RA 9299 Republic of the Philippines June 25, 2004

NEGROS ORIENTAL STATE UNIVERSITY

Bayawan- Sta. Catalina Campus

COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION

BEED 10
EDUKASYONG PANTAHANAN AT PANGKABUHAYAN (EPP)

Prepared by:

IMELDA T. NAVARRO, MAED-TLE

Instructor

MODULE 2

INTRODUCTION:

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  EdukasyongPantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (E.P.P.) covers Home Economics (H.E.), Agriculture (AG) and Industrial Arts
(I.A.). It is geared towards the development of technological proficiency and is anchored on knowledge and information, skills and
processes, and the acquisition of proper work values and life skills.
          EdukasyongPantahanan at Pangkabuhayan equips pupils with skills for lifelong learning. It is focus on mastery of skills and
processes, without right work values it is anemic and dangerous. An effective E.P.P. is one that is founded on the cognitive,
behavioral, or psychomotor and affective dimensions of human development. Therefore teaching E.P.P. means teaching facts,
concepts, skills and values in their entirety.
          E.P.P. by its nature is a skill subject, hence we teachers must engage pupils in an experiential, contextualized and authentic
teaching-learning process. It is a subject in which pupils learn best by doing.

COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the module, the students are expected to:
1. Demonstrate in-depth understanding of pedagogical content knowledge and skills in technology
and livelihood education.
2. Demonstrate knowledge and skills in teaching and learning EPP in the elementary levels.

CONTENTS OF THE MODULE

This module contains the following lessons:

Lesson 1: Basic Clothing

 Basic Sewing Skills
 Terminologies Used in Dressmaking
 Sewing Tools and Equipment
 Simple Repairs
Lesson 2: Industrial Arts
 Handicraft and Its Contribution to economy
 Indigenous materials used for handicrafts.
 Simple DIY handicrafts

DIRECTIONS ON HOW TO USE THE MODULE PROPERLY

In order to benefit profoundly from this module, please be guided by all the key points presented below:
1. This module contains two (2) lessons. Each lesson is explained substantively. Read the explanations thoroughly so that
you could understand the lesson fully.
2. On the first page of each lesson, you will find the specific learning outcomes (SLOs) of each lesson. SLOs are
knowledge and skills you are expected to acquire at the end of the lesson. Read them heartily.
3. You must answer the Learning Activities/Exercises (LAEs). The LAEs are designed to help you acquire the SLOs.
4. Feel free to chat, call, text or send an email message to me if you have questions, reactions, or reflections about the
contents or activities in the module.
5. The Practice Task/Assessment and the Assignment shall be checked by me.

LESSON I - Basic Clothing

 Basic Sewing Skills
 Terminologies Used in Dressmaking
 Sewing Tools and Equipment
 Simple Repairs

Specific Learning Outcomes

1. Learn basic sewing skills required to start making simple garments and accessories;
2. Identify the parts and function of a sewing machine;
3. Familiarize the terms used in dressmaking
4. Do some simple mending and repair.

MOTIVATION
Sewing can be very fulfilling. You can sew new projects and gifts, you can alter clothing that doesn’t fit right, make cozy
blankets and quilts, and you can create lasting memories with the projects you sew. It doesn’t have to be hard, it just takes practice and
patience, but soon you can be sewing like a pro.
Nowadays, it is not only women can do the sewing, men in many parts of the world are also engage into sewing and if fact
may fashion designers and dressmakers are men who excel in the fashion world.

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DISCUSSION
Sewing is the craft of fastening or attaching objects using stitches made with a needle and thread. Sewing is one of the oldest
of the textile arts, arising in the Paleolithic era. Before the invention of spinning yarn or weaving fabric, archaeologists believe Stone
Age people across Europe and Asia sewed fur and skin clothing using bone, antler or ivory needles and "thread" made of various
animal body parts including sinew, catgut, and veins.
For thousands of years, all sewing was done by hand. The invention of the sewing machine in the 19th century and the rise
of computerization in the 20th century led to mass production and export of sewn objects, but hand sewing is still practiced around the
world. Fine hand sewing is a characteristic of high-quality tailoring, haute couture fashion, and custom dressmaking, and is pursued by
both textile artists and hobbyists as a means of creative expression.
Sewing underwent further developments during the 20th century. As sewing machines became more affordable to the
working class, demand for sewing patterns grew. Women had become accustomed to seeing the latest fashions in periodicals during
the late 19th and early 20th centuries, increasing demand for sewing patterns yet more. Today, the low price of ready-made clothing in
shops means that home sewing is confined largely to hobbyists in Western countries[citation needed], with the exception of cottage
industries in custom dressmaking and upholstery.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewing

