Created Date: 05/10/2019 Person: Kisor Alaguvel

SK MACHINES STUDY DOCUMENT

Design of Farm Machinery

Online Course on National Policy on Technology Enabled Learning & Others
Contents
Importance of Farm Mechanization.....................................................4
Different kinds of Equipments..............................................................7
Land Development, Tillage & Seedbed Preparation........................7
Sowing & Planting.............................................................................7
Weeding, Inter-cultivation & Plant Protection.................................7
Harvesting & Threshing....................................................................7
Post-Harvesting and Processing.......................................................7
Crop-wise Equipment Details...............................................................8
Paddy................................................................................................8
Wheat...............................................................................................8
Potato...............................................................................................8
Groundnut........................................................................................8
Jute...................................................................................................8
Ploughing, Tillage & First Opening of Soil and Components Design....9
Tractor, Implement and Soil Force Consideration for Tillage
Implement Design..............................................................................12
Importance of Farm Mechanization
 Increase in population and number of agri-workers is not
consistent which the need for Farm Mechanization is.

Indian 1950-51: 2016-17: 3.7 times

Population in 0.37 billion 1.342 billion increase
World 2016-17: 9.1 billion in
-
Population in 7.6 billion 2050
No. Of Agri-
1950-51: 2016-17:
workers in -
97.2 million 263.1 million
India
 Percentage of people employed in Agriculture is down from
64% in 1991 to 42% in 2017.
 Net Sown Area, Grain Production and Intensity of Cropping are
all showing upward trend.

1950-51: 2016-17:
Net Sown Area in
131.89 mn Ha 141.43 mn Ha
Grain Production 50.8 mn tonnes 275.68 mn tonnes
Intensity of
111.07% 142.02%
Cropping
 Average size of landholding in India is decreasing which poses a
challenge for increasing Farm Mechanization. Around 60-65%
farmers have less than 2 Hectares.

Marginal
Large Farmer Average Land
YEAR Farmer Avg.
Avg. Holding Holding
Holding
1970-71 0.4 Ha 18.10 Ha 2.28 Ha
2010-11 0.39 Ha 17.37 Ha 1.15 Ha
 Other data including Gross Irrigated Area, Fertilizer
Consumption, and Yield are rising due to Farm Mechanization.

1950-51: 2015-16:
Gross Irrigated Area
22.56 mn Ha 95.77 mn Ha
Fertilizer
0.07 mn tonnes 26.75 mn tonnes
Consumption
Yield 522 Kg/Ha 2056 Kg/Ha
 Farm Power Availability per unit area which is a measure of
Mechanization is lower on par with countries like Japan. India
nonetheless is the second largest tractor producer in globe.
 Farm Power Availability and its relationship with productivity
however are different among different states.
  The projection of Farm Power Availability and Productivity for
year 2020 is respectively: 2.2 kW/Ha & 2.3 tonnes/Ha.

Mechanization Objectives

1. Timely completion of operations

2. Increasing land productivity
3. Increasing output quality
4. Reduction of loss in labour and drudgery

Farm Operations

1. Soil Preparation and Tillage

2. Seeding/Planting
3. Inter-cultivation
4. Plant protection
5. Irrigation
6. Harvesting and Threshing
7. Sorting, Grading and Arrangement
Different kinds of Equipments
Land Development, Tillage & 5. Duster
Seedbed Preparation
6. Brush Cutter
1. Tractor
2. Leveller Harvesting & Threshing

3. Dozer 1. Harvester
4. Scraper 2. Thresher
5. Plough 3. Digger
6. Ridge Moulder/Bund 4. Reaper
Former 5. Sheller
6. Dao
Sowing & Planting
7. Baler
1. Driller
2. Seeder Post-Harvesting and Processing

