2
5𝑥+9 5×9+9 45+9 54
When 𝑥 = 9 , = = = = 27
2 2 2 2
11 55+18
11 1 5× +9 73 1
When 𝑥 = =5 , 2
= 2
= = 18
2 2 2 2 4 2
1 1
 The present ages of Zodini and Vana are 9 yrs and 27 yrs or 5 yrs and 18 yrs
2 2
28. A girl is twice as old as her sister. Four years hence, the product of their ages (in
years) will be 160. Find their present ages.
Solution: Let x yrs be the present age of a girl’s sister
The present age of a girl = 2𝑥 yrs
4 yrs hence, A girl’s age = (2𝑥 + 4) yrs and her sister’s age = (𝑥 + 4) yrs
so, (𝑥 + 4)(2𝑥 + 4) = 160
⇒ 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 8𝑥 + 16 − 160 = 0
⇒ 2𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 − 144 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 72 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 − 6𝑥 − 72 = 0
⇒ 𝑥(𝑥 + 12) − 6(𝑥 + 12) = 0
⇒ (𝑥 + 12)(𝑥 − 6) = 0
Either, 𝑥 + 12 = 0 or 𝑥−6=0
𝑥 = −12 or 𝑥=6
Omitting the negative value i.e year is not negative
When 𝑥 = 6 ,2𝑥 = 2 × 6 = 12
 The present ages of a girl and her sister are 12 yrs and 6 yrs
29. A shopkeeper buys a number of books for ₹ 80. If he had bought 4 more books for the
same amount, each book would have cost ₹ 1 less. How many books did he buy?
Solution: Let x be the number of books

80
The cost of one book =
𝑥
Buying 4 more books, the number of books = (𝑥 + 4)

80
The cost of one book =
𝑥+4
80 80
So, − =1 ] × 𝑥(𝑥 + 4)
𝑥 𝑥+4
⇒ 80(𝑥 + 4) − 80𝑥 = 𝑥(𝑥 + 4)
⇒ 80𝑥 + 320 − 80𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥
⇒ 320 − 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 = 0
⇒ −𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 320 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 320 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 20𝑥 − 16𝑥 − 320 = 0
⇒ 𝑥(𝑥 + 20) − 16(𝑥 + 20) = 0
⇒ (𝑥 + 20)(𝑥 − 16) = 0
Either, 𝑥 + 20 = 0 or 𝑥 − 16 = 0
𝑥 = −20 or 𝑥 = 16
Omitting the negative value i.e number of books is not negative
 The Number of books is 16
30. If the list price of a toy is reduced by ₹ 2, a person can buy 2 toys more for ₹ 360. Find
the original price of the toy.
Solution: Let ₹ x be the original price of the toy

360
The number of toys =
𝑥
A toy is reduced by ₹ 2, the price of the toy = ₹ (𝑥 − 2)

360
The number of toys =
𝑥−2
360 360
So, − =2 ] × 𝑥(𝑥 − 2)
𝑥−2 𝑥
⇒ 360𝑥 − 360(𝑥 − 2) = 2𝑥(𝑥 − 2)
⇒ 360𝑥 − 360𝑥 + 720 = 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥
⇒ 720 − 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 = 0
⇒ −2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 720 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 360 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 20𝑥 + 18𝑥 − 360 = 0
⇒ 𝑥(𝑥 − 20) + 18(𝑥 − 20) = 0
⇒ (𝑥 − 20)(𝑥 + 18) = 0
Either, 𝑥 − 20 = 0 or 𝑥 + 18 = 0
𝑥 = 20 or 𝑥 = −18
Omitting the negative value i.e price of toy is not negative
 The original price of the toy is ₹ 20
6. Arithmetic Progression (AP):
(i) Introduction to AP by pattern of number.
(ii) General term of an AP, sum to n-terms of an AP.
Omitted portion: Application in solving daily life problems (Types of problems from Ex.6.2
Q.
No.24-27) and Ex.6.3 Q. No.13-25
Chapter - 6
EXERCISE 6.2
1. Find :
(i) The 10th term of the AP 2, 7, 12, …..
Solution: Here, 𝑎 = 2
𝑑 = 𝑎2 − 𝑎1 = 7 − 2 = 5
We have, 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
𝑎10 = 2 + (10 − 1)5
=2+9×5
= 2 + 45
= 47
Hence, the 10th term is 47.
(ii) The 10th term of the AP −0.1, −0.2, −0.3, …..

Solution: Here, 𝑎 = −0.1
𝑑 = 𝑎2 − 𝑎1 = −0.2 − (0.1)
= −0.2 + 0.1 = −0.1
𝑎10 = −0.1 + (10 − 1)(−0.1)
= −0.1 + 9 × (−0.1)
= −0.1 − 0.9
= −1
Hence, the 10th term is −1.
2. Which term of the AP 21, 18, 15, . …. is −81?

𝑑 = 𝑎2 − 𝑎1 = 18 − 21 = −3
We have, 𝑎𝑛 = −81
⇒ 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 = −81
⇒ 21 + (𝑛 − 1)(−3) = −81
⇒ 21 − 3𝑛 + 3 = −81
⇒ 24 − 3𝑛 = −81
⇒ −3𝑛 = −81 − 24
⇒ −3𝑛 = −105
105
⇒𝑛=
3
⇒ 𝑛 = 35
Hence, −81 is the 35th term.
3. Which term of the AP 4, 9, 14, 19, . …. is 124?

𝑑 = 𝑎2 − 𝑎1 = 9 − 4 = 5
We have, 𝑎𝑛 = 124
⇒ 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 = 124
⇒ 4 + (𝑛 − 1)5 = 124
⇒ 4 + 5𝑛 − 5 = 124
⇒ 5𝑛 − 1 = 124
⇒ 5𝑛 = 124 + 1
⇒ 5𝑛 = 125
125
⇒𝑛=
5
⇒ 𝑛 = 25
Hence, 124 is the 25th term.
4. How many terms are there in the AP?

(i) 7, 13, 19, ….., 205.
𝑑 = 𝑎2 − 𝑎1 = 13 − 7 = 6
⇒ 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 = 205
⇒ 7 + (𝑛 − 1)6 = 205
⇒ 7 + 6𝑛 − 6 = 205
⇒ 6𝑛 + 1 = 205
⇒ 6𝑛 = 205 − 1
⇒ 6𝑛 = 204
204
⇒𝑛=
6
⇒ 𝑛 = 34
Hence, there are 34 terms.
(ii) 3, 6, 9, 12, ….., 111.

𝑑 = 𝑎2 − 𝑎1 = 6 − 3 = 3
⇒ 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 = 111
⇒ 3 + (𝑛 − 1)3 = 111
⇒ 3 + 3𝑛 − 3 = 111
⇒ 3𝑛 = 111
111
⇒𝑛=
3
⇒ 𝑛 = 37
Hence, there are 37 terms.
7. Which term of the AP 3, 10, 17, …. Will be 84 more than its 13th term?
Solution: Let a be the first term and d be the common difference
Here, 𝑎=3
𝑑 = 𝑎2 − 𝑎1 = 10 − 3 = 7
We have, 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎13 + 84
⇒ 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 = 𝑎 + 12𝑑 + 84 (cancelling a from both sides)
⇒ (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 = 12𝑑 + 84
⇒ (𝑛 − 1)7 = 12 × 7 + 84
⇒ 7𝑛 − 7 = 84 + 84
⇒ 7𝑛 = 168 + 7
⇒ 7𝑛 = 175
175
⇒𝑛=
7
⇒ 𝑛 = 25
Hence, the required term is 25th term.
9. (i) Find the 8th term from the end of the AP : 7, 10, 13, ….,184.
𝑑 = 𝑎2 − 𝑎1 = 10 − 7 = 3
𝑙 = 184
𝑛=8
We have, 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑙 − (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
⇒ 𝑎8 = 184 − (8 − 1)3
⇒ 𝑎8 = 184 − 7 × 3
⇒ 𝑎8 = 184 − 21
⇒ 𝑎8 = 163
(ii) Find the 6th term from the end of the AP : 17, 14, 11, ….,(−40).
𝑑 = 𝑎2 − 𝑎1 = 14 − 17 = −3
𝑙 = −40
𝑛=6
⇒ 𝑎6 = −40 − (6 − 1)(−3)
⇒ 𝑎6 = −40 − 5 × −3
⇒ 𝑎6 = −40 + 15
⇒ 𝑎6 = −25
Hence, the 6th term is −25.

10. Find the 12th term from the end of the AP : 4, 9, 14, …., 254.
𝑑 = 𝑎2 − 𝑎1 = 9 − 4 = 5
𝑙 = 254
𝑛 = 12
⇒ 𝑎12 = 254 − (12 − 1)5
⇒ 𝑎12 = 254 − 11 × 5
⇒ 𝑎12 = 254 − 55
⇒ 𝑎12 = 199
11. Find the 10th term from the end of the AP : 8, 10, 12, …., 126.
𝑑 = 𝑎2 − 𝑎1 = 10 − 8 = 2
𝑙 = 126
𝑛 = 10
⇒ 𝑎10 = 126 − (10 − 1)2
⇒ 𝑎10 = 126 − 9 × 2
⇒ 𝑎10 = 126 − 18
⇒ 𝑎10 = 108
12. Which term of the AP 5, 9, 13, 17, . …. is 81?
𝑑 = 𝑎2 − 𝑎1 = 9 − 5 = 4
⇒ 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 = 81
⇒ 5 + (𝑛 − 1)4 = 81
⇒ 5 + 4𝑛 − 4 = 81
⇒ 4𝑛 + 1 = 81
⇒ 4𝑛 = 81 − 1
⇒ 4𝑛 = 80
80
⇒𝑛=
4
⇒ 𝑛 = 20
Hence, 81 is the 20th term.
13. (i) If the 8th term of an AP is zero, prove that its 38th term is triple its 18th term.
Here, 𝑎8 = 0
⇒ 𝑎 + 7𝑑 = 0
⇒ 𝑎 = −7𝑑 ……… (i)
And, 𝑎18 = 𝑎 + 17𝑑
Putting the value of a from equation (i), we get,
⇒ 𝑎18 = −7𝑑 + 17𝑑
⇒ 𝑎18 = 10𝑑 ……… (ii)
Also, 𝑎38 = 𝑎 + 37𝑑
⇒ 𝑎38 = −7𝑑 + 37𝑑
⇒ 𝑎38 = 30𝑑
⇒ 𝑎38 = 3 × 10𝑑
⇒ 𝑎38 = 3 × 𝑎18 using equation (ii)
Hence, 38th term is triple 18th term.
(ii) If the 4th term of an AP is zero, prove that its 25th term is triple its 11th term.
Here, 𝑎4 = 0
⇒ 𝑎 + 3𝑑 = 0
⇒ 𝑎 = −3𝑑 ……… (i)

And, 𝑎11 = 𝑎 + 10𝑑
⇒ 𝑎11 = −3𝑑 + 10𝑑
⇒ 𝑎11 = 7𝑑 ……… (ii)
Also, a25 = 𝑎 + 24𝑑
⇒ 𝑎25 = −3𝑑 + 24𝑑
⇒ 𝑎25 = 21𝑑
⇒ 𝑎25 = 3 × 7𝑑
⇒ 𝑎25 = 3 × 𝑎11 using equation (ii)
Hence, 25th term is triple 11th term.
14. The 6th term of an AP is −10 and its 10th term is −26. Determine the 15th term of the
AP.
Solution: Let a be the first term and d be the common difference.
Here, 𝑎6 = −10
⇒ 𝑎 + 5𝑑 = −10 ……… (i)
And, 𝑎10 = −26
⇒ 𝑎 + 9𝑑 = −26 ……… (ii)
Subtracting equation (i) from (ii), we get

𝑎 + 9𝑑 = −26
𝑎 + 5𝑑 = −10
(−) (−) (+)
4𝑑 = −16
−16
⇒𝑑=
4
⇒ 𝑑 = −4
Putting the value of d in equation (i), we get,
𝑎 + 5 × (−4) = −10
⇒ 𝑎 − 20 = −10
⇒ 𝑎 = 20 − 10
⇒ 𝑎 = 10
Now, 𝑎15 = 𝑎 + 14𝑑
= 10 + 14 × (−4)
= 10 − 56
= −46
Hence, the 15th term is = −46.
15. Find the term of the arithmetic progression 9, 12, 15, 18, …. which is 39 more than its
36th term.

Here, 𝑎 = 9
𝑑 = 𝑎2 − 𝑎1 = 12 − 9 = 3
We have, 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎36 + 39
⇒ 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 = 𝑎 + 35𝑑 + 39
⇒ (𝑛 − 1)3 = 35𝑑 + 39
⇒ 3𝑛 − 3 = 35 × 3 + 39
⇒ 3𝑛 = 105 + 39 + 3
147
⇒𝑛=
3
⇒ 𝑛 = 49
Hence, the required term is 49th term.
16. The 8th term of an AP is 31 and its 15th term is 16 more than the 11th term, find the AP.
Here, 𝑎15 = 𝑎11 + 16
⇒ 𝑎 + 14𝑑 = 𝑎 + 10𝑑 + 16
⇒ 14𝑑 − 10𝑑 = 16
⇒ 4𝑑 = 16
16
⇒𝑑=
4
⇒𝑑=4 …. (i)
And, 𝑎8 = 31
⇒ 𝑎 + 7𝑑 = 31
⇒ 𝑎 = 31 − 7𝑑
Putting the value of d from equation (i), we get,
⇒ 𝑎 = 31 − 7 × 4
⇒ 𝑎 = 31 − 28
⇒𝑎=3
Now, 𝑎1 = 𝑎 = 3
𝑎2 = 𝑎 + 𝑑 = 3 + 4 = 7
𝑎3 = 𝑎 + 2𝑑 = 3 + 2 × 4 = 11
𝑎4 = 𝑎 + 3𝑑 = 3 + 3 × 4 = 15
Hence, the required AP is 3, 7, 11, 15, ……..
17. For what value of n is the nth term of the following two APs the same?
1, 7, 13, 19, …. and 69, 68, 67, …
Solution: 1, 7, 13, 19, ….
Here, 𝑎 = 1
𝑑 = 𝑎2 − 𝑎1 = 7 − 1 = 6
𝑎𝑛 = 1 + (𝑛 − 1)6
= 1 + 6𝑛 − 6
= 6𝑛 − 5
Also, 69, 68, 67, ….
Here, 𝑎 = 69
𝑑 = 𝑎2 − 𝑎1 = 68 − 69 = −1
We have, 𝑡𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
𝑡𝑛 = 69 + (𝑛 − 1)(−1)
= 69 − 𝑛 + 1
= 70 − 𝑛
By question, 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑡𝑛
6𝑛 − 5 = 70 − 𝑛
6𝑛 + 𝑛 = 70 + 5
7𝑛 = 75
75
𝑛=
7
5
𝑛 = 10
7
But, the value of n must be positive number.
Hence, such value of n does not exist.
18. The 10th term of an AP is 52 and its 17th term is 20 more than the 13th term, find the
AP.
Here, 𝑎17 = 𝑎13 + 20
⇒ 𝑎 + 16𝑑 = 𝑎 + 12𝑑 + 20
⇒ 16𝑑 − 12𝑑 = 20
⇒ 4𝑑 = 20
20
⇒𝑑=
4
⇒𝑑=5 …. (i)
And, 𝑎10 = 52
⇒ 𝑎 + 9𝑑 = 52
⇒ 𝑎 = 52 − 9𝑑
Putting the value of d from equation (i), we get,
⇒ 𝑎 = 52 − 9 × 5
⇒ 𝑎 = 52 − 45
⇒𝑎=7
Now, 𝑎1 = 𝑎 = 7
𝑎2 = 𝑎 + 𝑑 = 7 + 5 = 12
𝑎3 = 𝑎 + 2𝑑 = 7 + 2 × 5 = 17
𝑎4 = 𝑎 + 3𝑑 = 7 + 3 × 5 = 22
Hence, the required AP is 7, 12, 17, 22, ……..
19. For what value of n, is the nth term of the arithmetic progressions
63, 65, 67, …. and 3, 10, 17, …. are equal?
Solution: 63, 65, 67, ….
Here, 𝑎 = 63
𝑑 = 𝑎2 − 𝑎1 = 65 − 63 = 2
𝑎𝑛 = 63 + (𝑛 − 1)2
= 63 + 2𝑛 − 2
= 2𝑛 + 61
Also, 3, 10, 17, ….
Here, 𝑎 = 3
𝑑 = 𝑎2 − 𝑎1 = 10 − 3 = 7
We have, 𝑡𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
𝑡𝑛 = 3 + (𝑛 − 1)7
= 3 + 7𝑛 − 7
= 7𝑛 − 4
By question, 𝑡𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛
7𝑛 − 4 = 2𝑛 + 61
7𝑛 − 2𝑛 = 61 + 4
5𝑛 = 65
65
𝑛=
5
𝑛 = 13
Hence, the value of n is 13.

21. The 17th term of an AP is 5 more than twice its 8th term. If the 11th term of the AP is
43, Find the nth term.
Here, 𝑎17 = 2𝑎8 + 5
⇒ 𝑎 + 16𝑑 = 2(𝑎 + 7𝑑) + 5
⇒ 𝑎 + 16𝑑 = 2𝑎 + 14𝑑 + 5
⇒ 𝑎 − 2𝑎 + 16𝑑 − 14𝑑 = 5
⇒ −𝑎 + 2𝑑 = 5
⇒ 𝑎 − 2𝑑 = −5 ……… (i)
And, 𝑎11 = 43
⇒ 𝑎 + 10𝑑 = 43 ……… (ii)

𝑎 + 10𝑑 = 43
𝑎 − 2𝑑 = −5
(−) (+) (+)
12𝑑 = 48
48
⇒𝑑=
12
⇒𝑑=4
𝑎 − 2 × 4 = −5
⇒ 𝑎 − 8 = −5
⇒𝑎 =8−5
⇒𝑎=3
Now, 𝑎𝑛 = 3 + (𝑛 − 1)4
= 3 + 4𝑛 − 4
= 4𝑛 − 1
EXERCISE 6.3
5. Find the sum of the following APs :

(i) 8, 3, −2, ….., to 22 terms
𝑛 = 22
𝑑 = 𝑎2 − 𝑎1 = 3 − 8 = −5
𝑛
We have, 𝑆𝑛 = {2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑}
2
22
⇒ 𝑆22 = {2(8) + (22 − 1)(−5)}
2
⇒ 𝑆22 = 11{16 + (21)(−5)}
⇒ 𝑆22 = 11(16 − 105)
⇒ 𝑆22 = 11 × (−89)
⇒ 𝑆22 = −979
(ii) 2, 7, 12, ….., to 10 terms

𝑛 = 10
𝑑 = 𝑎2 − 𝑎1 = 7 − 2 = 5
𝑛
We have, 𝑆𝑛 = {2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑}
2
10
⇒ 𝑆10 = {2(2) + (10 − 1)5}
2
⇒ 𝑆10 = 5{4 + 9 × 5}
⇒ 𝑆10 = 5(4 + 45)
⇒ 𝑆10 = 5 × 49
⇒ 𝑆10 = 245
(iii) −37, −33, −29, ….., to 12 terms

Solution: Here, 𝑎 = −37
𝑛 = 12
𝑑 = 𝑎2 − 𝑎1 = −33— 37 = −33 + 37 = 4
𝑛
We have, 𝑆𝑛 = {2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑}
2
12
⇒ 𝑆12 = {2(−37) + (12 − 1)4}
2
⇒ 𝑆12 = 6{−74 + 11 × 4}
⇒ 𝑆12 = 6(−74 + 44)
⇒ 𝑆12 = 6 × (−30)
⇒ 𝑆12 = −180
1 1 1
(iv) , , , ….., to 11 terms
15 12 10
1
Solution: Here, 𝑎 =
15
𝑛 = 11
1 1 5−4 1
𝑑 = 𝑎2 − 𝑎1 = − = =
12 15 60 60
𝑛
We have, 𝑆𝑛 = {2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑}
2
11 1 1
⇒ 𝑆11 = {2 ( ) + (11 − 1) }
2 15 60
11 2 1
⇒ 𝑆11 = { + 10 × }
2 15 60
11 2 1
⇒ 𝑆11 = { + }
2 15 6
11 4 + 5
⇒ 𝑆11 = ( )
2 30
11 9
⇒ 𝑆11 = ×
2 30
33
⇒ 𝑆11 =
20
(v) 0.6, 1.7, 2.8, ….., to 100 terms
Solution: Here, 𝑎 = 0.6
𝑛 = 100
𝑑 = 𝑎2 − 𝑎1 = 1.7 − 0.6 = 1.1
𝑛
We have, 𝑆𝑛 = {2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑}
2
100
⇒ 𝑆100 = {2(0.6) + (100 − 1)1.1}
2
⇒ 𝑆100 = 50{1.2 + 99 × 1.1}
⇒ 𝑆100 = 50{1.2 + 108.9}
⇒ 𝑆100 = 50 × 110.1
⇒ 𝑆100 = 5505
6. Find the sum given below :

(i) −5 + (−8) + (11) + ….+(−230)
Solution: Here, 𝑎 = −5
𝑑 = 𝑎2 − 𝑎1 = −8 − (−5) = −8 + 5 = −3
We have, 𝑙 = 𝑎𝑛 = −230
⇒ 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 = −230
⇒ −5 + (𝑛 − 1)(−3) = −230
⇒ −5 − 3𝑛 + 3 = −230
⇒ −2 − 3𝑛 = −230
⇒ −3𝑛 = −230 + 2
⇒ −3𝑛 = −228
228
⇒𝑛=
3
⇒ 𝑛 = 76
𝑛
Now, 𝑆𝑛 = (𝑎 + 𝑙)
2
76
⇒ 𝑆76 = (−5 − 230)
2
⇒ 𝑆76 = 38 × (−235)
⇒ 𝑆76 = −8930
1
(ii) 7 + 10 + 14 + ….+ 84
2
1 21 21−14 7
𝑑 = 𝑎2 − 𝑎1 = 10 − 7 = −7= =
2 2 2 2
We have, 𝑙 = 𝑎𝑛 = 84
⇒ 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 = 84
7
⇒ 7 + (𝑛 − 1) ( ) = 84
2
7 7
⇒ 𝑛 − = 84 − 7
2 2
7𝑛 − 7
⇒ = 77
2
⇒ 7𝑛 − 7 = 154
⇒ 7𝑛 = 154 + 7
161
⇒𝑛=
7
⇒ 𝑛 = 23
𝑛
2
23
⇒ 𝑆23 = (7 + 84)
2
23
⇒ 𝑆23 = × 91
2
2093
⇒ 𝑆23 =
2
1
⇒ 𝑆23 = 1046
2
(iii) 25 + 28 + 31 + ….+100
𝑑 = 𝑎2 − 𝑎1 = 28 − 25 = 3
⇒ 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 = 100
⇒ 25 + (𝑛 − 1)3 = 100
⇒ 25 + 3𝑛 − 3 = 100
⇒ 22 + 3𝑛 = 100
⇒ 3𝑛 = 100 − 22
⇒ 3𝑛 = 78
78
⇒𝑛=
3
⇒ 𝑛 = 26
𝑛
2
26
⇒ 𝑆26 = (25 + 100)
2
⇒ 𝑆26 = 13 × 125
⇒ 𝑆26 = 1625
4. (i) How many terms of the AP : 3, 5, 7, 9, … must be added to get the sum 120?
𝑑 = 𝑎2 − 𝑎1 = 5 − 3 = 2
We have, 𝑆𝑛 = 120
𝑛
⇒ {2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑} = 120
2
⇒ n{2(3) + (𝑛 − 1)2} = 240
⇒ 𝑛(6 + 2𝑛 − 2) = 240
⇒ 𝑛(2𝑛 + 4) = 240
⇒ 2𝑛2 + 4𝑛 − 240 = 0
⇒ 𝑛2 + 2𝑛 − 120 = 0
⇒ 𝑛2 + 12𝑛 − 10𝑛 − 120 = 0
⇒ 𝑛(𝑛 + 12) − 10(𝑛 + 12) = 0
⇒ (𝑛 + 12)(𝑛 − 10) = 0
Either, 𝑛 + 12 = 0 or 𝑛 − 10 = 0
𝑛 = −12 or 𝑛 = 10
Omitting the negative value, we get, 𝑛 = 10
Hence, the required term is 10.

(ii) How many terms of the AP : 63, 60, 57, … must be added so that their sum is
693? Explain the double answer.
𝑑 = 𝑎2 − 𝑎1 = 60 − 63 = −3
𝑛
⇒ {2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑} = 693
2
⇒ n{2(63) + (𝑛 − 1)(−3)} = 1386
⇒ 𝑛(126 − 3𝑛 + 3) = 1386
⇒ 𝑛(−3𝑛 + 129) = 1386
⇒ −3𝑛2 + 129𝑛 − 1386 = 0
⇒ 𝑛2 − 43𝑛 + 462 = 0
⇒ 𝑛2 − 22𝑛 − 21 + 462 = 0
⇒ 𝑛(𝑛 − 22) − 21(𝑛 − 22) = 0
⇒ (𝑛 − 22)(𝑛 − 21) = 0
Either, 𝑛 − 22 = 0 or 𝑛 − 21 = 0
𝑛 = 22 or 𝑛 = 21
Hence, the required term is 21 or 22 because 22nd term is zero.
(iii) How many terms of the AP : 54, 51, 48, … be taken so that their sum is 513?
Explain the double answer.
𝑑 = 𝑎2 − 𝑎1 = 51 − 54 = −3
𝑛
⇒ {2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑} = 513
2
⇒ n{2(54) + (𝑛 − 1)(−3)} = 1026
⇒ 𝑛(108 − 3𝑛 + 3) = 1026
⇒ 𝑛(−3𝑛 + 111) = 1026
⇒ −3𝑛2 + 111𝑛 − 1026 = 0
⇒ 𝑛2 − 37𝑛 + 342 = 0
⇒ 𝑛2 − 19𝑛 − 18 + 342 = 0
⇒ 𝑛(𝑛 − 19) − 18(𝑛 − 19) = 0
⇒ (𝑛 − 19)(𝑛 − 18) = 0
Either, 𝑛 − 19 = 0 or 𝑛 − 18 = 0
𝑛 = 19 or 𝑛 = 18
Hence, the required term is 18 or 19 because 19th term is zero.
4. (i) Find the sum of the first 25 terms of an AP whose nth term is given by
𝑎𝑛 = 7 − 3𝑛.
Solution: Here, 𝑎𝑛 = 7 − 3𝑛
𝑎1 = 7 − 3(1) = 7 − 3 = 4
𝑎2 = 7 − 3(2) = 7 − 6 = 1
Now, 𝑎=4
𝑛 = 25
𝑑 = 𝑎2 − 𝑎1 = 1 − 4 = −3
𝑛
We have, 𝑆𝑛 = {2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑}
2
25
⇒ 𝑆25 = {2(4) + (25 − 1)(−3)}
2
25
⇒ 𝑆25 = {8 + 24 × (−3)}
2
25
⇒ 𝑆25 = × (8 − 72)
2
25
⇒ 𝑆25 = × (−64)
2
⇒ 𝑆25 = −800
(ii) Find the sum of the first 20 terms of an AP whose nth term is given by
𝑎𝑛 = 2 − 3𝑛.
Solution: Here, 𝑎𝑛 = 2 − 3𝑛
𝑎1 = 2 − 3(1) = 2 − 3 = −1
𝑎2 = 2 − 3(2) = 2 − 6 = −4
Now, 𝑎 = −1
𝑛 = 20
𝑑 = 𝑎2 − 𝑎1 = −4 − (−1) = −4 + 1 = −3
𝑛
We have, 𝑆𝑛 = {2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑}
2
20
⇒ 𝑆20 = {2(−1) + (20 − 1)(−3)}
2
⇒ 𝑆20 = 10{−2 + 19 × (−3)}
⇒ 𝑆20 = 10 × (−2 − 57)
⇒ 𝑆20 = 10 × (−59)
⇒ 𝑆20 = −590
5. (i) Find the sum of the first 21 terms of the AP whose 2nd term is 8 and the 4th term
is 14.
Here, 𝑎2 = 8
⇒ 𝑎+𝑑 =8 ……… (i)
And, 𝑎4 = 14
⇒ 𝑎 + 3𝑑 = 14 ……… (ii)

𝑎 + 3𝑑 = 14
𝑎+𝑑 =8
(-) (-) (-)
2𝑑 = 6
6
⇒𝑑=
2
⇒𝑑=3
𝑎+3=8
⇒𝑎 =8−3
⇒𝑎=5
and, 𝑛 = 21
𝑛
We have, 𝑆𝑛 = {2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑}
2
21
⇒ 𝑆21 = {2(5) + (21 − 1)3}
2
21
⇒ 𝑆21 = {10 + 20 × 3}
2
21
⇒ 𝑆21 = × (10 + 60)
2
21
⇒ 𝑆21 = × 70
2
⇒ 𝑆21 = 735
(ii) Find the sum of the first 51 terms of an AP whose second term is 2 and the 4 th
term is 8.
Here, 𝑎2 = 2
⇒ 𝑎+𝑑 =2 ……… (i)
And, 𝑎4 = 8
⇒ 𝑎 + 3𝑑 = 8 ……… (ii)

𝑎 + 3𝑑 = 8
𝑎+𝑑 =2
(-) (-) (-)
2𝑑 = 6
6
⇒𝑑=
2
⇒𝑑=3
𝑎+3=2
⇒𝑎 =2−3
⇒ 𝑎 = −1
and, 𝑛 = 51
𝑛
We have, 𝑆𝑛 = {2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑}
2
51
⇒ 𝑆51 = {2(−1) + (51 − 1)3}
2
51
⇒ 𝑆51 = {−2 + 50 × 3}
2
51
⇒ 𝑆51 = × (−2 + 150)
2
51
⇒ 𝑆51 = × 148
2
⇒ 𝑆51 = 3774
(iii) If the 5th and 12th terms of an AP are −4 and −18 respectively, find the sum of
first 20 terms of the AP.
Here, 𝑎5 = −4
⇒ 𝑎 + 4𝑑 = −4 ……… (i)
And, 𝑎12 = −18
⇒ 𝑎 + 11𝑑 = −18 ……… (ii)

𝑎 + 11𝑑 = −18
𝑎 + 4𝑑 = −4
(-) (-) (+)
7𝑑 = −14
−14
⇒𝑑=
7
⇒ 𝑑 = −2
𝑎 + 4 × (−2) = −4
⇒ 𝑎 − 8 = −4
⇒𝑎 =8−4
⇒𝑎=4
and, 𝑛 = 20
𝑛
We have, 𝑆𝑛 = {2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑}
2
20
⇒ 𝑆20 = {2(4) + (20 − 1)(−2)}
2
⇒ 𝑆20 = 10{8 + 19 × (−2)}
⇒ 𝑆20 = 10 × (8 − 38)
⇒ 𝑆20 = 10 × −30
⇒ 𝑆20 = −300
6. Find the sum of

(i) All natural numbers less than 100 which are divisible by 6.
Solution: All natural numbers less than 100 which are divisible by 6 are 6,
12, 18, ……, 96.
Here, 𝑎 = 6
𝑑 = 𝑎2 − 𝑎1 = 12 − 6 = 6
⇒ 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 = 96
⇒ 6 + (𝑛 − 1)6 = 96
⇒ 6 + 6𝑛 − 6 = 96
⇒ 6𝑛 = 96
96
⇒𝑛=
6
⇒ 𝑛 = 16
𝑛
2
16
⇒ 𝑆16 = (6 + 96)
2
⇒ 𝑆16 = 8 × 102
⇒ 𝑆16 = 816
(ii) All 3-digit natural numbers which are divisible by 13.

Solution: All 3-digit natural numbers which are divisible by 13 are 104, 117,
130, ……, 988.
Here, 𝑎 = 104
𝑑 = 𝑎2 − 𝑎1 = 117 − 104 = 13
⇒ 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 = 988
⇒ 104 + (𝑛 − 1)13 = 988
⇒ 104 + 13𝑛 − 13 = 988
⇒ 13𝑛 + 91 = 988
⇒ 13𝑛 = 988 − 91
⇒ 13𝑛 = 897
897
⇒𝑛=
13
⇒ 𝑛 = 69
𝑛
2
69
⇒ 𝑆69 = (104 + 988)
2
69
⇒ 𝑆69 = × 1092
2
⇒ 𝑆69 = 37674
(iii) All multiples of 9 lying between 300 and 700.

Solution: All multiples of 9 lying between 300 and 700 are 306, 315, 324,
……, 693.
Here, 𝑎 = 306
𝑑 = 𝑎2 − 𝑎1 = 315 − 306 = 9
⇒ 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 = 693
⇒ 306 + (𝑛 − 1)9 = 693
⇒ 306 + 9𝑛 − 9 = 693
⇒ 9𝑛 + 297 = 693
⇒ 9𝑛 = 693 − 297
⇒ 9𝑛 = 396
396
⇒𝑛=
9
⇒ 𝑛 = 44
𝑛
2
44
⇒ 𝑆44 = (306 + 693)
2
⇒ 𝑆44 = 22 × 999
⇒ 𝑆44 = 21978
(iv) First hundred even natural numbers which are divisible by 5.

Solution: First hundred even natural numbers which are divisible by 5 are 10,
20, 30, ……, 100.
Here, 𝑎 = 10
𝑑 = 𝑎2 − 𝑎1 = 20 − 10 = 10
𝑛 = 100
𝑛
We have, 𝑆𝑛 = {2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑}
2
100
⇒ 𝑆100 = {2(10) + (100 − 1)10}
2
⇒ 𝑆100 = 50(20 + 99 × 10)
⇒ 𝑆100 = 50(20 + 990)
⇒ 𝑆100 = 50 × 1010
⇒ 𝑆100 = 50500
(v) All 3-digit natural numbers which are divisible by 11.

Solution: All 3-digit natural numbers which are divisible by 11 are 110, 121,
132, ……, 990.
Here, 𝑎 = 110
𝑑 = 𝑎2 − 𝑎1 = 121 − 110 = 11
⇒ 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 = 990
⇒ 110 + (𝑛 − 1)11 = 990
⇒ 110 + 11𝑛 − 11 = 990
⇒ 11𝑛 + 99 = 990
⇒ 11𝑛 = 990 − 99
⇒ 11𝑛 = 891
891
⇒𝑛=
11
⇒ 𝑛 = 81
𝑛
2
81
⇒ 𝑆81 = (110 + 990)
2
81
⇒ 𝑆81 = × 1100
2
⇒ 𝑆81 = 44550
10. Which term of an AP: 5, 9, 13, 17, … is 81? Also find the sum
(5 + 9 + 13 + 17+. . . +81)?
Solution: Given AP : 5, 9, 13, 17, …
Here, 𝑎 = 5
𝑑 = 𝑎2 − 𝑎1 = 9 − 5 = 4
⇒ 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 = 81
⇒ 5 + (𝑛 − 1)4 = 81
⇒ 4𝑛 + 1 = 81
⇒ 4𝑛 = 81 − 1
⇒ 4𝑛 = 80
80
⇒𝑛=
4
⇒ 𝑛 = 20
 81 is the 20th term.