Terms in Dressmaking
Appliqué – A method of surface decoration made by cutting a decorative shape
from fabric and stitching it to the surface of the piece being decorated.
The stitching can be by hand (blanket stitch) or machine (zigzag or a
decorative stitch).
Armhole/Armscye – The portion of the garment through which the arm extends,
or a sleeve is sewn. Armholes come in many shapes and configurations, and
can be an interesting part of a design.
Backstitch - is the strongest hand stitch and is used to imitate machine stitches.
Baste - Temporary long running stitches, made by either hand or machine, that
holds the fabric together before permanent stitches are applied.
Basting stitch or stay stitch – A long stitch, used for temporarily joining 2 pieces together, or to stabilize fabric before joining. Basting
may be done by hand or by machine, using the longest stitch available.
Bias – The diagonal of the fabric, crossing both the lengthwise and crosswise grain. Woven fabric cut on the bias has more stretch
than a fabric cut on a straight grain, and a garment cut on the bias drapes and hugs the body beautifully. True bias is cut at a
45 degree angle.
Binding - A narrow strip of material which is sewn around the edge of a garment, a bag or even a quilt.
Blanket stitch - A hand stitch used for finishing a fabric edge.
Casing - A casing is a fabric tunnel through which elastic or a drawstring can be threaded to pull in or draw up the fabric.
Cord - Cord is twisted fibre, usually intermediate between rope and string.
Dart - A dart is a common technique used for shaping garments. Darts are created by stitching out a wedge-shaped fold of fabric. They
vary in width and length and can be tapered at one or both ends. They frequently appear around the bust and waist.
Darning - Darning is a technique for repairing holes or worn areas in fabric or knitting using needle and thread. It is often done by
hand, but it is also possible to darn with a sewing machine.
Edge stitch - Straight stitching very close to the edge of a seam, trim or outer edge.
Face - The "front" of a piece of fabric having a distinct front and back; same as right side.
Facing - A facing is fabric used to finish the raw edges of a garment such as at neckline and armhole. Shaped facings are cut to match
the edge they will face, and bias facings are strips of fabric cut on the bias or cross-grain and shaped to fit edge.
Gather - A way of gathering the fabric to create fullness in the fabric, such as ruffles. It is a technique for shortening the length of a
strip of fabric, so that the longer piece can be attached to the shorter piece.
Grain -  The lengthwise and crosswise grain of fabric refer to the directions parallel to the warp and weft, respectively.
Gusset - A gusset is a triangular or square piece of fabric inserted into a seam to add breadth or reduce stress from tight-fitting
clothing. Gussets were used at the shoulders, underarms, and hems of traditional shirts and chemises made of rectangular
lengths of linen to shape the garments to the body.
Hem - The finished bottom edge of a garment. The hem indicates the edge which is usually folded up and sewn, thus creating a neat
and even finish.
Interfacing - A term for a textile used on the unseen (wrong) side of fabrics. They support and stabilize the fashion fabric of the
garment.
Jeweler’s knot  A simple knot tied on a strand of thread and then pulled down on a pin or needle to the base of the thread.
Lapped seams - Seams lapped one over the other – wrong side to right – with seamlines meeting in the middle.
Lining - A piece of material used to finish the inside of a garment. Linings can hide the seam and make the garments easier and more
comfortable to wear.
Overlay - This refers to the top layer of fabric, when there is a different one underneath.

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Patchwork - A form of needlework that involves sewing together small pieces of fabric to create a patchwork like effect. This is very
popular for quilting. Can be done by hand or by machine.
Pattern - A template on paper or cardboard from which all of the pieces of the garment are traced onto fabric. All the parts are then cut
out and assembled to create the final piece. In sewing and fashion design, a pattern is an original garment from which other
garments of a similar style are copied.
Pin tuck - A narrow, stitched fold of fabric. This style is usually seen in multiples and creates a stylish and smart finish.
Pleat - A type of fold in the fabric created by doubling the material back on itself and securing it in place. When ironed, they create a
sharp crease.
Piping - Piping is a type of trim or embellishment consisting of a strip of folded fabric inserted into a seam to define the edges or style
lines of a garment or other textile object. Usually the fabric strip is cut on the bias or cross-grain, and often it is folded over a
cord. It may be made from either self-fabric (the same fabric as the object to be ornamented) or contrasting fabric, or of
leather.
Raw edge - The edge of the piece of fabric after it is cut but before it is hemmed. If left raw, the fabric might fray.
Right side - The front, or face of the fabric. This is the side of the fabric designed to be on the outside of the garment.
Running stitch - A hand-sewn stitch that weaves in and out of the material. This creates a dashed line effect.
Seam - The line where 2 pieces of fabric are held together by the thread.
Seam allowance - This is the width of the fabric beyond the seam line. The standard seam allowance is normally 1.5cm.
Selvedge - The woven edge of the fabric that runs parallel to the lengthwise grain – also called “selvage.” They are the finished edges
that do not fray.
Staystitch - Stitching placed on or just outside the seamline. It is used to stabilize the fabric and prevent it from stretching out of
shape.
Stitch - A stitch is a single turn or loop of the thread or yarn in sewing, knitting, and embroidery. All stitches made with a sewing
needle with an "eye" or hole are variations on seven basic stitches: running stitch, backstitch, overcast stitch, cross
stitch, buttonhole or blanket stitch, chain stitch, and knot stitch.
Top stitch - A line of stitching parallel to a seam or edge, sewn from the right side. These can be decorative or can be used to add
strength to an item.
Tuck - A stitched fold of fabric. This can be used for decorative purposes or to add shape to a garment.
Underlay - The layer of fabric underneath another layer of fabric.
Under stitch - When the seam allowances are stitched to the facing along an edge.
Warp - The lengthwise thread in woven fabric.
Weft- The crosswise threads in woven fabric.
Wrong side - The inside or back of the fabric. The side that isn’t on show.
Yarn - A continuous length of interlocked fibres. Can be made from natural or synthetic fibers.
Yoke - A panel across the shoulders or the waistline.
Zigzag stitch - A zigzag stitch is a literal stitch made with a zigzag pattern. Often used to sew along raw edges to prevent them from
fraying. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_sewing_terms/

https://ph.images.search.yahoo.com/yhs/search?p=basic+terms+in+dressmaking+images&fr=yhs-ddc-ddc_

Sewing Tools, Materials and Equipment

When you are doing something professionally or personally it needs some equipment or materials. For example, if you are
doing painting you need colors and brushes, similarly there are some materials that are essentials for sewing, and if they are not
available sewing is hard to do. Things must have good quality because these are for longer use.

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 SEWING MACHINE: is a necessary aspect of life,
it must be present in every house. Whether you sew
your cloth or not but sewing machine helps you in
other ways like: machine can alter your old dress.
Make good care of machine with proper maintenance.

