CHAPTER 8: Vectors

Vektor

PBD 8.1 Vectors Textbook: pp. 212 – 220

Vektor
A. State the vectors that shown in the following diagram.
Nyatakan vektor yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah di bawah. LS8.1.2 PL1

→ NOTES
AB = 2a
→ a
B
E A PQ = –2a ~
–b
A
2a → →
S PQ and AB have the same
F The vector is denoted
magnitude, but are opposite →
K M in direction. by AB , AB, a or a.
B → → 
PQ dan AB mempunyai Vektor itu ditulis sebagai
R →
d magnitud yang sama, tetapi
arah yang bertentangan. AB , AB, a atau a.
C 
Q
J N 3c → →
H
D 1. EF = –b 2. CD = 3c
→ →
3. JK = d 4. RS = –3c
P G
→ →
5. GH = b 6. MN = –d

→
B. Find the magnitude of vector PQ in each of the following diagrams.
→
Cari magnitud bagi vektor PQ dalam setiap rajah berikut. LS8.1.2 PL2

→ → NOTES
Magnitude of PQ/Magnitud PQ → →
Q
= 42 + 22 The magnitude of a vector AB is written as  AB  or  a .
2 → → 
Magnitud vektor AB ditulis sebagai  AB  atau  a .
P 4
= 20 
= 2 5 units/unit

1. Q
2. R 3. R
Q
4√3 cm
8 cm
S P
√ 75 cm
P P

Q PR = PS ; PQ : QR = 3 : 2
→ →
Magnitude of PQ → Magnitude of PQ
→ Magnitude of PQ →
Magnitud PQ → Magnitud PQ
Magnitud PQ
= 52 + 42 3
= × 75
= 41 units/unit = 82 – (4 3 )2 5
3
= 64 – 48 = ×5 3
= 4 cm 5
= 3 3 cm

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 C. Based on the diagram, state the pairs of vectors that are equal.
Berdasarkan rajah di bawah, nyatakan pasangan vektor yang sama. LS8.1.2 PL2

NOTES
B F H
b Two vectors are equal if and only if
~ they have the same direction and
C K
A G
x
→ → magnitude.
~
O
AB = GH Dua vektor adalah sama jika dan
hanya jika kedua-duanya mempunyai
E
Same magnitude and arah dan magnitud yang sama.
J N direction.
D Magnitud dan arah
y
~ yang sama.
a
~ ~v P
M

→ → → →
1. CD = OP 2. JK = MN 3. ~
x=y 4. ~
a = ~b
~
→ → → →
D. For each of the following cases, explain whether (a) AB = DC , (b) BC = DA
→ → → →
Untuk setiap kes berikut, terangkan sama ada (a) AB = DC, (b) BC = DA, atau tidak. LS8.1.3 PL2

1. B C ABCD is a trapezium where

A B ABCD is a parallelogram.
ABCD ialah sebuah segi empat
AB = DC.
ABCD ialah sebuah trapezium
selari.
A D dengan AB = DC.
D C
→ → → →
→ → → → (a)  AB  =  DC , but AB and DC are not parallel.
(a) AB // DC and/dan | AB | = | DC | → → → →
→ →  AB  =  DC , tetapi AB dan DC tidak selari.
AB and DC have the same direction.
→ → → →
AB dan DC mempunyai arah yang sama. ∴ AB ≠ DC
→ →
∴ AB = DC → → →
→ → → → (b)  BC  ≠  DA  and BC is in opposite direction
(b) BC // AD and/dan | BC | = | DA | →
→ → to DA.
BC and DA are in opposite directions. → → → →
→ →  BC  ≠  DA  dan BC bertentangan arah dengan DA.
BC dan DA mempunyai arah yang bertentangan.
→ → → →
∴ BC ≠ DA ∴ BC ≠ DA

a or ~
E. State each of the following vectors in terms of ~ b.
Nyatakan setiap vektor berikut dalam sebutan a atau b. LS8.1.3 PL2
 

B R N K
a
~
Q H → The magnitude of 2a
~ is 2 times the magnitude of ~
a.
A GH = 2a
~ Magnitud 2a
~ adalah 2 kali magnitud ~
O a.
M
C
b
~ J F → 1b The magnitude of
1
b is half of the magnitude of ~
b.
P G FE = ~ 2~
D E
2 Magnitud
1
b adalah separuh daripada magnitud ~
b.
2~