𝑛
2
20
⇒ 𝑆20 = (5 + 81)
2
⇒ 𝑆20 = 10 × 86
⇒ 𝑆20 = 860
14. In an AP, the first term is 22, nth term is −11 and the sum to first n terms is 66. Find n
and d, the common difference.
We have, 𝑎𝑛 = −11
⇒ 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 = −11
⇒ 22 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 = −11
⇒ (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 = −11 − 22
⇒ (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 = −33
−33
⇒ 𝑑 = (𝑛−1) …. (i)
Now, 𝑆𝑛 = 66
𝑛
⇒ {2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑} = 66
2
−33
⇒ 𝑛 {2(22) + (𝑛 − 1) (𝑛−1)} = 132 from equation (i)
⇒ 𝑛(44 − 33) = 132
⇒ 11𝑛 = 132
132
⇒𝑛=
11
⇒ 𝑛 = 12
Putting the value of n in equation (i), we get,

−33
𝑑 = (12−1)
−33
=
11
= −3
Hence, 𝑛 = 12 and 𝑑 = −3
15. In an AP, the first term is 8, nth term is 33 and the sum to first n terms is 123. Find n
and d, the common difference.
⇒ 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 = 33
⇒ 8 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 = 33
⇒ (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 = 33 − 8
⇒ (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 = 25
25
⇒ 𝑑 = (𝑛−1) …. (i)
Now, 𝑆𝑛 = 123
𝑛
⇒ {2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑} = 123
2
25
⇒ 𝑛(16 + 25) = 246
⇒ 41𝑛 = 246
246
⇒𝑛=
41
⇒𝑛=6

25
𝑑 = (6−1)
25
=
5
=5
Hence, 𝑛 = 6 and 𝑑 = 5
21. If sum of first 7 terms of an AP is 49 and that of 17 terms is 289, find the sum of first
n terms.
Here, 𝑆7 = 49
7
⇒ {2𝑎 + (7 − 1)𝑑} = 49
2
7
⇒ (2𝑎 + 6𝑑) = 49
2
7
⇒ × 2(𝑎 + 3𝑑) = 49
2
⇒ 7(𝑎 + 3𝑑) = 49
49
⇒ (𝑎 + 3𝑑) =
7
⇒ 𝑎 + 3𝑑 = 7 ……… (i)
And, 𝑆17 = 289

17
⇒ {2𝑎 + (17 − 1)𝑑} = 289
2
17
⇒ (2𝑎 + 16𝑑) = 289
2
17
⇒ × 2(𝑎 + 8𝑑) = 289
2
⇒ 17(𝑎 + 8𝑑) = 289

289
⇒ (𝑎 + 8𝑑) =
17
⇒ 𝑎 + 8𝑑 = 17 ……… (ii)

𝑎 + 8𝑑 = 17
𝑎 + 3𝑑 = 7
(-) (-) (-)
5𝑑 = 10
10
⇒𝑑=
5
⇒𝑑=2
𝑎+3×2=7
⇒𝑎+6=7
⇒𝑎 =7−6
⇒𝑎=1
𝑛
We have, 𝑆𝑛 = {2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑}
2
𝑛
⇒ 𝑆𝑛 = {2(1) + (𝑛 − 1)2}
2
𝑛
⇒ 𝑆𝑛 = (2 + 2𝑛 − 2)
2
𝑛
⇒ 𝑆𝑛 = × 2𝑛
2
⇒ 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛2
Hence, the sum of first n terms is 𝑛2 .
22. In an AP, the first term is 2, the last term is 29 and the sum of the terms is 155. Find
the common difference of the AP.
⇒ 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 = 29
⇒ 2 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 = 29
⇒ (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 = 29 − 2
⇒ (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 = 27
27
⇒ 𝑑 = (𝑛−1) …. (i)
Now, 𝑆𝑛 = 155
𝑛
⇒ {2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑} = 155
2
27
⇒ 𝑛(4 + 27) = 310
⇒ 31𝑛 = 310
310
⇒𝑛=
31
⇒ 𝑛 = 10

27
𝑑 = (10−1)
27
=
9
=3
Hence, the common difference is 3.
23. In an AP, the sum of first ten terms is −150 and the sum of its next ten terms is −550.
Find the AP.
We have, 𝑆20 = −150 + (−550) = −700
but, 𝑆10 = −150

10
⇒ {2𝑎 + (10 − 1)𝑑} = −150
2
⇒ 5(2𝑎 + 9𝑑) = −150

−150
⇒ (2𝑎 + 9𝑑) =
5
⇒ 2𝑎 + 9𝑑 = −30 ……… (i)
And, 𝑆20 = −700

20
⇒ {2𝑎 + (20 − 1)𝑑} = −700
2
⇒ 10(2𝑎 + 19𝑑) = −700

−700
⇒ (2𝑎 + 19𝑑) =
10
⇒ 2𝑎 + 19𝑑 = −70 ……… (i)

2𝑎 + 19𝑑 = −70
2𝑎 + 9𝑑 = −30
(-) (-) (+)
10𝑑 = −40
−40
⇒𝑑=
10
⇒ 𝑑 = −4
2𝑎 + 9 × (−4) = −30
⇒ 2𝑎 − 36 = −30
⇒ 2𝑎 = 36 − 30
6
⇒𝑎=
2
⇒𝑎=3
Now, 𝑎1 = 𝑎 = 3
𝑎2 = 𝑎 + 𝑑 = 3 + (−4) = −1
𝑎3 = 𝑎 + 2𝑑 = 3 + 2 × (−4) = −5
𝑎20 = 𝑎 + 19𝑑 = 3 + 19 × (−4) = −73
Hence, the required AP is 3, −1, −5……..−73.
24. Sum of the first 14 terms of an AP is 1505 and its first term is 10. Find its 25th term.
We have, 𝑎 = 10
𝑆14 = 1505
14
⇒ {2𝑎 + (14 − 1)𝑑} = 1505
2
⇒ 7(2(10) + 13𝑑) = 1505

1505
⇒ (20 + 13𝑑) =
7
⇒ 20 + 13𝑑 = 215
⇒ 13𝑑 = 215 − 20
⇒ 13𝑑 = 195
195
⇒ 𝑑=
13
⇒ 𝑑 = 15
And, 𝑛 = 25
Now, 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
𝑎25 = 10 + (25 − 1)15
= 10 + 24 × 15
= 10 + 360
= 370

7. Sets:
Revision.
(i) Venn Diagrams (not more than three sets).
(ii) Complement of a set, operations on sets (union, intersection and difference of
two sets)
Omitted portion: No Omission
Chapter – 7
Exercise 7.1
1. If 𝐴 = {2, 5, 6, 7} and 𝐵 = {6, 7, 10, 11}, what are 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 and 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵?

Solution: 𝐴 = {2, 5, 6, 7} and 𝐵 = {6, 7, 10, 11}
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {2, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11}
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {6, 7}
2. If 𝐴 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑑, 𝑒}, 𝐵 = {𝑏, 𝑒, 𝑓} and 𝐶 = {𝑒, 𝑔, 𝑘}; find
(i) 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 (ii) 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 (iii) 𝐴 − 𝐵
Solution: 𝐴 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑑, 𝑒}, 𝐵 = {𝑏, 𝑒, 𝑓}, 𝐶 = {𝑒, 𝑔, 𝑘}
(i) 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑑, 𝑒, 𝑓}
(ii) 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 = {𝑒}
(iii) 𝐴 − 𝐵 = {𝑎, 𝑑}
3. If 𝐴 = {1, 3, 4, 8}, 𝐵 = {4, 6, 8, 9} and 𝐶 = {8, 9, 12, 15}; find
(i) 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 (ii) 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 (iii) 𝐶 − 𝐵
Solution: 𝐴 = {1, 3, 4, 8}, 𝐵 = {4, 6, 8, 9}, 𝐶 = {8, 9, 12, 15}
(i) 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {4, 8}
(ii) 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 = {8, 9}
(iii) 𝐶 − 𝐵 = {12, 15}
4. Find the union of each of the following pairs of sets:
(i) 𝑋 = {10, 30, 50}; 𝑌 = {10, 20, 30}
(ii) 𝐴 = {𝑎, 𝑒, 𝑖, 𝑜, 𝑢}; 𝐵 = {𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧}
(iii) 𝐴 = {𝑥 ∶ 𝑥 is a natural number and multiple of 4 };
𝐵 = {𝑥 ∶ 𝑥 is a natural number less than 8}
(iv) 𝐴 = {𝑥 ∶ 𝑥 is a natural number and 1 < 𝑥 ≤ 7};
𝐵 = {𝑥 ∶ 𝑥 is a natural number and 7 < 𝑥 < 11}
(v) 𝐴 = {10, 20, 30, 40}; 𝐵 = 𝜙
Solution: (i) 𝑋 = {10, 30, 50}; 𝑌 = {10, 20, 30}

𝑋 ∪ 𝑌 = {10, 20, 30, 50}
(ii) 𝐴 = {𝑎, 𝑒, 𝑖, 𝑜, 𝑢}; 𝐵 = {𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧}
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {𝑎, 𝑒, 𝑖, 𝑜, 𝑢, 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 }
(iii) 𝐴 = {𝑥 ∶ 𝑥 is a natural number and multiple of 4 };
𝐵 = {𝑥 ∶ 𝑥 is a natural number less than 8}
𝐴 = {4, 8, 12, 16, … … };
𝐵 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, multiple of 4}
(iv) 𝐴 = {𝑥 ∶ 𝑥 is a natural number and 1 < 𝑥 ≤ 7 };
𝐵 = {𝑥 ∶ 𝑥 is a natural number and 7 < 𝑥 < 11}
𝐴 = { 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 };
𝐵 = {8, 9, 10}
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
(v) 𝐴 = {10, 20, 30, 40}; 𝐵 = 𝜙
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {10, 20, 30, 40}
5. If 𝐴 = {1, 2, 3, 4}; 𝐵 = {3, 4, 5, 6}; 𝐶 = {5, 6, 7, 8} and 𝐷 = {7, 8, 9, 10}, find
(i) 𝐴∪𝐵 (ii) 𝐴 ∪ 𝐶 (iii) 𝐵 ∪ 𝐷 (iv) 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶
(v) 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ∪ 𝐷 (vi) 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 ∪ 𝐷
Solution: (i) 𝐴 = {1, 2, 3, 4}; 𝐵 = {3, 4, 5, 6}
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
(ii) 𝐴 = {1, 2, 3, 4}; 𝐶 = {5, 6, 7, 8}
𝐴 ∪ 𝐶 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
(iii) 𝐵 = {3, 4, 5, 6}; 𝐷 = {7, 8, 9, 10}
𝐵 ∪ 𝐷 = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
(iv) 𝐴 = {1, 2, 3, 4}; 𝐵 = {3, 4, 5, 6}; 𝐶 = {5, 6, 7, 8}
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
(v) 𝐴 = {1, 2, 3, 4}; 𝐵 = {3, 4, 5, 6}; 𝐷 = {7, 8, 9, 10}
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ∪ 𝐷 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
(vi) 𝐵 = {3, 4, 5, 6}; 𝐶 = {5, 6, 7, 8}; 𝐷 = {7, 8, 9, 10}
𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 ∪ 𝐷 = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
6. If 𝐴 = {3, 5, 7, 9, 11}; 𝐵 = {7, 9, 11, 13}; 𝐶 = {11, 13, 15} and 𝐷 = {15, 17} find
(i) 𝐴∩𝐶 (ii) 𝐵 ∩ 𝐷 (iii) 𝐴 ∩ 𝐶 ∩ 𝐷 (iv) 𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶)
(v) 𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐷)(vi) (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∩ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶)
Solution: (i) 𝐴 = {3, 5, 7, 9, 11}; 𝐶 = {11, 13, 15}
𝐴 ∩ 𝐶 = {11}
(ii) 𝐵 = {7, 9, 11, 13}; 𝐷 = {15, 17}
𝐵∩𝐷 =∅
(iii) 𝐴 = {3, 5, 7, 9, 11}; 𝐶 = {11, 13, 15}; 𝐷 = {15, 17}
𝐴∩𝐶∩𝐷 =∅
(iv) 𝐴 = {3, 5, 7, 9, 11}; 𝐵 = {7, 9, 11, 13}; 𝐶 = {11, 13, 15}
𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 = {7, 9, 11, 13, 15}
𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = {3, 5, 7, 9, 11} ∩ {7, 9, 11, 13, 15} = {7, 9, 11}
(v) 𝐴 = {3, 5, 7, 9, 11}; 𝐵 = {7, 9, 11, 13}; 𝐷 = {15, 17}
𝐵 ∪ 𝐷 = {7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17}
𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐷) = {3, 5, 7, 9, 11} ∩ {7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17} = {7, 9, 11}
(vi) 𝐴 = {3, 5, 7, 9, 11}; 𝐵 = {7, 9, 11, 13}; 𝐶 = {11, 13, 15}
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {7, 9, 11}
𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 = {7, 9, 11, 13, 15}
(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∩ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = {7, 9, 11} ∩ {7, 9, 11, 13, 15} = {7, 9, 11}
7. If 𝐴 = {𝑥 ∶ 𝑥 is a natural number}, 𝐵 = {𝑥 ∶ 𝑥 is an even natural number},
𝐶 = {𝑥 ∶ 𝑥 is an odd natural number} and 𝐷 = {𝑥 ∶ 𝑥 is a prime number}, find:
(i) 𝐴∩𝐵 (ii) 𝐴 ∩ 𝐶 (iii) 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 (iv) 𝐴 ∩ 𝐷
(v) 𝐵 ∩ 𝐷 (vi) 𝐶 ∩ 𝐷
Solution: 𝐴 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, … … }
𝐵 = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, … … }
𝐶 = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, … … }
𝐷 = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, … … }
(i) 𝐴 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, … … }; 𝐵 = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, … … }
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, … … } = 𝐵
(ii) 𝐴 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, … … }; 𝐶 = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, … … }
𝐴 ∩ 𝐶 = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, … … } = 𝐶
(iii) 𝐵 = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, … … }; 𝐶 = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, … … }
𝐵∩𝐶 =∅
(iv) 𝐴 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, … … }; 𝐷 = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, … … }
𝐴 ∩ 𝐷 = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, … … } = 𝐷
(v) 𝐵 = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, … … }; 𝐷 = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, … … }
𝐵 ∩ 𝐷 = {2}
(vi) 𝐶 = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, … … }; 𝐷 = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, … … }
𝐶 ∩ 𝐷 = { 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, … … }
8. Use the Venn diagram shown in the fig. to find each of the following sets
(i) 𝑋−𝑌 (ii) 𝑌 − 𝑋 (iii) 𝑋 ∩ 𝑌
U X Y
a
b f
c
d g
e
h
e
Solution: 𝑋 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑, 𝑒}
𝑌 = {𝑏, 𝑑, 𝑓, 𝑔, ℎ}
(i) 𝑋 − 𝑌 = {𝑎, 𝑐, 𝑒}
(ii) 𝑌 − 𝑋 = {𝑓, 𝑔, ℎ}
(iii) 𝑋 ∩ 𝑌 = {𝑏, 𝑑}
9. Which of the following pairs of sets are disjoin?
(i) 𝐴 = {1, 2, 3, 4}; 𝐵 = {𝑥 ∶ 𝑥 is a natural number and 4 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 7}
(ii) 𝑋 = {𝑎, 𝑒, 𝑖, 𝑜, 𝑢}; 𝑌 = {𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑒, 𝑓}
(iii) 𝐴 = {𝑥 ∶ 𝑥 is an odd integer}; 𝐵 = {𝑥 ∶ 𝑥 is an even integer}
Solution: (i) 𝐴 = {1, 2, 3, 4}; 𝐵 = {4, 5, 6, 7}
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {4}
Not disjoint set
(ii) 𝑋 = {𝑎, 𝑒, 𝑖, 𝑜, 𝑢}; 𝑌 = {𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑒, 𝑓}
𝑋 ∩ 𝑌 = {𝑒}
Not disjoint set
(iii) 𝐴 = {… . , −5, −3, −1, 1, 3, 5, … . };
𝐵 = {… . , −6, −4, −2, 2, 4, 6, … . }
𝐴∩𝐵 =∅
Disjoint set
10. If 𝐴 = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24}, 𝐵 = {4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24},
𝐶 = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16}, 𝐷 = {5, 10, 15, 20, 25} find
(i) 𝐴−𝐵 (ii) 𝐶 − 𝐴 (iii) 𝐷 − 𝐴 (iv) 𝐵 − 𝐶
(v) 𝐵 − 𝐷 (vi) 𝐶 − 𝐷
Solution: (i) 𝐴 − 𝐵 = {3, 6, 9, 15, 18, 21}
(ii) 𝐶 − 𝐴 = {2, 4, 8, 10, 14, 16}
(iii) 𝐷 − 𝐴 = {5, 10, 20, 25}
(iv) 𝐵 − 𝐶 = {20, 24}
(v) 𝐵 − 𝐷 = {4, 8, 12, 16, 24}
(vi) 𝐶 − 𝐷 = {2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 16}
11. If R is the set of real numbers and 𝑄 is the set of rational numbers, then what is
R – 𝑄?
Solution: 𝑅 = {rational and irrational numbers }
𝑄 = {rational numbers}
𝑅 − 𝑄 = {irrational numbers }
12. State whether each of the following statement is True or False.
(i) 𝐴 = {2, 8, 12, 26}; 𝐵 = {3, 9, 15, 27} are disjoint sets
(ii) 𝑋 = {𝑎, 𝑒, 𝑖, 𝑜, 𝑢}; 𝑌 = {𝑎, 𝑥, 𝑒, 𝑦, 𝑧} are disjoint sets
(iii) 𝐴 = {1, 7, 8, 9}; 𝐵 = {7, 10, 11} are disjoint sets
(iv) 𝑋 = {1, 7, 8}; 𝑌 = {2, 9, 10} are disjoint sets
Solution: (i) 𝐴∩𝐵 =∅ True
(ii) 𝑋 ∩ 𝑌 = {𝑎, 𝑒} False
(iii) 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {7} False
(iv) 𝑋∩𝑌 =∅ True
EXERCISE 7.2
1. Let 𝑈 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}, 𝐴 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, 𝐵 = {2, 4, 6, 8, , 10}

and 𝐶 = {3, 4, 5, 6, 9}. Find
(i) 𝐴′ (ii) 𝐵′ (iii) (𝐴 ∪ 𝐶)′ (iv) (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′
(v) (𝐴′)′ (vi) (𝐵 − 𝐶)′
Solution: (i) 𝐴′
𝐴′ = {7, 8, 9, 10}
(ii) 𝐵′
𝐵′ = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
(iii) (𝐴 ∪ 𝐶)′
𝐴 ∪ 𝐶 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9}
(𝐴 ∪ 𝐶)′ = {7, 8, 10}
(iv) (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10}
(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′ = {7, 9}
(v) (𝐴′)′
𝐴′ = {7, 8, 9, 10}
(𝐴′ )′ = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} = 𝐴
(vi) (𝐵 − 𝐶)′
𝐵 − 𝐶 = {2, 8, 10}
(𝐵 − 𝐶)′ = {1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9}
2. If 𝑈 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑, 𝑒, 𝑓, 𝑔, ℎ, 𝑖}, find the complements of the following sets:
(i) 𝐴 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑖} (ii) 𝐵 = {𝑑, 𝑒, 𝑓, 𝑔} (iii) 𝐶 = {𝑎, 𝑐, 𝑒, ℎ}
Solution: (i) 𝐴 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑖}

𝐴′ = {𝑑, 𝑒, 𝑓, 𝑔, ℎ}
(ii) 𝐵 = {𝑑, 𝑒, 𝑓, 𝑔}
𝐵′ = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, ℎ, 𝑖}
(iii) 𝐶 = {𝑎, 𝑐, 𝑒, ℎ}
𝐶′ = {𝑏, 𝑑, 𝑓, 𝑔, 𝑖}
3. Let 𝑈 be the set of all triangles in a plane. If A is the set of all triangles with at least
one angle different from 600, what is 𝐴′ ?
Solution: 𝐴′ = {set of all equilateral triangles}
4. Taking the set of natural numbers as the universal set, write down the complements of
the following sets:
(i) 𝐴 = {𝑥 ∶ 𝑥 is an odd natural number}
(ii) 𝐵 = {𝑥 ∶ 𝑥 is an even natural number}
(iii) 𝐶 = {𝑥 ∶ 𝑥 is a prime number}
(iv) 𝐷 = {𝑥 ∶ 𝑥 is a natural number divisible by 5 and 7}
(v) 𝐸 = {𝑥 ∶ 𝑥 is a perfect cube}
(vi) 𝑋 = {𝑥 ∶ 2𝑥 + 7 = 11}
(vii) 𝑌 = {𝑥 ∶ 𝑥 ≥ 8}
(viii) 𝑀 = {𝑥 ∶ 𝑥 𝜖 𝑁 and 2𝑥 + 3 > 12}
Solution: (i) 𝑈 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, … . . }
𝐴 = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, … . . }
𝐴′ = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, … . . }
(ii) 𝑈 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, … . . }
𝐵 = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, … . . }
𝐵′ = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, … . . }
(iii) 𝑈 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, … . . }
𝐶 = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, … . . }
𝐶′ = {1, positive composite number}
(iv) 𝑈 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, … . . }
𝐷 = {35, 70, 105, 140, … . . }
𝐷′ = {natural number except multiple of 35}
(v) 𝑈 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, … . . }
𝐸 = {13 , 23 , 33 , 43 , … . . } = {1, 8, 27, 64, … . }
𝐸′ = {natural number except a perfect cube}
(vi) 𝑈 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, … . . } 2𝑥 + 7 = 11
𝑋 = {𝑥 ∶ 2𝑥 + 7 = 11} = {2}
𝑋′ = {natural number except 2} ⇒ 2𝑥 = 11 − 7
(vii) 𝑈 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, … . . } 4
𝑌= {8, 9, 10, 11, 12, … . . } ⇒ 𝑥 = =2
2
𝑌′ = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
(viii) 𝑈 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, … . . } 2𝑥 + 3 > 12
𝑀 = {5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, … … } ⇒ 2𝑥 > 12 − 3

𝑀′ = {1, 2, 3, 4} 9
⇒𝑥>
2
1
⇒𝑥>4
2
5. If 𝑈 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}, 𝐴 = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10} and 𝐵 = {2, 3, 5, 7, 9}, verify that
(i) (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′ = 𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵′ (ii) (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)′ = 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′
Solution: 𝑈 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}, 𝐴 = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}, 𝐵 = {2, 3, 5, 7, 9}
(i) (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′ = 𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵′
LHS = (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
∴ (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′ = {1}
RHS = 𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵′
𝐴′ = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
𝐵′ = {1, 4, 6, 8, 10}
∴ 𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵′ = {1}
Hence, LHS = RHS
(ii) (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)′ = 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′
LHS = (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)′
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {2}
∴ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)′ = {1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
RHS = 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′
𝐴′ = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
𝐵′ = {1, 4, 6, 8, 10}
∴ 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′ = {1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
Hence, LHS = RHS
6. If 𝑈 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}, 𝐴 = {1, 3, 5}, 𝐵 = {5, 6, 7} and 𝐶 = {2, 4, 5}, draw Venn
diagrams to represent the following sets.
(i) 𝐴∪𝐵 (ii) 𝐴 ∩ 𝐶 (iii) (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶)′ (iv) 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶
(v) 𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶)
Solution: (i) 𝐴∪𝐵
U
A
1 6 B
2
5 7
4 3
Shaded region represent 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵

(ii) 𝐴∩𝐶
U A C
6 1 2
5
7 3 4
C C C
Shaded region represent 𝐴 ∩ 𝐶

(iii) (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶)′
U A C
1 6 2
5
3 7 4
C C C
Shaded region represent (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶)′

(iv) 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶
U B
A
1 6
3 5 7
C C
2 4
C
Shaded region represent 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶
(v) 𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶)
U B
A
1 6
3 5 7
C C
2 4
C
Shaded region represent 𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶)

7. Draw appropriate Venn diagram for each of the following:
(i) (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′ (ii) 𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵′ (iii) (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)′ (iv) 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′
Solution: (i) (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′
U
A B
Shaded region represent (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′

(ii) 𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵′
U A B
Shaded region represent 𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵′

(iii) (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)′
U A B
Shaded region represent (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)′
(iv) 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′
U A B
Shaded region represent 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′

8. Fill in the blanks to make each of the following a true statement:
(i) 𝐴 ∪ 𝐴′ = ….. (ii) ∅′ ∩ 𝐴 = ….. (iii) 𝐴 ∩ 𝐴′ = ….. (iv) 𝑈 ′ ∩ 𝐴 = ……
Solution: (i) U (ii) A (iii) ∅ (iv) ∅
EXERCISE 7.3
1. If A and B are two sets such that 𝑛(𝐴) = 17, 𝑛(𝐵) = 23 and 𝑛(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 38,
find 𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵).
Solution: We have,
𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑛(𝐴) + 𝑛(𝐵) − 𝑛(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)
⇒ 𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 17 + 23 − 38
⇒ 𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 40 − 38
⇒ 𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 2
2. If X and Y are two sets such that 𝑋 ∪ 𝑌 has 28 elements, X has 13 elements and Y has 20
elements, how many elements does 𝑋 ∩ 𝑌 have?
Solution: Here, 𝑛(𝑋 ∪ 𝑌) = 28, 𝑛(𝑋) = 13, 𝑛(𝑌) = 20 and 𝑛(𝑋 ∩ 𝑌) = ?
We have,
𝑛(𝑋 ∩ 𝑌) = 𝑛(𝑋) + 𝑛(𝑌) − 𝑛(𝑋 ∪ 𝑌)
⇒ 𝑛(𝑋 ∩ 𝑌) = 13 + 20 − 28
⇒ 𝑛(𝑋 ∩ 𝑌) = 33 − 28
⇒ 𝑛(𝑋 ∩ 𝑌) = 5
3. In a class of 40 students, 27 like to play football and 22 like to play tennis. Also, each
student likes to play at least one of the two games. How many students like to play both
football and tennis?
Solution: Here, 𝑛(𝐹 ∪ 𝑇) = 40, 𝑛(𝐹) = 27, 𝑛(𝑇) = 22 and 𝑛(𝐹 ∩ 𝑇) = ?
We have,
𝑛(𝐹 ∩ 𝑇) = 𝑛(𝐹) + 𝑛(𝑇) − 𝑛(𝐹 ∪ 𝑇)
⇒ 𝑛(𝐹 ∩ 𝑇) = 27 + 22 − 40
⇒ 𝑛(𝐹 ∩ 𝑇) = 49 − 40
⇒ 𝑛(𝐹 ∩ 𝑇) = 9
Hence, 9 students like to play both football and tennis
4. In a group of 400 people, 250 can speak English and 175 can speak Hindi. How many
people can speak both English and Hindi?
Solution: Here, 𝑛(𝐸 ∪ 𝐻) = 400, 𝑛(𝐸) = 250, 𝑛(𝐻) = 175 and 𝑛(𝐸 ∩ 𝐻) = ?
We have,
𝑛(𝐸 ∩ 𝐻) = 𝑛(𝐸) + 𝑛(𝐻) − 𝑛(𝐸 ∪ 𝐻)
⇒ 𝑛(𝐸 ∩ 𝐻) = 250 + 175 − 400
⇒ 𝑛(𝐸 ∩ 𝐻) = 425 − 400
⇒ 𝑛(𝐸 ∩ 𝐻) = 25
Hence, 25 people can speak both English and Hindi
5. In a survey of 600 students in a school, 150 were listed as taking apple juice, 300 as
taking orange juice and 70 were listed as taking both apple as well as orange juice. Find
how many students were taking neither apple nor orange juice.
Solution: Here, 𝑛(𝑈) = 600, 𝑛(𝐴 ∪ 𝑂) =? , 𝑛(𝐴) = 150, 𝑛(𝑂) = 300, 𝑛(𝐴 ∪ 𝑂)′ =?
and 𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝑂) = 70
We have,
𝑛(𝐴 ∪ 𝑂) = 𝑛(𝐴) + 𝑛(𝑂) − 𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝑂)
⇒ 𝑛(𝐴 ∪ 𝑂) = 150 + 300 − 70
⇒ 𝑛(𝐴 ∪ 𝑂) = 450 − 70
⇒ 𝑛(𝐴 ∪ 𝑂) = 380
Hence, 380 students were taking apple or orange juice.
𝑛(𝐴 ∪ 𝑂)′ = 𝑛(𝑈) − 𝑛(𝐴 ∪ 𝑂) = 600 − 380 = 220
 220 students were taking neither apple nor orange juice
6. If S and T are two sets such that S has 21 elements, T has 32 elements and 𝑆 ∩ 𝑇 has 11
elements, how many elements does 𝑆 ∪ 𝑇 have?
Solution: Here, 𝑛(𝑆 ∪ 𝑇) =? , 𝑛(𝑆) = 21, 𝑛(𝑇) = 32 and 𝑛(𝑆 ∩ 𝑇) = 11
We have,
𝑛(𝑆 ∪ 𝑇) = 𝑛(𝑆) + 𝑛(𝑇) − 𝑛(𝑆 ∩ 𝑇)
⇒ 𝑛(𝑆 ∪ 𝑇) = 21 + 32 − 11
⇒ 𝑛(𝑆 ∪ 𝑇) = 53 − 11
⇒ 𝑛(𝑆 ∪ 𝑇) = 42
Hence, 𝑆 ∪ 𝑇 has 42 elements
7. If A and B are two sets such that A has 40 elements, 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 has 60 elements and 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 has
10 elements, how many elements does B have?
Solution: Here, 𝑛(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 60, 𝑛𝐴= 40, 𝑛(𝐵) =? and 𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 10
We have,
𝑛(𝐵) = 𝑛(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) + 𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) − 𝑛(𝐴)
⇒ 𝑛(𝐵) = 60 + 10 − 40
⇒ 𝑛(𝐵) = 70 − 40
⇒ 𝑛(𝐵) = 30
Hence, B has 30 elements
8. In a group of 80 people, 37 like coffee, 52 like tea and 19 like both. How many like
(i) either coffee or tea? (ii) neither coffee nor tea?
Solution: Here, 𝑛(𝑈) = 80, 𝑛(𝐶) = 37, 𝑛(𝑇) = 52 and 𝑛(𝐶) = 19
(i) 𝑛(𝐶 ∪ 𝑇) =?
We have,
𝑛(𝐶 ∪ 𝑇) = 𝑛(𝐶) + 𝑛(𝑇) − 𝑛(𝐶 ∪ 𝑇)
⇒ 𝑛(𝐶 ∪ 𝑇) = 37 + 52 − 19
⇒ 𝑛(𝐶 ∪ 𝑇) = 89 − 19
⇒ 𝑛(𝐶 ∪ 𝑇) = 70
Hence, 70 people like either coffee or tea.
(ii) 𝑛(𝐶 ∪ 𝑇)′ =?
𝑛(𝐶 ∪ 𝑇)′ = 𝑛(𝑈) − 𝑛(𝐶 ∪ 𝑇) = 80 − 70 = 10
Hence, 10 people like neither coffee nor tea.
9. In an examination, 63% of the candidates failed in English and 42% failed in ICT. If 25%
failed in both English and ICT, find the percentage of those who passed in both subjects.
Solution: Here, 𝑛(𝑈) = 100, 𝑛(𝐸 ∪ 𝐼) =? , 𝑛(𝐸) = 63, 𝑛(𝐼) = 42 ,𝑛(𝐸 ∩ 𝐼) = 25
and 𝑛(𝐸 ∪ 𝐼)′ =?
We have,
𝑛(𝐸 ∪ 𝐼) = 𝑛(𝐸) + 𝑛(𝐼) − 𝑛(𝐸 ∩ 𝐼)
⇒ 𝑛(𝐸 ∪ 𝐼) = 63 + 42 − 25
⇒ 𝑛(𝐸 ∪ 𝐼) = 105 − 25
⇒ 𝑛(𝐸 ∪ 𝐼) = 80
Hence, 80 candidates failed in at least English or ICT.
𝑛(𝐸 ∪ 𝐼)′ = 𝑛(𝑈) − 𝑛(𝐸 ∪ 𝐼) = 100 − 80 = 20
 20% of the candidates passed in both the subjects.
10.In a group of 65 people, 40 like badminton, 10 like both badminton and chess. How many
like chess only and not badminton? How many like chess?
Solution: Here, 𝑛(𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = 65, 𝑛(𝐵) = 40, 𝑛(𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = 10, 𝑛(𝐶) =? , 𝑛(𝐶 − 𝐵) =?
We have,
𝑛(𝐶) = 𝑛(𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) + 𝑛(𝐵 ∩ 𝐶)−, 𝑛(𝐵)
⇒ 𝑛(𝐶) = 65 + 10 − 40
⇒ 𝑛(𝐶) = 75 − 40
⇒ 𝑛(𝐶) = 35
Hence, 35 people like chess.
𝑛(𝐶 − 𝐵) = 𝑛(𝐶) − 𝑛(𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = 35 − 10 = 10
Hence, 10 people like chess only and not badminton.
UNIT – IV GEOMETRY
8. Triangles:
(i) Numerical problems based on Thales theorem and Pythagoras theorem.
Omitted portion: Omitted the whole chapter with the exception of numerical problems based
on
Thales theorem and Pythagoras theorem.
Chapter – 8
EXERCISE 8.1
1. In a ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, D and E are points on the sides AB and AC respectively such that 𝐷𝐸 ∥ 𝐵𝐶.
A
(i) If AD = 2.5 cm, DB = 5 cm and AE = 2 cm, find EC.
(ii) If DB = 8.1 cm, AE = 1.8 cm and EC = 5.4 cm, find AD.
(iii) If 𝐴𝐷 = (4𝑥 − 3) cm, 𝐴𝐸 = (8𝑥 − 7) cm, 𝐵𝐷 = (3𝑥 − 1) cm
and 𝐶𝐸 = (5𝑥 − 3) cm, find the value of x.
Solution: (i) AD = 2.5 cm, DB = 5 cm, AE = 2 cm, EC = ? E
D
By Thales Theorem
𝐸𝐶 𝐷𝐵
=
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐷
𝐸𝐶 5 B C
⇒ =
2 2.5 A
5
⇒ 𝐸𝐶 = × 2 = 4 cm
2.5
(ii) DB = 8.1 cm, AE = 1.8 cm, EC = 5.4 cm, AD = ?
By Thales Theorem
D E
𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐸
=
𝐷𝐵 𝐸𝐶
𝐴𝐷 1.8
⇒ =
8.1 5.4
1.8 B C
⇒ 𝐴𝐷 = × 8.1 = 2.7 cm
5.4
(ii) 𝐴𝐷 = (4𝑥 − 3) cm, 𝐴𝐸 = (8𝑥 − 7) cm, 𝐵𝐷 = (3𝑥 − 1) cm A
and 𝐶𝐸 = (5𝑥 − 3) cm
By Thales Theorem
𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐸
=
𝐷𝐵 𝐸𝐶
4𝑥−3 8𝑥−7
⇒ = E
3𝑥−1 5𝑥−3 D
⇒ (8𝑥 − 7)(3𝑥 − 1) = (4𝑥 − 3)(5𝑥 − 3)
⇒ 24𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 − 21𝑥 + 7 = 20𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 − 15𝑥 + 9
⇒ 24𝑥 2 − 29𝑥 + 7 = 20𝑥 2 − 27𝑥 + 9
⇒ 24𝑥 2 − 20𝑥 2 − 29𝑥 + 27𝑥 + 7 − 9 = 0 B C
⇒ 4𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 2 = 0
⇒ 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1 = 0
⇒ 2𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 𝑥 − 1 = 0
⇒ 2𝑥(𝑥 − 1) + 1(𝑥 − 1) = 0
⇒ (𝑥 − 1)(2𝑥 + 1) = 0
⇒ 𝑥−1=0 or 2𝑥 + 1 = 0
1
⇒ 𝑥=1 or 𝑥=− (omitting the −ve value)
2
𝑥=1 A
11. In the figure 8.22, 𝐷𝐸 ∥ 𝐵𝐶.
𝐴𝐷 3 D E
(i) If = and AC = 4.8 cm, find AE.
𝐷𝐵 5
𝐴𝐷 3
(ii) If = and AE = 4.8 cm, find EC.
𝐷𝐵 2 B C
𝐴𝐷 3
Solution: (i) = , AC = 4.8 cm and AE = ?
𝐷𝐵 5
By Thales Theorem
𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐸
=
𝐷𝐵 𝐸𝐶
3 𝐴𝐸
⇒ =
5 𝐴𝐶−𝐴𝐸
3 𝐴𝐸
⇒ =
5 4.8−𝐴𝐸
⇒ 5𝐴𝐸 = 14.4 − 3𝐴𝐸
⇒ 5𝐴𝐸 + 3𝐴𝐸 = 14.4
⇒ 8𝐴𝐸 = 14.4
14.4
⇒ 𝐴𝐸 = = 1.8 cm
8
 AE = 1.8 cm
𝐴𝐷 3
(ii) = , AE = 4.8 cm and EC = ?
𝐷𝐵 2
By Thales Theorem
𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐸
=
𝐷𝐵 𝐸𝐶
3 4.8
⇒ =
2 𝐸𝐶
⇒ 3𝐸𝐶 = 9.6
9.6
⇒ 𝐸𝐶 = = 3.2 cm
3
 EC = 3.2 cm
EXERCISE 8.4
1. The sides of some triangles are given below. Determine which of them are right
triangle.
(i) 3 cm, 4 cm, 5 cm
(ii) 4 cm, 5 cm, 6 cm
(iii) 6 cm, 8 cm, 10 cm
Solution: (i) 32 + 42 = 9 + 16 = 25 = 52
 The triangle is a right triangle.
(ii) 42 + 52 = 16 + 25 = 41 ≠ 62
 The triangle is not a right triangle.
(iii) 62 + 82 = 36 + 64 = 100 = 102
 The triangle is a right triangle.
8. A ladder is placed against a wall such that its foot is at a distance of 6 m from the wall
and its top reached a window 8 m above the ground. Find the length of the ladder.
A
Solution: Let AC be the length of the ladder.
In right ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶,
𝐴𝐶 2 = 𝐴𝐵2 + 𝐵𝐶 2
⇒ 𝐴𝐶 2 = 82 + 62 8m
⇒ 𝐴𝐶 2 = 64 + 36
⇒ 𝐴𝐶 2 = 100
C 6m B
⇒ 𝐴𝐶 = √100 = 10 m
Hence, Length of the ladder is 10 m.
10. Two poles of height 6 m and 11 m stand on a plane ground. If the distance between the
feet of the poles is 12 m, find the distance between their tops. D
Solution: Let AB and CD be the two poles.
Draw 𝐵𝐸 ⊥ 𝐶𝐷 5m
In right ∆𝐵𝐷𝐸, B E
12 m
𝐵𝐷2 = 𝐵𝐸 2 + 𝐷𝐸 2
6m 6m
⇒ 𝐵𝐷2 = 122 + 52
⇒ 𝐵𝐷2 = 144 + 25 A
2 12 m C
⇒ 𝐵𝐷 = 169
⇒ 𝐵𝐷 = √169 = 13 m
 Distance between tops of the two poles is 13 m.
9. Circles :
(i) (Prove) The angles subtended by an arc at the centre is double the angle subtended by it
at any point on the remaining part of the circle.
(ii) (Prove) The angle in a semi circle is a right angle.
(iii) (Prove) Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal.
(iv) (Prove) The sum of either pair of the opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral is
180°.
(v) (Prove) The lengths of tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal.
(vi) Motivate The tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the radius through the
point of contact.
(vii) (Motivate) If a line segment joining two points subtends equal angle at other two points
lying on the same side of the line containing the segment, the four points lie on a circle.
(viii) (Motivate) If two arcs of a circle are congruent, their corresponding chords are equal
and
its converse.
(ix) (Motivate) If an arc of a circle subtends a right angle at any point of the circle in its
alternate segment, then it is a semicircle.
(x) (Motivate) If the sum of a pair of opposite angles of a quadrilateral is 180°, the
quadrilateral is cyclic.
(xi) (Motivate) If two chords of a circle intersect inside or outside a circle, then the rectangle
formed by two parts of one chord is equal in area to the rectangle formed by the two parts
of the other.
(xii) (Motivate) If a line touches a circle and from the point of contact a chord is drawn, the
angles which this chord makes with the given tangent are equal respectively to the angles
formed in the corresponding alternate segments.
(Motivate means application of the theorem excluding its theoretical proof)
Omitted portion: Theoretical proof of

