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OSI layers

Research · October 2015

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.3457.7362

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Ahmed Elnaggar
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 REFERENCE MODELS
Presented by: Eng. Ahmed Atef Elnaggar
Supervisor: Prof . Shawkat K.Guirguis
Department of Information Technology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, University of Alexandria, Egypt.
OSI
OSI model Layer Hardware Equipment PDU TCP/IP Hybrid
model Function Protocols Words to remember (Protocol
name Mnemonic Equipment Purpose Data Unit) Model Model
layer
This layer supports application and end-user processes. HTTP (80,8080), User interface,
Communication partners are identified, quality of service is identified, HTTPS (443), Application,
user authentication and privacy are considered, and any constraints on TFTP (69), Browser,
Computer,
data syntax are identified. Everything at this layer is application- FTP (20, 21), Represent data to user APDU
7 Application All away
specific. This layer provides application services for file transfers, e- IMAP (143),SMTP (25),
Gateway,
(Encoded)
Firewall
mail, and other network software services. Telnet and FTP are POP3 (110),SSH (22),
applications that exist entirely in the application level. Tiered Telnet (23), DNS (53)
application architectures are part of this layer. DHCP (67,68)
This layer provides independence from differences in data MIME, Data format,
representation (e.g., encryption) by translating from application to XDR, Coding, Application Application
Computer, Regular computer or
network format, and vice versa. The presentation layer works to SSL, Conversion,
Gateway special gateway used to PPDU
6 presentation people pizza transform data into the form that the application layer can accept. This ASCII/EBCDIC, Compression,
redirector combine network using Charter
layer formats and encrypts data to be sent across a network, providing JPEG, Language, Decryption
freedom from compatibility problems. It is sometimes called the MP3 Encoding, Encryption different communication
syntax layer. protocols, filtering traffic
This layer establishes, manages and terminates connections between NFS , SQL, RPC, User session (Establish,
applications. The session layer sets up, coordinates, and terminates Named Pipes, Restart ,End) Computer,
5 Session seem sausage conversations, exchanges, and dialogues between the applications at NetBIOS, SAP Dialogues, Gateway SPDU
each end. It deals with session and connection coordination. Data exchange,
This layer provides transparent transfer of data between end systems, TCP: transaction TCP, UDP, Process address,
or hosts, and is responsible for end-to-end error recovery and flow control protocol Segment, Encapsulation, Computer,
TPDU
4 Transport to throw control. It ensures complete data transfer. 20 bytes Protocol 6 Reassemble, Decapsulation Advanced cable
Segment
Transport Transport
UDP: User data gram tester, Brouter
8 bytes Protocol 17
This layer provides switching and routing technologies, creating IPv4 (32bits), IPSec, Route, static or dynamic,
Router,
logical paths, known as virtual circuits, for transmitting data from node IPX, IPv6, RIP congestion ctrl, Segment network into
Brouter, Frame
3 Network need not to node. Routing and forwarding are functions of this layer, as well as Apple talk, ICMP, IP, best path,
relay device,
smaller broadcast packets Internet Network
addressing, internetworking, error handling, congestion control and ARP (48 bits), BGP, Logical address, domains.
ATM switch
packet sequencing. RARP quality of service
At this layer, data packets are encoded and decoded into bits. It Circuit switching, transmission errors, MAC
furnishes transmission protocol knowledge and management and Packet switching, medium access control,
handles errors in the physical layer, flow control and frame Ethernet, WIFI, Flow control, Error check
Bridge, Switch,
synchronization. The data link layer is divided into two sub layers: The Token Ring, ATM, Circuit switching, Segment network into
NIC, ISDN Data link
2 Data link data do Media Access Control (MAC) layer and the Logical Link Control FDDI, Frame Relay, Packet switching,
router,
smaller collision domains frames
(LLC) layer. The MAC sub layer controls how a computer on the WAN, HDLC, Framing, CRC
Intelligent hub
network gains access to the data and permission to transmit it. The LLC 802.2, Physical address
LLC layer controls frame synchronization, flow control and error MAC 802.3,802.5, WPA,WEP Host to
checking. PPP, PPTP, L2TP network
This layer conveys the bit stream – electrical impulse, light or radio Bits, Bits, volts, 1 or 0, Cabling, Repeaters,
signal — through the network at the electrical and mechanical level. It RS 232, nanoseconds, transmission Hubs, Multi-
provides the hardware means of sending and receiving data on a V .35, directions, pins, Connector port cabling,
carrier, including defining cables, cards and physical aspects. Fast T1, E1, ISDN, mechanical, electrical, timing One collision and one Physical
1 Physical processing please
Ethernet, RS232, and ATM are protocols with physical layer POTS, SONET, and physical properties.
Multiplexer,
broadcast domain.
Bit
TDR hubs
components. DSL, Oscilloscope,
EIA/TIA Amplify

Communication subnet boundary

The Open Systems Interconnection(OSI) model (ISO/IEC 7498-1) is a product of the Open Systems Interconnection effort at the International Organization for Standardization, It was provided by the work of Charles Bachman, Honeywell Info. Services by 1977.
TCP/IP request for Comments (RFC) 791 and 793 which was initially designed to meet the data communication needs of the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD), It was provided by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA, now called DARPA) of the U.S by 1969.
We will use the hybrid reference model as the framework.

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