→ 3 → → 3 →
1. OP = ~b 2. KJ = – 5 ~a 3. MN = ~a 4. QR = – 1 ~b
2 2 2 2

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 F. Show that each of the following pairs of vectors are parallel. State the points that are collinear if there
is any.
Tunjukkan bahawa setiap pasangan vektor berikut adalah selari. Nyatakan titik-titik yang segaris jika ada. LS8.1.4 PL2

NOTES
→ →
AB = 2a ; CD = 3a → →
~ ~ Two vectors, AB and CD, are parallel
→ → → →
3→ 3 if and only if AB = k CD, where k is
AB = 2a
~ CD = AB , k =
→ 2 2 a constant.
1 → →
a = AB
~ 2 → → Dua vektor, AB dan CD , adalah selari
∴ AB is parallel to CD . → →
→ 1→ 3→ → →
 
jika dan hanya jika AB = k CD , dengan
~ = 3 2 AB = 2 AB
CD = 3a AB adalah selari dengan CD.
keadaan k ialah pemalar.

→ → →
1. EF = –b
~ 2. PQ = ~
a – 2b
~ 3. AB = 3a
~ – 2b
~
→ → →
5 RS = 4a AC = 6a – 4b
GH = ~
3
b ~ – 8b
~ ~ ~
→ → →
EF = –b AB = 3a
~
→
PQ = ~
a – 2b
~ ~ – 2b
~
b = – EF → →
~ AC = 6a
RS = 4a
~ – 8b
~ ~ – 4b
~
→ = 2(3a
~ 2b
–
5
GH = ~b
= 4(a
~ – 2b
~) ~)
3 → →
= 2AB
5 → = 4PQ
→
= (– EF ) → → →
3 RS = 4PQ, k = 4 AC = 2AB, k = 2
5→ → → →
= – EF A is a common point and AB is
3 ∴ PQ is parallel to RS.
→ → →
→ 5→ 5 ∴ PQ adalah selari dengan RS . parallel to AC. Thus, the points A,
GH = – EF , k = –
3 3 B and C are collinear.
→
→ → A ialah titik sepunya dan AB
∴ EF is parallel to GH . →
→ → adalah selari dengan AC. Maka,
∴ EF adalah selari dengan GH. titik A, B dan C adalah segaris.

→ →
G. Given AB and CD are two parallel vectors. Find the value of m.
→ →
Diberi AB dan CD ialah dua vektor yang selari. Cari nilai m. LS8.1.4 PL3
→ →
1. AB = 2x
~ + 3my 2. AB = mx
~ – 2y
→ ~ → ~
CD = 4x –
~ ~ 6y CD = 6x
~ + 3y
~
→ → → →
AB = kCD AB = kCD
2x
~ + 3my = k(4x
~ – 6y ) mx
~ – 2y = k(6x
~ + 3y )
~ ~ ~ ~
2x + 3my = 4kx – 6ky mx – 2y = 6kx + 3ky
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
2 = 4k 3m = –6k 3k = –2 m = 6k
1 m = –2k 2 2
k=
2 1 k=– =6 –  
= –2
2   3
= –4
3
= –1

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 H. Given ~a and ~
b are non-zero and non-parallel vectors. Find the values of h and k.
Diberi a dan b ialah vektor bukan sifar dan tidak selari. Cari nilai h dan nilai k. LS8.1.4 PL3
 
NOTES
(h + 2k – 4)a
~ – (2h – k – 3)b
~=0 If ha = k b, where a and b are non-zero
   
and non-parallel vectors, then h = 0 and
(h + 2k – 4)a k = 0.
~ = (2h – k – 3)b
~ Jika h a = k b, dengan keadaan a dan b ialah
h + 2k – 4 = 0 …… ①    
vektor bukan sifar dan tidak selari, maka
2h – k – 3 = 0 …… ② Substitute k = 1 into ①. h = 0 dan k = 0.
①  ②: 2h + 4k – 8 = 0 …… ③ Gantikan k = 1 ke dalam ①.