TAILORS CHALK: Tailor chalk is a

fabric chalk which is used in marking
the fabric with the pattern. You must
have two chalks in quantity.

SCISSOR OR SHEAR: In sewing, cutting, dress

designing scissor is the most TRACING WHEEL: Tracing wheel is
essential task. small tool which is
used with paper, it
Here are some types of helps you trace paper pattern design
types of scissor or shear. on fabric. Curve for armholes are
difficult to mark with chalk you can
use tracing wheel.

SILK PINS: Silk pins are made of steels mostly, available in

different sizes and used with SEAM RIPPER: A sharp tool
every kind of fabric, these pointed needle and other one is
pin are usually used in hand protected by ball for not to harm
crafting. Pleating Pins are harm your fabric. It is mostly
other kind of pins which are used in thread removing or
specifically used with thin pp ripping by its sharp part which
fabric as they passed through select only thread on fabric
threads of fabric very easily. without disturbing fabric’s yarn.

NEEDLES THREADER:
A diamond shaped wired attached
with handle helps you out in needle
threading when you become tired

NEEDLES: There are many kinds become or having eye issue. It is used in passing
a thread to the needle of needles which used in sewing.
MACHINE NEEDLE: Every machine has their own needle HAND NEEDLE: These needles are used in hand sewing,
number which suit in there structure, Mostly Machine needles there are different types of needles some support thick fabrics
upper part is thick to get hold on needle and lower part has and other support thin fabric.
sharp edge with thin body.

THREAD: A thin part of cotton, nylon or other fabric.

It is basic necessity for sewing so there many types and
colors with quality available but we must have black and
white color thread and whatever dress you are making must
have thread for that color.

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 MEASURING TAPE: Measuring tape has important role in sewing, it is a tool which is flexible enough to make measurement
around body parts.
TRANSPARENT RULER: 12” or 24” long ruler used in pattern making and fabric cutting and marking with chalk. Ruler is a
replacement of measuring tape for new ones or for those who works with pattern.

FRENCH CURVE: French curve is a drafting template made

of wooden, plastic or metal having different curve models and
edges. It is used in curve making in pattern, design and cutting.

YARD
STICK: Yard stick is a wooden or metal rod/stick which
is used to measure what is the length of fabric and etc.
https://dresscrafts.com/2016/06/basic-sewing-equipment-and-materials/

"Tools” would be referring to smaller objects you work with using your hands ex: seam ripper, measuring tape, shears, exc.
"Equipment" would be the heavy duty items such as the sewing machine itself, an iron, serger, and steamer. The differences between
materials, equipment, and tools are in the way they are used, acquired, and maintained. Materials are consumed constantly, while tools
and equipment require periodic repair or replacement.

UNDERSTANDING HOW TO USE YOUR SEWING MACHINE:

Once you’ve got your sewing machine, it can still be very intimidating right? You’ve got to learn to thread it, learn how to
change the settings and learn what all of those buttons mean.
Every sewing machine is a little bit different, so your best bet is to start with the user’s manual. But don’t let this scare you. It
isn’t particularly hard to thread a machine (especially with some of the new bells and whistles they have to make it easier) and most
beginner machines aren’t going to have too many settings to overwhelm you.
Sewing machine is a device which is used to sew fabric or any other parts of the materials. It is used in both the leather and
apparel industries. In order to learn to use your sewing machine you must become familiar with all the functions and parts. In this
lesson, I will explain different parts of sewing machine and their functions. The most important elements of sewing with a machine are
threading the top thread and the bobbin. The machine takes threads from the upper and lower threads to make the stitching. When
straight stitching, these should appear as neat regular stitching. If the stitches are irregular or threads keep breaking or snagging, it is
often a result of miss-threading or winding the lower bobbin incorrectly. It can also be an issue with tension. This all takes practice.
Sewing machine is very important because it is the main reason why people can produce clothes. We can design any clothes
we want and made them possible by the use of sewing machines.

SEWING MACHINE TYPES

There are domestic, industrial, and handheld sewing machines.  Domestic sewing machines are for home use.  Home
machines have many different stitches.  These sewing machines are for sewing as a hobby but can be used every day.  They are not
meant to be used every day for numerous hours a day like industrial sewing machines.  Industrial machines are built to be
continuously used over 40 plus hours a week.  These industrial sewing machines usually just have one stitch function.  Handheld
sewing machines are very cheap sewing machines that are meant only to repair a seam not sew an entire project.  They only sew in a
straight line and use a small spool of thread. 
https://www.textileblog.com/parts-and-functions-of-sewing-machine/

Parts of Sewing Machine and their Functions

There are two major parts of the sewing machine: One is upper part and other is lower parts.
The upper part contains of Head, Arm and Bed. While the lower part contains of Band Wheel, Band Wheel Crank, Pitman Rod, Belt
Guide, Belt Shifter, Dress Guard, Treadle, Legs.

Upper Parts of a Sewing Machine and their Functions

Head, Arm and Bed contain various parts. Upper parts of sewing machine are point out below for beginner with alphabetically:

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Fig: Various parts of sewing machine (Upper part)
1. Arm 14. Pattern/Stitch selector
2. Balance Wheel/Hand Wheel 15. Presser Foot
3. Bed 16. Presser Foot Lever
4. Bobbin 17. Reverse Lever
5. Bobbin Case 18. Slide Plate
6. Bobbin Cover 19. Spool Pin
7. Bobbin Winder 20. Spool pin for bobbin winding
8. Face Plate 21. Stitch regulator
9. Feed Dogs 22. Take up Lever
10. Head 23. Tension Disc
11. Needle 24. Thread Cutter
12. Needle bar 25. Thread Guide
13. Needle Clamp 26. Throat Plate or Needle Plate