(i) Segment theorem: If two chords of a circle intersect inside or outside a circle, then the
rectangle formed by two parts of one chord is equal in area to the rectangle formed by the
two parts of the other.
(ii) Alternate segment theorem: If a line touches a circle and from the point of contact a
chord is drawn, the angles which this chord makes with the given tangent are equal
respectively to the angles formed in the corresponding alternate segments.
Theorem: (HSLC – 2014, 2020) C

D 3
The sum of either pair of opposite angles of a cyclic 4
.
2
quadrilateral is 1800.
O
or
The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are

supplementary. 1
A B
Given: A cyclic quadrilateral ABCD.
To Prove: ∠𝐴 + ∠𝐶 = 1800 and
∠𝐵 + ∠𝐷 = 1800
Construction: Draw AC and BD
Proof: In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐷,
∠𝐴 + ∠1 + ∠2 = 1800 (sum of the ∠s of ∆𝐴𝐵𝐷 = 1800 ) … (i)
But, ∠1 = ∠3 (∠s in the same segment)
Also, ∠2 = ∠4 (∠s in the same segment)
Equation (i) becomes
∠𝐴 + ∠3 + ∠4 = 1800
∠𝐴 + ∠𝐶 = 1800
Now, ∠𝐴 + ∠𝐵 + ∠𝐶 + ∠𝐷 = 3600 (sum of the ∠s of a quad. = 3600)
⟹ 1800 + ∠𝐵 + ∠𝐷 = 3600 (∵ ∠𝐴 + ∠𝐶 = 1800 )
⟹ ∠𝐵 + ∠𝐷 = 3600 − 1800 = 1800
Hence, ∠𝐴 + ∠𝐶 = 1800 and
∠𝐵 + ∠𝐷 = 1800
C
Theorem: (HSLC - 2013,2016, 2019)
2 3
The angle subtended by an arc at the centre is double the angle
subtended by it at any point on the remaining part of the circle.
O
6 4
1 5
A B
Given: A circle with centre O in which arc AB subtended ∠𝐴𝑂𝐵
at the centre and ∠𝐴𝐶𝐵 at any point C on the remaining part of the circle.
To Prove: ∠𝐴𝑂𝐵 = 2∠𝐴𝐶𝐵
Construction: Draw CO and produce it to P.
Proof: In ∆𝐴𝑂𝐶,
𝑂𝐴 = 𝑂𝐶 (radii of the same circle)

⟹ ∠1 = ∠2 ……. (i)
Now, ∠6 = ∠1 + ∠2 (in a ∆, exterior ∠ = sum of interior opp. ∠s)
⟹ ∠6 = ∠2 + ∠2 using (i)
∴ ∠6 = 2∠2 ……. (ii)
Similarly, In ∆𝐵𝑂𝐶,
𝑂𝐵 = 𝑂𝐶 (radii of the same circle)
⟹ ∠3 = ∠4 ……. (iii)
Now, ∠5 = ∠3 + ∠4 (in a ∆, exterior ∠ = sum of interior opp. ∠s)
⟹ ∠5 = ∠3 + ∠3 using (iii)
∴ ∠5 = 2∠3 ……. (iv)
Adding (ii) and (iv), we get
∠6 + ∠5 = 2∠2 + 2∠3
⟹ ∠𝐴𝑂𝐵 = 2(∠2 + ∠3)
∴ ∠𝐴𝑂𝐵 = 2∠𝐴𝐶𝐵
C
Theorem: {HSLC - 2015, 2017(c)}
The angle in a semicircle is a right angle.
Given: A circle with centre O. AB is a diameter and ∠𝐴𝐶𝐵 is

an angle in the semicircle.
A . O
B
To Prove: ∠𝐴𝐶𝐵 = 900
Proof: We know that angle made by an arc at the centre of a circle

= 2 × angle made by the arc at any point on its remaining part.
∴ ∠𝐴𝑂𝐵 = 2∠𝐴𝐶𝐵
⟹ 1800 = 2∠𝐴𝐶𝐵
1800
⟹ ∠𝐴𝐶𝐵 =
2
Hence, ∠𝐴𝐶𝐵 = 900

Theorem: (HSLC – 2002, 2021)
Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal. D

C
Given: A circle with centre O, in which ∠𝐶 and ∠𝐷 are
̂ in the same segment.
the two angles subtended by 𝐴𝐵
To Prove: ∠𝐶 = ∠𝐷 .
O
Construction: Draw OA and OB.
Proof: We know that angle made by an arc at the centre of a circle A B

= 2 × angle made by the arc at any point on its remaining part.
∴ ∠𝐴𝑂𝐵 = 2∠𝐶 …… (i)
Also, ∠𝐴𝑂𝐵 = 2∠𝐷 …… (ii)
From (i) and (ii), we get
2∠𝐶 = 2∠𝐷
∠𝐶 = ∠𝐷
𝑄
Theorem: (HSLC – 2013, 2019, 2021)
1
The lengths of tangents drawn from an
external point to a circle are equal.
P .
O
Given: A circle with centre O. P𝑄 and PR are two tangents R

drawn from a point P.
To Prove: 𝑃𝑄 = 𝑃𝑅
Construction: Draw OP, O𝑄 and OR.
Proof: O𝑄 is radius and P𝑄 is a tangent at 𝑄.
 ∠1 = 900
Similarly, ∠2 = 900
In ∆𝑃𝑂𝑄 and ∆𝑃𝑂𝑅,
∠1 = ∠2 (900 each)
𝑂𝑄 = 𝑂𝑅 (radii of the same circle)

𝑂𝑃 = 𝑂𝑃 (common side)
∴ ∆𝑃𝑂𝑄 ≅ ∆𝑃𝑂𝑅 (RHS)
Hence, P𝑄 = PR (c.p.c.t)
Chapter 9
Exercise 9.1
1. If arcs AXB and CYD of a circle are congruent, find the ratio of AB and CD.
Solution: ̂ ≅ 𝐶𝑌𝐷
𝐴𝑋𝐵 ̂
⇒ 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐶𝐷 D
𝐴𝐵 1 A
⇒ =1=
𝐶𝐷 1
 AB : CD = 1 : 1 B 66
0
300 C
2. ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 660 , ∠𝐴𝐶𝐵 = 300 , find ∠𝐵𝐷𝐶.
Solution; In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶,
∠𝐴 = 1800 − (660 + 300 )
= 1800 − 960
= 840
But, ∠𝐵𝐷𝐶 = ∠𝐴 (∠s in the same segment)
0
∴ ∠𝐵𝐷𝐶 = 84
3. A, B and C are three points on the circle with centre O such that ∠𝐴𝑂𝐵 = 900 and
∠𝐴𝑂𝐶 = 1100 . Find ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶. A
Solution: ∠𝐵𝑂𝐶 = 3600 − (1100 + 900 )
= 3600 − 2000
= 160 0
B
900
. 1100
∟
But, 2∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 = ∠𝐵𝑂𝐶 O
⇒ 2∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 = 1600 C
1600
 ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 = = 800
2
4. A chord of a circle is equal to the radius of the circle. Find the angle subtended by the
chord at a point on the minor arc and also at a point on the major arc. C
Solution: In ∆𝐴𝑂𝐵,
𝑂𝐴 = 𝑂𝐵 = 𝐴𝐵 (given)
 ∠𝐴𝑂𝐵 = ∠𝑂𝐴𝐵 = ∠𝑂𝐵𝐴 = 600 O
But, 2∠𝐶 = ∠𝐴𝑂𝐵
⇒ 2∠𝐶 = 600
A B
D
600
⇒ ∠𝐶 = = 300
2
Now,
reflex ∠𝐴𝑂𝐵 = 3600 − 600 = 3000
But, 2∠𝐷 = reflex ∠𝐴𝑂𝐵
⇒ 2∠𝐷 = 3000
3000
⇒ ∠𝐷 = = 1500
2
 Angle in minor arc = ∠𝐷 = 1500
Angle in major arc = ∠𝐶 = 300
5. ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 1300 , where A, B and C are points on a circle with centre O. Find ∠𝑂𝐴𝐶.
Solution: reflex ∠𝐴𝑂𝐶 = 2∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 2 × 1300 = 2600 B
And, ∠𝐴𝑂𝐶 = 3600 − 2600 = 1000 1300
In ∆𝐴𝑂𝐶,
𝑂𝐴 = 𝑂𝐶 (radii of the same circle)
A
.
O
C
⇒ ∠𝑂𝐴𝐶 = ∠𝑂𝐶𝐴 = 𝑥 (say)

∠𝑂𝐴𝐶 + ∠𝑂𝐶𝐴 + ∠𝐴𝑂𝐶 = 1800
⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1000 = 1800
⇒ 2𝑥 = 1800 − 1000
⇒ 2𝑥 = 800
800
⇒ 𝑥= = 400
2
 ∠𝑂𝐴𝐶 = 400
6. A, B, C and D are four points on a circle. AC and BD intersect at
a point E such that ∠𝐵𝐸𝐶 = 1350 and ∠𝐸𝐶𝐷 = 300 . Find ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶. A D
E
Solution: ∠𝐵𝐸𝐶 + ∠𝐷𝐸𝐶 = 1800 (linear pair)
⇒ 1350 + ∠𝐷𝐸𝐶 = 1800 1350
300
⇒ ∠𝐷𝐸𝐶 = 1800 − 1350 = 450 B C
In ∆𝐷𝐸𝐶,
∠𝐷 = 1800 − (450 + 300 )
= 1800 − 750 = 1050
But, ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 = ∠𝐷 (∠s in the same segment)
 ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 = 1050
7. O is the centre of a circle in which ∠𝑂𝐴𝐵 = 200 and
∠𝑂𝐶𝐵 = 550 . Find ∠𝐵𝑂𝐶 and ∠𝐴𝑂𝐶.
Solution: In ∆𝐵𝑂𝐶,
𝑂𝐶 = 𝑂𝐵 (radii of the same circle) .O
0 A 200
⇒ ∠𝐵 = ∠𝐶 = 55
B
Hence, ∠𝐵𝑂𝐶 = 1800 − (550 + 550 ) 550
= 1800 − 1100 = 700 C

In ∆𝐴𝑂𝐵,
𝑂𝐴 = 𝑂𝐵 (radii of the same circle)
⇒ ∠𝑂𝐵𝐴 = ∠𝑂𝐴𝐵 = 200
Hence, ∠𝐴𝑂𝐵 = 1800 − (200 + 200 )
= 1800 − 400 = 1400
And, ∠𝐴𝑂𝐶 = ∠𝐴𝑂𝐵 − ∠𝐵𝑂𝐶
= 1400 − 700 = 700
EXERCISE 9.2
1. ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral in which AC and BD are its diagonals. If ∠𝐷𝐵𝐶 = 550
and ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 = 450 , find ∠𝐵𝐶𝐷. D
D
Solution: ∠𝐵𝐷𝐶 = ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 = 450
In ∆𝐵𝐶𝐷, A
450
∠𝐵𝐷𝐶 = 450 , ∠𝐷𝐵𝐶 = 550
∠𝐵𝐶𝐷 = 1800 − (450 + 550 )
= 1800 − 1000 550 C
0
= 80 B D
2. AOB is a diameter of the circle and C, D, E are any three
C 1 E
points on the semicircle. Find the value of ∠𝐴𝐶𝐷 + ∠𝐵𝐸𝐷.
Solution: Draw AD and BD.
In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐷,
A 3 .
O
2
B
∠1 = 900 (∠ in a semicircle)
 ∠2 + ∠3 = 900 …. (i)
now, ∠𝐴𝐶𝐷 + ∠2 = 1800 …. (ii) (opp. ∠s of cyclic quad.)
0
and, ∠𝐵𝐸𝐷 + ∠3 = 180 …. (iii) (opp. ∠s of cyclic quad.)
adding (ii) and (iii), we get
∠𝐴𝐶𝐷 + ∠𝐵𝐸𝐷 + ∠2 + ∠3 = 1800 + 1800
⇒ ∠𝐴𝐶𝐷 + ∠𝐵𝐸𝐷 + 900 = 3600 {using (i)}
0 0
⇒ ∠𝐴𝐶𝐷 + ∠𝐵𝐸𝐷 = 360 − 90
⇒ ∠𝐴𝐶𝐷 + ∠𝐵𝐸𝐷 = 2700
3. A quadrilateral ABCD is inscribed in a circle such that AB is a

D C
diameter and ∠𝐴𝐶𝐷 = 1300 . Find ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶.
D
Solution: Draw AC 1300
∠𝐵 + ∠𝐴𝐷𝐶 = 1800 (opp. ∠s of cyclic quad.)

0 0 A B
⇒ ∠𝐵+130 = 180
⇒ ∠𝐵 = 1800 − 1300 = 500
In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶,
∠𝐵 = 500
∠𝐴𝐶𝐵 = 900 (∠ in a semicircle)
∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 = 180 − (50 + 900 )
0 0
∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 = 1800 − 1400 = 400

5. O is the centre of the circle and arc ABC subtends an angle of 1300
at the centre. If AB is extended to P, Find ∠𝑃𝐵𝐶. D C
Solution: Take a point D on the remaining part of the
circumference. Draw AD and CD.
O .
1300
2∠𝐷 = ∠𝐴𝑂𝐶
⇒ 2∠𝐷 = 1300 B P
1300 A
⇒ ∠𝐷 = = 650
2
But, ∠𝑃𝐵𝐶 = ∠𝐷 (in cyclic quad., ext. ∠ = int. opp. ∠)
 ∠𝑃𝐵𝐶 = 650 L
6.
S
R
600 800
M
P 𝑄
In the figure, ∠𝑃 = 600 and ∠𝑄 = 800 . Find (i) ∠𝑆𝐿𝑅 (ii) ∠𝑄𝑀𝑅
Solution: (i) In ∆𝑆𝐿𝑅,

∠𝐿𝑆𝑅 = ∠𝑄 = 800 (in cyclic quad., ext. ∠ = int. opp. ∠)
0
And ∠𝐿𝑅𝑆 = ∠𝑃 = 60 (in cyclic quad., ext. ∠ = int. opp. ∠)
 ∠𝑆𝐿𝑅 = 180 − (80 + 600 ) = 1800 − 1400 = 400
0 0
(ii) In ∆𝑄𝑀𝑅,
∠𝑀𝑅𝑄 = ∠𝑃 = 600 (in cyclic quad., ext. ∠ = int. opp. ∠)
0
And ∠𝑀𝑄𝑅 + ∠𝑄 = 180 (linear pair)
⇒ ∠𝑀𝑄𝑅 + 80 = 1800
0
⇒ ∠𝑀𝑄𝑅 = 1800 − 800 = 1000
 ∠𝑄𝑀𝑅 = 1800 − (1000 + 600 ) = 1800 − 1600 = 200

C
9. ∠𝐴𝐷𝐶 = 1300 and chord BC = chord BE. Find ∠𝐶𝐵𝐸.
Solution: ∠1 + ∠𝐴𝐷𝐶 = 1800 (opp. ∠s of cyclic quad.) D 2
1300
.
0 0
⇒ ∠1 + 130 = 180 ∟ 1
B
⇒ ∠1 = 1800 − 1300 = 500 A O M
3
E
In ∆𝐵𝐶𝑀,
∠1 = 500 , ∠𝐵𝐶𝑀 = 900 (given)
 ∠2 = 1800 − (500 + 900 )
= 1800 − 1400
= 400
In ∆𝐵𝐶𝐸,
BC = BE (given)
 ∠2 = ∠3 = 400
Hence, ∠𝐶𝐵𝐸 = 1800 − (400 + 400 )
= 1800 − 800
= 1000
EXERCISE 9.3
1. Find the length of the tangent drawn to a circle with radius of 7 cm from a point 25 cm
away from the centre of the circle.
Solution: Let PA be a tangent at A, and O be centre of the circle.
In rt. ∆𝑃𝑂𝐴,
𝑃𝐴2 = 𝑃𝑂2 − 𝐴𝑂2
25 cm
⇒ 𝑃𝐴2 = 252 − 72 P O
2
⇒ 𝑃𝐴 = 625 − 49 7 cm
⇒ 𝑃𝐴 = √576 = 24
A
 Length of the tangent is 24 cm.
2. A tangent P𝑄 at a point P of a circle of radius 8 cm meets a line through the centre O at a
point 𝑄 such that 𝑂𝑄 = 17 cm. Find the length of 𝑃𝑄.
Solution: In rt. ∆𝑂𝑃𝑄,
17 cm
By using Pythagoras theorem, 𝑄 O
2 2 2
𝑃𝑄 = 𝑂𝑃 − 𝑂𝑄 8 cm
2 2 2
⇒ 𝑃𝑄 = 17 − 8
P
⇒ 𝑃𝑄2 = 289 − 64
⇒ 𝑃𝑄 = √225 = 15
 Length of 𝑃𝑄 is 15 cm.
3. O is the centre of a circle of radius 7 cm. The tangent at a point A on the circle cuts a line
through O is B such that AB = 24 cm. Find OB.
Solution: In rt. ∆𝑂𝐴𝐵,
𝑂𝐵2 = 𝑂𝐴2 + 𝐴𝐵2
⇒ 𝑂𝐵2 = 72 + 242 𝐵 O
7 cm
A
⇒ 𝑂𝐵2 = 49 + 576
⇒ 𝑂𝐵 = √625 = 25
 Length of 𝑂𝐵 is 25 cm.
4. The length of a tangent from a point A at distance 5 cm from the centre of the circle is 4
cm. find the radius of the circle.
Solution: In rt. ∆𝑂𝐴𝐵,
𝑂𝐵2 = 𝑂𝐴2 − 𝐴𝐵2 𝐵
5 cm
O
⇒ 𝑂𝐵2 = 52 − 42
⇒ 𝑂𝐵2 = 25 − 16
A
⇒ 𝑂𝐵 = √9 = 3
 The radius of the circle is 3 cm.
12.There are two concentric circles with centre O and of radii 5 cm and 3 cm respectively.
From an external point P, tangents PA and PB are drawn to these circles. If AP = 12 cm,
find the length of BP.
Solution: Draw OA, OB and OP. 𝐵
In rt. ∆𝐴𝑂𝑃,
By using Pythagoras theorem, 𝑃 O
𝑂𝑃 2 = 𝑂𝐴2 + 𝐴𝑃2
⇒ 𝑂𝑃 2 = 52 + 122 A
⇒ 𝑂𝑃 2 = 25 + 144
⇒ 𝑂𝑃 = √169 = 13
In rt. ∆𝐵𝑂𝑃,
𝐵𝑃 2 = 𝑂𝑃2 − 𝑂𝐵2
⇒ 𝐵𝑃 2 = 132 − 32
⇒ 𝐵𝑃 2 = 169 − 9
⇒ 𝐵𝑃 = √160 = 4√10
 The length of 𝐵𝑃 is 4√10 cm.
EXERCISE 9.4
1. Find the unknown length x in each of the following:

(i) D (ii) D
A 7 cm .O A .O x
P B P B
x
C C
Solution: (i) By Segment theorem,
𝑃𝐶 × 𝑃𝐷 = 𝑃𝐴 × 𝑃𝐵
⇒ 𝑥 × 10 = 7 × 15
7×15
⇒ 𝑥= = 10.5 cm
10
(ii) By Segment theorem,

𝑃𝐴 × 𝑃𝐵 = 𝑃𝐶 × 𝑃𝐷
⇒ 6.5 × 𝑥 = 13 × 7.5
13×7.5
⇒ 𝑥= = 15 cm
6.5
2. Find x in the figure:
B
A
P
.O
x
C
D
Solution: By Segment theorem,

𝑃𝐶 × 𝑃𝐷 = 𝑃𝐴 × 𝑃𝐵
⇒ 𝑥 × (𝑥 + 7) = 8 × 18
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 = 144
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 144 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 16𝑥 − 9𝑥 − 144 = 0
⇒ 𝑥(𝑥 + 16) − 9(𝑥 + 16) = 0
⇒ (𝑥 + 16)(𝑥 − 9) = 0
Either 𝑥 + 16 = 0 or 𝑥−9=0
𝑥 = −16 or 𝑥=9
Omitting the negative value
𝑥 = 9 cm
5. BC is the diameter of the circle with centre O and PAT is the tangent at A. If
∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 380 , find ∠𝐵𝐴𝑇. B
Solution: In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, T
∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 380
∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 = 900 (∠s in a semicircle) .O A
 ∠𝐶 = 1800 − (380 + 900 )
⇒ ∠𝐶 = 1800 − 1280
C
⇒ ∠𝐶 = 520 P
∠𝐵𝐴𝑇 = ∠𝐶 (∠s in alternate segment)
 ∠𝐵𝐴𝑇 = 52 0
6. PAT is a tangent to the circle with centre O and BD is the diameter. Find x and y. B
Solution: ∠𝐴𝐵𝐷 = ∠𝐷𝐴𝑇 = 500 (∠s in alternate segment) P
In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶,
O
∠𝐵𝐴𝐷 = 900 (∠s in a semicircle) y
. A
∠𝐴𝐵𝐷 = 50 0 B
 𝑥 = 1800 − (500 + 900 )
D
⇒ 𝑥 = 1800 − 1400 T
⇒ 𝑥 = 400
and 𝑦 = 900 (∠s in a semicircle)
7. ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral, AOC is a diameter of the circle and P𝑄 is a tangent at D.
If ∠𝐶𝐴𝐷 = 400 and ∠𝐴𝐶𝐵 = 500 . Find ∠𝐴𝐷𝑄 and ∠𝐵𝐴𝐷.
Solution: In ∆𝐴𝐷𝐶,
0
∠𝐶𝐴𝐷 = 400 40
∠𝐴𝐷𝐶 = 900 (∠s in a semicircle)

 ∠𝐴𝐶𝐷 = 180 − (40 + 900 )
0 0
⇒ ∠𝐴𝐶𝐷 = 1800 − 1300

⇒ ∠𝐴𝐶𝐷 = 500
But, ∠𝐴𝐷𝑄 = ∠𝐴𝐶𝐷 (∠s in alternate segment)
 ∠𝐴𝐷𝑄 = 50 0
In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶,
∠𝐴𝐶𝐵 = 500
∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 900 (∠s in a semicircle)
 ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 = 1800 − (500 + 900 )
⇒ ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 = 1800 − 1400
⇒ ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 = 400
Hence, ∠𝐵𝐴𝐷 = ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 + ∠𝐶𝐴𝐷
⇒ ∠𝐵𝐴𝐷 = 400 + 400
⇒ ∠𝐵𝐴𝐷 = 800
10. Constructions :
(i) Internal division of a line segment in a given ratio.

(ii) Construction of tangent(s) to a circle
(a) At a point on it without using the centre.
(b) At a point on it using the centre.
(c) From a point outside it.
[Constructions using ruler and compasses only].
(iii) Construction of a triangle, given its base, vertical angle and either altitude or
median through the vertex.
Omitted portion: - Construction of a triangle similar to a given triangle
Chapter 10
EXERCISE 10.1
1. Draw a line segment of length 7.6 cm and divide it in the ratio 5 : 8. Measure the two
parts.
Solution: A C B
𝐴1
𝐴2
𝐴3 𝐴
4𝐴
5 𝐴6
𝐴7
𝐴8
𝐴9
𝐴10
𝐴11𝐴
12 𝐴
13 X
Steps of construction:
(i) Draw a line segment AB = 7.6 cm
(ii) Below AB, draw an acute ∠𝐵𝐴𝑋
(iii) Along AX, mark (5+8) = 13 points

𝐴1 , 𝐴2 , 𝐴3 , 𝐴4 , 𝐴5 , 𝐴6 , 𝐴7 , 𝐴8 , 𝐴9 , 𝐴10 , 𝐴11 , 𝐴12 and 𝐴13 such that 𝐴𝐴1 =
𝐴1 𝐴2 = 𝐴2 𝐴3 = 𝐴3 𝐴4 = 𝐴4 𝐴5 = 𝐴5 𝐴6 = 𝐴6 𝐴7 = 𝐴7 𝐴8 = 𝐴8 𝐴9 =
𝐴9 𝐴10 = 𝐴10 𝐴11 = 𝐴11 𝐴12 = 𝐴12 𝐴13
(iv) Join 𝐴13 𝐵
(v) From 𝐴5 , draw 𝐴5 𝐶 ∥ 𝐴13 𝐵, intersecting AB at C.
Then, 𝐴𝐶 ∶ 𝐶𝐵 = 5 ∶ 8
The two parts are 2.92 cm and 4.68 cm

2. Draw a line segment of length 8.5 cm and divide it in the ratio 7 : 4. Measure the two
parts.
Solution: A C B
𝐴1
𝐴2
𝐴3 𝐴
4𝐴
5 𝐴6
𝐴7
𝐴8
𝐴9
𝐴10
𝐴11
X
(i) Draw a line segment AB = 8.5 cm
(iii) Along AX, mark (7+4) = 11 points 𝐴1 , 𝐴2 , 𝐴3 , 𝐴4 , 𝐴5 , 𝐴6 , 𝐴7 , 𝐴8 , 𝐴9 , 𝐴10

and 𝐴11 such that 𝐴𝐴1 = 𝐴1 𝐴2 = 𝐴2 𝐴3 = 𝐴3 𝐴4 = 𝐴4 𝐴5 = 𝐴5 𝐴6 =
𝐴6 𝐴7 = 𝐴7 𝐴8 = 𝐴8 𝐴9 = 𝐴9 𝐴10 = 𝐴10 𝐴11
(v) From 𝐴7 , draw 𝐴7 𝐶 ∥ 𝐴11 𝐵, intersecting AB at C.
Then, 𝐴𝐶 ∶ 𝐶𝐵 = 7 ∶ 4
The two parts are 5.41 cm and 3.09 cm
3. Draw a line segment of length 7 cm. Find a point P on it which divide it in the ratio
3 : 5.
Solution: A P B
𝐴1
𝐴2
𝐴3 𝐴
4𝐴
5 𝐴6
𝐴7
𝐴8
X
(i) Draw a line segment AB = 7 cm
(iii) Along AX, mark (3+5) = 8 points 𝐴1 , 𝐴2 , 𝐴3 , 𝐴4 , 𝐴5 , 𝐴6 , 𝐴7 and 𝐴8 such

that 𝐴𝐴1 = 𝐴1 𝐴2 = 𝐴2 𝐴3 = 𝐴3 𝐴4 = 𝐴4 𝐴5 = 𝐴5 𝐴6 = 𝐴6 𝐴7 = 𝐴7 𝐴8
(v) From 𝐴3 , draw 𝐴3 𝑃 ∥ 𝐴8 𝐵, intersecting AB at P.
Then, 𝐴𝑃 ∶ 𝑃𝐵 = 3 ∶ 5
4. Draw a circle of radius 5 cm. Take a point P on it. Without using the centre of the
circle, construct a tangent at the point P.
Solution:
𝐵
𝑄
𝑇′ 𝑃 𝑇
(i) Draw a circle of radius 5 cm
(ii) Make a point P on it
(iii) Draw any chord P𝑄
(iv) Join 𝑃𝐵 and 𝐵𝑄
(v) Draw ∠𝑄𝑃𝑇 = ∠𝑃𝐵𝑄
(vi) Produce 𝑇𝑃 to 𝑇′
Then, 𝑇′𝑃𝑇 is the required tangent at P.
5. Draw a circle of radius 4.5 cm. Take a point P on it. Using the centre of the circle,
construct a tangent at the point P.
Solution:
𝑇′ 𝑃 𝑇
(i) Draw a circle with centre O and radius 4.5 cm
(ii) Take a point P on it
(iii) Join OP
(iv) Draw 𝑃𝑇 ⊥ 𝑂𝑃
(v) Produce 𝑇𝑃 to 𝑇′
Then, 𝑇′𝑃𝑇 is the required tangent at P.
6. Draw a circle of radius 6 cm. From a point 10 cm away from its centre, construct a
pair of tangents to the circle and measure their lengths.
Solution:
𝑂 𝑀 𝑃
𝑇′
(i) Draw a circle with centre O and radius 6 cm
(ii) Take a point P at a distance of 10 cm from the centre
(iii) Join OP
(iv) Draw perpendicular bisector of OP intersecting OP at M.
(v) Using M as centre and radius = MP or MO, draw two arcs intersecting the
given circle at 𝑇 and 𝑇′
(vi) Join 𝑃𝑇 and 𝑃𝑇′
Then, 𝑃𝑇 and 𝑃𝑇′ are the required two tangents.

The lengths of the tangents are 8 cm each.
7. Construct a tangent to a circle of radius 4 cm from a point which is at a distance of

6 cm from its centre.
Solution:
𝑇
𝑂 𝑀 𝑃
𝑇′
(i) Draw a circle with centre O and radius 4 cm
(iii) Join OP
(iv) Draw perpendicular bisector of OP intersecting OP at M.
(v) Using M as centre and radius = MP or MO, draw two arcs intersecting the
given circle at 𝑇 and 𝑇′
(vi) Join 𝑃𝑇 and 𝑃𝑇′
8. Draw a circle of radius 4.3 cm and take a point P outside it. Without using the centre
of the circle, draw two tangents to the circle from point P.
Solution:
𝐷
𝑇
𝑀
𝐴 𝑃 𝐶
𝐵
𝑇′
(i) Draw a circle of radius 4.3 cm
(ii) Take a point P outside it
(iii) Through P, draw a secant PAB to intersect the circle at A and B
(iv) Produce AP to a point C such that PA = PC
(v) Draw perpendicular bisector of BC intersecting BC at M.
(vi) Using M as centre and radius = MB or MC, draw a semicircle
(vii) At P, Draw 𝑃𝐷 ⊥ 𝐵𝐶 intersecting the circle at D
(viii) Join 𝑃𝑇 and 𝑃𝑇′
9. Draw a circle of radius 3.2 cm. Take a point P at a distance of 6 cm from the centre of
the circle. Without using the centre of the circle, draw two tangents to the circle from
point P.
𝐷
Solution:
𝑇
𝑀
𝐴 𝑃 𝐶
𝐵
𝑇′
(i) Draw a circle with centre O and radius 3.2 cm
(iii) Through P, draw a secant PAB to intersect the circle at A and B
(iv) Produce AP to a point C such that PA = PC
(v) Draw perpendicular bisector of BC intersecting BC at M.
(vi) Using M as centre and radius = MB or MC, draw a semicircle
(vii) At P, Draw 𝑃𝐷 ⊥ 𝐵𝐶 intersecting the circle at D

(viii) With P as centre and radius = PD, draw two arcs intersecting the circle at
𝑇 and 𝑇′
(ix) Join 𝑃𝑇 and 𝑃𝑇′
EXERCISE 10.2
8. Construct a triangle ABC in which BC = 5 cm, ∠𝐴 = 450 and altitude through A is

4.2 cm
Solution:
𝐴 𝐿 𝐴′
𝑌
𝑂
𝐵 450 𝑀 𝐶
(i) Draw a line segment BC = 5 cm
(ii) Below BC, draw ∠𝐵𝐶𝑋 = 450
(iii) Draw ∠𝑋𝐵𝑌 = 900
(iv) Bisect BC at M and intersecting BY at O
(v) Using O as centre, radius = OB or OC, draw a segment
(vi) Using M as centre, radius = 4.2 cm, cutting the bisector line at L
(vii) Draw 𝐴𝐿𝐴′ ∥ 𝐵𝐶, cutting the segment at A and 𝐴′

(viii) Join 𝐴𝐵, 𝐴𝐶, 𝐴′𝐵 and 𝐴′𝐶
 ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 and ∆𝐴′𝐵𝐶 are the two required triangles
9. Construct a triangle 𝑃𝑄𝑅 in which 𝑄𝑅 = 6 cm, ∠𝑃 = 300 and altitude through P is

4.7 cm
Solution:
𝐿
𝑃 𝑃′
𝑌
𝑂
𝑄 300 𝑀 𝑅
Steps of construction: 𝑋
(i) Draw a line segment 𝑄𝑅 = 6 cm
(ii) Below 𝑄𝑅, draw ∠𝑅𝑄𝑋 = 300
(iii) Draw ∠𝑋𝑄𝑌 = 900
(iv) Bisect 𝑄𝑅 at M and intersecting 𝑄𝑌 at O
(v) Using O as centre, radius = 𝑂𝑄 or 𝑂𝑅, draw a segment
(vi) Using M as centre, radius = 4.7 cm, cutting the bisector line at L
(vii) Draw 𝑃𝐿𝑃′ ∥ 𝑄𝑅, cutting the segment at P and 𝑃′
(viii) Join 𝑃𝑄, 𝑃𝑅, 𝑃′𝑄 and 𝑃′𝑅
 ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅 and ∆𝑃′𝑄𝑅 are the two required triangles

10. Construct a triangle ABC in which BC = 7 cm, ∠𝐴 = 600 and the median from A on
BC is 4.2 cm long. How many such triangles are possible?
Solution:
𝑌
𝑂
𝐴 𝐴′
𝐵 600 𝑀 𝐶
(i) Draw a line segment BC = 7 cm
(ii) Below BC, draw ∠𝐵𝐶𝑋 = 600
(iii) Draw ∠𝑋𝐵𝑌 = 900
(iv) Bisect BC at M and intersecting BY at O
(v) Using O as centre, radius = OB or OC, draw a segment
(vi) Using M as centre, radius = 4.2 cm, cutting the segment at A and 𝐴′
(vii) Join 𝐴𝐵, 𝐴𝐶, 𝐴′𝐵 and 𝐴′𝐶
 ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 and ∆𝐴′𝐵𝐶 are the two required triangles

11. Construct a triangle 𝑃𝑄𝑅 in which 𝑄𝑅 = 5.5 cm, ∠𝑃 = 450 and the median from P
on 𝑄𝑅 is 5 cm long. How many such triangles are possible?
Solution:
𝐴 𝐴′
𝑌
𝐵 𝐶
450 𝑀
𝑋
(i) Draw a line segment 𝑄𝑅 = 5.5 cm
(ii) Below 𝑄𝑅, draw ∠𝑅𝑄𝑋 = 450
(iii) Draw ∠𝑋𝑄𝑌 = 900
(iv) Bisect 𝑄𝑅 at M and intersecting 𝑄𝑌 at O
(v) Using O as centre, radius = 𝑂𝑄 or 𝑂𝑅, draw a segment
(vi) Using M as centre, radius = 5 cm, cutting the segment at P and 𝑃′
(vii) Join 𝑃𝑄, 𝑃𝑅, 𝑃′𝑄 and 𝑃′𝑅
 ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅 and ∆𝑃′𝑄𝑅 are the two required triangles