3. Planter 1. Seed Extractor

4. Dibbler 2. De-husker
5. Transplanter 3. Cleaner
4. Grader
Weeding, Inter-cultivation & Plant
5. Hull/De-huller
Protection
1. Plough 6. Mill
2. Harrow 7. Dryer
3. Tiller 8. Chaff Cutter
4. Sprayer 9. Sugarcane Stubble Shaver
Crop-wise Equipment Details
Paddy
 India is second largest producer of Paddy after China, at 110
MT. Average Yield and Area is at 2404 Kg/Ha & 43.39 MHa.
 Different kinds of equipment are Cono Weeder, Transplanter,
Reaper and Thresher.
Wheat
 India is second largest producer of Wheat after China, at 98.38
MT. Average Yield and Area is at 3093 Kg/Ha & 30.23 MHa.
 Different kinds of equipment are Zero Till Drill, Thresher & Mini
Combine.
Potato
 80% of Wheat is raised in winter.
 India is second largest producer of Potato after China, at 43.76
MT. Average Yield and Area is at 20.5 T/Ha & 21.3 MHa.
 Different kinds of equipment are Planter, Digger etc.
Groundnut
 Groundnut is the largest oilseed crop planted in India.
 India produces 7.1 MT. Average Yield is at 20.5 T/Ha.
Jute
 40 million farmers and 0.2 million factory workers are directly
employed in Jute industry.
 Annual production is 7.38 million bales and Average Yield is at
2.1 T/Ha. Total planted area is 5.1 million hectare.
Ploughing, Tillage & First Opening of Soil and Components Design
Tillage: Mechanical manipulation of soil for proper seedbed
preparation.

Objectives of Tillage:

1. Soil Structure Optimization

2. Weed Control
3. Crop Residue Management
4. Soil Erosion Prevention by Contour Tillage etc.
5. Mixing of Pesticide and Fertilizer with soil

Types of Tillage and Equipment

1. Primary: Initial and major tillage operation to reduce soil

strength, cover plant residue and rearrange soil aggregates.
 Mould Board Plough: First opening, Invert Soil Aggregates
 Disk Plough: First opening for stony fields
 Chisel Plough & Sub-soilers: To cut hard pan in root zone
 Reversible M.B. Plough: Time reduction
2. Secondary: Refine soil structure after primary tillage. Main
operating zone is 4”-6” depth below surface.
 Harrow: Single-acting, Double-acting and Offset disk
harrow are different types
 Cultivator: Rigid tyne, Spring tyne, Duckfoot type
 Rotavator
 Spike tooth harrow

Minimum Tillage

Means of reducing row crop production cost and to improve soil

condition are the features. It involves not churning the soil to a large
extent. The main objectives are:
 1. Less mechanical energy
2. Conserve moisture
3. Reduce soil erosion
4. Optimize soil condition
5. Less number of trips

Stubble-mulch equipments are for moisture conservation in field.

Weight Balance in Tractors

Drive Front Back
2WD 35 65
4WD 50 50

 Wheel Size Reading: Section Width × Rim Width (both in inches,

e.g. 16.9 × 28.
 Wheel Base and Wheel Track are needed for calculating
position of centre of gravity, force exerted on implement and
thence to total draft required. These are essential to match
equipment and power source optimally.

PTO Details of Tractors in General

PTO RPM Shaft Diameter No. Of Splines
540 ± 10 35 mm 6 Splines
1000 ± 20 35 mm 21 Splines

Power Outlets from a Tractor

1. PTO (90% of available power)

2. Drawbar: 3-point linkage and trailer hitch, weight partially
supported in ground
3. Hydraulic Power
Tillage Equipment Details

1. Mold Board Plough : To invert soil aggregates

2. Disk Plough : To invert soil aggregates in stony fields.
Disk Angle (w.r.to Travel Direction) is normally 42-45 degrees
and Tilt Angle (w.r.to vertical) is normally 15-25 degrees.
Tractor, Implement and Soil Force Consideration for Tillage
Implement Design
Forces Acting on the Implement

Pull: Pull of an implement is the total force F exerted upon it by

the power source unit.

Draft: It is the horizontal component of Pull along the direction

of travel.

Specific Draft: It is Draft per unit area handled by the

implement expressed in N/cm2. It is used to compare different
sizes and kinds of implements.