Functions of the Upper Parts

1. Arm: Arm is the curve part of the head containing mechanism for operating the needle.
2. Balance Wheel/Hand Wheel: Balance Wheel sets the mechanism in motion. It is used to manually raise and lower the needle. This
wheel is driven by the motor, but may be turned by hand to adjust sewing needle height. The wheel located on the right side of the
sewing machine.
3. Bed: Bed is the flat portion of the machine and beneath is the feed dog where it is mounted, and the shuttle and lower thread are
placed. The role of this part is to stabilize the machine to rest in a permanent place.
4. Bobbin Case: The bobbin case is where the bobbin lives. It is a device which
holds the bobbin and provides tension to the lower thread. As the needle thread
is pulled around bobbin case, it wraps around the bobbin thread, and pulls it up
through the needle plate.
5. Bobbin Cover: It covers the bobbin and bobbin case in the machine.
6. Bobbin Winder: Controls the bobbin while winding thread. A simple
mechanism used for winding thread on the bobbin. During bobbin winding Bobbin Case
should keep medium speed. If it is faster it can stretch the thread out or
break.
7. Bobbin: Low spool that provides the lower thread.
A stitch is formed by looping the bobbin thread and Bobbin
the needle thread together.
8. Face plate: A cover which on removal gives access to the oiling
points on the needle bar, presser bar and take-up lever.
9. Feed Dogs: The feed dogs are little pieces of textured metal that
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move the fabric during sewing.
10. Head: The complete sewing machine without cabinet or carry case.
11. Needle bar: Needle bar is a steel rod to keep the needle at one end with the help of a clamp. Its main function is to give motion to
the needle.
12. Needle Clamp: Needle Clamp holds and tightens the needle. It holds the needle in its actual place.
13. Needle: It is a very fine slender piece of metal with a point at one end and a hole or eye for thread at the other. Needle is used to
form a stitch in the garments.
14. Pattern/Stitch selector: It determines the stitch type such as straight stitches or an embroidery stitch or zig-zag.
15. Presser Foot: Presser Foot holds the fabric in place while sewing. Presser foot attach to the
machine shank, which is either “High”, “Low”, or “Slant”. Attach the appropriate presser foot for the
selected stitching.
16. Pressure Foot Lever/Lifter: The primary function of this part is to raise
or lower the presser foot. Lowering the foot engages the tension discs
around the thread. You can control how much pressure the presser foot
exerts by using the machine’s pressure adjustment.
17. Reverse Lever: The liver works to depress the lever which enables the Presser foot
mechanism to move backward or in reverse.
18. Slide Plate: Slide plate is a movable rectangle plate that covers the bobbin case which facilitates the removal of the bobbin case
without lifting the machine.
19. Spool pin for bobbin winding: Spool of thread is placed on this at the time of bobbin winding.
20. Spool pin: It is situated in top of the sewing machine. Main function of spool pin is to hold thread packages. It can be horizontal
or vertical in place.
21. Stitch regulator: It controls the length and width of the stitches on the fabric. This determines how wide or narrow you want your
stitch. And how length of stitch you want.
22. Take up Lever: The take-up lever is an important part of threading the sewing machine and knowing the upward position of your
sewing machine needle.
23. Tension Disc: The two concave discs put together with the convex sides facing each other. The thread passes between the two.
Tension disc controls the looseness and tightness of stitches.
24. Thread Cutter: Many modern machines have a tiny blade attached to the left side of the machine to conveniently cut thread tails
instead of looking for scissors after every seam. It is kept built-in the machine. It’s usually located behind the needle.
25. Thread Guide: It keeps the thread in position and guide the thread from the spool to the needle.
26. Throat Plate or Needle Plate: It is a semi-circular disc plate. This metal plate covers the feed dogs and bobbin casing.

Lower parts of sewing machine are pointed out below:

Fig: Lower parts of sewing machine

1. Band Wheel 5. Belt Shifter
2. Band Wheel Crank 6. Dress Guard
3. Pitman Rod 7. Treadle or Foot Pedal
4. Belt Guide 8. Legs

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Functions of the Lower Parts
1. Band Wheel leads the balance wheel through the belt connection.
2. Band Wheel Crank moves the band wheel.
3. Pitman Rod holds the treadle to band wheel crank.
4. Belt Guide holds the belt to its place.
5. Belt Shifter removes the belt from the wheel.
6. Dress Guard protects the dress from the wheel.
7. Treadle or Foot Pedal is where the feet are stationed to drive the band wheel through the pitman rod.
It regulates the starting, running, and stopping of the machine
8. Legs support the cabinet of the machine.
https://fashion2apparel.blogspot.com/2016/12/parts-sewing-machine-function.html
https://worldmarketsite.com/the-parts-of-sewing-machine-and-their-functions/

What are Basic Sewing Skills?

When you're a beginner to sewing it can be intimating because there's so much terminology and little things that can make or
break your project. However the learning curve shouldn't stop you from exploring what you can do with sewing because it's such a
versatile skill that can help you save a shirt you love or make a toy for your kids.
That's why below we've put together some of the most basic sewing skills that are necessary to becoming a better sewer. No
matter your experience level and how many projects you've done these are the basics from which everything else is built upon.
Without these skills, no one could ever make anything.
With these basic skills you'll have the groundwork on which to build your sewing capabilities no matter what type of sewing
(from embroidery to quilting to fixing a rip) you decide to do.