UNIT-V CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY
11. Co-ordinate Geometry:
(i) Review the concepts of coordinate geometry done earlier including graphs of linear
equations. Awareness of geometrical representation of quadratic polynomials.
(ii) Distance between two points and section formula (internal)
Omitted portion: - Area of a triangle (Ex.11.3)
Chapter 11
Distance between two points
𝑨(𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) 𝑩(𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 )
𝑨𝑩 = √(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 )𝟐 + (𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 )𝟐 units
EXERCISE 11.1
1. Find the distance between the following pairs of points:

−8 2
(i) ( 5 , 2) and (5 , 2) (ii) (2, 3), (4, 1)
(iii) (−5, 7), (−1, 3) (iv) (a, b), (−a, −b)

−8 2
Solution: (i) ( 5 , 2) and (5 , 2)
−8 2
Let the points be 𝐴 ( , 2) and 𝐵 ( , 2)
5 5
−8 2
Then, 𝑥1 = , 𝑦1 = 2, 𝑥2 = , 𝑦2 = 2
5 5
 𝐴𝐵 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2
2 −8 2
= √{ − ( )} + (2 − 2)2
5 5
2 8 2
= √( + ) + (0)2
5 5
10 2
= √( ) + 0
5
= √(2)2
= 2 units
(ii) (2, 3), (4, 1)
Let the points be 𝐴(2, 3) and 𝐵(4, 1)
Then, 𝑥1 = 2, 𝑦1 = 3, 𝑥2 = 4, 𝑦2 = 1
 𝐴𝐵 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2
= √(4 − 2)2 + (1 − 3)2
= √(2)2 + (−2)2
= √4 + 4
= √8
= √2 × 2 × 2
= 2√2 units
(iii) (−5, 7), (−1, 3)
Let the points be 𝐴(−5, 7) and 𝐵(−1, 3)
Then, 𝑥1 = −5, 𝑦1 = 7, 𝑥2 = −1, 𝑦2 = 3
 𝐴𝐵 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2
= √{−1 − (−5)}2 + (3 − 7)2
= √(−1 + 5)2 + (−4)2
= √(4)2 + 16
= √16 + 16
= √32
= √2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2
= 2 × 2√2
= 4√2 units
(iv) (a, b), (−a, −b)
Let the points be 𝐴(𝑎, 𝑏) and 𝐵(−𝑎, −𝑏)
Then, 𝑥1 = 𝑎, 𝑦1 = 𝑏, 𝑥2 = −𝑎, 𝑦2 = −𝑏
 𝐴𝐵 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2
= √(−𝑎 − 𝑎)2 + (−𝑏 − 𝑏)2
= √(−2𝑎)2 + (−2𝑏)2
= √4𝑎2 + 4𝑏 2
= √4(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 )
= 2√𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 units
2. Find the distance of the point (8, 6) from the origin.
Solution: Let the points be 𝐴(8, 6) and 𝑂(0, 0)
 𝐴𝑂 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
= √82 + 62
= √64 + 36
= √100
= √2 × 2 × 5 × 5
= 2 × 5 = 10 units
3. (i) Find a point on the x-axis which is equidistant from 𝐴(2, −5) and 𝐵(−2, 9).
Solution: Let the point on x-axis be 𝑃(𝑥, 0) 𝐵(−2, 9)
𝑃(𝑥, 0) x-axis
𝐴(2, −5)
By given, 𝐵𝑃 = 𝐴𝑃
⇒ √{𝑥 − (−2)}2 + (0 − 9)2 = √(𝑥 − 2)2 + {0 − (−5)}2
Squaring both sides, we get
⇒ {𝑥 − (−2)}2 + (0 − 9)2 = (𝑥 − 2)2 + {0 − (−5)}2

⇒ (𝑥 + 2)2 + (−9)2 = (𝑥 − 2)2 + (0 + 5)2
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 2. 𝑥. 2 + 22 + 81 = 𝑥 2 − 2. 𝑥. 2 + 22 + 52
⇒ 4𝑥 + 81 = −4𝑥 + 25
⇒ 4𝑥 + 4𝑥 = 25 − 81
⇒ 8𝑥 = −56
−56
⇒ 𝑥=
8
⇒ 𝑥 = −7
Hence, the required point is 𝑃(−7, 0)
(ii) Find a point on the x-axis which is equidistant from (7, 6) and (−3, 4).
Solution: Let the point on x-axis be 𝑃(𝑥, 0) which is 𝐵(−3, 4)

equidistant from 𝐴(7, 6) and 𝐵(−3, 4).
𝑃(𝑥, 0) x-axis
𝐴(7, 6)
⇒ √{𝑥 − (−3)}2 + (0 − 4)2 = √(𝑥 − 7)2 + (0 − 6)2
⇒ {𝑥 − (−3)}2 + (0 − 4)2 = (𝑥 − 7)2 + (0 − 6)2
⇒ (𝑥 + 3)2 + (−4)2 = (𝑥 − 7)2 + (−6)2
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 2. 𝑥. 3 + 32 + 16 = 𝑥 2 − 2. 𝑥. 7 + 72 + 36
⇒ 6𝑥 + 9 + 16 = −14𝑥 + 49 + 36
⇒ 6𝑥 + 25 = −14𝑥 + 85
⇒ 6𝑥 + 14𝑥 = 85 − 25
⇒ 20𝑥 = 60
60
⇒ 𝑥=
20
⇒ 𝑥=3
Hence, the required point is 𝑃(3, 0)

4. Find a point on the y-axis which is equidistant from 𝐴(6, 5) and 𝐵(−4,3).
Solution: Let the point on y-axis be 𝑃(0, 𝑦)
𝐴(6, 5)
𝐵(−4, 3)
y-axis
⇒ √{0 − (−4)}2 + (𝑦 − 3)2 = √(0 − 6)2 + (𝑦 − 5)2
⇒ {0 − (−4)}2 + (𝑦 − 3)2 = (0 − 6)2 + (𝑦 − 5)2
⇒ (0 + 4)2 + 𝑦 2 − 2. 𝑦. 3 + 32 = (−6)2 + 𝑦 2 − 2. 𝑦. 5 + 52
⇒ 16 − 6𝑦 + 9 = 36 − 10𝑦 + 25
⇒ −6𝑦 + 25 = −10𝑦 + 61
⇒ 10𝑦 − 6𝑦 = 61 − 25
⇒ 4𝑥 = 36
36
⇒ 𝑥=
4
⇒ 𝑥=9
Hence, the required point is 𝑃(0, 9)
5. If the points 𝐴(4, 3) and 𝐵(𝑥, 5) are on the circle with

centre 𝑂(2, 3), find the value of x. 𝑂(2, 3)
Solution: By given, 𝑂𝐵 = 𝑂𝐴
𝐴(4,3) 𝐵(𝑥, 5)
⇒ √(𝑥 − 2)2 + (5 − 3)2 = √(4 − 2)2 + (3 − 3)2
⇒ (𝑥 − 2)2 + (5 − 3)2 = (4 − 2)2 + (3 − 3)2
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 2. 𝑥. 2 + 22 + 22 = 22 + 02
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 2. 𝑥. 2 + 22 = 0
⇒ (𝑥 − 2)2 = 0
⇒ 𝑥−2=0
⇒ 𝑥=2
6. Find the relation between x and y such that the point (𝑥, 𝑦) is 𝐵(3, 5)
equidistant from the points (7, 1) and (3, 5).
Solution: Let the point be 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) which is . 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)

equidistant from 𝐴(7, 1) and 𝐵(3, 5).
𝐴(7, 1)
⇒ √(𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 − 5)2 = √(𝑥 − 7)2 + (𝑦 − 1)2
⇒ (𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 − 5)2 = (𝑥 − 7)2 + (𝑦 − 1)2
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 2. 𝑥. 3 + 32 + 𝑦 2 − 2. 𝑦. 5 + 52 = 𝑥 2 − 2. 𝑥. 7 + 72 + 𝑦 2 − 2. 𝑦. 1 + 12
⇒ −6𝑥 + 9 − 10𝑦 + 25 = −14𝑥 + 49 − 2𝑦 + 1
⇒ −6𝑥 − 10𝑦 + 34 = −14𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 50
⇒ 14𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 10𝑦 = 50 − 34
⇒ 8𝑥 − 8𝑦 = 16
𝑥−𝑦 =2
7. Find the value of y for which the distance between the points
𝑃(2, −3) and 𝑄(10, 𝑦) is 10 units. 𝑄(10, 𝑦)
Solution: The distance between points 𝑃(2, −3) and 𝑄(10, 𝑦)
is 10 units
Then, 𝑥1 = 2, 𝑦1 = −3, 𝑥2 = 10, 𝑦2 = 𝑦

𝑃(2, −3)
𝑃𝑄 = 10 units
√(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 = 10
√(10 − 2)2 + {𝑦 − (−3)}2 = 10
⇒ (10 − 2)2 + {𝑦 − (−3)}2 = 100
⇒ 82 + (𝑦 + 3)2 − 100 = 0
⇒ 64 + 𝑦 2 + 2. 𝑦. 3 + 32 − 100 = 0
⇒ 𝑦 2 + 6𝑦 + 9 − 36 = 0
⇒ 𝑦 2 + 6𝑦 − 27 = 0
⇒ 𝑦 2 + 9𝑦 − 3𝑦 − 27 = 0
⇒ 𝑦(𝑦 + 9) − 3(𝑦 + 9) = 0
(𝑦 + 9)(𝑦 − 3) = 0
Either 𝑦 + 9 = 0 or 𝑦−3=0
𝑦 = −9 or 𝑦=3
𝑦 = −9 or 3
8. (i) If the point 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) is equidistant from the points 𝐴(5, 1) and 𝐵(1, 5).
Prove that 𝑥 = 𝑦. 𝐵(1, 5)
Solution: Let the point be 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) which is

.
equidistant from 𝐴(5, 1) and 𝐵(1, 5). 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)
By given, 𝐵𝑃 = 𝐴𝑃 𝐴(5, 1)
⇒ √(𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 − 5)2 = √(𝑥 − 5)2 + (𝑦 − 1)2
⇒ (𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 − 5)2 = (𝑥 − 5)2 + (𝑦 − 1)2
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 2. 𝑥. 1 + 12 + 𝑦 2 − 2. 𝑦. 5 + 52 = 𝑥 2 − 2. 𝑥. 5 + 52 + 𝑦 2 − 2. 𝑦. 1 + 12
⇒ −2𝑥 − 10𝑦 = −10𝑥 − 2𝑦
⇒ −2𝑥 + 10𝑥 = −2𝑦 + 10𝑦
⇒ 8𝑥 = 8𝑦
⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑦 proved
(ii) If the point 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) is equidistant from the points 𝐴(5, 1) and 𝐵(−1, 5). 𝐵(−1, 5)
Prove that 3𝑥 = 2𝑦.
.
Solution: Let the point be 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) which is 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)
equidistant from 𝐴(5, 1) and 𝐵(1, 5).
𝐴(5, 1)
⇒ √{𝑥 − (−1)}2 + (𝑦 − 5)2 = √(𝑥 − 5)2 + (𝑦 − 1)2

⇒ (𝑥 + 1)2 + (𝑦 − 5)2 = (𝑥 − 5)2 + (𝑦 − 1)2
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 2. 𝑥. 1 + 12 + 𝑦 2 − 2. 𝑦. 5 + 52 = 𝑥 2 − 2. 𝑥. 5 + 52 + 𝑦 2 − 2. 𝑦. 1 + 12
⇒ 2𝑥 − 10𝑦 = −10𝑥 − 2𝑦
⇒ 2𝑥 + 10𝑥 = −2𝑦 + 10𝑦
⇒ 10𝑥 = 8𝑦
⇒ 3𝑥 = 2𝑦 proved
9. Find the value of x such that 𝑃𝑄 = 𝑄𝑅 where the coordinates of P, 𝑄 and R are
(6, −1), (1, 3) and (𝑥, 8) respectively. 𝑃(6, −1) 𝑅(𝑥, 8)
.
𝑄(1, 3)
Solution: By given, 𝑄𝑅 = 𝑃𝑄
⇒ √(𝑥 − 1)2 + (8 − 3)2 = √(1 − 6)2 + {3 − (−1)}2
⇒ (𝑥 − 1)2 + (8 − 3)2 = (1 − 6)2 + {3 − (−1)}2
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 2. 𝑥. 1 + 12 + 52 = (−5)2 + 42
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 + 25 = 25 + 16
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 − 16 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 15 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 15 = 0
⇒ 𝑥(𝑥 − 5) + 3(𝑥 − 5) = 0
⇒ (𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 + 3) = 0
either 𝑥−5=0 or 𝑥+3=0
𝑥=5 or 𝑥 = −3
∴ 𝑥 = 5 or −3
𝐵(5, 5)
10. Prove that the points (0, 0), (5, 5) and (−5, 5) are the vertices
of a right isosceles triangle.
Solution: Let the points be 𝐴(0, 0), 𝐵(5, 5) and 𝐶(−5, 5)
𝐴𝐵 = √(5 − 0)2 + (5 − 0)2
𝐴(0, 0) 𝐶(−5, 5)
= √(5)2 + (5)2
= √25 + 25
= √50
= √2 × 5 × 5
= 5√2 units
𝐵𝐶 = √(−5 − 5)2 + (5 − 5)2
= √(−10)2 + (0)2
= √100 + 0
= √100
= √2 × 2 × 5 × 5
=2×5
= 10 units
𝐴𝐶 = √(−5 − 0)2 + (5 − 0)2
= √(−5)2 + (5)2
= √25 + 25
= √50
= √2 × 5 × 5
= 5√2 units
 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐶 = 5√2 units i.e. two sides are equal.

2
Now, 𝐴𝐵2 = 5√2 = 25 × 2 = 50 units
2
And, 𝐴𝐶 2 = 5√2 = 25 × 2 = 50 units
Also, 𝐵𝐶 2 = 102 = 100 units
 𝐴𝐵2 + 𝐴𝐶 2 = 𝐵𝐶 2
Hence, 𝐴𝐵𝐶 is a right isosceles triangle.

11. Prove that the points (3, 0), (6, 4) and (−1, 3) are the vertices
of a right isosceles triangle. 𝐵(6, 4)
Solution: Let the points be 𝐴(3, 0), 𝐵(6, 4) and 𝐶(−1, 3)
𝐴𝐵 = √(6 − 3)2 + (4 − 0)2
= √(3)2 + (4)2
= √9 + 16 𝐴(3, 0) 𝐶(−1, 3)
= √25
= √5 × 5
= 5 units
𝐵𝐶 = √(−1 − 6)2 + (3 − 4)2
= √(−7)2 + (−1)2
= √49 + 1
= √50
= √2 × 5 × 5
= 5√2 units
𝐴𝐶 = √(−1 − 3)2 + (3 − 0)2
= √(−4)2 + (3)2
= √16 + 9
= √25
= √5 × 5
= 5 units
 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐶 = 5√2 units i.e. two sides are equal.
Now, 𝐴𝐵2 = 52 = 25 units
And, 𝐴𝐶 2 = 52 = 25 units
2
Also, 𝐵𝐶 2 = 5√2 = 25 × 2 = 50 units
 𝐴𝐵2 + 𝐴𝐶 2 = 𝐵𝐶 2
Hence, 𝐴𝐵𝐶 is a right isosceles triangle.
12. If the point 𝐴(0, 2) is equidistant from the points 𝐵(3, 𝑝) and 𝐵𝐶(𝑝, 5),
then find the value of p.
Solution: By given, 𝐴𝐶 = 𝐴𝐵
⇒ √(𝑝 − 0)2 + (5 − 2)2 = √(3 − 0)2 + (𝑝 − 2)2

𝐴(0, 2)
⇒ (𝑝 − 0)2 + (5 − 2)2 = (3 − 0)2 + (𝑝 − 2)2 𝐵(3, 𝑝) 𝐶(𝑝, 5)
⇒ 𝑝2 + 32 = 32 + 𝑝2 − 2. 𝑝. 2 + 22
⇒ 0 = −4𝑝 + 4
⇒ 4𝑝 = 4
⇒ 𝑝=1
13. Find the coordinates of the point equidistant from the three given points
𝐴(5, 3), 𝐵(5, −5) and 𝐶(1, −5). 𝐶(1, −5)
Solution: Let the required point be 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)
By given, 𝐴𝑃 = 𝐵𝑃 = 𝐶𝑃 𝐴(5, 3) 𝐵(5, −5)
Now, 𝐵𝑃 = 𝐴𝑃
⇒ √(𝑥 − 5)2 + {𝑦 − (−5)}2 = √(𝑥 − 5)2 + (𝑦 − 3)2
⇒ (𝑥 − 5)2 + {𝑦 − (−5)}2 = (𝑥 − 5)2 + (𝑦 − 3)2
⇒ (𝑦 + 5)2 = (𝑦 − 3)2
⇒ 𝑦 2 + 2. 𝑦. 5 + 52 = 𝑦 2 − 2. 𝑦. 3 + 32
⇒ 10𝑦 + 25 = −6𝑦 + 9
⇒ 10𝑦 + 6𝑦 = 9 − 25
⇒ 16𝑦 = −16
𝑦 = −1
and, 𝐶𝑃 = 𝐵𝑃
⇒ √(𝑥 − 1)2 + {𝑦 − (−5)}2 = √(𝑥 − 5)2 + {𝑦 − (−5)}2
⇒ (𝑥 − 1)2 + {𝑦 − (−5)}2 = (𝑥 − 5)2 + {𝑦 − (−5)}2
⇒ (𝑥 − 1)2 = (𝑥 − 5)2
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 2. 𝑥. 1 + 12 = 𝑥 2 − 2. 𝑥. 5 + 52
⇒ −2𝑥 + 1 = −10𝑥 + 25
⇒ 10𝑥 − 2𝑥 = 25 − 1
⇒ 8𝑥 = 24
𝑥=3
Hence, the required point is (3, −1)
14. By distance formula, show that the points (1, −1), (5, 2) and (9, 5) are collinear.
Solution: Let the points be 𝐴(1, −1), 𝐵(5, 2) and 𝐶(9, 5) .𝐴(1, −1) . 𝐶(9,5)
.
𝐵(5, 2)
𝐴𝐵 = √(5 − 1)2 + {2 − (−1)}2
= √(4)2 + (3)2
= √16 + 9
= √25
= √5 × 5
= 5 units
𝐵𝐶 = √(9 − 5)2 + (5 − 2)2
= √(4)2 + (3)2
= √16 + 9
= √25
= √5 × 5
= 5 units
𝐴𝐶 = √(9 − 1)2 + {5 − (−1)}2
= √(8)2 + (6)2
= √64 + 36
= √100
= √2 × 2 × 5 × 5
= 2 × 5 units
= 10 units
Now, 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐶 = 5 + 5 = 10 units
 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐴𝐶
Hence, 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 are collinear.
15. Show that the following points are the vertices of a square:
(i) 𝐴(1, 7), 𝐵(4, 2), 𝐶(−1, −1) and 𝐷(−4, 4)

𝐷(−4, 4) | 𝐶(−1, −1)
Solution: 𝐴𝐵 = √(4 − 1)2 + (2 − 7)2
= √(3)2 + (−5)2
|
|
= √9 + 25
|
= √34 units 𝐴(1,7) 𝐵(4, 2)
𝐵𝐶 = √(−1 − 4)2 + (−1 − 2)2
= √(−5)2 + (−3)2
= √25 + 9
= √34 units
𝐶𝐷 = √{−4 − (−1)}2 + {4 − (−1)}2
= √(−3)2 + (5)2
= √9 + 25
= √34 units
𝐴𝐷 = √(−4 − 1)2 + (4 − 7)2
= √(−5)2 + (−3)2
= √25 + 9
= √34 units
 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐶𝐷 = 𝐴𝐷 = √34 units i.e. four sides are equal.
Diagonal 𝐴𝐶 = √(−1 − 1)2 + (−1 − 7)2
= √(−2)2 + (−8)2
= √4 + 64
= √68 units
Diagonal 𝐵𝐷 = √(−4 − 4)2 + (4 − 2)2
= √(−8)2 + (2)2
= √64 + 4
= √68 units
 Diagonal 𝐴𝐶 = Diagonal 𝐵𝐷 = √68 units
Thus, all sides are equal and diagonals are also equal
Hence, 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is a square.
(ii) 𝑃(0, −2), 𝑄(3, 1), 𝑅(0, 4) and 𝑆(−3, 1)
Solution: 𝑃𝑄 = √(3 − 0)2 + {1 − (−2)}2 𝑆(−3, 1) 𝑅(0, 4)

|
= √(3)2 + (3)2
|
|
= √9 + 9
= √18 |
𝑃(0, −2) 𝑄(3, 1)
= √3 × 3 × 2
= 3√2 units
𝑄𝑅 = √(0 − 3)2 + (4 − 1)2

= √(−3)2 + (3)2
= √9 + 9
= √18
= √3 × 3 × 2
= 3√2 units
𝑅𝑆 = √(−3 − 0)2 + (1 − 4)2
= √(−3)2 + (−3)2
= √9 + 9
= √18
= √3 × 3 × 2
= 3√2 units
𝑆𝑃 = √{0 − (−3)}2 + (−2 − 1)2
= √(3)2 + (−3)2
= √9 + 9
= √18
= √3 × 3 × 2
= 3√2 units
 𝑃𝑄 = 𝑄𝑅 = 𝑅𝑆 = 𝑆𝑃 = 3√2 units i.e. four sides are equal.
Diagonal 𝑃𝑅 = √(0 − 0)2 + {4 − (−2)}2
= √(0)2 + (6)2
= √0 + 36
= √36
= 6 units
Diagonal 𝑆𝑄 = √{3 − (−3)}2 + (1 − 1)2

= √(6)2 + (0)2
= √36 + 0
= √36
= 6 units
 Diagonal 𝑃𝑅 = Diagonal 𝑆𝑄 = 6 units
Thus, all sides are equal and diagonals are also equal
Hence, 𝑃𝑄𝑅𝑆 is a square.
16. Name the type of quadrilateral formed, if any, by the following points, and give
reasons for your answer:
(i) (−1, 0), (3, 1), (2, 2) and (−2, 1)
Solution: Let the points be 𝐴(−1, 0), 𝐵(3, 1), 𝐶(2, 2) and 𝐷(−2, 1)
𝐴𝐵 = √{3 − (−1)}2 + (1 − 0)2

𝐷(−2, 1) 𝐶(2, 2)
||
= √(4)2 + (1)2
= √16 + 1
||
= √17 units 𝐴(−1,0) 𝐵(3, 1)
𝐵𝐶 = √(2 − 3)2 + (2 − 1)2
= √(−1)2 + (1)2
= √1 + 1
= √2 units
𝐶𝐷 = √(−2 − 2)2 + (1 − 2)2
= √(−4)2 + (−1)2
= √16 + 1
= √17 units
𝐴𝐷 = √{−2 − (−1)}2 + (1 − 0)2
= √(−1)2 + (1)2
== √1 + 1
= √2 units
Diagonal 𝐴𝐶 = √{2 − (−1)}2 + (2 − 0)2
= √(3)2 + (2)2
= √9 + 4
= √13 units
Diagonal 𝐵𝐷 = √(−2 − 3)2 + (1 − 1)2
= √(−5)2 + (0)2
= √25 + 0
= √25
= 5 units
 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐶𝐷, 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐴𝐷 i.e. opposite sides are equal.
Diagonal 𝐴𝐶 ≠ Diagonal 𝐵𝐷 i.e. diagonals are not equal
Hence, 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is a parallelogram.
(ii) (3, 0), (4, 5), (−1, 4) and (−2, −1)
Solution: Let the points be 𝐴(3, 0), 𝐵(4, 5), 𝐶(−1, 4) and 𝐷(−2, −1)
𝐷(−2, −1)
𝐴𝐵 = √(4 − 3)2 + (5 − 0)2
= √(1)2 + (5)2
= √1 + 25 𝐴(3, 0) 𝐶(−1, 4)
= √26 units
𝐵𝐶 = √(−1 − 4)2 + (4 − 5)2

𝐵(4, 5)
= √(−5)2 + (−1)2
= √25 + 1
= √26 units
𝐶𝐷 = √{−2 − (−1)}2 + (−1 − 4)2
= √(−1)2 + (−5)2
= √1 + 25
= √26 units
𝐴𝐷 = √(−2 − 3)2 + (−1 − 0)2
= √(−5)2 + (−1)2
= √25 +
= √26 units
Diagonal 𝐴𝐶 = √(−1 − 3)2 + (4 − 0)2
= √(−4)2 + (4)2
= √16 + 16
= √32
= √2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2
= 2 × 2√2
= 4√2 units
Diagonal 𝐵𝐷 = √(−2 − 4)2 + (−1 − 5)2
= √(−6)2 + (6)2
= √32 + 32
= √72
= √3 × 3 × 2 × 2 × 2
= 3 × 2√2
= 6√2 units
 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐶𝐷 = 𝐴𝐷 i.e. four sides are equal.

Diagonal 𝐴𝐶 ≠ Diagonal 𝐵𝐷 i.e. diagonals are not equal
Hence, 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is a rhombus.
(iii) (−1, −2), (1, 0), (−1, 2) and (−3, 0)
Solution: Let the points be 𝐴(−1, −2), 𝐵(1, 0), 𝐶(−1, 2) and 𝐷(−3, 0)
𝐴𝐵 = √{1 − (−1)}2 + {0 − (−2)}2 𝐷(−3, 0) 𝐶(−1, 2)

|
= √(2)2 + (2)2
|
|
= √4 + 4
= √8 |
𝐴(−1, −2) 𝐵(1, 0)
= √2 × 2 × 2
= 2√2 units
𝐵𝐶 = √(−1 − 1)2 + (2 − 0)2
= √(−2)2 + (2)2
= √4 + 4
= √8
= √2 × 2 × 2
= 2√2 units
𝐶𝐷 = √{−3 − (−1)}2 + (0 − 2)2
= √(−2)2 + (−2)2
= √4 + 4
= √8
= √2 × 2 × 2
= 2√2 units
𝐴𝐷 = √{−3 − (−1)}2 + {0 − (−2)}2
= √(−2)2 + (2)2
= √4 + 4
= √8
= √2 × 2 × 2
= 2√2 units
Diagonal 𝐴𝐶 = √{−1 − (−1)}2 + {2 − (−2)}2
= √(0)2 + (4)2
= √0 + 16
= √16
= 4 units
Diagonal 𝐵𝐷 = √(−3 − 1)2 + (0 − 0)2
= √(−4)2 + (0)2
= √16 + 0
= √16
= 4 units
 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐶𝐷 = 𝐴𝐷 i.e. four sides are equal.
Diagonal 𝐴𝐶 = Diagonal 𝐵𝐷
Hence, 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is a square.
17. Show that the following points are the vertices of a rectangle:
(i) 𝐴(2, −2), 𝐵(14, 10), 𝐶(11, 13) and 𝐷(−1, 1)
Solution: 𝐴𝐵 = √(14 − 2)2 + {10 − (−2)}2

𝐷(−1, 1) 𝐶(11, 13)
||
= √(12)2 + (12)2
= 12√(1)2 + (1)2
|
= 12√1 + 1
|| 𝐵(14, 10)
𝐴(2, −2)
= 12√2 units
𝐵𝐶 = √(11 − 14)2 + (13 − 10)2
= √(−3)2 + (3)2
= 3√(−1)2 + (1)2
= 3 √1 + 1
= 3√2 units
𝐶𝐷 = √(−1 − 11)2 + (1 − 13)2
= √(−12)2 + (−12)2
= 12√(1)2 + (1)2
= 12√1 + 1
= 12√2 units
𝐴𝐷 = √(−1 − 2)2 + {1 − (−2)}2
= √(−3)2 + (3)2
= 3√(−1)2 + (1)2
= 3 √1 + 1
= 3√2 units
Diagonal 𝐴𝐶 = √(11 − 2)2 + {13 − (−2)}2
= √(9)2 + (15)2
= √81 + 225
= √306 units
Diagonal 𝐵𝐷 = √(−1 − 14)2 + (1 − 10)2
= √(−15)2 + (−9)2
= √225 + 9
= √306 units

Diagonal 𝐴𝐶 = Diagonal 𝐵𝐷 i.e. diagonals are equal
Hence, 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is a rectangle.
(ii) 𝐴(−4, −1), 𝐵(−2, −4), 𝐶(4, 0) and 𝐷(2, 3)
Solution: 𝐴𝐵 = √{−2 − (−4)}2 + {−4 − (−1)}2

𝐷(2, 3) 𝐶(4, 0)
||
= √(2)2 + (−3)2
= √4 + 9
|
= √13 units ||
𝐴(−4, −1) 𝐵(−2, −4)
𝐵𝐶 = √{4 − (−2)}2 + {0 − (−4)}2
= √(6)2 + (4)2
= 2√(3)2 + (2)2
= 2 √9 + 4
= 2√13 units
𝐶𝐷 = √(2 − 4)2 + (3 − 0)2
= √(−2)2 + (3)2
= √4 + 9
= √13 units
𝐴𝐷 = √{2 − (−4)}2 + {3 − (−1)}2
= √(6)2 + (4)2
= 2√(3)2 + (2)2
= 2 √9 + 4
= 2√13 units
Diagonal 𝐴𝐶 = √{4 − (−4)}2 + {0 − (−1)}2
= √(8)2 + (1)2
= √64 + 1
= √65 units
Diagonal 𝐵𝐷 = √{2 − (−2)}2 + {3 − (−4)}2
= √(4)2 + (7)2
= √16 + 49
= √65 units
Diagonal 𝐴𝐶 = Diagonal 𝐵𝐷 i.e. diagonals are equal
Hence, 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is a rectangle.
18. Figure shows the arrangement of desk in a classroom. Zoremi, Muani and Faki are
seated at 𝐴(3, 1), 𝐵(6, 4) and 𝐷(8, 6) respectively. Do you think they are seated in a
line? Give reason for your answer.
10
9
8
7
6
𝐶
5
4
𝐵
3
2
𝐴
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Solution: 𝐴𝐵 = √(6 − 3)2 + (4 − 1)2
= √(3)2 + (3)2
= 3√(1)2 + (1)2
= 3 √1 + 1
= 3√2 units
𝐵𝐶 = √(8 − 6)2 + (6 − 4)2
= √(2)2 + (2)2
= 2√(1)2 + (1)2
= 2 √1 + 1
= 2√2 units
𝐴𝐶 = √(8 − 3)2 + (6 − 1)2
= √(5)2 + (5)2
= 5√(1)2 + (1)2
= 5 √1 + 1
= 5√2 units
Now, 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐶 = 3√2 + 2√2 = 5√2 = 𝐴𝐶
𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 are collinear.
Hence, Zoremi, Muani and Faki are seated in a line.
Section Formula
.
𝑨(𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 )
.
𝒎: 𝒏
𝑷(𝒙, 𝒚)
.
𝑩(𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 )
𝒎𝒙𝟐 + 𝒏𝒙𝟏 𝒎𝒚𝟐 + 𝒏𝒚𝟏

𝒙= ,𝒚 =
𝒎+𝒏 𝒎+𝒏
Midpoint Formula
.
𝑨(𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 )
.
𝑷(𝒙, 𝒚)
.
𝑩(𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 )
𝒙𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐
𝒙= ,𝒚 =
𝟐 𝟐
Centroid Formula
𝑨(𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 )
.
𝑮(𝒙, 𝒚)
𝑩(𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 ) 𝑪(𝒙𝟑 , 𝒚𝟑 )
𝒙𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝟑 𝒚𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒚𝟑
𝒙= ,𝒚 =
𝟑 𝟑
EXERCISE 11.2
1. Find the coordinates of the point which divides the joining of (5, −2) and (9, 6) in the
ratio of 3 : 1 internally.
Solution: Let 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) divides the joining of 𝐴(5, −2) and 𝐵(9, 6) in the ratio of
3 : 1 internally.
. 3∶1 . .
𝐴(5, −2) 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝐵(9, 6)
Here, 𝑥1 = 5, 𝑦1 = −2, 𝑥2 = 9, 𝑦2 = 6, 𝑚 = 3 and 𝑛 = 1
By using section formula, we get

𝑚𝑥2 +𝑛𝑥1 𝑚𝑦2 +𝑛𝑦1
𝑥= ,𝑦 =
𝑚+𝑛 𝑚+𝑛
3(9)+1(5) 3(6)+1(−2)
𝑥= ,𝑦 =
3+1 3+1
27+5 18−2
⇒ 𝑥= ,𝑦 =
4 4
32 16
⇒ 𝑥= ,𝑦 =
4 4
𝑥 = 8, 𝑦 = 4
 The required point is 𝑃(8, 4)
2. The coordinates of the midpoint of the line segment joining the points 𝐴(2𝑝 + 1, 4)
and 𝐵(5, 𝑞 − 1) are (2𝑝, 𝑞). Find the value of p and q.
Solution: Let 𝑃(2𝑝, 𝑞) divides the midpoint of 𝐴(2𝑝 + 1, 4) and 𝐵(5, 𝑞 − 1).
. . .
𝐴(2𝑝 + 1, 4) 𝑃(2𝑝, 𝑞) 𝐵(5, 𝑞 − 1)
Here, 𝑥1 = 2𝑝 + 1, 𝑦1 = 4, 𝑥2 = 5 𝑦2 = 𝑞 − 1, 𝑥 = 2𝑝 and 𝑦 = 𝑞
By using midpoint formula, we get

𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2
𝑥= ,𝑦 =
2 2
2𝑝+1+5 4+𝑞−1
2𝑝 = ,𝑞 =
2 2
⇒ 4𝑝 = 2𝑝 + 6, 2𝑞 = 3 + 𝑞
⇒ 4𝑝 − 2𝑝 = 6, 2𝑞 − 𝑞 = 3
⇒ 2𝑝 = 6, 𝑞 = 3
6
⇒ 𝑝 = ,𝑞 = 3
2
𝑝 = 3, 𝑞 = 3
 𝑝 = 3, 𝑞 = 3
 The required point is 𝑃(8, 4)
3. The line segment joining the points 𝐴(4, −5) and 𝐵(4, 5) is divided by the point P
𝐴𝑃 2
such that = . Find the coordinates of P.
𝐴𝐵 5
𝐴𝑃 2
Solution: we have, =
𝐴𝐵 5
𝐴𝑃 = 2 and 𝐴𝐵 = 5
𝑃𝐵 = 𝐴𝐵 − 𝐴𝑃 = 5 − 2 = 3
Let 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) divides the joining of 𝐴(4, −5) and 𝐵(4, 5) in the ratio of
2:3
2∶3
. . .
𝐴(4, −5) 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝐵(4, 5)
Here, 𝑥1 = 4, 𝑦1 = −5, 𝑥2 = 4, 𝑦2 = 5, 𝑚 = 2 and 𝑛 = 3

𝑥= ,𝑦 =
𝑚+𝑛 𝑚+𝑛
2(4)+3(4) 2(5)+3(−5)
𝑥= ,𝑦 =
2+3 2+3
8+12 10−15
⇒ 𝑥= ,𝑦 =
5 5
20 −5
⇒ 𝑥= ,𝑦 =
5 5
𝑥 = 4, 𝑦 = −1
 The required point is 𝑃(4, −1)
4. In what ratio does the point (−4, 6) divide the line segment joining the points
𝐴(−6, 10) and 𝐵(3, −8)?
Solution: Let 𝑃(−4, 6) divides the joining of 𝐴(−6, 10) and 𝐵(3, − 8) in the ratio
of k : 1
. 𝑘∶1 . .
𝐴(−6, 10) 𝑃(−4, −6) 𝐵(3, −8)
Here, 𝑥1 = −6, 𝑦1 = 10, 𝑥2 = 3, 𝑦2 = −8, 𝑥 = −4, 𝑦 = 6, 𝑚 = 𝑘
and 𝑛 = 1

𝑥= ,𝑦 =
𝑚+𝑛 𝑚+𝑛
𝑘(3)+1(−6) 𝑘(−8)+1(10)
−4 = ,6 =
𝑘+1 𝑘+1
⇒ −4𝑘 − 4 = 3𝑘 − 6, 6𝑘 + 6 = −8𝑘 + 10
⇒ −4𝑘 − 3𝑘 = −6 + 4, 6𝑘 + 8𝑘 = +10 − 6
⇒ −7𝑘 = −2, 14𝑘 = 4