Line of Pull: It is the line drawn between virtual point of hitch

and centre of resistance of the implement.

Side Draft: It is the horizontal component of Pull perpendicular

to the line of motion.

Drawbar Power: It is the power actually required to pull/move

an implement at a uniform speed.

W =Draft ( N ) × Speed ( ms )
m
Draft ( KgF ) × Speed ( )
s
W ( HP )=
75
ASABE Universal Draft Equation

American Society of Agricultural & Biological Engineers has given the

equation for calculating Draft.

[ ]
Draft= F j ( A+ ( B × S )+ ( C × S2 ) ) ×W ×T

Where:

Fj is dimensionless soil texture parameter. j=1 (fine), j=2

(medium), j=3 (coarse).

A, B, C is machine-specific parameters. A is function of soil

strength and B & C are functions of travel speed.

S is the speed of travel in kmph.

W is operating width in metres or number of operating tools.

 T is operating depth in centimetres.

Modified ASABE Equation in IIT Kharagpur

[[ ] ]
Draft=K 1 F j ( A+ ( B × S )+ ( C × S ) ) ×W ×T + K 2
2

Where:

K1 and K2 are additional correction co-efficient for Indian soil

conditions.

M.B. Plough

Components: Cutting Edge, Shearing Edge, Frog, Mold Board,

Landslide, Frame, Hitch.

Functions: Cut furrow slice, lift soil, turn furrow slice, and
pulverize.

Types: One-way, two-way and reversible M.B. Plough.

 Forces acting: Gravity, Soil Reaction Force: Useful (Cutting,
Breaking & Moving), Parasitic (Friction, Rolling Resistance and
Landslide Thrust).

Problem: Calculate power for trapezoidal furrow of two-

bottom M.B. Plough at 5 kmph & soil resistance 0.45 kg/cm2.
(a+b) 2
C . S= h=412.5 cm 20
2
2 15
C . Stotal=825 cm

Draft=0.45 × 825=371.25 KgF=3642 N 35

(
Power=Draft × Speed=3642 × 5 ×
1000
3600)=5058 W

Disk Plough

Components: Frame, 3-point Hitch, Scraper, Furrow Wheel,

Concave Discs

Functions: To force-penetrate into soil that is hard and sticky

for M.B. Plough. Not suitable for Trashy, Rough and Cloddy
state of soil

Disc Angle: 42-45° w.r.to direction of motion

Disc Diameter: 610-710 mm

Types of Soil-engaging tools

Operating Zone of a Cultivator

Width of Furrow: b o=2 amax +B o

Space b/w two tines: t o=2 a max +B o +∆ t

Where:

amax=max. Depth of operation

Bo=Width of Sweep
∆ t =clearance b/w furrows (2-5 cm for Shovel, 0-5 cm for
Sweep)
Mechanics for Rotary Tillers
 Active Tillage Implement—produces greater degree of
pulverization.
 Trailing Board (Dalla) acts as both Plank and a Cover against
dangerous particles.
 Types of blades used:
o L-type: effective in cutting weeds, work well in trashy
conditions and not very high pulverization availed
o C-type: Deep tillage is possible in relatively clean ground.
Clogging is an issue.
o J-type: Used in mulching operation (post-harvesting
operations)
o Material is High Carbon Steel or Chilled Cast Iron
 Rotor Shafts are made out of Alloy Carbon Steels.
 Cutting trajectory produced is cycloid in nature in which the
direction of cut (concurrent or reversed) and relation between
vehicle forward speed and blade peripheral speed are two
most important parameters.
o Normally, 2-3 cuts are made per second
 Important Formulae:
v × 60
Bite Length , L=
N ×Z
Therefore,
v ×2 πR 2 πR
L= =
u× z λZ
Where:
u
λ=
v

u−v sin α
Cutting Speed , us =
cos ( Δδ )
Where, for λ over 5: cos ( Δδ ) =1
Where:
Δ δ –incrementin cutting angle
α–angle of rotation
o 360
Angular Scale , A =
i× z e

Where:

i–no. of working sets

ze–no. of working elements in each set