 Threading a Needle. While this step may seem like a no-brainer and obvious, it cannot be stated enough how important it is
that you thread your needle correctly. The first and most important step is to make sure you are using the right needle for the
thread you are working with.
Not all needles are created equally and if you have a needle which has a thinner eye than your thread you are going
to have a difficult time threading it. Once you've made sure that you have the correct needle size for your thread, unspool
your thread as much as you need and cut, at an angle, with sharp scissors. This will make sure your thread does not fall apart. 
 Sewing a Straight Stitch. While using a sewing machine can make sewing a straight line simple sometimes a machine isn't
right for a project and you need to do it by hand. That's why mastering the basic skill of sewing straight incredibly important.
Practice makes perfect here and the best way to mastery is simply by practicing stitching.
Taking a piece of fabric, drawing straight lines with a ruler, and stitching along that line will train you to sew
straight. You can even start to space out the line so you have to sew straight between two marks as you get better at it. Keep
practicing, making more and more space between your marks, until you can sew in a straight line without any help at all.
While it may not seem important now, the basics are what you build all your sewing skills on.
 Sewing a Button. If you're a sewer chances are someone has asked you to sew a button before. It's one of the most important
tricks to learn because it is so useful when one pops off your shirt! When sewing a button the first thing is to make sure you
choose your thread well, you don't want to use a bright color thread on a white shirt (unless you're going for a statement) so
try and match it. 
The way you sew depends on what type of button you are using, but the most common are 2 or 4-hole buttons. Both
of those techniques are very similar, just with a four-hole button you alternate between the holes so they form a 'X' on the
front to keep it secure.
 For all hand sewn buttons it is important to remember that there is some room between the fabric and the button so
when it goes through the buttonhole it does not pull on the fabric unnecessarily. A great tip, mentioned in those
tutorials, is to put a pin underneath the thread on the topside of the button so when you remove it there's some excess thread.
 Using a Pattern. Once you decide what you want to sew you're likely going to use a pattern to help guide you. Sewing
patterns are incredibly useful for making sure your project turns out how you want it, but they can be difficult to understand
and it's important to learn how to use one properly. 
There are two types of sewing patterns, paper and digital. Paper ones are the more traditional one and you buy them
in a package to use. Digital patterns are becoming more common, however, and can be simply printed off and assembled at
home. Both work and can be used to make amazing garments it just depends on preference and what you have available. 
When using patterns you have the option of cutting your paper to then pin on your fabric for ease or you can trace

over it on the fabric, which is especially helpful if there are no seam allowances on the pattern?
 https://www.allfreesewing.com/Sewing-Tips-and-Tricks/What-are-Basic-Sewing-Skills

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How to Do Simple Mending Repairs
Repairing clothes is not the happiest of all sewing jobs I know. But it is sometimes a necessary thing you ‘have’ to do, when you see
holes in a favorite garment you do not want to lose yet. 
You could have had that hole due to several reasons – some acidic thing fell on the garment, moth ate away fabric fibers and
left small holes, seam stitching frayed the fabric, you snagged the clothing on something sharp, buttons and other fasteners strained the
fabric and tore the area. Another common cause of holes is something like the belt buckle or the purse edge or the kitchen sink
continuously touching a particular area and in time wearing down the place to make holes (you will never notice this till you get that
hole gradually). 

1. Rip - A rip is an opening along a seam. You can easily repair it by machine or hand. Work on the
wrong side of the garment. Sew running stitches along the original seamline. Make additional
stitches about an inch on both sides of the opening to reinforce it and to prevent the rip from
reopening.

2. Patching - Patching is cutting a piece of cloth of the same material to cover a hole or a tear on a
garment. Patching is done initially on the wrong side of the garment. Hem the patch edges by
machine or by hand with running stitches. Place the patch over the hole or tear. Pin or baste in
place.

3. Tears - Cut a piece of cloth of the same material. If you do not have swatches of the same
material, you can cut from the inner seam, hem or other hidden part of the garment. The cut should
be slightly larger than the area it should cover. Position the cut cloth beneath the tear. Follow the
direction of the grains of the cloth as much as possible to the top surface. Hold it in palce with tape
or pins. Work on the right side of the fabric. Fold the raveled edges of the tear and hem by hand
with tiny stitches to make each one smooth. Sew each edge down onto the patch underneath, using
small slipstitches.

4. Darning- Darning is repairing a hole by weaving in the new threads. It is usually done on sock
heels or sweater elbows of cotton and wool fabrics. The darning thread should be of the same
materials as the fabric of the garment - cotton for fabric and wool thread for wool fabrics. The
thread should also be of the same thickness of the garment.

Mending is time-consuming but yields good results and a feeling of satisfaction of

having done something towards sustainable living. If you can try it once, for sure you can do it
more often, rather than throw away good clothing at the first sign of a hole or two.

References:

Alcantara, Ines de Guzman. Management of Today’s Homes. A Work/Textbook in Technology and Livelihood Education.
Copyright 2004, Innovative Educational Materials, Inc., Printed by ASM May 2009. Sta. Ana, Manila.

Internet sources:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewing
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_sewing_terms/
https://ph.images.search.yahoo.com/yhs/search?p=basic+terms+in+dressmaking+images&fr=yhs-ddc-ddc_
Sewing Tools, Materials and Equipment
https://dresscrafts.com/2016/06/basic-sewing-equipment-and-materials/
https://fashion2apparel.blogspot.com/2016/12/parts-sewing-machine-function.html
https://worldmarketsite.com/the-parts-of-sewing-machine-and-their-functions/
10
 https://www.textileblog.com/parts-and-functions-of-sewing-machine/
 https://www.allfreesewing.com/Sewing-Tips-and-Tricks/What-are-Basic-Sewing-Skills

LESSON 2. INDUSTRIAL ARTS

 Handicraft and Its Contribution to economy
 Indigenous materials used for handicrafts.
 Simple DIY handicrafts

Specific Learning Outcomes

1. Recognize the importance of handicrafts in the economy;
2. Identify material used for making simple handicrafts;
3. Internalize the value the importance of learning handicraft;
4. Create simple DIY handicrafts made from recycled materials.