−2 4
⇒ 𝑥= ,𝑦 =
−7 14
2 2
𝑥 = ,𝑦 =
7 7
 The required ratio is 2 ∶ 7
5. Find the coordinates of points of trisection (i.e. points dividing in three equal parts) of
the line segment joining the points 𝐴(2, −2) and 𝐵(−7, 4)
Solution: Let 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) divides the joining of 𝐴(2, −2) and 𝐵(−7, 4) in
the ratio of 1 : 2 1∶2
. 2∶1 . . .
𝐴(2, −2) 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝐵(−7, 4)
Here, 𝑥1 = 2, 𝑦1 = −2, 𝑥2 = −7, 𝑦2 = 4, 𝑚 = 1 and 𝑛 = 2

𝑥= ,𝑦 =
𝑚+𝑛 𝑚+𝑛
1(−7)+2(2) 1(4)+2(−2)
𝑥= ,𝑦 =
1+2 1+2
−7+4 4−4
⇒ 𝑥= ,𝑦 =
3 3
−3 0
⇒ 𝑥= ,𝑦 =
3 3
𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = 0
 The required point is 𝑃(−1, 0)

Let 𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦) divides the joining of 𝐴(2, −2) and 𝐵(−7, 4) in
the ratio of 2 : 1
Here, 𝑥1 = 2, 𝑦1 = −2, 𝑥2 = −7, 𝑦2 = 4, 𝑚 = 2 and 𝑛 = 1

𝑥= ,𝑦 =
𝑚+𝑛 𝑚+𝑛
2(−7)+1(2) 2(4)+1(−2)
𝑥= ,𝑦 =
2+1 2+1
−14+2 8−2
⇒ 𝑥= ,𝑦 =
3 3
−12 6
⇒ 𝑥= ,𝑦 =
3 3
𝑥 = −4, 𝑦 = 2
 The required point is 𝑄(−4, 2)
6. (i) Determine the ratio in which the line 3𝑥 + 𝑦 − 9 = 0 divides the line segment
joining the points (1, 3) and (2, 7)
Solution: Let 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) divides the joining of 𝐴(1, 3) and 𝐵(2, 7)

in the ratio of k : 1 𝑘∶1
. . .
𝐴(1, 3) 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝐵(2, 7)
Here, 𝑥1 = 1, 𝑦1 = 3, 𝑥2 = 2, 𝑦2 = 7, 𝑚 = 𝑘 and 𝑛 = 1

𝑥= ,𝑦 =
𝑚+𝑛 𝑚+𝑛
𝑘(2)+1(1) 𝑘(7)+1(3)
𝑥= ,𝑦 =
𝑘+1 𝑘+1
2𝑘+1 7𝑘+3
𝑥= ,𝑦 =
𝑘+1 𝑘+1
2𝑘+1 7𝑘+3
Putting 𝑥 = and 𝑦 = in the given line, we get
𝑘+1 𝑘+1
2𝑘+1 7𝑘+3
3( )+ −9=0
𝑘+1 𝑘+1
6𝑘+3 7𝑘+3
⇒ + −9=0
𝑘+1 𝑘+1
6𝑘+3+7𝑘+3−9(𝑘+1)
⇒ =0
𝑘+1
⇒ 13𝑘 + 6 − 9𝑘 − 9 = 0
⇒ 4𝑘 − 3 = 0
⇒ 4𝑘 = 3
3
𝑘=
4
 The required ratio is 3 : 4
(ii) In what ratio does the line 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 2 = 0 divides the line segment
joining the points (3, −1) and (8, 9)?
Solution: Let 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) divides the joining of 𝐴(3, −1) and 𝐵(8, 9)
in the ratio of k : 1 𝑘∶1
. . .
𝐴(3, −1) 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝐵(8, 9)
Here, 𝑥1 = 3, 𝑦1 = −1, 𝑥2 = 8, 𝑦2 = 9, 𝑚 = 𝑘 and 𝑛 = 1

𝑥= ,𝑦 =
𝑚+𝑛 𝑚+𝑛
𝑘(8)+1(3) 𝑘(9)+1(−1)
𝑥= ,𝑦 =
𝑘+1 𝑘+1
8𝑘+3 9𝑘−1
𝑥= ,𝑦 =
𝑘+1 𝑘+1
8𝑘+3 9𝑘−1
𝑘+1 𝑘+1
8𝑘+3 9𝑘−1
−( )−2=0
𝑘+1 𝑘+1
8𝑘+3−9𝑘+1−2(𝑘+1)
⇒ =0
𝑘+1
⇒ −𝑘 + 4 − 2𝑘 − 2 = 0
⇒ −3𝑘 + 2 = 0
⇒ −3𝑘 = −2
−2
⇒ 𝑘=
−3
2
𝑘=
3
 The required ratio is 2 : 3
7. Point P divides the line segment joining the points 𝐴(−1, 3) and 𝐵(9, 8) such that
𝐴𝑃 𝑘
= . If P lies on the line 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2 = 0, find the value of k.
𝐵𝑃 1
𝑘∶1
𝐴𝑃 𝑘 . . .
Solution: we have, = 𝐴(−1, 3) 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝐵(9, 8)
𝐵𝑃 1
𝐴𝑃 ∶ 𝐵𝑃 = 𝑘 ∶ 1
Let 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) divides the joining of 𝐴(−1, 3) and 𝐵(9, 8)in the ratio of k : 1
Here, 𝑥1 = −1, 𝑦1 = 3, 𝑥2 = 9, 𝑦2 = 8, 𝑚 = 𝑘 and 𝑛 = 1

𝑥= ,𝑦 =
𝑚+𝑛 𝑚+𝑛
𝑘(9)+1(−1) 𝑘(8)+1(3)
𝑥= ,𝑦 =
𝑘+1 𝑘+1
9𝑘−1 8𝑘+3
𝑥= ,𝑦 =
𝑘+1 𝑘+1
9𝑘−1 8𝑘+3
𝑘+1 𝑘+1
9𝑘−1 8𝑘+3
−( )+2=0
𝑘+1 𝑘+1
9𝑘−1−8𝑘−3+2(𝑘+1)
⇒ =0
𝑘+1
⇒ 𝑘 − 4 + 2𝑘 + 2 = 0
⇒ 3𝑘 − 2 = 0
⇒ 3𝑘 = 2
2
𝑘=
3
8. If 𝐴(−2, −1), 𝐵(𝑎, 0), 𝐶(4, 𝑏) and 𝐷(1, 2) are the vertices of a parallelogram, find the
value of a and b.
Solution : In a parallelogram, the diagonals bisect each other. 𝐷(1, 2) 𝐶(4, 𝑏)

Midpoint of dia. AC = Midpoint of dia. BD
−2+4 −1+𝑏 1+𝑎 2+0
( , )=( , )
2 2 2 2
2 −1+𝑏 1+𝑎 2 𝐴(−2, −1) 𝐵(𝑎, 0)

(2 , 2
)=( 2
, )
2
−1+𝑏 1+𝑎
(1, 2
)=( 2
, 1)
1+𝑎 −1+𝑏
1= and =1
2 2
1 + 𝑎 = 2 and −1 + 𝑏 = 2
𝑎 = 2 − 1 and 𝑏 =2+1
𝑎=1 and 𝑏=3
9. Find the ratio in which the y-axis divides the line segment
joining the points (5, −6) and (−1, −4). Also, find the point
of intersection. .𝐵(−1, −4)
Solution: Let 𝑃(0, 𝑦) divides the joining of 𝐴(5, −6) and
. 𝑃(0, 𝑦)
𝑘∶1
𝐵(−1, −4) in the ratio of k : 1 .
𝐴(5, −6)
Here, 𝑥1 = 5, 𝑦1 = −6, 𝑥2 = −1, 𝑦2 = −4,
y-axis
𝑚 = 𝑘 and 𝑛 = 1

𝑥= ,𝑦 =
𝑚+𝑛 𝑚+𝑛
𝑘(−1)+1(5) 𝑘(−4)+1(−6)
0= ,𝑦 =
𝑘+1 𝑘+1
−𝑘+5 −4𝑘−6
0= ,𝑦 =
𝑘+1 𝑘+1
0 = −𝑘 + 5
𝑘=5
The required ratio is 5 : 1
−4𝑘−6
Putting 𝑘 = 5 in 𝑦 = , we get
𝑘+1
−4(5)−6
𝑦=
5+1
−20−6
⇒ 𝑦=
6
−26
⇒ 𝑦=
6
−13
⇒ 𝑦=
3
−13
 The required point is (0, )
3
10. Find the ratio in which the line segment joining the points 𝐴(1, −5) 𝐵(−4, 5)
.
and 𝐵(−4, 5) is divided by the x-axis. Also, find coordinates of the point
of intersection. x-axis
.
𝑘 ∶ 1 𝑃(𝑥, 0)
Solution: Let 𝑃(𝑥, 0) divides the joining of 𝐴(1, −5) and
𝐵(−4, 5) in the ratio of k : 1
Here, 𝑥1 = 1, 𝑦1 = −5, 𝑥2 = −4, 𝑦2 = 5,

𝐴(1, −5)
𝑚 = 𝑘 and 𝑛 = 1 .
𝑥= ,𝑦 =
𝑚+𝑛 𝑚+𝑛
𝑘(−4)+1(1) 𝑘(5)+1(−5)
𝑥= ,0 =
𝑘+1 𝑘+1
−4𝑘+1 5𝑘−5
𝑥= ,0 =
𝑘+1 𝑘+1
0 = 5𝑘 − 5
5 = 5𝑘
𝑘=1

−4𝑘+1
Putting 𝑘 = 1 in 𝑥 = , we get
𝑘+1
−4(1)+1
𝑥=
1+1
−4+1
⇒ 𝑥=
2
−3
⇒ 𝑦=
2
−3
 The required point is ( , 0)
2
10. If the points 𝐴(6, 1), 𝐵(8, 2), 𝐶(9, 4) and 𝐷(𝑝, 3) are the vertices of a parallelogram,
taken in order, find the value of p.
Solution : In a parallelogram, the diagonals bisect each other. 𝐷(𝑝, 3) 𝐶(9, 4)

Midpoint of dia. AC = Midpoint of dia. BD
9+6 4+1 𝑝+8 3+2
( , )=( , )
2 2 2 2
15 5 𝑝+8 5 𝐴(6, 1) 𝐵(8, 2)

( 2 , 2) = ( 2
, )
2
15 𝑝+8
=
2 2
𝑝 + 8 = 15
𝑝 = 15 − 8
𝑝=7
12. If A and B are two points having coordinates (−2, −2) and (2, −4) respectively, find
3
the coordinates of P such that 𝐴𝑃 = 𝐴𝐵 and P lies on the line segment AB.
7
3
Solution: we have, 𝐴𝑃 = 𝐴𝐵
7
𝐴𝑃 3
=
𝐴𝐵 7
𝐴𝑃 = 3 and 𝐴𝐵 = 7
𝑃𝐵 = 𝐴𝐵 − 𝐴𝑃 = 7 − 3 = 4
Let 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) divides the joining of 𝐴(−2, −2) and 𝐵(2, −4) in the ratio of
3:4
3∶4
. . .
𝐴(−2, −2) 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝐵(2, −4)
Here, 𝑥1 = −2, 𝑦1 = −2, 𝑥2 = 2, 𝑦2 = −4, 𝑚 = 3 and 𝑛 = 4
𝑥= ,𝑦 =
𝑚+𝑛 𝑚+𝑛
3(2)+4(−2) 3(−4)+4(−2)
𝑥= ,𝑦 =
3+4 3+4
6−8 −12−8
⇒ 𝑥= ,𝑦 =
7 7
−2 −20
𝑥= ,𝑦 =
7 7
−2 −20
 The required point is 𝑃 ( , )
7 7
13. Find the coordinates of the point A, where AB is the diameter of a circle whose center
is (2, −3) and B is (1, 4).
𝐵(1, 4)
Solution: Let 𝑂(2, −3) divides the midpoint of 𝐴(𝑝, 𝑞) and 𝐵(1, 4).
.
𝑂(2, −3)
𝐴(𝑝, 𝑞)
Here, 𝑥1 = 𝑝, 𝑦1 = 𝑞, 𝑥2 = 1 𝑦2 = 4, 𝑥 = 2 and 𝑦 = −3

𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2
𝑥= ,𝑦 =
2 2
𝑝+1 𝑞+4
2= , −3 =
2 2
⇒ 𝑝 + 1 = 4, 𝑞 + 4 = −6
⇒ 𝑝 = 4 − 1, 𝑞 = −6 − 4
𝑝 = 3, 𝑞 = −10
 The coordinates of the point A is (3, −10)
14. If the midpoint of the line segment joining the points 𝐴(3, 4) and
𝐵(𝑘, 6) is 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) and 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 10 = 0, find the value of k. 𝐴(3, 4)
. . 𝐵(𝑘, 6)
.
𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)
Solution: Let 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) divides the midpoint of 𝐴(3, 4) and 𝐵(𝑘, 6).
Here, 𝑥1 = 3, 𝑦1 = 4, 𝑥2 = 𝑘 𝑦2 = 6

𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2
𝑥= ,𝑦 =
2 2
3+𝑘 4+6
𝑥= ,𝑦 =
2 2
3+𝑘 10
𝑥= ,𝑦 =
2 2
3+𝑘
𝑥= ,𝑦 = 5
2
3+𝑘
Putting 𝑥 = and 𝑦 = 5 in the given line, we get
2
3+𝑘
+ 5 − 10 = 0
2
3+𝑘
⇒ −5=0
2
3+𝑘
⇒ =5
2
⇒ 3 + 𝑘 = 10
⇒ 𝑘 = 10 − 3
 𝑘=7
15. In what ratio is the line segment joining the points (−2, −3) and (3, 7) divided by the
y-axis? Also, find the coordinates of the point of division.
.
𝐵(3, 7)
Solution: Let 𝑃(0, 𝑦) divides the joining of 𝐴(−2, −3) and

𝐵(3, 7) in the ratio of k : 1
𝑘∶1
. 𝑃(0, 𝑦)
.
Here, 𝑥1 = −2, 𝑦1 = −3, 𝑥2 = 3, 𝑦2 = 7, 𝐴(−2, −3)
y-axis
𝑚 = 𝑘 and 𝑛 = 1

𝑚𝑥2 +𝑛𝑥1
𝑥=
𝑚+𝑛
𝑘(3)+1(−2)
0=
𝑘+1
3𝑘−2
⇒ 0=
𝑘+1
⇒ 3𝑘 − 2 = 0
⇒ 3𝑘 = 2
2
𝑘=
3

𝑚𝑦2 +𝑛𝑦1
Also, 𝑦 =
𝑚+𝑛
2(7)+3(−3)
𝑦=
2+3
14−9
⇒ 𝑦=
5
5
⇒ 𝑦=
5
𝑦=1
 The required point is (0,1 )
16. The line segment joining the points 𝑃(3, 3) and 𝑄(6, −6) is trisected at the points A
and B such that A is nearer to P. If A is also on the line by 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑘 = 0, find the
value of k.
.
𝑃(3, 3)
Solution: Let 𝐴(𝑥, 𝑦) divides the joining of 𝑃(3, 3) and 𝑄(6, −6)
in the ratio of 1 : 2
1 ∶ 2 𝐴(𝑥, 𝑦)
.
Here, 𝑥1 = 3, 𝑦1 = 3, 𝑥2 = 6, 𝑦2 = −6, 𝑚 = 1 and 𝑛 = 2

𝑚𝑥2 +𝑛𝑥1 𝑚𝑦2 +𝑛𝑦1 𝐵
𝑥= ,𝑦 =
.
𝑚+𝑛 𝑚+𝑛
1(6)+2(3) 1(−6)+2(3)
𝑥= ,𝑦 =
1+2 1+2
𝑄(6, −6)
.
6+6 −6+6
⇒ 𝑥= ,𝑦 =
3 3
12 0
⇒ 𝑥= ,𝑦 =
3 3
𝑥 = 4, 𝑦 = 0
 The required point is 𝐴(4, 0)
Putting 𝑥 = 4 and 𝑦 = 0 in the given line, we get
2(4) + 0 + 𝑘 = 0
8+𝑘 =0
𝑘 = −8
17. If the coordinates of the midpoints of the sides of a triangle are (3, 4), (4, 6) and
(5, 7), find its vertices. 𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )
Solution:
.(3, 4) . (5, 7)
.
𝐵(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) (4, 6) 𝐶(𝑥3 , 𝑦3 )
Let 𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), 𝐵(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) and 𝐶(𝑥3 , 𝑦3 ) be the vertices of the ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶.
Midpoint of AB = (3, 4)
𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2
( 2
,
2
) = (3, 4)
𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2
=3 and =4
2 2
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 = 6 … (i) and 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 = 8 … (ii)
Also, midpoint of 𝐵𝐶 = (4, 6)

𝑥2 +𝑥3 𝑦2 +𝑦3
( 2
,
2
) = (4, 6)
𝑥2 +𝑥3 𝑦2 +𝑦3
=4 and =6
2 2
𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 8 … (iii) and 𝑦2 + 𝑦3 = 12 … (iv)
Also, midpoint of 𝐴𝐶 = (5, 7)

𝑥1 +𝑥3 𝑦1 +𝑦3
( 2
,
2
) = (5, 7)
𝑥1 +𝑥3 𝑦1 +𝑦3
=5 and =7
2 2
𝑥1 + 𝑥3 = 10 … (v) and 𝑦1 + 𝑦3 = 14 … (vi)
Adding (i), (iii) and (v), we get
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥1 + 𝑥3 = 6 + 8 + 10
2𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 + 2𝑥3 = 24
2(𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 ) = 24
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 12
𝑥1 + 8 = 12 using (iii)
𝑥1 = 12 − 8 = 4
And, 𝑥2 + 10 = 12 using (v)
𝑥2 = 12 − 10 = 2
Also, 6 + 𝑥3 = 12 using (i)
𝑥3 = 12 − 6 = 6
Adding (ii), (iv) and (vi), we get
𝑦1 + 𝑦2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑦3 + 𝑦1 + 𝑦3 = 8 + 12 + 14
2𝑦1 + 2𝑦2 + 2𝑦3 = 34
2(𝑦1 + 𝑦2 + 𝑦3 ) = 34
𝑦1 + 𝑦2 + 𝑦3 = 17
𝑦1 + 12 = 17 using (iv)
𝑦1 = 17 − 12 = 5
And, 𝑦2 + 14 = 17 using (vi)
𝑦2 = 17 − 14 = 3
Also, 8 + 𝑦3 = 17 using (ii)
𝑦3 = 17 − 8 = 9
 The vertices are 𝐴(4, 5), 𝐵(2, 3) and 𝐶(6, 9)
18. If 𝐴(5, −1), 𝐵(−3, −2) and 𝐶(−1, 8) are the vertices of a triangle ABC, find the
length of median through A and the coordinates of the centroid. 𝐴(5, −1)
Solution:
. 𝐺(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝐵(−3, −2)
. 𝐶(−1, 8)
𝐷(𝑥, 𝑦)
Let 𝐷(𝑥, 𝑦) be the midpoint of 𝐵(−3, −2) and 𝐶(−1, 8).
Here, 𝑥1 = −3, 𝑦1 = −2, 𝑥2 = −1 and 𝑦2 = 8

By using midpoint formula
Midpoint of BC = 𝐷(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2
= 𝐷( , )
2 2
−3+(−1) −2+8
= 𝐷( , )
2 2
−4 6
= 𝐷( , )
2 2
= 𝐷(−2, 3)
Length of median AD = √(−2 − 5)2 + {3 − (−1)}2
= √(−7)2 + (4)2
= √49 + 16
= √65 units
Centroid of ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 𝐺(𝑥, 𝑦)

𝑥1 +𝑥2 +𝑥3 𝑦1 +𝑦2 +𝑦3
= 𝐺( , )
3 3
5+(−3)+(−1) −1+(−2)+8
= 𝐺( , )
3 3
1 5
= 𝐺( , )
3 3
19. (i) Two vertices of a ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 are given by 𝐴(6, 4) and 𝐵(−2, 2) and its centroid is
𝐺(3, 4). Find the coordinates of the third vertex C of ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶.
Solution: Let 𝐶(𝑥, 𝑦) be the third vertex 𝐶 of ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝐴(6, 4)
Here, 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = 4
𝑥1 = 6, 𝑦1 = 4
. 𝐺(3, 4)
𝑥2 = −2, 𝑦2 = 2
𝑥3 = 𝑥, 𝑦3 = 𝑦 𝐵(−2, 2) 𝐶(𝑥, 𝑦)
By using centroid formula

6+(−2)+𝑥 4+2+𝑦
=3 and =4
3 3
4+𝑥 =9 and 6 + 𝑦 = 12
𝑥 =9−4 and 𝑦 = 12 − 6
𝑥=5 and 𝑦=6
 The coordinates of the third vertex C is (5, 6)
(ii) If 𝐴(3, 2) and 𝐵(−2, 1) are two vertices of a triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 whose centroid G
5 −1
has coordinates ( , ). Find the coordinates of the third vertex C of the
3 3
triangle.
𝐴(3, 2)
Solution: Let 𝐶(𝑥, 𝑦) be the third vertex 𝐶 of ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶
5 −1
Here, 𝑥 = , 𝑦 =
3 3
𝑥1 = 3, 𝑦1 = 2 . 5 −1
𝐺( , )
3 3
𝑥2 = −2, 𝑦2 = 1
𝐵(−2, 1) 𝐶(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑥3 = 𝑥, 𝑦3 = 𝑦
By using centroid formula

3+(−2)+𝑥 5 2+1+𝑦 −1
= and =
3 3 3 3
1+𝑥 =5 and 3 + 𝑦 = −1
𝑥 =5−1 and 𝑦 = −1 − 3
𝑥=4 and 𝑦 = −4
 The coordinates of the third vertex C is (4, −4)

UNIT VI TRIGONOMETRY
12. Trigonometric identities
(a) Proving simple identities based on the following: (proofs not required)
(i) sin2A + cos2A = 1
(ii) l + tan2A = sec2A
(iii) 1 + cot2A = cosec2A
Omitted portion: Question of the type Ex.12 Q. No.43 – 49
Chapter - 12
EXERCISE 12
Prove the following:
3. (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴 = 1
Solution: LHS = (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴

1
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 ×
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
=1
Hence, LHS = RHS
4. (𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴 − 1)(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴 − 1) = 1
Solution: LHS = (𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴 − 1)(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴 − 1)
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴 × 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝐴
1
=𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴 ×
𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴
=1
Hence, LHS = RHS
5. (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 )𝑠𝑒𝑐 2  = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 
Solution: LHS = (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 )𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 

1
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛2  ×
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 
=
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 
Hence, LHS = RHS

6. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴)(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴) = 1
Solution: LHS = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴)(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴)

1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴) ( − )
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴) ( )
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴 ( )
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
= ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 )
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
=1
Hence, LHS = RHS
7. (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴)(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴) = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝐴 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴
Solution: LHS = (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴)(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴)
=(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴)
1
=( − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴)
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
1−𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝐴
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
(1+𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴)(1−𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴)
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
(1+𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴)𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
=(1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴)𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝐴

𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴
=𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝐴 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 ×
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
=𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝐴 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴
Hence, LHS = RHS

𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴
10. − = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴
1+𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴 1−𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴
Solution: LHS = −
1+𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴 1−𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴(1−𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴)−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴(1+𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴)
= (1+𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴)(1−𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴)
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴(1−𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴−1−𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴)
= (1−𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴)
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴(−2𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴)
= (1−𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴)
−2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴
=
−𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
=2 × ×
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
1
=2 ×
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
=2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴
Hence, LHS = RHS

1 1 1
12. (1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝐴) (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2𝐴) = (𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴−𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝐴)
1 1
Solution: LHS = (1 + ) (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2𝐴)
𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴
=(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝐴)(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴)

= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴 × 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴
1 1
= ×
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴
1
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴(1−𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴)
1
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴−𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝐴
Hence, LHS = RHS
14.(𝑡𝑎𝑛4 𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃) = (𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃)
Solution: LHS = (𝑡𝑎𝑛4 𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃)
=𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃(𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 + 1)
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 × 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃
= (𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 1)𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃
=(𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃)
Hence, LHS = RHS

1+𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴 1−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 2
17.(
1+𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝐴
) = ( 1−𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴 ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴
1+𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴
Solution: LHS 1 =( )
1+𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝐴
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴
=
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴
1
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝐴
= 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
= ×
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
=
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴
=𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴 = RHS
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 2
LHS 2 =( )
1−𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 2
1−
=( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 )
1−
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 2
=( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 )
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 2
=( × )
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 −1(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴)
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 2
=( )
−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
=
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴
=𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴 = RHS
Hence, LHS 1 = LHS 2 = RHS

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃+1
19. = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃−1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃+1
Solution: LHS =
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃−1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 1
− +
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 1 Dividing Numerator & denominator by 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
+ −
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃−1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
=
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃+1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃−1
=
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃+1
(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃+𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃)−(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃−𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃)
=
(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃+𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃)−(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃+𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃)(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃−𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃)
=
(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃+𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃){1−(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃−𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃)}
=
(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃+𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃)(1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃+𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃)
=
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃
= RHS
Hence, LHS = RHS

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴+1 1
21. = (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴)
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐴+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴−1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴+1
Solution: LHS =
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐴+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴−1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 1
− +
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 1 Dividing Numerator & denominator by 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
+ −
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴−1+𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴
=
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴+1−𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴−1
=
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴−𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴+1
=(𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴−𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴)+(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2
𝐴−𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴)
=
−1(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴)+(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴)(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴)
= (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴){−1+(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴)}
= (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴)(−1+𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴)
1
= (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴)
= RHS
Hence, LHS = RHS

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
22. = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
Solution: LHS =
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
= ×
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴(1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴)
=
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴(1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴)
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
(1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴)
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
= +
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴 = RHS
Hence, LHS = RHS

1
23. = (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴)
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴
1
Solution: LHS =
1 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴
= ×
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴
=
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴−𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴
=
1
=𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 = RHS
Hence, LHS = RHS

24. = 1 + 2𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴 − 2𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴
Solution: LHS =
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴
= ×
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴
(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴)2
=
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴−𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴−2𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴+𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴
=
1
= 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴 − 2𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴
= 1 + 2𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴 − 2𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 = RHS
Hence, LHS = RHS

13. T-ratios of Complementary Angles
(b) Trigonometric ratios of complementary angles:
(i) sin (90°- A) = cos A
(ii) cos (90°- A) = sin A
(iii) tan (90° - A) = cot A
(iv) cot (90° - A) = tan A
(v) sec (90° - A) = cosec A
(vi) cosec (90° - A) = sec A
(c) Problems based on the relations given above (b).
EXERCISE 13
1. Without using trigonometric tables, evaluate the following:

𝑡𝑎𝑛700 𝑠𝑖𝑛150
(i) (ii)
𝑐𝑜𝑡200 𝑐𝑜𝑠750
0 0
(iii) 𝑐𝑜𝑠58 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛32 (iv) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐240 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐660
𝑡𝑎𝑛700 𝑐𝑜𝑡(900 −700 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑡200
Solution: (i) = = =1
𝑐𝑜𝑡200 𝑐𝑜𝑡200 𝑐𝑜𝑡200
𝑠𝑖𝑛150 𝑐𝑜𝑠(900 −150 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠750
(ii) = = =1
𝑐𝑜𝑠750 𝑐𝑜𝑠750 𝑐𝑜𝑠750
(iii) 𝑐𝑜𝑠580 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛32 0
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛(900 − 580 ) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛320 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛320 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛320 = 0

(iv) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐240 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐660
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐(900 − 240 ) − 𝑠𝑒𝑐660 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐660 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐660 = 0
2. Prove that:
(i) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠(900 − 𝐴) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛(900 − 𝐴)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 = 1
Solution: LHS = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠(900 − 𝐴) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛(900 − 𝐴)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴
=1
= RHS proved.
(ii) 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐(90 − 𝐴) − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑡(900 − 𝐴) = 1
0
Solution: LHS = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐(900 − 𝐴) − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑡(900 − 𝐴)

= 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴
=1
= RHS proved.
(iii) 𝑠𝑒𝑐(900 − 𝐴)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛(900 − 𝐴)𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴 = 1
Solution: LHS = 𝑠𝑒𝑐(900 − 𝐴)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛(900 − 𝐴)𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝐴
=1
= RHS proved.
𝑐𝑜𝑠(900 −𝐴) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(900 −𝐴)
(iv) + =2
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
𝑐𝑜𝑠(900 −𝐴) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(900 −𝐴)
Solution: LHS = +
= +
=1+1
=2
= RHS proved.
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠(900 −𝐴)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛(900 −𝐴)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
(v) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 − − =0
𝑠𝑒𝑐(900 −𝐴) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐(900 −𝐴)
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠(900 −𝐴)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛(900 −𝐴)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
Solution: LHS = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 − −
𝑠𝑒𝑐(900 −𝐴) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐(900 −𝐴)
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 − −
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 − 1 − 1
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 × − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 ×
1 1
3 3
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴)
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴{1 − (𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴)}
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴(1 − 1)
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 × 0
=0
= RHS proved.
(vi) + = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴
𝑠𝑖𝑛(900 −𝐴) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(900 −𝐴)
Solution: LHS = +
𝑠𝑖𝑛(900 −𝐴) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(900 −𝐴)
= +
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴+𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴
=
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
1
=
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
1 1
= .
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴
= RHS proved.
𝑐𝑜𝑠(900 −𝐴) 1+𝑠𝑖𝑛(900 −𝐴)
(vii) + = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴
1+𝑠𝑖𝑛(900 −𝐴) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(900 −𝐴)
𝑐𝑜𝑠(900 −𝐴) 1+𝑠𝑖𝑛(900 −𝐴)

Solution: LHS = +
1+𝑠𝑖𝑛(900 −𝐴) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(900 −𝐴)
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
= +
1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴+(1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴)2
= (1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴+12 +2.1.𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴+𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴+1+2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴+𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴
(𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴+𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴)+1+2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
1+1+2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
2+2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
2(1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴)
2
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
1
= 2.
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
= 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴
= RHS proved.
(viii) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (900 − 𝐴) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (900 − 𝐴) − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝐴

Solution: LHS = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (900 − 𝐴)
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
=1
RHS = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (900 − 𝐴) − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝐴
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝐴
=1
LHS = RHS proved.
𝑐𝑜𝑡(900 −𝐴)𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴
(ix) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 = 0
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴
𝑐𝑜𝑡(900 −𝐴)𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴
Solution: LHS = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴
= − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴
𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴
= − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝐴
= 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝐴
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴
= × − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 1
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
2
=0
= RHS proved.
𝑡𝑎𝑛(900 −𝐴) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐(900 −𝐴)𝑠𝑖𝑛(900 −𝐴)𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴
(x) + =2
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠(900 −𝐴)𝑠𝑒𝑐(900 −𝐴)𝑐𝑜𝑡(900 −𝐴)
𝑡𝑎𝑛(900 −𝐴) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐(900 −𝐴)𝑠𝑖𝑛(900 −𝐴)𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴
Solution: LHS = +
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠(900 −𝐴)𝑠𝑒𝑐(900 −𝐴)𝑐𝑜𝑡(900 −𝐴)
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴
= +
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
=1+
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴
1
.𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
=1+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴.
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
=1+1
=2
= RHS proved.
3. Evaluate the following:

(i) 𝑠𝑖𝑛250 𝑐𝑜𝑠650 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠250 𝑠𝑖𝑛650
Solution: 𝑠𝑖𝑛250 𝑐𝑜𝑠650 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠250 𝑠𝑖𝑛650
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛250 𝑠𝑖𝑛(900 − 650 ) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠250 𝑐𝑜𝑠(900 − 650 )
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛250 𝑠𝑖𝑛250 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠250 𝑐𝑜𝑠250
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 250 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 250
=1
(ii) 𝑡𝑎𝑛480 𝑡𝑎𝑛230 𝑡𝑎𝑛420 𝑡𝑎𝑛670
Solution: 𝑡𝑎𝑛480 𝑡𝑎𝑛230 𝑡𝑎𝑛420 𝑡𝑎𝑛670
= 𝑐𝑜𝑡(900 − 480 )𝑐𝑜𝑡(900 − 230 )𝑡𝑎𝑛420 𝑡𝑎𝑛670
1 1
= 𝑐𝑜𝑡420 𝑐𝑜𝑡670 . .
𝑐𝑜𝑡420 𝑐𝑜𝑡670
=1
(iii) 𝑐𝑜𝑠380 𝑐𝑜𝑠520 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛380 𝑠𝑖𝑛520
Solution: 𝑐𝑜𝑠380 𝑐𝑜𝑠520 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛380 𝑠𝑖𝑛520
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛(900 − 380 )𝑐𝑜𝑠520 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠(900 − 380 )𝑠𝑖𝑛520
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛520 𝑐𝑜𝑠520 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠520 𝑠𝑖𝑛520
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛520 𝑐𝑜𝑠520 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛520 𝑐𝑜𝑠520
=0
(iv) 𝑠𝑒𝑐500 𝑠𝑖𝑛400 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠400 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐500
Solution: 𝑠𝑒𝑐500 𝑠𝑖𝑛400 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠400 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐500
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐(900 − 500 )𝑠𝑖𝑛400 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠400 𝑠𝑒𝑐(900 − 500 )
1 1
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐400 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐400
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐400 𝑠𝑒𝑐400
=1+1
=2
𝑐𝑜𝑠780
(i) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠490 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐410
𝑠𝑖𝑛120
𝑐𝑜𝑠780
Solution: + 𝑐𝑜𝑠490 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐410
𝑠𝑖𝑛120
𝑠𝑖𝑛(900 −780 )
= + 𝑠𝑖𝑛(900 − 490 )𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐410
𝑠𝑖𝑛120
𝑠𝑖𝑛120 1
= + 𝑠𝑖𝑛410
𝑠𝑖𝑛120 𝑠𝑖𝑛410
=1+1
=2
2𝑡𝑎𝑛530 𝑐𝑜𝑡800
(ii) −
𝑐𝑜𝑡370 2𝑡𝑎𝑛100
2𝑡𝑎𝑛530 𝑐𝑜𝑡800
Solution: −
2𝑐𝑜𝑡(900 −530 ) 𝑡𝑎𝑛(900 −800 )
= −
2𝑐𝑜𝑡37 0 𝑡𝑎𝑛100
= −
1
=2−
2
4−1
=
2
3
=
2
sin 500 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐400
(iii) 0
+ − 4𝑐𝑜𝑠500 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐400
𝑐𝑜𝑠40 𝑠𝑒𝑐500
sin 500 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐400
Solution: 0
+ − 4𝑐𝑜𝑠500 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐400
𝑐𝑜𝑠(900 −500 ) 𝑠𝑒𝑐(900 −400 )
= + − 4𝑠𝑖𝑛(900 − 500 )𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐400
𝑐𝑜𝑠400 𝑐𝑜𝑠400 1
= + − 4𝑠𝑖𝑛400
𝑐𝑜𝑠400 𝑠𝑒𝑐500 𝑠𝑖𝑛400
=1+1−4
=2−4
= −2
𝑐𝑜𝑠740 𝑠𝑖𝑛110
(iv) + − 𝑐𝑜𝑠150 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐750
𝑠𝑖𝑛160 𝑐𝑜𝑠790
𝑐𝑜𝑠740 𝑠𝑖𝑛110
Solution: + − 𝑐𝑜𝑠150 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐750
𝑠𝑖𝑛(900 −740 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(900 −110 )
= + − 𝑠𝑖𝑛(900 − 150 )𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐750
𝑠𝑖𝑛160 𝑐𝑜𝑠790 1
= + − 𝑠𝑖𝑛750 .
𝑠𝑖𝑛160 𝑐𝑜𝑠790 𝑠𝑖𝑛750
=1 + 1 − 1
=2−1
=1
2 2
(v) (
𝑐𝑜𝑠430
) + (𝑠𝑖𝑛390 ) − 4𝑠𝑖𝑛2 450
2 2
Solution: (𝑐𝑜𝑠430 ) + (𝑠𝑖𝑛390 ) − 4𝑠𝑖𝑛2 450
2 2 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠(900 −470 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(900 −510 ) 1
=( ) +( ) − 4 ( 2)
𝑐𝑜𝑠430 𝑠𝑖𝑛390 √
2 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠430 𝑠𝑖𝑛390 1
=( ) + (𝑠𝑖𝑛390) − 4 × 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠430
=12 + 12 − 2
=2−2
=0
2
3𝑐𝑜𝑠430 𝑐𝑜𝑠370 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐530
(i) ( ) − 𝑡𝑎𝑛50𝑡𝑎𝑛250 𝑡𝑎𝑛450𝑡𝑎𝑛650 𝑡𝑎𝑛850
𝑠𝑖𝑛470
2
3𝑐𝑜𝑠430 𝑐𝑜𝑠370 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐530
Solution: ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛470 ) − 𝑡𝑎𝑛50𝑡𝑎𝑛250 𝑡𝑎𝑛450𝑡𝑎𝑛650 𝑡𝑎𝑛850
2
3𝑠𝑖𝑛(900 −430 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(900 −370 )𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐530
=( ) − 𝑐𝑜𝑡(900−50)𝐶𝑜𝑡(900−250).1.𝑡𝑎𝑛650 𝑡𝑎𝑛850
𝑠𝑖𝑛470
2 1
3𝑠𝑖𝑛470 𝑠𝑖𝑛530
𝑠𝑖𝑛530
=( ) − 1 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛470 𝑐𝑜𝑡850 𝐶𝑜𝑡650 ×
𝐶𝑜𝑡650 𝑐𝑜𝑡850
1
= 32 −
1
=9−1
=8
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 320 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 580
(ii) − 4𝑡𝑎𝑛130 𝑡𝑎𝑛370 𝑡𝑎𝑛530 𝑡𝑎𝑛770
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 500 −𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 400
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 320 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 580
Solution: 0 0
− 4𝑡𝑎𝑛13 𝑡𝑎𝑛37 𝑡𝑎𝑛530 𝑡𝑎𝑛770
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 500 −𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 400
𝑠𝑖𝑛 (900 −320 )+𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 580
2 1 1
= − 4𝑐𝑜𝑡(900 − 130 )𝑐𝑜𝑡(900 − 370 ) ×
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (900 −500 )−𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 400 𝑐𝑜𝑡530 𝑐𝑜𝑡770
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 580 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 580 1 1
= − 4𝑐𝑜𝑡770 𝑐𝑜𝑡530 ×
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 400 −𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 400 𝑐𝑜𝑡530 𝑐𝑜𝑡770
1
= −4
1
=1−4
= −3
Evaluate the following (Qs 6 – 12):
𝑐𝑜𝑠700 𝑐𝑜𝑠550 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐350
6. 0
+
𝑠𝑖𝑛20 𝑡𝑎𝑛50 𝑡𝑎𝑛250 𝑡𝑎𝑛450 𝑡𝑎𝑛650 𝑡𝑎𝑛850
𝑐𝑜𝑠700 𝑐𝑜𝑠550 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐350
Solution: +
𝑠𝑖𝑛200 𝑡𝑎𝑛50 𝑡𝑎𝑛250 𝑡𝑎𝑛450 𝑡𝑎𝑛650 𝑡𝑎𝑛850
𝑠𝑖𝑛(900 −700 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(900 −550 )𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐350
= +
𝑠𝑖𝑛200 𝑐𝑜𝑡(900 −50 )𝑐𝑜𝑡(900 −250 ).1.𝑡𝑎𝑛650 𝑡𝑎𝑛850
1
𝑠𝑖𝑛200 𝑠𝑖𝑛350
𝑠𝑖𝑛350
= + 1 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛200 𝑐𝑜𝑡850 𝑐𝑜𝑡650 . ×
1
=1+
1
=1+1−4
=2
3𝑐𝑜𝑠550 4(𝑐𝑜𝑠700 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐200 )
7. 0
−
7𝑠𝑖𝑛35 7(𝑡𝑎𝑛50 𝑡𝑎𝑛250 𝑡𝑎𝑛450 𝑡𝑎𝑛650 𝑡𝑎𝑛850 )
3𝑐𝑜𝑠550 4(𝑐𝑜𝑠700 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐200 )
Solution: −
7𝑠𝑖𝑛350 7(𝑡𝑎𝑛50 𝑡𝑎𝑛250 𝑡𝑎𝑛450 𝑡𝑎𝑛650 𝑡𝑎𝑛850 )
3𝑠𝑖𝑛(900 −550 ) 4𝑠𝑖𝑛(900 −700 )𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐200
= −
7𝑠𝑖𝑛350 7𝑐𝑜𝑡(900 −50 )𝑐𝑜𝑡(900 −250 ).1.𝑡𝑎𝑛650 𝑡𝑎𝑛850
1
3𝑠𝑖𝑛350 4𝑠𝑖𝑛200
𝑠𝑖𝑛200
= − 1 1
7𝑠𝑖𝑛350 7𝑐𝑜𝑡850 𝑐𝑜𝑡650 . ×
3 4
= −
7 7
3−4
=
7
−1
=
7
𝑠𝑖𝑛180
8. + √3[𝑡𝑎𝑛100 𝑡𝑎𝑛300 𝑡𝑎𝑛400 𝑡𝑎𝑛500 𝑡𝑎𝑛800 ]
𝑐𝑜𝑠720
𝑠𝑖𝑛180
Solution: + √3[𝑡𝑎𝑛100 𝑡𝑎𝑛300 𝑡𝑎𝑛400 𝑡𝑎𝑛500 𝑡𝑎𝑛800 ]
𝑐𝑜𝑠720
𝑐𝑜𝑠(900 −180 ) 1
= + √3 [𝑐𝑜𝑡(900 − 100 ). . 𝑐𝑜𝑡(900 − 400 )𝑡𝑎𝑛500 𝑡𝑎𝑛800 ]
𝑐𝑜𝑠720 √3
𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠720 1 1
= + 𝑐𝑜𝑡800 𝑐𝑜𝑡500 ×
𝑐𝑜𝑠720 𝑐𝑜𝑡500 𝑐𝑜𝑡800
1
= 1+
1
=1+1
=2
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 400 +𝑠𝑖𝑛2 500
9. + 𝑡𝑎𝑛100 𝑡𝑎𝑛200 𝑡𝑎𝑛600 𝑡𝑎𝑛700 𝑡𝑎𝑛800
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 200 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 700
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 400 +𝑠𝑖𝑛2 500
Solution: 0
+ 𝑡𝑎𝑛10 𝑡𝑎𝑛20 𝑡𝑎𝑛60 𝑡𝑎𝑛700 𝑡𝑎𝑛800
0 0
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 200 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 700
𝑠𝑖𝑛 400 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (900 −500 )
2
= + 𝑐𝑜𝑡(900 − 100 )𝑐𝑜𝑡(900 − 200 ). √3. 𝑡𝑎𝑛700 𝑡𝑎𝑛800
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (900 −200 )+𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 700
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 400 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 400 1 1
= + √3𝑐𝑜𝑡800 𝑐𝑜𝑡700 ×
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 700 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 700 𝑐𝑜𝑡700 𝑐𝑜𝑡800
1
= + √3
1
= 1 + √3
𝑠𝑖𝑛150 𝑐𝑜𝑠750 +𝑐𝑜𝑠150 𝑠𝑖𝑛750
10. (𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 100 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 800 ) +
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛(900 −𝜃)+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠(900 −𝜃)
𝑠𝑖𝑛150 𝑐𝑜𝑠750 +𝑐𝑜𝑠150 𝑠𝑖𝑛750
Solution: (𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 100 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 80 ) +2 0
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛(900 −𝜃)+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠(900 −𝜃)
𝑠𝑖𝑛150 𝑠𝑖𝑛(900 −750 )+𝑐𝑜𝑠150 𝑐𝑜𝑠(900 −750 )
= (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (900 − 100 ) − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 800 ) +
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛15 0 𝑠𝑖𝑛150 +𝑐𝑜𝑠150 𝑐𝑜𝑠150
= (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 800 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 80 ) + 2 0
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 150 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 150
=1+
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃+𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
1
=1+
1
=2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 560 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 340
11. + 3𝑡𝑎𝑛2 560 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 340
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 560 +𝑠𝑖𝑛2 34 0
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 560 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 340
Solution: 2
+ 3𝑡𝑎𝑛 560 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 340
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 560 +𝑠𝑖𝑛2 34 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛 (900 −560 )+𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 340
2
= + 3𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 (900 − 560 )𝑡𝑎𝑛2 340
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 560 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (900 −34 0 )
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 340 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 340 1
= + 3𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 340 ×
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 560 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 560 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 34 0
1
= +3
1
=1+3
=4
𝑐𝑜𝑠700 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐360 2𝑐𝑜𝑠430 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐470

12. 0
+ −
𝑠𝑖𝑛20 𝑠𝑒𝑐54 0 𝑡𝑎𝑛100 𝑡𝑎𝑛400 𝑡𝑎𝑛500 𝑡𝑎𝑛800
𝑐𝑜𝑠700 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐360 2𝑐𝑜𝑠430 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐470
Solution: + −
𝑠𝑖𝑛200 𝑠𝑒𝑐54 0 𝑡𝑎𝑛100 𝑡𝑎𝑛400 𝑡𝑎𝑛500 𝑡𝑎𝑛800
𝑠𝑖𝑛(900 −700 ) 𝑠𝑒𝑐(90 −360 )
0 2𝑠𝑖𝑛(900 −430 )𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐470
= + −
𝑠𝑖𝑛200 𝑠𝑒𝑐54 0 𝑐𝑜𝑡(900 −100 )𝑐𝑜𝑡(900 −400 )𝑡𝑎𝑛500 𝑡𝑎𝑛800
1
𝑠𝑖𝑛200 𝑠𝑒𝑐540 2𝑠𝑖𝑛470
𝑠𝑖𝑛470
= + − 1 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛200 𝑠𝑒𝑐54 0 𝑐𝑜𝑡800 𝑐𝑜𝑡500 ×
2
=1+1−
1
=2−2
=0
13. Prove that:
(i) 𝑡𝑎𝑛10 𝑡𝑎𝑛20 𝑡𝑎𝑛30 … … 𝑡𝑎𝑛890 = 1
1
(ii) 𝑐𝑜𝑡70 𝑐𝑜𝑡170 𝑐𝑜𝑡600 𝑐𝑜𝑡730 𝑐𝑜𝑡830 =
√3
1
(iii) 𝑐𝑜𝑠120 𝑐𝑜𝑠320 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐580 𝑐𝑜𝑠600 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐780 =
2
0 0 0 0
Solution: (i)
𝑡𝑎𝑛1 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 … … 𝑡𝑎𝑛89 = 1
LHS = 𝑡𝑎𝑛10 𝑡𝑎𝑛20 𝑡𝑎𝑛30 … … 𝑡𝑎𝑛890
= 𝑐𝑜𝑡(900 − 10 )𝑐𝑜𝑡(900 − 20 )𝑐𝑜𝑡(900 − 30 ) … 𝑡𝑎𝑛450 … 𝑡𝑎𝑛870 𝑡𝑎𝑛880 𝑡𝑎𝑛890
1 1 1
= 𝑐𝑜𝑡890 𝑐𝑜𝑡880 𝑐𝑜𝑡870 … 1 … × ×
𝑐𝑜𝑡870 𝑐𝑜𝑡880 𝑐𝑜𝑡890
=1
= RHS proved
1
(ii) 𝑐𝑜𝑡70 𝑐𝑜𝑡170 𝑐𝑜𝑡600 𝑐𝑜𝑡730 𝑐𝑜𝑡830 =
√3
LHS = 𝑐𝑜𝑡7 𝑐𝑜𝑡17 𝑐𝑜𝑡60 𝑐𝑜𝑡73 𝑐𝑜𝑡830
0 0 0 0
1
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛(900 − 70 )𝑡𝑎𝑛(900 − 170 ). . 𝑐𝑜𝑡730 𝑐𝑜𝑡830
√3
1 1 1
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛830 𝑡𝑎𝑛730 . . 0
×
√3 𝑡𝑎𝑛73 𝑡𝑎𝑛830
1
=
√3
= RHS proved
1
(iii) 𝑐𝑜𝑠120 𝑐𝑜𝑠320 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐580 𝑐𝑜𝑠600 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐780 =
2
LHS = 𝑐𝑜𝑠12 𝑐𝑜𝑠32 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐58 𝑐𝑜𝑠60 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐780
0 0 0 0
1
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛(900 − 120 )𝑠𝑖𝑛(900 − 320 )𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐580 . . 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐780
2
0 1 1 1
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛78 𝑠𝑖𝑛580 . . ×
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛580 𝑠𝑖𝑛780
1
=
2
= RHS proved
14. Express each of the following in terms of trigonometric ratios of angle between
00 and 450:
(i) 𝑐𝑜𝑡850 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠750 (ii) 𝑠𝑖𝑛700 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐800 (iii) 𝑐𝑜𝑠650 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛550
(iv) 𝑡𝑎𝑛660 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡580 (v) 𝑠𝑒𝑐770 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐540 (vi) 𝑠𝑖𝑛620 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛670
Solution: (i) 𝑐𝑜𝑡850 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠750

= 𝑡𝑎𝑛(900 − 850 ) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛(900 − 750 )
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛50 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛150
(ii) 𝑠𝑖𝑛700 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐800
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠(900 − 700 ) + 𝑠𝑒𝑐(900 − 800 )
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠200 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐100
(iii) 𝑐𝑜𝑠650 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛550
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛(900 − 650 ) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(900 − 550 )
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛250 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠350
(iv) 𝑡𝑎𝑛660 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡580
= 𝑐𝑜𝑡(900 − 660 ) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛(900 − 580 )
= 𝑐𝑜𝑡240 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛320
(v) 𝑠𝑒𝑐770 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐540
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐(900 − 770 ) + 𝑠𝑒𝑐(900 − 540 )
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐130 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐360
(vi) 𝑠𝑖𝑛620 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛670
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠(900 − 620 ) + 𝑐𝑜𝑡(900 − 670 )
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠280 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡230
15.Prove that: 𝑡𝑎𝑛θ + 𝑡𝑎𝑛(900 − θ) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑐(900 − θ)
Solution: LHS = 𝑡𝑎𝑛θ + 𝑡𝑎𝑛(900 − θ)
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛θ + 𝑐𝑜𝑡θ
𝑠𝑖𝑛θ 𝑐𝑜𝑠θ
= +
𝑐𝑜𝑠θ 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 θ+𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 θ
=
𝑐𝑜𝑠θ𝑠𝑖𝑛θ
1
=
𝑐𝑜𝑠θ𝑠𝑖𝑛θ
1 1
= .
𝑐𝑜𝑠θ 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐θ𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐θ
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐θ𝑠𝑒𝑐(900 − θ)
= RHS proved
16.Prove that:
(i) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(450 + θ) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠(450 − θ) = 0
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (450 +θ)+𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (450 −θ)
(ii) =1
𝑡𝑎𝑛(600 +θ)𝑡𝑎𝑛(300 −θ)
Solution: (i) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(450 + θ) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠(450 − θ) = 0
LHS = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(450 + θ) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠(450 − θ)
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠{900 − (450 + θ)} − 𝑐𝑜𝑠(450 − θ)
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠(900 − 450 − θ) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠(450 − θ)
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠(450 − θ) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠(450 − θ)
=0
= RHS proved
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (450 +θ)+𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (450 −θ)
(ii) =1
𝑡𝑎𝑛(600 +θ)𝑡𝑎𝑛(300 −θ)
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (450 +θ)+𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (450 −θ)
LHS =
𝑡𝑎𝑛(600 +θ)𝑡𝑎𝑛(300 −θ)
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 {900 −(450 +θ)}+𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (450 −θ)
=
𝑐𝑜𝑡{900 −(600 +θ)}𝑡𝑎𝑛(300 −θ)
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (900 −450 −θ)+𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (450 −θ)
=
𝑐𝑜𝑡(900 −600 −θ)𝑡𝑎𝑛(300 −θ)
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (450 −θ)+𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (450 −θ)
= 1
𝑐𝑜𝑡(300 −θ)
𝑐𝑜𝑡(300 −θ)
1
=
1
=1
= RHS proved
17.If 𝑠𝑖𝑛3θ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(θ − 260 ), where 3θ is an acute angle, find the value of θ.
Solution: 𝑠𝑖𝑛3θ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(θ − 260 )
⇒ 𝑠𝑖𝑛3θ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛{900 − (θ − 260 )}
⇒ 3θ = 900 − θ + 260
⇒ 3θ + θ = 1160
⇒ 4θ = 1160
1160
⇒ θ=
4
 θ = 290
18. If 𝑠𝑒𝑐4θ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐(θ − 200 ), where 4θ is an acute angle, find the value of θ.
Solution: 𝑠𝑒𝑐4θ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐(θ − 200 )
⇒ 𝑠𝑒𝑐4θ = 𝑠𝑒𝑐{900 − (θ − 200 )}
⇒ 4θ = 900 − θ + 200
⇒ 4θ + θ = 1100
⇒ 5θ = 1100
1100
⇒ θ=
5
 θ = 220
14. Heights and Distances:
- Simple problems on heights and distances.
(i) Problems should not involve more than two right triangles and it must be of the types
as the figures given below:
(a) (b) (c)

(ii) Angles of elevation/depression should be only 30°, 45°, 60°
Omitted portion: Problems other than mentioned in the revised course (above)
EXERCISE – 14
1. A kite is flying at a height of 60 m above the ground. The string attached to the kite is
temporarily tied to a point on the ground. The inclination of the string with the ground
is 600. Find the length of the string, assuming that there is no slack in the string.
A
Solution: Let AC be the length of string.
AB = 60 m
60 m
In rt. ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶,
600
𝐴𝐵
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛600 C B
𝐴𝐶
60 √3
⇒ =
𝐴𝐶 2
⇒ √3𝐴𝐶 = 120
120 120 √3 120√3
⇒ 𝐴𝐶 = = × = = 40√3
√3 √3 √3 3
 The length of string is 40√3 m.
4. From a point on the ground, the angle of elevation of the bottom and the top of a C
transmission tower fixed at the top of a 20 m high building are 450 and 600
respectively. Find the height of the tower.
D
Solution: Let BC be the height of the transmission tower.
BD = 20 m 20 m
600
In rt. ∆𝐴𝐵𝐷, 450
A B
𝐵𝐷
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛450
𝐴𝐵
20
⇒ =1
𝐴𝐵
⇒ 𝐴𝐵 = 20
Also, in rt. ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶,

𝐵𝐶
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛600
𝐴𝐵
𝐵𝐶
⇒ = √3
20
⇒ 𝐵𝐶 = 20√3
So, CD = BC − BD
= 20√3 + 20
= 20(√3 − 1)
Hence, the height of the tower is 20(√3 − 1) m.
5. A statue, 1.6 m tall, stands on the top of a pedestal, from a point on the ground, the
angle of elevation of the top of the statue is 600 and from the same point the angle of
elevation of the top of a pedestal is 450. Find the height of the pedestal.
Solution: Let CD and BD be the height of the statue and pedestal respectively.
C
CD = 1.6 m
1.6 m
In rt. ∆𝐴𝐵𝐷,
D
𝐵𝐷 0
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛45
𝐴𝐵
𝐵𝐷 600
⇒ =1
𝐴𝐵
450
⇒ 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐷 ….. (i) A B

𝐵𝐶
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛600
𝐴𝐵
𝐵𝐷+1.6
⇒ = √3 using (i)
𝐵𝐷
⇒ √3𝐵𝐷 = 𝐵𝐷 + 1.6
⇒ √3𝐵𝐷 − 𝐵𝐷 = 1.6
⇒ (√3 − 1)𝐵𝐷 = 1.6

1.6
⇒ 𝐵𝐷 =
√3−1
1.6 √3+1
⇒ 𝐵𝐷 = ×
√3−1 √3+1
1.6(√3+1)
⇒ 𝐵𝐷 = 2
(√3) −12
1.6(√3+1)
⇒ 𝐵𝐷 =
3−1
1.6(√3+1)
⇒ 𝐵𝐷 =
2
⇒ 𝐵𝐷 = 0.8(√3 + 1)
Hence, the height of the pedestal is 0.8(√3 + 1) m.
6. The shadow of a tower standing on a level ground is found to be 40 m longer when the
altitude is 300 than when it is 600. Find the height of the tower.
Solution: Let CD be the height of the tower. D
AB = 40 m
In rt. ∆𝐵𝐶𝐷,
𝐶𝐷
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛600
𝐵𝐶 300 600
𝐶𝐷 A 40 m B C
⇒ = √3
𝐵𝐶
⇒ √3𝐵𝐶 = 𝐶𝐷
𝐶𝐷
⇒ 𝐵𝐶 = ….. (i)
√3
Also, in rt. ∆𝐴𝐶𝐷,

𝐶𝐷
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛300
𝐴𝐶
𝐶𝐷 1
⇒ =
40+𝐵𝐶 √3
𝐶𝐷
⇒ √3𝐶𝐷 = 40 + using (i)
√3
40√3+𝐶𝐷
⇒ √3𝐶𝐷 =
√3
⇒ 3𝐶𝐷 = 40√3 + 𝐶𝐷
⇒ 3𝐶𝐷 − 𝐶𝐷 = 40√3
⇒ 2𝐶𝐷 = 40√3
40√3
⇒ 𝐶𝐷 =
2
⇒ 𝐶𝐷 = 20√3
Hence, the height of the tower is 20√3 m.
10. A TV tower stands vertically on the bank of a canal. From a point on the other bank
directly opposite the tower, the angle of elevation of the top of the tower is 60 0. From
another point 20 m away from this point on the line joining this point to the foot of the
tower, the angle of elevation of the top of the tower is 300. Find the height of the tower
and the width of the canal.
D
Solution: Let CD be the height of the tower.
AB = 20 m
𝐶𝐷
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛600 300 600
𝐵𝐶
A 20 m B C
𝐶𝐷
⇒ = √3
𝐵𝐶
⇒ √3𝐵𝐶 = 𝐶𝐷
𝐶𝐷
⇒ 𝐵𝐶 = ….. (i)
√3

𝐶𝐷
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛300
𝐴𝐶
𝐶𝐷 1
⇒ =
20+𝐵𝐶 √3
𝐶𝐷
⇒ √3𝐶𝐷 = 20 + using (i)
√3
20√3+𝐶𝐷
⇒ √3𝐶𝐷 =
√3
⇒ 3𝐶𝐷 = 20√3 + 𝐶𝐷
⇒ 3𝐶𝐷 − 𝐶𝐷 = 20√3
⇒ 2𝐶𝐷 = 20√3
20√3
⇒ 𝐶𝐷 =
2
⇒ 𝐶𝐷 = 10√3
 The height of the tower is 10√3 m.
Again, from equation (i)
10√3
𝐵𝐶 = = 10
√3
Hence, wide of the river is 10 m.
11. As observed from the top of a 75 m high lighthouse from the sea level, the angles of
depression of two ships are 300 and 450. If one ship is exactly behind the other on the
same side of the lighthouse, find the distance between the two ships.
Solution: Let AB be the distance between the two ships.
CD = 75 m 300 45
0 D
𝐶𝐷 75 m
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛450
𝐵𝐶
75
⇒ =1 300 450
𝐵𝐶
A B C
⇒ 𝐵𝐶 = 75 ….. (i)

𝐶𝐷
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛300
𝐴𝐶
75 1
⇒ =
𝐴𝐵+𝐵𝐶 √3
⇒ 𝐴𝐵 + 75 = 75√3 using (i)
⇒ 𝐴𝐵 = 75√3 − 75
⇒ 𝐴𝐵 = 75(√3 − 1)
 The distance between the two ships is 75(√3 − 1) m.
12. From a point on the ground the angle of elevation of the top of a 11 m tall building is
300. A flag is hoisted at the top of the building and the angle of elevation of the
flagstaff from P is 450. Find the length of the flagstaff and the distance of the building
from the point P. (you may take √3 = 1.732)
Solution: Let CD and BD be the length of the flagstaff and the height of building C
respectively.
BD = 10 m
D
10 m
𝐵𝐷 0 450
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛30
𝐴𝐵
300
⇒
10
=
1 A B
𝐴𝐵 √3
⇒ 𝐴𝐵 = 10√3 ….. (i)

𝐵𝐶
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛450
𝐴𝐵
10+𝐶𝐷
⇒ =1 using (i)
10√3
⇒ 10 + 𝐶𝐷 = 10√3
⇒ 𝐶𝐷 = 10√3 − 10
⇒ 𝐶𝐷 = 10(√3 − 1)
Hence, the length of the flagstaff is 10(√3 − 1) m
= 10(1.732 − 1) m
= 10 × 0.732 m
= 7.32 m
Also, distance of the building from the point P is 10√3 m
= 10 × 1.732 m
= 17.32 m
14. The angle of elevation at the top of tower from two points at a distance of 4 m and 9 m
from the base of the tower and in the same straight line with it are complementary.
Prove that the height of the tower is 6 m.
BC = 4 m, AC = 9 m D
𝐵𝐶
= 𝐶𝑜𝑡(900 − 𝜃)
𝐶𝐷
4
⇒ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 ….. (i) 900 − 𝜃
𝐶𝐷 𝜃
A B 4m C
Also, in rt. ∆𝐴𝐶𝐷, 9m
𝐶𝐷
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
𝐴𝐶
𝐶𝐷
⇒ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 ….. (i)
9
From (i) and (ii), we get

4 𝐶𝐷
=
𝐶𝐷 9
⇒ 𝐶𝐷2 = 36
⇒ 𝐶𝐷 = √36
⇒ 𝐶𝐷 = 6
 The height of the tower is 6 m.
16. The angle of elevation at the top of a tower from a certain point is 300. If the observer
moves 20 m towards the tower, the angle of elevation of the top increases 150. Find
the height of the tower.

D
AB = 20 m
𝐶𝐷
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛450
𝐵𝐶
300 450
𝐶𝐷
⇒ =1 A 20 m B C
𝐵𝐶
⇒ 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐶𝐷 ….. (i)
𝐶𝐷
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛300
𝐴𝐶
𝐶𝐷 1
⇒ =
20+𝐵𝐶 √3
⇒ √3𝐶𝐷 = 20 + 𝐶𝐷 using (i)
⇒ √3𝐶𝐷 − 𝐶𝐷 = 20
⇒ (√3 − 1)𝐶𝐷 = 20
20
⇒ 𝐶𝐷 =
√3−1
20 √3+1
⇒ 𝐶𝐷 = ×
√3−1 √3+1
20(√3+1)
⇒ 𝐶𝐷 = 2
(√3) −12
20(√3+1)
⇒ 𝐶𝐷 =
3−1
20(√3+1)
⇒ 𝐶𝐷 =
2
⇒ 𝐶𝐷 = 10(√3 + 1)
 The height of the tower is 10(√3 + 1) m.
17. The angle of elevation of the top of a tower from a point A on the ground is 300. On
moving a distance of 30 m towards the foot of the tower point B, the angle of elevation
increases to 600. Find the height of the tower and the distance of the tower from the
point A.
AB = 30 m D
𝐶𝐷
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛600
𝐵𝐶
𝐶𝐷
⇒ = √3
𝐵𝐶 300 600
A 30 m B C
⇒ √3𝐵𝐶 = 𝐶𝐷
𝐶𝐷
⇒ 𝐵𝐶 = ….. (i)
√3

𝐶𝐷
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛300
𝐴𝐶
𝐶𝐷 1
⇒ =
30+𝐵𝐶 √3
𝐶𝐷
⇒ √3𝐶𝐷 = 30 + using (i)
√3
30√3+𝐶𝐷
⇒ √3𝐶𝐷 =
√3
⇒ 3𝐶𝐷 = 30√3 + 𝐶𝐷
⇒ 3𝐶𝐷 − 𝐶𝐷 = 30√3
⇒ 2𝐶𝐷 = 30√3
30√3
⇒ 𝐶𝐷 =
2
⇒ 𝐶𝐷 = 15√3
 The height of the tower is 15√3 m.
Again, from equation (i)
15√3
𝐵𝐶 = = 15
√3
Hence, distance of the tower from the point A is 30 + 15 = 45 m.
18. On a horizontal plane there is a vertical post with a flag pole. At a point, 9 m away
from the foot of the post, the angle of elevation of the top and bottom of the flagpole
are 600 and 300 respectively. Find the height of the post and the flagpole mounted on
it.
Solution: Let CD and BD be the height of the flagpole and post respectively.
C
AB = 9 m
D
𝐵𝐷 0
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛30
𝐴𝐵
𝐵𝐷 1 600
⇒ =
9 √3
300
A 9m B
9 9 √3 9√ 3
⇒ 𝐵𝐷 = = × = = 3 √3 ….. (i)
√3 √3 √3 3

𝐵𝐶
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛600
𝐴𝐵
𝐵𝐷+𝐶𝐷
⇒ = √3
9
⇒ 3√3 + 𝐶𝐷 = 9√3 using (i)
⇒ 𝐶𝐷 = 9√3 − 3√3
⇒ 𝐶𝐷 = 6√3
Hence, the height of the flagpole and post are 6√3 m and 3√3 m.
21. An aeroplane when flying at a height of 3000 m from the ground passes vertically
above another aeroplane at an instant when the angle of elevation of the two planes
from the same point on the ground are 600 and 450 respectively. Find the vertical
distance between the aeroplanes at that instant.
Solution: Let C and D be the positions of the two aeroplane.
BC = 3000 m C
𝐵𝐷
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛450 D
𝐴𝐵
3000 m
𝐵𝐷
⇒ =1 600
𝐴𝐵
450
⇒ 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐷 ….. (i)
A B
𝐵𝐶
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛600
𝐴𝐵
3000
⇒ = √3
𝐴𝐵
⇒ √3𝐴𝐵 = 3000
3000
⇒ 𝐴𝐵 =
√3
3000 √3
⇒ 𝐴𝐵 = ×
√3 √3
3000√3
⇒ 𝐴𝐵 =
3
⇒ 𝐴𝐵 = 1000√3
⇒ 𝐴𝐵 = 1000 × 1.73
⇒ 𝐴𝐵 = 1730
So, 𝐶𝐷 = 𝐵𝐶 − 𝐵𝐷 = 3000 − 1730 = 1270
Hence, the vertical distance between the areoplanes is 1270 m.
25. The angles of depression of two ships from the top of a light house and on the same
side of it are found to be 450 and 300 respectively. If the ships are 200 m apart, find the
height of the light house.
Solution: Let CD be the height of the light house.
AB = 200 m D
450
300
𝐶𝐷
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛450
𝐵𝐶
𝐶𝐷
⇒ =1
𝐵𝐶 300 450
A 200 m B C
⇒ 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐶𝐷 ….. (i)

𝐶𝐷
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛300
𝐴𝐶
𝐶𝐷 1
⇒ =
200+𝐵𝐶 √3
⇒ √3𝐶𝐷 = 200 + 𝐶𝐷 using (i)
⇒ √3𝐶𝐷 − 𝐶𝐷 = 200
⇒ (√3 − 1)𝐶𝐷 = 200

200
⇒ 𝐶𝐷 =
√3−1
200 √3+1
⇒ 𝐶𝐷 = ×
√3−1 √3+1
200(√3+1)
⇒ 𝐶𝐷 = 2
(√3) −12
200(√3+1)
⇒ 𝐶𝐷 =
3−1
200(√3+1)
⇒ 𝐶𝐷 =
2
⇒ 𝐶𝐷 = 100(√3 + 1)
 The height of the light house is 100(√3 + 1) m.

UNIT - VII MENSURATION
15. Areas Related to Circle:
(i) Problems based on areas and circumferences of a circles. (Ex.15.1)
Omitted portion:
(i) Areas of sectors and segments of a circle (Ex 15.2) (ii)
Areas of combination of plane figures (Ex 15.3)
Chapter 15
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒍𝒆 = 𝝅𝒓𝟐
𝑪𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒖𝒎𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒍𝒆 = 𝟐𝝅𝒓
EXERCISE 15.1
1. The radii of two circles are 15 cm and 12 cm respectively. Find the radius of the circle
which has circumference equal to the sum of the circumference of the two circles.
Solution: 𝑟1 = 15 cm, 𝑟2 = 12 cm and 𝑟 =?
Circumference of new circle = sum of circumference of two circles
⇒ 2𝜋𝑟 = 2𝜋𝑟1 + 2𝜋𝑟2
⇒ 2𝜋𝑟 = 2𝜋(𝑟1 + 𝑟2 )
⇒ 𝑟 = 𝑟1 + 𝑟2
⇒ 𝑟 = 15 + 12
⇒ 𝑟 = 27 cm
 Radius of new circle is 27 cm
3. The cost of fencing a circular field at the rate of ₹ 24 per metre is ₹ 5280. The field is
to be ploughed at the rate of ₹1 per m2. Find the cost of ploughing the field.
Solution: Circumference × rate per metre = cost of fencing
⇒ 2𝜋𝑟 × 24 = 5280
22
⇒ 2× 𝑟 × 24 = 5280
7
5280×7
⇒ 𝑟= = 35 m
2×22
Area of field = 𝜋𝑟 2
22
= × 35 × 35 = 3850 m2
7
Cost of ploughing the field = ₹ 1 × 3850 = ₹ 3850
4. The radii of two circles are 3 cm and 4 cm. Find the radius of a circle whose area is
equal to the sum of the areas of the two circles.
Area of new circle = sum of area of two circles
⇒ 𝜋𝑟 2 = 𝜋𝑟1 2 + 𝜋𝑟2 2
⇒ 𝜋𝑟 2 = 𝜋(𝑟1 2 + 𝑟2 2 )
⇒ 𝑟 2 = 𝑟1 2 + 𝑟2 2
⇒ 𝑟 2 = 32 + 42
⇒ 𝑟 2 = 9 + 16
⇒ 𝑟 = √25
⇒ 𝑟 = 5 cm
5. The radii of two circles are 16 cm and 12 cm. Find the radius of the circle having area
equal to the sum of the areas of the two circles.
Area of new circle = sum of area of two circles
⇒ 𝜋𝑟 2 = 𝜋𝑟1 2 + 𝜋𝑟2 2
⇒ 𝜋𝑟 2 = 𝜋(𝑟1 2 + 𝑟2 2 )
⇒ 𝑟 2 = 𝑟1 2 + 𝑟2 2
⇒ 𝑟 2 = 162 + 122
⇒ 𝑟 2 = 256 + 144
⇒ 𝑟 = √400
⇒ 𝑟 = 20 cm

6. Find the area of ring whose outer and inner radii are 19 cm and 16 cm respectively.
Solution: 𝑅 = 19 cm, and 𝑟 = 16 cm
area of ring = Difference of area of two circles
= 𝜋𝑅2 − 𝜋𝑟 2
= 𝜋(𝑅2 − 𝑟 2 )
= 𝜋(𝑅 + 𝑟)(𝑅 − 𝑟)
22
= (19 + 16)(19 − 16)
7
22
= × 35 × 3
7
= 22 × 5 × 3
= 330 cm2
 Area of ring is 330 cm2

16. Surface Areas and Volumes:
(i) Problems on finding surface areas and volumes of combinations of any two of the
following-cubes, cuboids, spheres, hemispheres and right circular cylinders/cones.
(Problems with combination of not more than two different solids be taken).
(ii) Problems involving converting one type of solid into another and other mixed
problems.
Omitted portion: Frustum of a cone (Ex. 16.3)
Chapter 16
EXERCISE 16.1
1. 2 cubes each of 10 cm are joined end to end. Find the surface area of the resulting
cuboid.
Solution: Here 𝑙 = 10 + 10 = 20 cm, 𝑏 = 10 cm, ℎ = 10 cm

2 cm
Surface area of cuboid = 2(𝑙𝑏 + 𝑏ℎ + 𝑙ℎ)
= 2(20 × 10 + 10 × 10 + 20 × 10) 2 cm
2 cm 2 cm
= 2(200 + 100 + 200)
= 2(500)
= 1000 cm2
2. A toy is in the form of a cone mounted on a hemisphere of a diameter 7 cm. The total
height of the toy is 14.5 cm. Find the volume and the total surface area of the toy.
7
Solution: 𝑟 = = 3.5 cm, ℎ = 14.5 − 3.5 = 11 cm
2
𝑙 = √𝑟 2 + ℎ2
11 cm
14.5 cm
= √3.52 + 112
= √12.25 + 121 7 cm
= √133.25
= 11.54 cm
Volume of toy = Volume of cone + Volume of hemisphere

1 2
= 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ + 𝜋𝑟 3
3 3
1
= 𝜋𝑟 2 (ℎ + 2𝑟)
3
1 22 7 7 7
= × × × (11 + 2 × )
3 7 2 2 2
77
= (11 + 7)
6
77
= × 18
6
= 231 cm3
Total surface area of toy = CSA of cone + CSA of hemisphere
= 𝜋𝑟𝑙 + 2𝜋𝑟 2
= 𝜋𝑟(𝑙 + 2𝑟)
22 7 7
= × (11.54 + 2 × )
7 2 2
= 11(11.54 + 7)
= 11 × 18.54
= 203.94 cm2
3. A circus tent is cylindrical up to a height of 3 m and conical above it. If the diameter
of the base is 105 m and slant height of the conical part is 53 m, find the total canvas
used in making the tent.
105
Solution: 𝑟= m, ℎ = 3 m
2
𝑙 = √𝑟 2 + ℎ2
3m
Total canvas used = CSA of cone + CSA of cylinder
= 𝜋𝑟𝑙 + 2𝜋𝑟ℎ 105 m
= 𝜋𝑟(𝑙 + 2ℎ)
22 105
= × (53 + 2 × 3)
7 2
= 165(53 + 6)
= 165 × 59
= 9735 m2
6. A tent is in the shape of a right circular cylinder up to a height of 3 m and conical

above it. The total height of the tent is 13.5 m and the radius of its base is 14 m. find
the cost of cloth required to make the tent at the rate of ₹ 80 per square metre.
Solution: 𝑟 = 14 m, 𝐻 = 3 m, ℎ = 13.5 − 3 = 10.5 m
𝑙 = √𝑟 2 + ℎ2
13.5 m
= √142 + 10.52
= √196 + 110.25
3m
= √306.25 14 m
= 17.5 m
Total surface area of tent = CSA of cone + CSA of cylinder
= 𝜋𝑟𝑙 + 2𝜋𝑟𝐻
= 𝜋𝑟(𝑙 + 2𝐻)
22
= × 14(17.5 + 2 × 3)
7
= 44(17.5 + 6)
= 44 × 23.5
= 1034 m2
Cost of cloth = ₹ 80 × 1034 = ₹ 82720

7. A solid wooden toy is in the shape of a right circular cone mounted on a hemisphere.
If the radius of the hemisphere is 4.2 m and the total height of the toy is 10.2 m, find
the volume of the wooden toy.
Solution: 𝑟 = 4.2m, ℎ = 10.2 − 4.2 = 6 m
10.2 cm
1 2
= 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ + 𝜋𝑟 3
3 3
1 4.2 cm
= 𝜋𝑟 2 (ℎ + 2𝑟)
3
1 22
= × × 4.2 × 4.2(6 + 2 × 4.2)
3 7
= 18.48(6 + 8.4)
= 18.48 × 14.4
= 266.112
= 266.11 m3
10. From a solid circular cylinder with height 10 cm and radius of the base 6 cm, a right
circular cone of the same height and same base is removed. Find the volume of the
remaining solid. Also, find the whole surface area.
Solution: 𝑟 = 6 m, ℎ = 10 m
𝑙 = √𝑟 2 + ℎ2
= √62 + 102 10 cm
= √36 + 100 6 cm
= √136
= 2√34 cm
Volume of remaining solid = Vol. of cylinder – Vol. of cone

1
= 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ − 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
3
2
= 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
3
2
= × 𝜋 × 6 × 6 × 10
3
= 240 𝜋 cm3
Whole surface area of solid = area of circle + CSA of cone + CSA of cylinder
= 𝜋𝑟 2 + 𝜋𝑟𝑙 + 2𝜋𝑟𝐻
= 𝜋𝑟(𝑟 + 𝑙 + 2𝐻)
= 𝜋 × 6(6 + 2√34 + 2 × 10)
= 6𝜋 (6 + 2√34 + 20)
= 6𝜋 (26 + 2√34)
= (156 + 12√34)𝜋 cm2
11. A solid is composed of a cylinder with hemispherical ends. If the whole length of the
solid is 104 cm and the radius of each of its hemispherical ends is 7 cm, find the cost
of polishing its surface at the rate of ₹ 10 per dm2.
Solution:
7 cm
104 cm
𝑟 = 7 cm, ℎ = 104 − (7 + 7) = 104 − 14 = 90 cm
Total surface area of solid = CSA of cylinder + CSA of two hemisphere
= 2𝜋𝑟ℎ + 2 × 2𝜋𝑟 2
= 2𝜋𝑟(ℎ + 2𝑟)
22
=2× × 7(90 + 2 × 7)
7
= 44(90 + 14)
= 44 × 104
= 4576 cm2
= 45.76 dm2
Cost of polishing = ₹ 10 × 45.76 = ₹ 457.60

13. A medical capsule is in the shape of cylinder with two hemispheres stuck to each of its
ends. The length of the entire capsule is 14 mm and the diameter of the capsule is 5
mm. find its surface area.
Solution:
5 mm
14 mm
5
𝑟 = = 2.5 mm, ℎ = 14 − (2.5 + 2.5) = 14 − 5 = 9 mm
2
Surface area of capsule = CSA of cylinder + CSA of two hemisphere
= 2𝜋𝑟ℎ + 2 × 2𝜋𝑟 2
= 2𝜋𝑟(ℎ + 2𝑟)
22 5 5
=2× × (9 + 2 × )
7 2 2
110
= (9 + 5)
7
110
= × 14
7
= 220 mm2
14. A cylindrical vessel with internal diameter 10 cm and height 10.5 cm is full of water.
A solid cone of base diameter 7 cm and height 6 cm is completely immersed in water.
Find the volume of:
(i) water displaced out of the cylindrical vessel.
(ii) water left in the cylindrical vessel.