MOTIVATION
Philippines is blessed with rich natural resources that are scattered throughout its 7,107 islands. These God-given natural
wonders are the sources of people's food, shelter, and other basic needs. After some time, people acquired many skills that enabled
them to tinker with nature. They used the raw materials from trees, plants, and other natural resources that are very abundant and
turned them into simple, yet useful tools or instruments.
Today, many Filipinos are engaged in handicraft businesses. Handicraft-making has become a means of livelihood for them,
especially now that many handicraft owners are exporting their products to Japan, United states, Canada, Australia, Hong Kong,
Singapore, and other countries around the world.

DISCUSSION
Industrial arts is an educational program which features fabrication of objects in wood or metal using a variety of hand,
power, or machine tools. Industrial Arts is commonly referred to as Technology Education. It may include small engine
repair and automobile maintenance, and all programs usually cover technical drawing as part of the curricula. As an educational
term, industrial arts dates from 1904 when Charles R. Richards of Teachers College, Columbia University, New York suggested it to
replace manual training.
One of the most important aspects of industrial arts is still that while students design they ultimately realize a solution;
learning the challenges involved with working with materials and also the challenges of small scale project management.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_arts
In this lesson, handwork and crafts are the focus where learners at taught with technical skills that they need for simple
repairs that they can do. Basic electrical wiring, handcrafts, and proper utilization of hand tools and equipment are some of the major
topics taught among our learners.

HANDICRAFT. Handicrafts can be defined as products which are produced either completely by hand or with the help of tools.
Mechanical tools may be used as long as the direct manual contribution of the artisan remains the most substantial component of the
finished product. Handicrafts are made from raw materials and can be produced in unlimited numbers. Such products can be
utilitarian, aesthetic, artistic, creative, culturally attached, decorative, functional, traditional, religiously and socially symbolic and
significant.

The Importance of Handicrafts:

 The Cultural Importance:

Handicrafts play very important role in representing the culture and traditions of any country or region. Handicrafts are a substantial
medium to preserve of rich traditional art, heritage and culture, traditional skills and talents which are associated with people’s
lifestyle and history.
 The Economic Importance:
Handicrafts are hugely important in terms of economic development. They provide ample opportunities for employment even with
low capital investments and become a prominent medium for foreign earnings.

Aside from these, the handicraft industry is important because of the following reasons:
 It promotes our cultural heritage through the use of indigenous materials.
 Handicraft products show an individual's creativity and lofty imagination.
 Producers of raw materials will be encouraged to produce more.
 Employment is generated especially for the undergraduates.
 Values of perseverance and industry are developed.
11
 Philippines is blessed with rich natural resources that are scattered throughout its 7,107 islands. These God-given natural
wonders are the sources of people's food, shelter, and other basic needs. After some time, people acquired many skills that enabled
them to tinker with nature. They used the raw materials from trees, plants, and other natural resources that are very abundant and
turned them into simple, yet useful tools or instruments.
Today, many Filipinos are engaged in handicraft businesses. Handicraft-making has become a means of livelihood for them,
especially now that many handicraft owners are exporting their products to Japan, United states, Canada, Australia, Hong Kong,
Singapore, and other countries around the world.
The Philippines is the second largest world producer of handicrafts, mainly baskets out of indigenous materials. This industry
continues to provide a respectable contribution to foreign exchange earning of the country (US$71.9M in 2000) while many handicraft
items are also sold on the local market. Altogether, the sector is providing livelihood to more than 1 million Filipinos. Although the
industry has experienced some setbacks over the last ten years, it has kept the respect of the high-end markets in the United States,
European Union, and Japan and has only lost a great part of the low-end market to China, our main competitor.
Despite this, Filipino craftsmen have indigenously overcome scarcity and increasing prices of raw materials by constantly
producing new designs for their products. Over the years, Philippine handicrafts have evolved through innovative changes in designs
reinforced by exciting choices and combination of indigenous materials. There is, however still ample room for improvement,
particularly in remote upland communities with little access to market information, brokering services, capital, and technologies for
value addition.
https://discover.hubpages.com/art/Types-of-Philippine-Handicraft-Industry

Handicraft Tools. The tools commonly used in handicraft are of two types - the hand tools and the power tools.
Hand tools are the tools for processing the article which are used manually or by hands. Power tools are tools for processing materials
that are operated by machine.

Handicraft Materials. In order to create new handicraft products which can be sold locally or exported abroad, different raw
materials which are available in the market are needed. Handicraft makers fashion them into baskets, bags, clothing accessories,
cabinets, lamp shades, wall décor, bamboo sofa sets, cabinets, clothes, and others that one can think of using the indigenous materials.

Below are the indigenous materials (with images and descriptions) used for making the products mentioned above.
1. Abaca. Known worldwide as Manila hemp. Abaca fiber is obtained from the leaf sheaths of
the abaca (Musa textilis Nee) and is considered as the strongest among natural fibers. The
length of the fiber varies from 3 to 9 ft or more, depending on the height of the plant and the age
of the leaf sheath. The color of the fiber ranges from ivory white to light and dark brown.

2. Rattan. Superficially similar to bamboo, but distinct in

that the stems are solid, rather than hollow, and also in their need for some sort of support. While
bamboo can grow on its own, rattan cannot. Some genera (example Metroxylon, Pigafetta,
Raphia) are however more like typical palms, with stouter, erect trunks. Many rattans are also
spiny, the spines acting as hooks to aid climbing over other plants, and also to deter herbivores.
Rattans have been known to grow up to hundreds of meters
long.

3. Bamboo. Stems of bamboo plants are stronger and flexible. Bamboo grows in all parts of
the country - in plains, forests, hills and mountains. Among the varieties of bamboo are the
spiny bamboo, kawayan China, kawayan kiling, bikal and buho.

4. Coconut Shells. Coconut trees are abundant in the Philippines. Coconut shells vary in
thickness and color depending on the age of the nut. They are used for fuel and for
manufacturing articles such as buttons, pins, coin banks, lamp shades, and flower vases.