10 7
Solution: 𝑅= = 5 cm, ℎ = 10.5 cm, 𝑟 = = 3.5cm, ℎ = 6 cm
2 2
(i) Water displaced out of the cylindrical vessel
= Volume of cone
10.5 cm
6 cm
1
= 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
3
7 cm 10 cm
1 22 7 7
= × × × ×6
3 7 2 2
= 77 cm3
(ii) water left in the cylindrical vessel= Vol. of cylinder – Vol. of cone
= 𝜋𝑅2 𝐻 − 77
22
= × 5 × 5 × 10.5 − 77
7
= 825 − 77
= 748 cm3
15. A toy is in the form of a cone mounted on a hemisphere of common base radius 7 cm.
The total height of the toy is 31 cm. Find the total surface area of the toy.
Solution: 𝑟 = 7 cm, ℎ = 31 − 7 = 24 cm
𝑙 = √𝑟 2 + ℎ2
24 cm
31 cm
= √72 + 242
7 cm
= √49 + 576
= √625
= 25 cm
Total surface area of toy = CSA of cone + CSA of hemisphere
= 𝜋𝑟𝑙 + 2𝜋𝑟 2
= 𝜋𝑟(𝑙 + 2𝑟)
22
= × 7(25 + 2 × 7)
7
= 22(25 + 14)
= 22 × 39
= 858 cm2
16. A hemispherical depression is cut out from one face a cubical wooden block of edge
21 cm, such that the diameter of the hemisphere is equal to the edge of the cube.
Determine the volume and total surface area of the remaining block.
Solution: diameter of hemisphere = side of a cube

21 cm
21
𝑟= cm, 𝑙 = 21 cm
2
Volume of remaining block = Vol. of cube – Vol. of hemisphere

2
= 𝑙 3 − 𝜋𝑟 3
3
2 22 21 21 21
= 21 × 21 × 21 − × × × ×
3 7 2 2 2
= 9261 − 2425.5
= 6835.5 cm3
Whole surface area of remaining block = CSA of cone + CSA of cylinder − area of circle
= 6𝑙 2 + 2𝜋𝑟 2 − 𝜋𝑟 2
= 6𝑙 2 + 𝜋𝑟 2
22 21 21
= 6 × 21 × 21 + × ×
7 2 2
693
= 2646 +
2
= 2646 + 346.5
= 2992.5 cm2
17. An ice-cream cone full of ice-cream is having radius 5 cm and height 10 cm as shown
1
in fig. Calculate the volume of ice-cream, provided that its part is left unfilled with
6
ice-cream.
Solution: 𝑟 = 5 cm, ℎ = 10 − 5 = 5 cm
Volume of ice-cream cone = Volume of cone + Volume of hemisphere

1 2
= 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ + 𝜋𝑟 3
3 3
5 cm
5 cm
1
= 𝜋𝑟 2 (ℎ + 2𝑟)
3
10 cm
1 22
= × × 5 × 5(5 + 2 × 5)
3 7
550
= (5 + 10)
21
550
= × 15
21
2750
=
7
= 392.86 cm3
1 5
Part of ice-cream cone filled with ice-cream = 1 − =
6 6
5 982.15
 Volume of ice-cream = × 392.86 = = 327.38 cm3
6 3
18. A toy is in the form of a hemisphere surmounted by a right circular cone of the same
base radius as that of the hemisphere. If the radius of the base of the cone is 21 cm and
2
its volume is of the volume of the hemisphere, calculate the height of the cone and
3
the surface area of the toy.
Solution: 𝑟 = 21 cm, ℎ = ?
2
Volume of cone = of Volume of hemisphere
3
1 2 2
⇒ 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ = × 𝜋𝑟 3
3 3 3
4 21 cm
⇒ ℎ= 𝑟
3
4
⇒ ℎ = × 21
3
⇒ ℎ = 28 cm
𝑙 = √𝑟 2 + ℎ2
= √212 + 282
= 7√32 + 42
= 7√9 + 16
= 7√25
= 35 cm
Surface area of toy = CSA of cone + CSA of hemisphere
= 𝜋𝑟𝑙 + 2𝜋𝑟 2
= 𝜋𝑟(𝑙 + 2𝑟)
22
= × 21(35 + 2 × 21)
7
= 66(35 + 42)
= 66 × 77
= 5082 cm2
19. A solid is in the shape of a cone surmounted on a hemisphere, the radius of each of
them is being 3.5 cm and the total height of solid is 9.5 cm. Find the volume of the
solid.
Solution: 𝑟 = 3.5 cm, ℎ = 9.5 − 3.5 = 6 cm

1 2
= 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ + 𝜋𝑟 3
9.5 cm
6 cm
3 3
1
= 𝜋𝑟 2 (ℎ + 2𝑟) 3.5 cm
3
1 22
= × × 3.5 × 3.5(6 + 2 × 3.5)
3 7
38.5
= (6 + 7)
3
38.5
= × 13
3
500.5
=
3
= 166.83 cm3
20. A shed is in the shape of a cuboid surmounted by a half cylinder. If the base of the
shed is of dimensions 7 m × 15 m and the height of the cuboidal portion is 8 m, find
the volume of air that the shed can hold. Also, find the internal surface area excluding
the floor.
8m
7m
7 15 m
Solution: 𝑙 = 15 m, 𝑏 = 7 m, ℎ = 8 m, 𝑟 = m, 𝐻 = 15 m
2
1
Volume of air that the shed can hold = Vol. of cuboid + of Vol. of cylinder
2
1
= 𝑙 × 𝑏 × ℎ + × 𝜋𝑟 2 𝐻
2
1 22 7 7
= 15 × 7 × 8 + × × × × 15
2 7 2 2
1155
= 840 +
4
= 840+ 288.75
= 1128.75 m3
1
Internal surface area excluding the floor = Lateral SA of cuboid + of CSA of
2
cylinder + area of 2 semicircles
1 1
= 2(𝑙 + 𝑏)ℎ + × 2𝜋𝑟ℎ + 2 × 𝜋𝑟 2
2 2
22 7 22 7 7
= 2(15 + 7)8 + × × 15 + × ×
7 2 7 2 2
77
= 16 × 22 + 11 × 15 +
2
= 352 + 165 + 38.5

= 555.5 cm2
EXERCISE 16.2
1. A cone of height 24 cm and radius of base 6 cm is made up of modelling clay. A child

reshapes it in the form of a sphere. Find the radius of the sphere.
Solution: ℎ = 24 cm, 𝑟 = 6 cm, 𝑅 = ?
Volume of sphere = Volume of cone

4 1
⇒ 𝜋𝑅3 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ ?
3 3
24 cm
⇒ 4𝑅 3 = 𝑟 2 ℎ
𝑟 2ℎ 6 cm
⇒ 𝑅3 =
4
6×6×24
⇒ 𝑅3 =
4
⇒ 𝑅3 = 6 × 6 × 6
⇒ 𝑅 3 = 63
⇒ 𝑅=6
 Radius of the sphere is 6 cm

2. A metallic sphere of radius 4.2 cm is melted and recast into the shape of a cylinder of
radius 6 cm. Find the height of the cylinder.
Solution: ℎ =? , 𝑟 = 6 cm, 𝑅 = 4.2 cm
Volume of cylinder = Volume of sphere

6 cm
2 4 3
⇒ 𝜋𝑟 ℎ = 𝜋𝑅
3
4.2 cm
?
2 4 3
⇒ 𝑟 ℎ= 𝑅
3
4 𝑅3
⇒ ℎ= ×
3 𝑟2
4 4.2×4.2×4.2
⇒ ℎ= ×
3 6×6
⇒ ℎ = 2.744
 Height of the cylinder is 6 cm
3. A conical vessel whose internal radius is 5 cm and height 24 cm, is full of water. The
water is emptied into a cylindrical vessel with internal radius 10 cm. Find the height to
which the water rises in the cylindrical vessel.
Solution: 𝐻 = 24 cm, 𝑅 = 5 cm, 𝑟 = 10 cm, ℎ = ?
Volume of cylinder = Volume of cone 10 cm
1
⇒ 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ = 𝜋𝑅2 𝐻
24 cm
1 ?
⇒ 𝑟 2 ℎ = 𝑅2 𝐻
3 5 cm
1 𝑅2𝐻
⇒ ℎ= ×
3 𝑟2
1 5×5×24
⇒ ℎ= ×
3 10×10
⇒ ℎ=2
 Height of water in the vessel is 2 cm

4. A hemispherical bowl of internal diameter 30 cm is full of a liquid. This liquid is to be
filled into cylindrical shaped bottles each of diameter 5 cm and height 6 cm. Find the
number of bottles necessary to empty the bowl. 5 cm
Solution: 30 cm
6 cm
5 30
ℎ = 6 cm, 𝑟 = cm, 𝑅 = = 15 cm
2 2
Volume of hemisphere
Number of cylindrical bottles =
Volume of cylinder
2
𝜋𝑅 3
3
=
𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
2 𝑅3
= ×
3 𝑟 2ℎ
2 15×15×15
= × 5 5
3 × ×6
2 2
2×5×15×15×2
=
5×5×3
= 60
 Number of cylindrical bottles = 60
5. A solid metal cone with radius of base 12 cm and height 24 cm is melted to form solid
spherical balls of diameter 6 cm each. Find the number of balls thus formed.
6
Solution: ℎ = 24 cm, 𝑟 = 12 cm, 𝑅 = = 3 cm
2
Volume of cone
Number of balls =
Volume of sphere
1
𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ 3 cm
3
=
24 cm
4
𝜋𝑅 3
3
𝑟 2ℎ
= 12 cm
4𝑅 3
12×12×24
=
4×3×3×3
= 32
6. A spherical cannon ball 28 cm in diameter is melted and recast into a right circular
conical mould, base of which is 35 cm in diameter. Find the height of the cone.
35 28
Solution: ℎ =? , 𝑟 = = 17.5 cm, 𝑅 = = 14 cm
2 2
Volume of cone = Volume of sphere

1 4
⇒ 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ = 𝜋𝑅3 14 cm
3 3
?
⇒ 𝑟 2 ℎ = 4𝑅3
17.5 cm
4𝑅 3
⇒ ℎ=
𝑟2
4×14×14×14
⇒ ℎ= 35 35
×
2 2
4×14×14×14×2×2
⇒ ℎ=
35×35
896
⇒ ℎ=
25
⇒ ℎ = 35.84
 Height of cone is 35.84 cm
7. A 20 m deep well with diameter 7 m is dug and the earth from digging is evenly
spread out to form a platform 22 m by 14 m. Find the height of the platform.
7
Solution: 𝐻 = 20 m, 𝑅 = = 3.5 m, 𝑙 = 22 m, 𝑏 = 14 m, ℎ = ?
2
3.5 m
Volume of cuboid = Volume of cylinder
⇒ 𝑙 × 𝑏 × ℎ = 𝜋𝑅2 𝐻 ?
20 m
22 m 14 m
𝜋𝑅 2 𝐻
⇒ ℎ=
𝑙×𝑏
22 7 7
× × ×20
7 2 2
⇒ ℎ=
22×14
11×7×10
⇒ ℎ=
22×14
⇒ ℎ = 2.5
 Height of platform = 2.5 m

8. Metallic spheres of radii 6 cm, 8 cm and 10 cm, respectively, are melted to form a
single solid sphere. Find the radius of the resulting sphere.
Solution: ?
6 cm
10 cm
8 cm
𝑟1 = 6 cm, 𝑟2 = 8 cm, 𝑟3 = 10 cm, 𝑟 =?
Volume of sphere = Sum of volume of 3 spheres

4 4 4 4
⇒ 𝜋𝑟 3 = 𝜋𝑟1 3 + 𝜋𝑟2 3 + 𝜋𝑟3 3
3 3 3 3
4 4
⇒ 𝜋𝑟 3 = 𝜋(𝑟1 3 + 𝑟2 3 + 𝑟3 3 )
3 3
⇒ 𝑟 3 = 𝑟1 3 + 𝑟2 3 + 𝑟3 3
⇒ 𝑟 3 = 63 + 83 + 103
⇒ 𝑟 3 = 23 (33 + 43 + 53 )
⇒ 𝑟 3 = 23 (27 + 64 + 125)
⇒ 𝑟 3 = 23 × 216
⇒ 𝑟 3 = 23 (27 + 64 + 125)
⇒ 𝑟 3 = 23 × 23 × 33
⇒ 𝑟 =2×2×3
⇒ 𝑟 = 12
 Radius of new sphere = 12 cm
9. How many silver coins, 1.75 cm in diameter and of thickness 2 mm, must be melted to
form a cuboid of dimensions 5.5 cm × 10 cm × 3.5 cm?
8.75 mm
Solution:
2 mm
35 mm
100 mm
55 mm
1.75 175 7 7
𝐻 = 2 mm, 𝑟 = cm = cm = cm = mm
2 200 8 80
𝑙 = 5.5 cm = 55 mm, 𝑏 = 10 cm = 100 mm, ℎ = 3.5 cm = 35 mm

Volume of Cuboid
Number of silver coins =
Volume of cylinder
𝑙×𝑏×ℎ
=
𝜋𝑟 2 𝐻
55×100×35
= 22 7 7
× × ×2
7 80 80
55×100×35×7×80×80
=
22×7×7×2
= 4000000
10. A copper rod of diameter 1 cm and length 8 cm is drawn into a wire of length 18 m of
uniform thickness. Find the thickness of the wire.
1
Solution: 𝐻 = 8 cm, 𝑅 = = 0.5 cm, ℎ = 18 m = 1800 cm, 𝑟 = ?
2
?
Volume of wire = Volume of rod 0.5 cm
⇒ 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ = 𝜋𝑅2 𝐻
18 m
8 cm
𝑅2𝐻
⇒ 𝑟2 =
ℎ
1 1
× ×8
2 2 2
⇒ 𝑟 =
1800
2
⇒ 𝑟2 =
1800
1
⇒ 𝑟2 =
900
1 2
⇒ 𝑟2 = ( )
30
1
⇒ 𝑟=
30
1 1 10
 Diameter = 2𝑟 = 2 × = cm= mm = 0.666 mm
30 15 15
 Thickness of wire = 0.67 mm
11. A solid metallic sphere of diameter 21 cm is melted and recast into a number of
smaller cones, each of diameters 3.5 cm and height 3 cm. Find the number of cones so
formed.
3.5 35 7 21
Solution: ℎ = 3 cm, 𝑟 = = = = 1.75 cm, 𝑅 = = 10.5 cm
2 20 4 2
Volume of sphere
Number of cones =
Volume of cone
4 10.5 cm
𝜋𝑅 3
3
= 1
3 cm
𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
3
4𝑅 3
= 1.75 cm
𝑟 2ℎ
21 21 21
4× × ×
2 2 2
= 7 7
× ×3
4 4
4×21×21×21×4×4
=
2×2×2×7×7×7
= 504
12. The internal and external radii of a hollow sphere are 3 cm and 5 cm respectively. The
2
sphere is melted to form a solid cylinder of height 2 cm. Find the diameter and
3
curved surface area of the cylinder.
2 8
Solution: 𝑟1 = 3 cm, 𝑟2 = 5 cm, ℎ = 2 = cm, 𝑟 = ?
3 3
Volume of cylinder = Volume of hollow sphere

?
2 4 3 4 3
⇒ 𝜋𝑟 ℎ = 𝜋𝑟2 − 𝜋𝑟1
3 3
5 cm 3 cm 8
2 4 3 3) cm
⇒ 𝜋𝑟 ℎ = 𝜋(𝑟2 − 𝑟1 3
3
4
⇒ 𝑟 2 ℎ = (𝑟2 3 − 𝑟1 3 )
3
4 𝑟2 3 −𝑟1 3
⇒ 𝑟2 = ×
3 ℎ
4 53 −33
⇒ 𝑟2 = × 8
3
3
4 3
⇒ 𝑟 2 = × (125 − 27) ×
3 8
98
⇒ 𝑟2 =
2
⇒ 𝑟 2 = 49
⇒ 𝑟 2 = 72
⇒ 𝑟=7
Diameter = 2𝑟 = 2 × 7 = 14 cm
Curved surface area of the cylinder = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ

22 8
=2× ×7×
7 3
352
=
3
1
= 117 cm2
3
13. The internal and external diameters of a hollow hemispherical shell are 6 cm and 10
cm respectively. It is melted and recast into a solid cone of base diameter 14 cm. Find
the height of the cone so formed.
6 10 14
Solution: 𝑟1 = = 3 cm, 𝑟2 = = 5 cm, 𝑟 = = 7 cm, ℎ = ?
2 2 2
Volume of cone = Volume of hollow hemisphere

1 2 2
⇒ 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ = 𝜋𝑟2 3 − 𝜋𝑟1 3
3 3 3
5 cm 3 cm
1 2
⇒ 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ = 𝜋(𝑟2 3 − 𝑟1 3 )
3 3
?
⇒ 𝑟 2 ℎ = 2(𝑟2 3 − 𝑟1 3 ) 7 cm
2(53 −33 )
⇒ ℎ=
7×7
2(125−27)
⇒ ℎ=
49
2×98
⇒ ℎ=
49
⇒ ℎ=4
Height of cone = 4 cm
14. Rain water which falls on a flat rectangular surface of length 6 m and breadth 4 m is
transferred into a cylindrical vessel of internal radius 20 cm. What will be the height
of water in the cylindrical vessel if the rainfall is 1 cm? Give your answer to the
nearest integer. (take 𝜋 = 3.14)
Solution: 𝐻 = ? , 𝑅 = 20 cm, 𝑙 = 6 m = 600 cm, 𝑏 = 4 m = 400 cm, ℎ = 1 cm
Volume of cylinder = Volume of cuboid 20 cm
⇒ 𝜋𝑅 2 𝐻 = 𝑙 × 𝑏 × ℎ 1 cm
?
6m 4m
𝑙×𝑏×ℎ
⇒ 𝐻=
𝜋𝑅 2
600×400×1
⇒ 𝐻=
3.14×20×20
600×100
⇒ 𝐻=
3.14
⇒ ℎ = 191.08
 Height of water in the cylindrical vessel = 191 cm
15. A solid cylinder of diameter 12 cm and height 15 cm is melted and recast into 12 toys
in the shape of a right circular cone mounted on a hemisphere. Find the radius of the
hemisphere and the total height of the toy, if the height of the conical part is 3 times its
radius. 10 cm
Solution:
ℎ = 3𝑟
15 cm
12 ×
𝑟
𝐻 = 15 cm, 𝑅 = 10 cm, 𝑟 = ? , ℎ = 3𝑟
Volume of 12 toys = Volume of cylinder
12(Vol. of hemisphere + Vol. of cone) = 𝜋𝑅2 𝐻

2 1
⇒ 12 ( 𝜋𝑟 3 + 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ) = 𝜋𝑅2 𝐻
3 3
2 1
⇒ 12 ( 𝜋𝑟 3 + 𝜋𝑟 2 × 3𝑟) = 𝜋𝑅2 𝐻
3 3
1
⇒ 12 × 𝜋𝑟 3 (2 + 3) = 𝜋𝑅 2 𝐻
3
⇒ 4𝑟 3 (5) = 𝑅2 𝐻
6×6×15
⇒ 𝑟3 =
4×5
⇒ 𝑟 3 = 33
⇒ 𝑟=3
 Radius of the hemisphere = 3 cm
Total height of toy = ℎ + 𝑟 = 3𝑟 + 𝑟 = 4𝑟 = 4 × 3 = 12 cm

18. The surface area of a solid metallic sphere is 616 cm2. It is melted and recast into a
cone of height 28 cm. Find the diameter of the base of the cone so formed.
Solution: ℎ = 28 cm, 𝑟 =? , 𝑅 =?
Surface area of sphere = 616 cm
⇒ 4𝜋𝑅2 = 616 616 cm2
28 cm
22
⇒ 4× 𝑅2 = 616
7
?
616×7
⇒ 𝑅2 =
4×22
⇒ 𝑅 2 = 72
⇒ 𝑅 = 7 cm
Volume of cone = Volume of sphere

1 4
⇒ 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ = 𝜋𝑅3
3 3
⇒ 𝑟 2 ℎ = 4𝑅3
4𝑅 3
⇒ 𝑟2 =
𝑟2
4×7×7×7
⇒ 𝑟2 =
28
⇒ 𝑟 2 = 72
⇒ 𝑟=7
 Diameter =2𝑟 = 2 × 7 = 14 cm
UNIT - VIII STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
17. Mean:
(i) Mean of grouped data
(ii) Median of grouped data
Omitted portion:
(i) Mean of a discrete frequency distribution (ii)
Mean of inclusive Class Interval
(iii) Finding of mode of grouped data
Chapter 17
EXERCISE 17.1
1. If the mean of the following data is 18.75, find the value of p.
𝑥𝑖 10 15 p 25 30
𝑓𝑖 5 10 7 8 2
Solution:
𝑥𝑖 𝑓𝑖 𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖
10 5 50
15 10 150
p 7 7p
25 8 200
30 2 60
∑ 𝑓𝑖 = 32 ∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖 = 7p + 460
∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖
Mean = ∑ 𝑓𝑖
7𝑝 + 460
⇒ = 18.75
32
⇒ 7𝑝 + 460 = 18.75 × 32
⇒ 7𝑝 = 600 − 460
140
⇒ 𝑝=
7
⇒ 𝑝 = 20
2. If the mean of the following data is 27, find the value of p.
Class 0 – 10 10 – 20 20 – 30 30 – 40 40 – 50
Frequency 8 p 12 13 10
Solution:
Class Frequency Mid value 𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖

(𝑓𝑖 ) (𝑥𝑖 )
0 – 10 8 5 40
10 – 20 p 15 15p
20 – 30 12 25 300
30 – 40 13 35 455
40 – 50 10 45 450
∑ 𝑓𝑖 = 𝑝 + 43 ∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖 = 15p + 1245
∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖
Mean = ∑ 𝑓𝑖
15𝑝 + 1245
⇒ 27 =
𝑝+43
⇒ 27(𝑝 + 43) = 15𝑝 + 1245
⇒ 27𝑝 + 1161 = 15𝑝 + 1245
⇒ 27𝑝 − 15𝑝 = 1245 − 1161
⇒ 12𝑝 = 84
84
⇒ 𝑝=
12
⇒ 𝑝=7
3. Using assumed-mean method, find the mean of the following data:
Class interval 0 – 10 10 – 20 20 – 30 30 – 40 40 – 50
Frequency 7 8 12 13 10
Solution:
Class Interval Mid value Frequency 𝑑𝑖 = 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑎 𝑓𝑖 𝑑𝑖

(𝑥𝑖 ) (𝑓𝑖 )
0 – 10
10 – 20
5
15
7
8
−20
−10 }
−140 −220
−80
20 – 30 25 = a 12 0 0
30 – 40
40 – 50
35
45
13
10
10
20
130
200
} 330
∑ 𝑓𝑖 = 50 ∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑑𝑖 = 110
∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑑𝑖
Mean = 𝑎 + ∑ 𝑓𝑖
110
= 25 +
50
= 25 + 2.2
= 27.2
4. Find the mean of the following frequency distribution using step-deviation method:
Marks 0 – 10 10 – 20 20 – 30 30 – 40 40 – 50 50 – 60
Number of students 12 18 27 20 17 6
Solution:
Class Interval Mid value Frequency 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑎 𝑓𝑖 𝑢𝑖

𝑢𝑖 =
(𝑥𝑖 ) (𝑓𝑖 ) ℎ
0 – 10 5 12 −2 −24
10 – 20 15 18 −1 −18
20 – 30 25 = a 27 0 0
30 – 40 35 20 1 20
40 – 50 45 17 2 34
50 – 60 55 6 3 18
h = 10 ∑ 𝑓𝑖 = 100 ∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑢𝑖 = 30
∑ 𝑓 𝑖 𝑢𝑖
×ℎ
30
= 25 + × 10
100
= 25 + 3
= 28
5. Find the mean of the following frequency distribution:
Class 0 – 100 100 – 200 200 – 300 300 – 400 400 – 500
Solution:

𝑢𝑖 =
(𝑥𝑖 ) (𝑓𝑖 ) ℎ
0 – 100 50 6 −2 −12
100 – 200 150 9 −1 −9
200 – 300 250 = a 15 0 0
300 – 400 350 12 1 12
400 – 500 450 8 2 16
h = 100 ∑ 𝑓𝑖 = 50 ∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑢𝑖 = 7
×ℎ
7
= 250 + × 100
50
= 250 + 14
= 264
Class 0 – 10 10 – 20 20 – 30 30 – 40 40 – 50
Frequency 3 5 9 5 3
Solution:
Class Frequency Mid value 𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖

(𝑓𝑖 ) (𝑥𝑖 )
0 – 10 3 5 15
10 – 20 5 15 75
20 – 30 9 25 225
30 – 40 5 35 175
40 – 50 3 45 135
∑ 𝑓𝑖 = 25 ∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖 = 625
∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖 625
Mean = ∑ 𝑓𝑖
= = 25
25
Class 50 – 70 70 – 90 90 – 110 110 – 130 130 – 150 150 -107

Frequency 18 12 13 27 8 22
Solution:

𝑢𝑖 =
(𝑥𝑖 ) (𝑓𝑖 ) ℎ
50 – 70 60 18 −2 −36
70 – 90 80 12 −1 −12
90 – 110 100 = a 13 0 0
110 – 130 120 27 1 27
130 – 150 140 8 2 16
150 – 170 160 22 3 66
h = 20 ∑ 𝑓𝑖 = 100 ∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑢𝑖 = 61
×ℎ
61
= 100 + × 20
100
= 100 + 12.2
= 112.2
8. The table below gives the percentage distribution of female teachers in the primary
schools of rural areas of various states and union territories (U.T.) of India. Find the
mean percentage of female teachers by all the three methods discussed in this section.
Percentage of 15 – 25 25 -35 35 – 45 45 – 55 55 – 65 65 – 75 75 – 85
female teachers
Number of 6 11 7 4 4 2 1
States/U.T.
Source: Seventh All India School Education survey conducted by NCERT.
Solution: (i) Direct Method:
Percentage of Mid value Number of 𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖

female teachers (𝑥𝑖 ) States/U.T.
(𝑓𝑖 )
15 – 25 20 6 120
25 – 35 30 11 330
35 – 45 40 7 280
45 – 55 50 4 200
55 – 65 60 4 240
65 – 75 70 2 140
75 – 85 80 1 80
∑ 𝑓𝑖 = 35 ∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖 = 1390
∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖 1390
Mean = ∑ 𝑓𝑖
= = 39.71
35
(ii) Assumed Mean Method:
Percentage of Mid value Number of 𝑑𝑖 = 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑎 𝑓𝑖 𝑑𝑖

female teachers (𝑥𝑖 ) States/U.T.
(𝑓𝑖 )
15 – 25 20 6 −30 −180
25 – 35 30 11 −20 −220
35 – 45 40 7 −10 −70
45 – 55 50 = a 4 0 0
55 – 65 60 4 10 40
65 – 75 70 2 20 40
75 – 85 80 1 30 30
∑ 𝑓𝑖 = 35 ∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑑𝑖 = −360
∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑑𝑖
−360
= 50 +
35
= 50 − 10.285
= 50 − 10.29
= 39.71
(iii) Step deviation Method:
Percentage of Mid value Number of 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑎 𝑓𝑖 𝑢𝑖

𝑢𝑖 =
female teachers (𝑥𝑖 ) States/U.T. ℎ
(𝑓𝑖 )
15 – 25 20 6 −3 −18
25 – 35 30 11 −2 −22
35 – 45 40 7 −1 −7
45 – 55 50 = a 4 0 0
55 – 65 60 4 1 4
65 – 75 70 2 2 4
75 – 85 80 1 3 3
h = 10 ∑ 𝑓𝑖 = 35 ∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑢𝑖 = −36
×ℎ
−36
= 50 + × 10
35
72
= 50 −
7
= 112.2
= 50 − 10.285
= 50 − 10.29
= 39.71
9. The table below shows the daily expenditure on food of 25 households in a locality.
Daily expenditure (in ₹) 100 – 150 150 – 200 200 – 250 250 – 300 300 – 350
Number of households 4 5 12 2 2
Find the mean daily expenditure on food by a suitable method.
Solution:
Daily Mid value Number of 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑎 𝑓𝑖 𝑢𝑖

𝑢𝑖 =
expenditure (𝑥𝑖 ) households ℎ
(in ₹) (𝑓𝑖 )
100 – 150 125 4 −2 −8
150 – 200 175 5 −1 −5
200 – 250 225 = a 12 0 0
250 – 300 275 2 1 2
300 – 350 325 2 2 4
h = 50 ∑ 𝑓𝑖 = 25 ∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑢𝑖 = −7
×ℎ
−7
= 225 + × 50
25
= 225 − 14
= ₹ 211
10. Consider the following distribution of daily wages of 50 workers of a factory.
Daily wages (in ₹) 100 – 120 120 – 140 140 – 160 160 – 180 180 – 200
Number of workers 12 14 8 6 10
Find the mean daily wages of the workers of the factory by using an appropriate
method.
Solution:
Daily wages Mid value Number of 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑎 𝑓𝑖 𝑢𝑖

𝑢𝑖 =
(in ₹) (𝑥𝑖 ) workers ℎ
(𝑓𝑖 )
100 – 120 110 12 −2 −24
120 – 140 130 14 −1 −14
140 – 160 150 = a 8 0 0
160 – 180 170 6 1 6
180 – 200 190 10 2 20
h = 20 ∑ 𝑓𝑖 = 50 ∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑢𝑖 = −12
×ℎ
−12
= 150 + × 20
50
= 150 − 4.8
= ₹ 145.20
11. Find mean of the marks obtained by 30 students by choosing a suitable method.
Class interval 10 – 25 25 – 40 40 – 55 55 – 70 70 – 85 85 – 100

Number of students 2 3 7 6 6 6
Solution:

𝑢𝑖 =
(𝑥𝑖 ) (𝑓𝑖 ) ℎ
10 – 25 17.5 2 −2 −4
25 – 40 32.5 3 −1 −3
40 – 55 47.5 = a 7 0 0
55 – 70 62.5 6 1 6
70 – 85 77.5 6 2 12
85 – 100 92.5 6 3 18
h = 15 ∑ 𝑓𝑖 = 30 ∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑢𝑖 = 29
×ℎ
29
= 47.5 + × 15
30
29
= 47.5 +
2
= 47.5 + 14.5
= 62
EXERCISE 17.2
1. The maximum bowling speeds, in km per hour, of 33 players at a cricket coaching

centre are given below:
Speed (km/h) 85 – 100 100 – 115 115 – 130 130 – 145

Number of players 11 9 8 5
Calculate the median bowling speed.

Solution:
Speed (km/h) Number of players (f) Cumulative frequency (c)

85 – 100 11 11
100 – 115 9 11 + 9 = 20
115 – 130 8 20 + 8 = 28
130 – 145 5 28 + 5 = 33
𝑛 33
𝑛 = 33, = = 16.5
2 2
 Median class is 100 – 115, 𝑙 = 100, ℎ = 15, 𝑐 = 11, 𝑓 = 9

𝑛
( −𝑐)
Median =𝑙+ 2
×ℎ
𝑓
(16.5−11)
= 100 + × 15
9
5.5
= 100 + × 15
9
27.5
= 100 +
3
= 100 + 9.166
= 100 + 9.17
= 109.17 km/h
2. The distribution below gives the weights of 30 students of a class. Find the median
weight of the students.
Weight (in kg) 40 – 45 45 – 50 50 – 55 55 – 60 60 – 65 65 – 70 70 – 75
Number of students 2 3 8 6 6 3 2
Solution:
Weight (in kg) Number of students (f) Cumulative frequency (c)

40 – 45 2 2
45 – 50 3 2+3=5
50 – 55 8 5 + 8 = 13
55 – 60 6 13 + 6 = 19
60 – 65 6 19 + 6 = 25
65 – 70 3 25 + 3 = 28
70 – 75 2 28 + 2 = 30
𝑛 30
𝑛 = 30, = = 15
2 2
𝑛
( −𝑐)
Median =𝑙+ 2
×ℎ
𝑓
(15−13)
= 55 + ×5
6
2
= 55 + × 5
6
5
= 55 +
3
= 55 + 1.666
= 55 + 1.67
= 56.67 kg
3. The following frequency distribution gives the monthly consumption of electricity of

68 consumers of a locality. Find the median and mean of the data, and compare them.
Monthly consumption (in units) Number of consumers

65 – 85 4
85 – 105 5
105 – 125 13
125 – 145 20
145 – 165 14
165 – 185 8
185 – 205 4
Solution:
Monthly consumption Number of consumers (f) Cumulative frequency (c)

(in units)
65 – 85 4 4
85 – 105 5 4+5=9
105 – 125 13 9 + 13 = 22
125 – 145 20 22 + 20 = 42
145 – 165 14 42 + 14 = 56
165 – 185 8 56 + 8 = 64
185 – 205 4 64 + 4 = 68
𝑛 68
𝑛 = 68, = = 34
2 2

𝑛
( −𝑐)
Median =𝑙+ 2
×ℎ
𝑓
(34−22)
= 125 + × 20
20
12
= 125 + × 20
20
= 125 + 12
= 137 units
Monthly Mid value Number of 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑎 𝑓𝑖 𝑢𝑖

𝑢𝑖 =
consumption (𝑥𝑖 ) consumers ℎ
(in units) (f)
65 – 85 75 4 −3 −12
85 – 105 95 5 −2 −10
105 – 125 115 13 −1 −13
125 – 145 135 = a 20 0 0
145 – 165 155 14 1 14
165 – 185 175 8 2 16
185 – 205 195 4 3 12
h = 20 ∑ 𝑓𝑖 = 68 ∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑢𝑖 = 7
×ℎ
7
= 135 + × 20
68
35
= 135 −
17
= 135 + 2.058
= 135 + 2.06
= 137.06 units
In this question, median and mean are approximately the same.
4. A survey regarding the height (in cm) of 51 girls of Class X of a school was conducted
and the following data was obtained:
Height (in cm) Number of girls

Less than 140 4
Less than 145 11
Less than 150 29
Less than 155 40
Less than 160 46
Less than 165 51
Find the median height.
Solution:
Height (in cm) Number of girls (f) Cumulative frequency (c)

135 – 140 4 4
140 – 145 11 – 4 = 7 11
145 – 150 29 – 11 = 18 29
150 – 155 40 – 29 = 11 40
155 – 160 46 – 40 = 6 46
160 – 165 51 – 46 = 5 51
𝑛 51
𝑛 = 51, = = 25.5
2 2

𝑛
( −𝑐)
Median =𝑙+ 2
×ℎ
𝑓
(25.5−11)
= 145 + ×5
18
14.5
= 145 + ×5
18
72.5
= 145 +
18
= 145 + 4.027
= 145 + 4.03
= 149.03 cm
5. The median of the following data is 525. Find the values of x and y, if the total
frequency is 100.
Class interval Frequency

0 – 100 2
100 – 200 5
200 – 300 x
300 – 400 12
400 – 500 17
500 – 600 20
600 – 700 y
700 – 800 9
800 – 900 7
900 – 1000 4
Solution:
Class interval Frequency (f) Cumulative frequency (c)

0 – 100 2 2
100 – 200 5 2+5=7
200 – 300 x 7+x
300 – 400 12 7 + x + 12 = x + 19
400 – 500 17 x + 19 + 17 = x + 36
500 – 600 20 x + 36 + 20 = x + 56
600 – 700 y x + 56 + y = x + y + 56
700 – 800 9 x + y + 56 + 9 = x + y + 65
800 – 900 7 x + y + 65 + 7 = x + y + 72
900 – 1000 4 x + y + 72 + 4 = x + y + 76
𝑛 100
𝑛 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 76 = 100, = = 50
2 2
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 100 − 76
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 24 …. (i)
Median = 525, Median class is 500 – 600, 𝑙 = 500, ℎ = 100, 𝑐 = 𝑥 + 36, 𝑓 = 20

𝑛
( −𝑐)
Median = 𝑙 + 2
×ℎ
𝑓
{50−(𝑥+36)}
⇒ 525 = 500 + × 100
20
⇒ 525 − 500 = {50 − (𝑥 + 36)} × 5
⇒ 25 = (50 − 𝑥 − 36) × 5
⇒ 25 = (14 − 𝑥) × 5
⇒ 25 = 70 − 5𝑥
⇒ 5𝑥 = 70 − 25
45
⇒ 𝑥=
5
⇒ 𝑥=9
From (i), 9 + 𝑦 = 24
⇒ 𝑦 = 24 − 9
⇒ 𝑦 = 15
 𝑥 = 9, 𝑦 = 15
6. The median of the distribution given below is 14.4. find the values of x and y, if the
total frequency is 20.
Class interval 0–6 6 – 12 12 – 18 18 – 24 24 – 30

Frequency 4 x 5 y 1
Solution:
Class interval Frequency (f) Cumulative frequency (c)

0–6 4 4
6 – 12 x 4+x=x+4
12 – 18 5 x+4+5=x+9
18 – 24 y x+9+y=x+y+9
24 – 30 1 x + y + 9 + 1 = x + y + 10
𝑛 20
𝑛 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 10 = 20, = = 10
2 2
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 20 − 10
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 10 …. (i)
Median = 14.4, Median class is 12 – 18, 𝑙 = 12, ℎ = 6, 𝑐 = 𝑥 + 4, 𝑓 = 5

𝑛
( −𝑐)
Median = 𝑙 + 2
×ℎ
𝑓
{10−(𝑥+4)}
⇒ 14.4 = 12 + ×6
5
(10−𝑥−4)
⇒ 14.4 − 12 = ×6
5
⇒ 2.4 × 5 = (6 − 𝑥) × 6
⇒ 12 = 36 − 6𝑥
⇒ 6𝑥 = 36 − 12
⇒ 6𝑥 = 24
24
⇒ 𝑥=
6
⇒ 𝑥=4
From (i), 4 + 𝑦 = 10
⇒ 𝑦 = 10 − 4
⇒ 𝑦=6
 𝑥 = 4, 𝑦 = 6
7. The lengths of 40 leaves of a plant are measured to the nearest millimetre, and the data
obtained is represented in the following table:
Length (in mm) Number of leaves

118 – 126 3
127 – 135 5
136 – 144 9
145 – 153 12
154 – 162 5
163 – 171 4
172 – 180 2
Find the median length of the leaves.
Solution:
Length (in mm) Number of leaves (f) Cumulative frequency (c)

117.5 – 126.5 3 3
126.5 – 135.5 5 3+5=8
135.5 – 144.5 9 8 + 9 = 17
144.5 – 153.5 12 17 + 12 = 29
153.5 – 162.5 5 29 + 5 = 34
162.5 – 171.5 4 34 + 4 = 38
171.5 – 180.5 2 38 + 2 = 40
𝑛 40
𝑛 = 40, = = 20
2 2
 Median class is 144.5 – 153.5, 𝑙 = 144.5, ℎ = 9, 𝑐 = 17, 𝑓 = 12

𝑛
( −𝑐)
Median =𝑙+ 2
×ℎ
𝑓
(20−17)
= 144.5 + ×9
12
3
= 144.5 + × 3
4
9
= 144.5 +
4
= 144.5 + 2.25
= 146.75 mm
8. The percentage of marks obtained by 100 students in an examination are given below:
Marks 30 – 35 35 – 40 40 – 45 45 – 50 50 – 55 55 – 60 60 -65
Frequency 14 16 18 23 18 8 3
Determine the median percentage of marks.
Solution:
Marks Frequency (f) Cumulative frequency (c)

30 – 35 14 14
35 – 40 16 14 + 16 = 30
40 – 45 18 30 + 18 = 48
45 – 50 23 48 + 23 = 71
50 – 55 18 71 + 18 = 89
55 – 60 8 89 + 8 = 97
60 – 65 3 97 + 3 = 100
𝑛 100
𝑛 = 100, = = 50
2 2

𝑛
( −𝑐)
Median =𝑙+ 2
×ℎ
𝑓
(50−48)
=145 + ×5
23
2
= 45 + ×5
23
10
= 45 +
23
= 45 + 0.434
= 45 + 0.43
= 45.43
9. 50 students enter for a school javelin throw competition. The distance (in metres)
thrown are recorded below:
Distance (in m) 0 – 20 20 – 40 40 – 60 60 – 80 80 – 100
Number of students 6 11 17 12 4
Calculate the median distance.

Solution:
Distance (in m) Number of students (f) Cumulative frequency (c)

0 – 20 6 6
20 – 40 11 6 + 11 = 17
40 – 60 17 17 + 17 = 34
60 – 80 12 34 + 12 = 46
80 – 100 4 46 + 4 = 50
𝑛 50
𝑛 = 50, = = 25
2 2

𝑛
( −𝑐)
Median =𝑙+ 2
×ℎ
𝑓
(25−17)
= 40 + ×5
18
8
= 40 + × 20
17
160
= 40 +
17
= 40 + 9.411
= 40 + 9.41
= 49.41 m
HSLC Mathematics Question
Statistics
1. Find the arithmetic mean of the following frequency distribution: (2011)
Class 0 – 10 10 – 20 20 – 30 30 – 40 40 – 50 50 – 60
Frequency 6 9 14 12 19 10
If the median of the above distribution is 35, find the mode.
Solution: We have,
Class Frequency (𝒇𝒊 ) Mid-value (𝒙𝒊 ) 𝒙𝒊 − 𝑨 𝒇𝒊 𝒖 𝒊
𝒖𝒊 =
𝒉
0 – 10 6 5 -2 -12
10 – 20 9 15 -1 -9
20 – 30 14 25 (A) 0 0
30 – 40 12 35 1 12
40 – 50 19 45 2 38
50 – 60 10 55 3 30
h = 10 ∑ 𝑓𝑖 = 70 ∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑢𝑖 = 59
We know that, Mean (𝑥̅ ) =𝐴+( ∑ 𝑓𝑖
)×ℎ
59
= 25 + × 10
70
59
= 25 +
7
= 25 + 8.43
= 33.43
Also, Median (Me) = 35
By using empirical formula, Mode = 3 Median – 2 Mean
= 3(35) – 2(33.43)
= 105 – 66.86
= 38.14
2. Find the median of the following frequency distribution by constructing a cumulative
frequency table: (2012)
Class 0 – 10 10 – 20 20 – 30 30 – 40 40 – 50 50 – 60 60 – 70
Frequency 3 5 10 12 8 7 5
Using the relation, mode = 3(median) - 2(mean), find the mean if mode is 44.
Solution: We have,
Class Frequency (𝒇𝒊 ) Cumulative Frequency (c.f.)
0 – 10 3 3
10 – 20 5 3+5=8
20 – 30 10 8 + 10 = 18 (c)
(l) 30 – 40 12 (f) 18 + 12 = 30
40 – 50 8 30 + 8 = 38
50 – 60 7 38 + 7 = 45
60 – 70 5 45 + 5 = 50
h = 10 𝑛 = 50
𝑛 50
Given, n = 50, = = 25, which lies in the class 30 – 40
2 2
So, median class = 30 – 40 , l = 30, c = 18, f = 12 & h = 10

𝑛
−𝑐
We know that, Median (Me) = 𝑙 + ( 2
)×ℎ
𝑓
25−18
= 30 + ( ) × 10
12
7
= 30 + ×5
6
35
= 30 +
6
= 30 +5.83
= 35.83
Also, Mode (Mo) = 44
44 = 3(35.83) – 2 Mean
2 Mean = 107.49 – 44
63.49
Mean =
2
= 31.75
3. Find the (i) mean and (ii) mode of the following frequency distribution table: (2013)
Class 10 – 20 20 – 30 30 – 40 40 – 50 50 – 60 60 – 70 70 - 80
Frequency 3 5 10 12 8 7 5
Solution: We have,
𝒖𝒊 =
𝒉
10 – 20 3 15 -3 -9
20 – 30 5 25 -2 -10
30 – 40 10 35 -1 -10
40 – 50 12 45 (A) 0 0
50 – 60 8 55 1 8
60 – 70 7 65 2 14
70 – 80 5 75 3 15
h = 10 ∑ 𝑓𝑖 = 50 ∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑢𝑖 = 8
)×ℎ
8
= 45 + × 10
50
8
= 45 +
5
= 45 + 1.6
= 46.6
Also,
Class 10 – 20 20 – 30 30 – 40 40 – 50 50 – 60 60 – 70 70 - 80
Frequency 3 5 10 (f0) 12 (f1) 8 (f2) 7 5
The maximum class frequency is 12 and the class corresponding to this frequency is 40 – 50
. So, the modal class is 40 – 50.
Now, l (lower limit of the modal class) = 40
𝑓1 (frequency of the modal class) = 12
𝑓0 (frequency of the class preceding the modal class) = 10
𝑓2 (frequency of the class succeeding the modal class) = 8
h (class width) = 10
𝑓1 −𝑓0
We know that, Mode (Mo) = 𝑙 + ( )×ℎ
2𝑓1 −𝑓0 −𝑓2
12−10
= 40 + ( ) × 10
2×12−10−8
2 10
= 40 + × 10 = 40 + = 40 + 3.33 = 43.33
6 3
4. Find the median from the following frequency distribution: (2014)
Class 0 – 10 10 – 20 20 – 30 30 – 40 40 – 50 50 – 60
Frequency 13 18 20 25 19 5
Using the relation, mode = 3(median) – 2(mean), find the mean if mode is 34.5.
Solution: We have,
0 – 10 13 13
10 – 20 18 13 + 18 = 31 (c)
(l) 20 – 30 20 (f) 31 + 20 = 51
30 – 40 25 51 + 25 = 76
40 – 50 19 76 + 19 = 95
50 – 60 5 95 + 5 = 100
h = 10 𝑛 = 100
𝑛 100
2 2
So, median class = 20 – 30, l = 20, c = 31, f = 20 & h = 10

𝑛
−𝑐
)×ℎ
𝑓
50−31
= 20 + ( ) × 10
20
19
= 20 +
2
= 20 +9.5
= 29.5
Also, Mode (Mo) = 34.5
34.5 = 3(29.5) – 2 Mean
2 Mean = 88.5 – 34.5
54
Mean = = 27
2
5. Find the mean of the following frequency distribution: (2015)
Class 10 – 20 20 – 30 30 – 40 40 – 50 50 – 60 60 – 70
Frequency 12 18 27 20 17 6
Using the relation, mode = 3(median) – 2(mean), find the median if mode = 29.
Solution: We have,
𝒖𝒊 =
𝒉
10 – 20 12 15 -2 -24
20 – 30 18 25 -1 -18
30 – 40 27 35 (A) 0 0
40 – 50 20 45 1 20
50 – 60 17 55 2 34
60 – 70 6 65 3 18
h = 10 ∑ 𝑓𝑖 = 100 ∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑢𝑖 = 30
)×ℎ
30
= 35 + × 10
100
= 35 + 3
= 38
By using empirical formula, 3 Median – 2 Mean = Mode
3 Median – 2(38) = 29
3 Median = 29 + 76
105
Median =
3
Median = 35
6. Find the median and mode of the following frequency distribution: (2016)
Class 0 – 10 10 – 20 20 – 30 30 – 40 40 – 50 50 – 60
Frequency 3 6 8 15 10 8
Solution: We have,
0 – 10 3 3
10 – 20 6 3+6=9
20 – 30 8 9 + 8 = 17 (c)
(l) 30 – 40 15 (f) 17 + 15 = 32
40 – 50 10 32 + 10 = 42
50 – 60 8 42 + 8 = 50
h = 10 𝑛 = 50
𝑛 50
2 2

𝑛
−𝑐
)×ℎ
𝑓
25−17
= 30 + ( ) × 10
15
8
= 30 + × 2
3
16
= 30 +
3
= 30 + 5.33
= 35.33
Also,
Class 0 – 10 10 – 20 20 – 30 30 – 40 40 – 50 50 – 60
Frequency 3 6 8 (f0) 15 (f1) 10 (f2) 8
The maximum class frequency is 12 and the class corresponding to this frequency is 30 – 40.
So, the modal class is 30 – 40.
𝑓1 −𝑓0
2𝑓1 −𝑓0 −𝑓2
15−8
= 30 + ( ) × 10
2×15−8−10
7 35
= 30 + × 10 = 30 + = 30 + 5.83 = 35.83
12 6
7. Find the (i) median and (ii) mode of the following frequency distribution table:
(2016 Special Exam)
Class 0 – 10 10 – 20 20 – 30 30 – 40 40 – 50
Frequency 40 32 48 22 8
Solution: We have,
0 – 10 40 40
10 – 20 32 40 + 32 = 72 (c)
(l) 20 – 30 48 (f) 72 + 48 = 120
30 – 40 22 120 + 22 = 142
40 – 50 8 142 + 8 = 150
h = 10 𝑛 = 150
𝑛 150
2 2

𝑛
−𝑐
)×ℎ
𝑓
75−72
= 20 + ( ) × 10
48
3
= 20 + ×5
24
5
= 20 +
8
= 20 + .63
= 20.63
Also,
Class 0 – 10 10 – 20 20 – 30 30 – 40 40 – 50
Frequency 40 32 (f0) 48 (f1) 22 (f2) 8
𝑓1 −𝑓0
2𝑓1 −𝑓0 −𝑓2
48−32
= 20 + ( ) × 10
2×48−32−22
16 80
= 20 + × 10 = 20 + = 20 + 3.81 = 23.81
42 21
8. Find the mean of the following data : (2017)

Class 0 – 10 10 – 20 20 – 30 30 – 40 40 – 50
Also find the median using the relation, Mode = 3 median - 2 mean, if mode of the above
data is 12.85.
Solution: We have,
𝒖𝒊 =
𝒉
0 – 10 12 5 -2 -24
10 – 20 16 15 -1 -16
20 – 30 6 25 (A) 0 0
30 – 40 7 35 1 7
40 – 50 9 45 2 18
h = 10 ∑ 𝑓𝑖 = 50 ∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑢𝑖 = -15
)×ℎ
−15
= 25 + × 10
50
= 25 − 3
= 22
Also, Mode (Mo) = 12.85
By using empirical formula, 3 Median – 2 Mean = Mode
3 Median – 2(22) = 12.85
3 Median = 12.85 + 44
56.85
Median =
3
Median = 18.95
9. Find the median and mode of the following data : (2018)
Class 0 – 20 20 – 40 40 – 60 60 – 80 80 – 100 100 – 120 120 – 140
Frequency 6 8 10 12 6 5 3
Solution: We have,
0 – 20 6 36
20 – 40 8 6 + 8 = 14
40 – 60 10 14 + 10 = 24 (c)
(l) 60 – 80 12 (f) 24 + 12 = 36
80 – 100 6 36 + 6 = 42
100 – 120 5 42 + 5 = 47
120 – 140 3 47 + 3 = 50
h = 20 𝑛 = 50
𝑛 50
2 2

𝑛
−𝑐
)×ℎ
𝑓
25−24
= 60 + ( ) × 20
12
1
= 60 + × 5
3
5
= 60 +
3
= 60 + 1.67
= 61.67
Also,
Class 0 – 20 20 – 40 40 – 60 60 – 80 80 – 100 100 – 120 120 - 140
Frequency 6 8 10 (f0) 12 (f1) 6 (f2) 5 3
𝑓1 −𝑓0
2𝑓1 −𝑓0 −𝑓2
12−10
= 60 + ( ) × 20
2×12−10−6
2
= 60 + × 20 = 60 + 5 = 65
8
10. Find the mean from the following table : (2019)

Class 0 – 10 10 – 20 20 – 30 30 – 40 40 – 50
Also median = 28, find the mode by using empirical formula.
Solution: We have,
𝒖𝒊 =
𝒉
0 – 10 7 5 -2 -14
10 – 20 8 15 -1 -8
20 – 30 12 25 (A) 0 0
30 – 40 13 35 1 13
40 – 50 10 45 2 20
h = 10 ∑ 𝑓𝑖 = 50 ∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑢𝑖 = 11
)×ℎ
11
= 25 + × 10
50
11
= 25 +
5
= 25 + 2.2
= 27.2
= 3(28) – 2(27.2)
= 84 – 54.4
= 29.6
11. Find the mode of the following data : (2020)
Class 0 – 10 10 – 20 20 – 30 30 – 40 40 – 50
Also, find the mean using emperical formula, given that the median for the above data is
26.
Solution: We have,
Class 0 – 10 10 – 20 20 – 30 30 – 40 40 – 50
Frequency 6 11 (f0) 15 (f1) 14 (f2) 4
𝑓1 −𝑓0
2𝑓1 −𝑓0 −𝑓2
15−11
= 20 + ( ) × 10
2×15−11−14
4
= 20 + × 10 = 20 + 8 = 28
5

28 = 3(26) – 2 Mean
2 Mean = 78 – 28
50
Mean = = 25
2
12. Calculate the Median from the following table: (2021)
Class 0 – 10 10 – 20 20 – 30 30 – 40 40 – 50
Interval
Also, find the mean using empirical formula if mode of the above data is 24.
Solution: We have,
0 – 10 5 5
10 – 20 10 5 + 10 = 15 (c)
(l) 20 – 30 20 (f) 15 + 20 = 35
30 – 40 5 35 + 5 = 40
40 – 50 10 40 + 10 = 50
h = 10 𝑛 = 50
𝑛 50
2 2

𝑛
−𝑐
)×ℎ
𝑓
25−15
= 20 + ( ) × 10
20
10
= 20 +
2
= 20 +5
= 25
24 = 3(25) – 2 Mean
2 Mean = 75 – 24
51
Mean = = 25.5
2
18. Probability:
(i) Elementary idea of probability as a measure of uncertainty.
Chapter 18
EXERCISE 18
2. One card is drawn from a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards. Calculate the probability that
the card will be a king.
Solution: Number of favourable outcomes (No. of kings) = 4
Total number of possible outcomes (total cards) = 52

4 1
 Required probability = =
52 13
3. An unbiased die is thrown. What is the probability of getting a multiple of 3?
Solution: When a die is thrown, possible outcomes are: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Multiple of 3 are: 3, 6
Number of favourable outcomes = 2
Total number of possible outcomes = 6

2 1
6 3
4. Two unbiased coins are tossed simultaneously. Find the probability of getting at least
one head.
Solution: Possible outcomes are: HT, TH, HH, TT
Favourable outcomes are: HT, TH, HH

3
 Required probability =
4
5. A die is thrown. Find the probability of getting:
(i) an even prime number (ii) a number greater than 5
Solution: Possible outcomes are: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
(i) 2 is an even prime number

1
6
(ii) 6 is a number greater than 5

1
6
6. A card is drawn at random from a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards. Find the probability
that the card drawn is
(i) a king or jack (ii) a non-ace

(iii) a red card (iv) neither a king nor a queen
Solution: Total number of possible outcomes (total cards) = 52
(i) Number of favourable outcomes (kings +jacks) = 4 + 4 = 8

8 2
52 13
(ii) Number of favourable outcomes (52 – aces) = 52 – 4 = 48

48 12
52 13
(iii) Number of favourable outcomes (No. of red cards) = 13 + 13 = 26

26 1
52 2
(iv) Number of favourable outcomes ={52 –(kings + queens)}

= 52 – (4 + 4) = 52 – 8 = 44
44 11
52 13
7. Find the probability that a number selected at random from the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
…., 34, 35 is
(i) prime number (ii) multiple of 7 (iii) multiple of 3 or 5
Solution: Total number of possible outcomes = 35
(i) From 1 to 35, prime numbers are: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23,
29, 31

11
35
(ii) From 1 to 35, multiple of 7 are: 7, 14, 21, 28, 35

5 1
35 7
(iii) From 1 to 35, multiple of 3 or 5 are: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 20,
21, 24, 25, 27, 30, 33, 35

16
35
8. Find the probability of getting 53 Fridays in a leap year.
Solution: Number of days in a leap year = 366 = 52 weeks + 2 days
Total number of possible outcomes (No. of days in a week) = 7

2
7
9. A bag contains 6 red balls, 8 white balls, 5 green balls and 3 black balls. One ball is
drawn at random from the bag. Find the probability that the ball drawn is
(i) white (ii) red or black
(iii) not green (iv) neither white nor black
Solution: Total number of possible outcomes (total balls) = 6 + 8 + 5 + 3 = 22
(i) Number of favourable outcomes (No. of white balls) = 8

8 4
22 11
(ii) Number of favourable outcomes (red + black) = 6 + 3 = 9

9
22
(iii) Number of favourable outcomes = 22 – No. of green balls
= 22 – 5 = 17
17
22
(iv) Number of favourable outcomes = (red + green) balls

= 6 + 5 = 11
11 1
22 2
10. There are 30 cards numbered from 1 to 30. One card is drawn at random. Find the
probability that the number of the selected card is not divisible by 3.
Numbers divisible by 3 are: 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30
Number of favourable outcomes = 30 – 10 = 20

20 2
30 3
11. Find the probability that a number selected at random from the numbers 1 to 25 is not
a prime number when each of the given numbers is equally likely to be selected.
Prime numbers are: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23

16
25
12. A box contains 20 balls bearing numbers 1, 2, 3, …., 20 respectively. A ball is drawn
at random from the box. What is the probability that the number on the ball is
(i) an odd number (ii) divisible by 2 or 3
(iii) a prime number, and (iv) not divisible by 10
Solution: Total number of possible outcomes (total balls) = 20
(i) Odd numbers are: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19

10 1
20 2
(ii) Numbers divisible by 2 or 3 are: 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16,
18, 20

13
20
(iii) Prime numbers are: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19

8 2
20 5
(iv) Numbers divisible by 10 are: 10, 20

18 9
20 10
13. A bag contains 6 red balls and some blue balls. If the probability of drawing a blue
ball from the bag is twice that of a red ball, find the number of blue balls in the bag.
Solution: Let the number of blue balls = x
Total number of possible outcomes (total balls) = x + 6

6
Probability of red ball =
𝑥+6
𝑥
Probability of blue ball =
𝑥+6
By given, probability of blue ball = 2 × probability of red ball

𝑥 6
⇒ =2 ×
𝑥+6 𝑥+6
⇒ 𝑥 =2×6
⇒ 𝑥 = 12
Hence, number of blue balls = 12

14. The king, the queen, the jack and 10, all of spades are lost from a pack of 52 playing
cards. A card is drawn from the remaining well-shuffled pack. Find the probability of
getting a
(i) red card (ii) king (iii) black card
Solution: Total number of missing cards = 4
Total number of possible outcomes = 52 – 4 = 48
(i) Number of favourable outcomes (No. of red cards) = 13 + 13 = 26

26 13
48 24
(ii) Number of favourable outcomes = 4 – 1 = 3

3 1
48 16
(iii) Number of favourable outcomes = 26 – 4 = 22

22 11
48 24
15. Two players, Sania and Emily play a tennis match. It is known that the probability of
Sania winning the match is 0.68. what is the probability of Emily winning the match?
Solution: Probability of Emily winning the match = 1 – 0.68 = 0.32
16. A bag contains 24 balls of which x are red, 2x are white and 3x are blue. A ball is
selected at random. What is the probability that it is
(i) not red? (ii) white?
Solution: Total balls = 24
⇒ 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 = 24
⇒ 6𝑥 = 24
24
⇒ 𝑥=
6
⇒ 𝑥=4
Number of red balls = x = 4
Number of white balls = 2𝑥 = 2 × 4 = 8
Number of blue balls = 3𝑥 = 3 × 4 = 12

(i) Number of favourable outcomes = (white + blue)balls= 8 + 12 = 20
20 5
24 6
(ii) Number of favourable outcomes (No. of white balls) = 8

8 1
24 3
17. A bag contains 5 white balls, 7 red balls, 4 black balls and 2 blue balls. One ball is
drawn at random from the bag. What is the probability that the ball drawn is
(i) white or blue? (ii) red or black?
(iii) not white? (iv) neither white nor black?
Solution: Total number of possible outcomes (total balls) = 5 + 7 + 4 + 2 = 18
(i) Number of favourable outcomes (white + blue) = 5 + 2 = 7

7
18
(ii) Number of favourable outcomes (red + black) = 7 + 4 = 11

11
18
(iii) Number of favourable outcomes = 18 – No. of white balls
= 18 – 5 = 13
13
18
(iv) Number of favourable outcomes (red + blue) = 7 + 2 = 9

9 1
18 2
18. From a pack of 52 playing cards Jacks, queens, kings and aces of red colours are
removed. From the remaining, a card is drawn at random. Find the probability that the
card drawn is
(i) a black queen (ii) a red card

(iii) a black jack (iv) a picture card (jacks, queens and kings are picture cards)
Solution: Total number of possible outcomes = 52 – (2 + 2 + 2 + 2) = 52 – 8 = 44
(i) Number of favourable outcomes (No. of black queens) = 2

2 1
44 22
(ii) Number of favourable outcomes = 26 – 8 = 18

18 9
44 22
(iii) Number of favourable outcomes (No. of black jacks) = 2

2 1
44 22
(iv) Number of favourable outcomes = 12 – 6 = 6

6 3
44 22
19. A bag contains tickets numbered 11, 12, 13, ……, 30. A ticket is taken out from the
bag at random. Find the probability that the number on the drawn ticket
(i) is a multiple of 7 (ii) is greater than 15 and a multiple of 5
Solution: Total number of possible outcomes (total tickets) = 20
(i) Multiples of 7 are: 14, 21, 28

3
20
(ii) Multiples of 5, greater than 15 are: 20, 25, 30

3
20
20. A box contains 100 red cards, 200 yellow cards and 50 blue cards. If a card is drawn at
random from the box, then find the probability that it will be
(i) a blue card (ii) not a yellow card
(iii) neither yellow nor a blue card
Solution: Total number of possible outcomes = 100 + 200 + 50 = 350
(i) Number of favourable outcomes (No. of blue cards) = 50

50 1
350 7
(ii) Number of favourable outcomes = 350 – yellow cards
= 350 – 200 = 150

150 3
350 7
(iii) Number of favourable outcomes (No. of red cards) = 100

100 2
350 7
19. Pictorial representation of data:
Construction of pie chart (sub parts of pie chart should not exceed five). Degrees of
central angle should be multiples of 5.
Omitted portion: - Reading of pie chart
Chapter 19
EXERCISE 19
2. The favourite flavours of ice-cream for students of a school is given in percentages as

follows:
Flavours Percentage of students

preferring the flavours
Chocolate 50%
Vanilla 25%
Other flavours 25%
Draw a pie-chart for this data.
Solution:
Flavours Percentage of Central angle

students preferring
the flavours
Chocolate 50% 50
× 3600 = 1800
100
Vanilla 25% 25
× 3600 = 900
100
Other flavours 25% 25

× 3600 = 900
100
Other Flavours
25%
900 1800
Chocolate
∟
900
∟ 50%
Vanilla
25%
3. The choice of food for a group of people is given below.
Favourite food Number of people

North Indian 30
South Indian 40
Chinese 25
Others 25
Total 120
Display the data in a pie-chart.
Solution:
Favourite food Number of people Central angle
North Indian 30 30
× 3600 = 900
120
South Indian 40 40
× 3600 = 1200
120
Chinese 25 25
× 3600 = 750
120
Others 25 25
× 3600 = 750
120
Total 120
Others, 25
North Indian, 30
750
∟ 900
750
1200
Chinese, 25
South Indian, 40
4. Draw a pie-chart to represent the time spent by a child during a day.
Activities Time spent (in hours)

Sleep 8
School 6
Homework 4
Play 4
Other 2
Solution: Total = 8 + 6 + 4 + 4 + 2 = 24
8
Sleep = × 3600 = 1200
24
6
School = × 3600 = 900
24
4
Homework = × 3600 = 600
24
4
Play = × 3600 = 600
24
2
Other = × 3600 = 300
24
Other
300
Play Sleep
600 1200
600
Homework 900
school
5. The monthly income of a family is ₹ 10,800. Its monthly budget is given below:
Item Expenses (in ₹)

Rent 2700
Food 2400
Education 1800
Clothing 1500
Savings 2400
Represent the above data by a pie-chart.
Solution: Total = 2700 + 2400 + 1800 + 1500 + 2400 = 10800

2700
Rent = × 3600 = 900
10800
2400
Food = × 3600 = 800
10800
1800
Education = × 3600 = 600
10800
1500
Clothing = × 3600 = 500
10800
2400
Saving = × 3600 = 800
10800
food
Rent
800
900
∟
0
Clothing 50 800
600 Savings
education
8. The number of students in a hostel, speaking different languages is given below.
Language Number of students

Hindi 40
English 12
Marathi 9
Tamil 7
Bengali 4
Total 72
Solution: Total = 40 + 12 + 9 + 7 + 4 = 72
40
Hindi = × 3600 = 2000
72
12
English = × 3600 = 600
72
9
Marathi = × 3600 = 450
72
7
Tamil = × 3600 = 350
72
4
Bengali = × 3600 = 200
72
tamil
350
marathi hindi
450 2000
600
english
9. The following table gives the percentages of truck drivers of various age groups
involved in road accidents during a year. Draw a pie-chart for this data.
Age of drivers (in years) Percentage of accidents

Under 20 25%
20 – 40 45%
40 – 60 20%
Above 60 10%
Solution: Total = 100
25
Under 20 = × 3600 = 900
100
45
20 – 40 = × 3600 = 1620
100
20
40 – 60 = × 3600 = 720
100
10
Above 60 = × 3600 = 360
100
Above 60
years
under 20
360 years
(40 - 60)
years 720 ∟ 900
1620
(20 - 40) years

Class 10 Maths

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Class X

Kolasib District chhunga hetiang Zirtirtu, Zirlai te hmakhua ngaitak a hlawkna

He thil a lo hlawhtlin theihna tura Sir Emanuel Lalthlengliana, inpekna leh a

Weightage to Content Area:

Sl/no. Topic Marks

UNIT II: TIME, DISTANCE AND WORK

2. Time and Distance, Time and Work 12 - 16

UNIT III: ALGEBRA

4. Linear Equations in Two Variables 36 - 70

6. Arithmetic Progression (AP) 98 - 130

7. Sets 131 - 142

UNIT IV: GEOMETRY

8. Triangles 143 - 145

9. Circles 146 - 157

10. Constructions 158 - 167

UNIT V: COORDINATE GEOMETRY

11. Coordinate Geometry 168 - 207

UNIT VI: TRIGONOMETRY

12. Trigonometric Identities 208 - 213

13. Trigonometric Ratios of Complementary Angles 214 - 224

14. Heights and Distances 225 - 236

UNIT VII: MENSURATION

15. Areas Related to Circles 237 - 239

16. Surface Areas and Volumes 240 - 259

UNIT VIII: STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

17. Mean, Median and Mode of Group Data 260 - 289

18. Probability 290 - 298

19. Pictorial Representation of Data 299 - 305

UNIT-I COMMERCIAL MATHEMATICS

1. A loan of ₹ 21,200 is to be returned in two equal annual instalments. If the rate of

Rate of interest = 16% p.a.

Rate of interest = 20% p.a.

Solution: Sum borrowed = ₹ 36,720

Solution: Sum borrowed = ₹ 17,200

Bentley’s 1 hour work = (Anthony + Bentley + Caleb)’s 1 hour work −

 Bently will finish the work in 12 hours.

Hence, the work last for (4 + 6) days = 10 days.

Solve the following :

i) x2 + 5x + 6 ii) x2 – 9x – 22 iii) 2x2 – 7x + 6 iv) 4a2 – 1

= 𝑥(𝑥 + 3) + 2(𝑥 + 3) No. are 3 & 2

= 𝑥(𝑥 – 11) + 2(𝑥 – 11) No. are –11 & 2

= 2𝑥(𝑥– 2) + 3(𝑥– 2) No. are –4 & –3

= (2𝑎 − 3){(2𝑎)2 + (2𝑎)(3) + 32 }

= (3𝑦 − 1){(3𝑦)2 + (3𝑦)(1) + 12 }

∴ The zeroes of 2𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 6 are 3 and 1

∴ The zeroes of 4𝑢2 + 8𝑢 are 0 and −2.

∴ The zeroes of 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 10 are −5 and −2

∴ The zeroes of 𝑡 2 − 15 are −√15 and √15

−15 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚

∴ The zeroes of 𝑥 2 − 3 are −√3 and √3

−3 4 −2 6 −12 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚

Solution: Let α and β be the zeroes of the required polynomial p(x).

Solution: Let α and β be the zeroes of the required polynomial p(x).

Hence, the polynomial is 3𝑥 2 − 3√2𝑥 + 1

Solution: Let α and β be the zeroes of the required polynomial p(x).

Solution: Let α and β be the zeroes of the required polynomial p(x).

Solution: Let α and β be the zeroes of the required polynomial p(x).

Solution: Let α and β be the zeroes of the required polynomial p(x).

Hence, the polynomial is 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 2

Solution: Let α and β be the zeroes of the required polynomial p(x).

Hence, the polynomial is 4𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1

Solution: Let α and β be the zeroes of the required polynomial p(x).

Solution: Let α and β be the zeroes of the required polynomial p(x).