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5. Buri. A palm from which three kinds of fibers, namely buri, raffia, and buntal, are obtained.
The buri palm has large fan-shaped leaves with stout petioles ranging from 2 to 3 m in length.
The palm reaches a height of 20 to 40 m and its trunk attains a diameter of 1 to 1.5 m. Of the buri
fiber, buntal is the one with the most impact in the market.

6. Leather. A material created through the tanning of hides,

skins and kips of animals. Hides areskins from large animals like horses and carabaos. Skins come
from such animals like alligators and goats. Kips are obtained from undersized animals like lizards.
The tanning process converts the putrescible skin into a durable, long-lasting, and versatile natural
material for various uses.

Fibers from Other Plants

They come from plants where fibers or threadlike substances are
extracted. Fibers from coconut husks, buri, maguey, pineapple,
abaca, and banana are used in making mattresses, carpet, and seat pads.

Maguey plant

Other Types of Handicrafts

Pottery
 Pottery is the material from which the pottery ware is made ,of which major types
include earthenware, stoneware and porcelain. The place where such wares are made is also
called a pottery (plural "potteries"). Pottery also refers to the art or craft of the potter or the
manufacture of pottery.
                Pottery is made by forming a clay body into objects of a required shape and heating
them to high temperatures in a 

Basket Weaving
Basket weaving (also basketry, basket making,
or basket making) is the process of weaving unspun
vegetable fibres into a basket or other similar form. People
and artists who weave baskets are called basket makers and basket weavers.
          Basketry is made from a variety of fibrous or pliable materials and anything that will bend
and form a shape. Examples include pine straw, stems, animal hair, hide, grasses, thread, and
wood.

Weaving
Weaving is a method of fabric production in which two distinct sets of yarns or
threads are interlaced at right angles to form a fabric or cloth. The other methods are knitting, lace
making, felting, and braiding or plaiting. The longitudinal threads are called the warp and the
lateral threads are the weft or filling. (Weft or woof is an old English word meaning "that which is
woven". The method in which these threads are inter woven affects the characteristics of the cloth.
           Cloth is usually woven on a loom, a device that holds the warp threads in place while
filling threads are woven through them. A fabric band which meets this definition of cloth (warp
threads with a weft thread winding between) can also be made using other methods,
including tablet weaving, back-strap, or other techniques without looms.
            The way the warp and filling threads interlace with each other is called the weave. The majority of woven products are created
with one of three basic weaves: plain weave, satin weave, or twill. Woven cloth can be plain (in one colour or a simple pattern), or can
be woven in decorative or artistic designs.

13
Tatting
             Tatting is a technique for handcrafting a particularly durable lace constructed by a series
of knots and loops. Tatting can be used to make lace edging as well as doilies, collars, and other
decorative pieces. The lace is formed by a pattern of rings and chains formed from a series of cow hitch,
or half-hitch knots, called double stitches, over a core thread. Gaps can be left between the stitches to
form picots, which are used for practical construction as well as decorative effect.
Tatting dates to the early 19th century. The term for tatting in most European languages is
derived from French frivolité, which refers to the purely decorative nature of the textiles produced by
this technique. The technique was developed to imitate point lace.

Macramé
Macramé or macrame is a form of textile-making using knotting rather than weaving or knitting.
Its primary knots are the square knot and forms of "hitching": full hitch and double half hitches. It
was long crafted by sailors, especially in elaborate or ornamental knotting forms, to decorate
anything from knife handles to bottles to parts of ships. Materials used in macramé include cords
made of cotton twine, linen, hemp, jute, leather or yarn. Cords are identified by construction, such
as a 3-ply cord, made of 3 lengths of fibre twisted together.

Crochet
 Crochet is a process of creating fabric from yarn, thread, or other material strands using
a crochet hook. The word is derived from the French word "crochet", meaning hook. Hooks can be
made of materials such as metals, woods or plastic and are commercially manufactured as well as
produced by artisans. Crocheting, like knitting, consists of pulling loops through other loops, but
additionally incorporates wrapping the working material around the hook one or more times. 
               Crochet differs from knitting in that only one stitch is active at one time, stitches made
with the same diameter of yarn are comparably taller, and a single crochet hook is used instead of
two knitting needles. Additionally, crochet has its own system of symbols to represent stitch types.

Tapestry
Tapestry is a form of textile art, traditionally woven on a vertical loom. However, it can also be
woven on a floor loom as well. It is composed of two sets of interlaced threads, those running
parallel to the length (called the warp) and those parallel to the width (called the weft); the warp
threads are set up under tension on a loom, and the weft thread is passed back and forth across part
or all of the warps. Tapestry is weft-faced weaving, in which all the warp threads are hidden in the
completed work, unlike cloth weaving where both the warp and the weft threads may be visible. In
tapestry weaving, weft yarns are typically discontinuous; the artisan interlaces each coloured weft
back and forth in its own small pattern area. It is a plain weft-faced weave having weft threads of
different colours worked over portions of the warp to form the design.
  Most weavers use a naturally based warp thread such as linen or cotton. The weft threads are usually wool or cotton, but
may include silk, gold, silver, or other alternatives.

Mosaic
Mosaic is the art of creating images with an assemblage of small pieces of
colored glass, stone, or other materials. It may be a technique of decorative art, an aspect
of interior decoration, or of cultural and spiritual significance as in a cathedral. Small pieces,
normally roughly quadratic, of stone or glass of different colors, known as tesserae,
(diminutivetessellae), are used to create a pattern or picture.

Collage
 Collage (From the French: coller, to glue) is a technique of an art production, primarily used in
the visual arts, where the artwork is made from an assemblage of different forms, thus creating a
new whole.
 A collage may sometimes include newspaper clippings, ribbons, bits of colored or
handmade papers, portions of other artwork or texts, photographs and other found objects, glued
to a piece of paper or canvas. The origins of collage can be traced back hundreds of years, but this
14
technique made a dramatic reappearance in the early 20th century as an art form of novelty.™
              Techniques of collage were first used at the time of the invention of paper in China, around 200 BC. The use of collage,
however, wasn't used by many people until the 10th century in Japan, when calligraphers began to apply glued paper, using texts on
surfaces, when writing their poems.

Calligraphy
                  Calligraphy (from Greek  kallos "beauty" +graphẽ "writing") is a type of visual art related
to writing. It is the design and execution of lettering with a broad tip instrument or brush in one
stroke (as opposed to built up lettering, in which the letters are drawn.) . A contemporary definition
of calligraphic practice is "the art of giving form to signs in an expressive, harmonious and skillful
manner" . The story of writing is one of aesthetic evolution framed within the technical skills,
transmission speed and material limitations of a person, time and place. A style of writing is
described as a script, hand or alphabet.                     
                    Calligraphy continues to flourish in the forms of wedding and event
invitations, font design/typography, original hand-lettered logo design, religious art,
announcements/graphic design/commissioned calligraphic art, cut stone inscriptions and memorial documents. It is also used
for props and moving images for film and television, testimonials, birth and death certificates,
maps, and other works involving writing. Some of the finest works of modern calligraphy are charters and letters patent issued
by monarchs and officers of state in various countries.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handicraft

Advantages of making Handicrafts

 It improves the creativity, imaginative skills & develops the ability to make them.
 It develops one’s individual economy & help to make money as self-employment/ occupation.
 It strengthens the economic growth keep sustainability of business.
 It only needs minimum investment & give massive output without barriers.
 It promotes Recyclable & re-usability of waste materials non useful materials.
 It promotes environment friendly concept & develop it in useful ways.
 It keeps uniqueness, high quality, trustworthy relationship among customers &buyers.

Handicraft, more precisely expressed as artisanic handicraft, sometimes also called artisanry, is a type of work where useful
and decorative devices are made completely by hand or by using only simple tools. It is a traditional main sector of craft. Usually the
term is applied to traditional means of making goods. The individual artisan ship of the items is a paramount criterion; such items
often have cultural and/or religious significance. Items made by mass production or machines are not handicraft goods.
Usually, what distinguishes the term handicraft from the frequently used category arts and crafts is a matter of intent:
handicraft items are intended to be used, worn, etc., having a purpose beyond simple decoration. Handicraft goods are generally
considered more traditional work, in traditional non-industrial and transitional societies created as a somewhat more necessary part of
daily life (in comparison to industrial societies), while arts and crafts implies more of a hobby pursuit and a demonstration/perfection
of a creative technique.
With the emergence of online retail and various e-commerce channels, the accessibility to handcrafted products has become
more convenient for consumers, which, in turn, has provided a thrust to the sales of handcrafted goods across the globe. Also, the
transition from ethnic to contemporary designs, coupled with the strong demand from offices, homes, hospitals, and hotels are
increasing the demand for handcrafted products. The growing travel and tourism industry has also provided vast opportunities to local
artisans as well as handicraft manufacturers to produce commoditized products and sell them to tourists who are willing to spend
significantly on craft items. Moreover, handicrafts require low energy, unlike machine-made products, which involve the utilization of
electricity. Due to the low capital investments, the handicrafts market is growing, particularly in developing regions such as India and
China. Furthermore, the handicrafts business is also an important source of huge exports and potential foreign exchange; thus, they are
likely to boost the global handicraft market in the near future. 
Handicrafts can produced from different types of raw materials, even someone can’t think about at time. Such as natural
materials like, textiles, moldering and rigid materials, paper, plant fibers, wood, seeds, etc or synthetic materials like, glass, rubber
parts, plastic, beads, etc.
Many handicraft designers use natural, recycling, indigenous materials while others use modern, not considering about
recycling, non-traditional materials as they can easily reach & use. The individual artistic hand-crafted item is the paramount criterion,
which not creates on mass production or machinery production without one’s attention.
Because of that handicraft can be preciously defined as decorative, functional, significant, artistic, unimaginable, breath-
taking product with the qualities of aesthetic, traditionally passed on, culturally attached, traditional, religiously important, socially
symbolic attachments.

15
 As we know, many handicrafts are popular or useful in such situations which get more attraction and attention to buy them or
make them. It can be few months, week, occasion, event, etc. Sometimes it spread rapidly among the craft loving population such
reasons.

Teacher Intervention
If there are questions and clarifications with regards to the module you may contact me directly thru messenger,
email, and google classroom.

FB Name: Imelda Teves

Email Add. imeldanavarro@norsu.edu.ph
Google Classroom Code:
BEED 10 Section 2A - fqs7cbd
BEED 19 Section 3A - 2pwzj4b
BEED 19 Section 3B - wu2ecrw

References:

Alcantara, Ines de Guzman. Management of Today’s Homes. A Work/Textbook in Technology and Livelihood Education.
Copyright 2004, Innovative Educational Materials, Inc., Printed by ASM May 2009. Sta. Ana, Manila.

Internet Sources:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewing
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_sewing_terms/
https://dresscrafts.com/2016/06/basic-sewing-equipment-and-materials/
https://fashion2apparel.blogspot.com/2016/12/parts-sewing-machine-function.html
https://worldmarketsite.com/the-parts-of-sewing-machine-and-their-functions/
https://www.allfreesewing.com/Sewing-Tips-and-Tricks/What-are-Basic-Sewing-Skills https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Industrial_arts
https://discover.hubpages.com/art/Types-of-Philippine-Handicraft-Industry
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handicraft

16