③ – ②: 5k – 5 = 0 h = 4 – 2k
5k = 5 = 4 – 2(1)
k=1 =2

1. (h – 3k + 2)a
~ – (6 – 3k)b
~=0 2. 3ka
~ + (k – 2h)b
~ = –6a
~ + (–h – 3k)b
~
(h – 3k + 2)a
~ = (6 – 3k)b 3ka
~ ~ + (k – 2h)b
~ = –6a
~ + (–h – 3k)b~
h – 3k + 2 = 0 …… ① 3ka
~ + 6a
~ = (–h – 3k)b
~ – (k – 2h)b
~
(3k + 6)a
6 – 3k = 0 …… ② ~ = (–h – 3k – k + 2h)b
~
(3k + 6)a
3k = 6 ~ = (h – 4k)b
~
k=2 3k + 6 = 0 h – 4k = 0
Substitute k = 2 into ①. k = –2 h – 4(–2) = 0
Gantikan k = 2 ke dalam ①. h = –8
h = 3k – 2
= 3(2) – 2
=4

I. Solve the following problem.

Selesaikan masalah berikut. LS8.1.4 PL4

1. Q R The diagram shows a triangle PQR. QR is parallel to ST. It is given that

→ →
PS : SQ = 2 : 3, PS = p, ST = q,  p  = 4 units and  q  = 6 units.
S T
~ ~ ~ ~
Rajah di sebelah menunjukkan segi tiga PQR. QR adalah selari dengan ST. Diberi
→ →
P bahawa PS : SQ = 2 : 3, PS = p, ST = q,  p  = 4 unit dan  q  = 6 unit.
   
→ → → →
(a) Express SQ and RQ in terms of p or q. (b) Find  SQ  and  RQ .
→ → ~ ~ → →
Ungkapkan SQ dan RQ dalam sebutan p atau q. Cari  SQ  dan  RQ .
 

PS 2 ST PS 2 → 3
(a) = = = (b)  SQ  =  p 
SQ 3 QR PQ 5 2~
2 2 3
PS = SQ ST = QR = (4)
3 5 2
→ 2→ → 2→ = 6 units/unit
PS = SQ ST = QR
3 5 →
2→ 2→
5
 RQ  =  – q 
p = SQ q = QR 2~
~ 3 ~ 5
→ 3 → 5
5
= (6)
SQ = p QR = q 2
2~ 2~ = 15 units/unit
→ 5
RQ = – q
2~

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 PBD 8.2 Addition and Subtraction of Vectors Textbook: pp. 221 – 226
Penambahan dan Penolakan Vektor
A. Name the appropriate law to find the resultant vector of each of the following.
Namakan hukum yang sesuai untuk mencari vektor paduan bagi setiap yang berikut. LS8.2.1 PL1

1. 2. 3.

Triangle law Parallelogram law Polygon law

Triangle law
Hukum segi tiga Hukum segi empat selari Hukum poligon
Hukum segi tiga

B. In each of the following, draw a vector that represents ~a + ~

b.
Dalam setiap yang berikut, lukis satu vektor yang mewakili a + b. LS8.2.1 PL2
 
1. 2. 3.
(a)
a~ a~ b~
b~ a~ b~ a~
b~
a~ + ~b

(b)
4. a~ 5. 6.
a~
a~ + b b~ b~
~ a~
a~

b~
b~

C. In each of the following, draw a vector that represents ~a – ~

b.
Dalam setiap yang berikut, lukis satu vektor yang mewakili a – b. LS8.2.1 PL2
 
1. 2. 3.
(a) b~
a~ b~
a~
a~
a~
b~ b~

a~ – b
~

(b)
4. 5. 6.
b~ a~
b~
b~
a~ – b
~ a~
a~ a~

b~

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 → →
D. In each of the following, draw a vector that represents OA + OB. Hence, find its magnitude.
→ →
Dalam setiap yang berikut, lukis satu vektor yang mewakili OA + OB. Seterusnya, cari magnitudnya. LS8.2.1 PL3

1. A 3
O → → → 2. → → →
OA + OB = OC A OA + OB = OC
→ →
 OC  = 32 + 42 5  OC  = 52 + 122
4
= 25 O B = 169
12
= 5 units/unit = 13 units/unit
B

→ →
E. In each of the following, draw a vector that represents OP – OQ. Hence, find its magnitude.
→ →
Dalam setiap yang berikut, lukis satu vektor yang mewakili OP – OQ. Seterusnya, cari magnitudnya. LS8.2.1 PL3
1. P 6 O → → 2. → →
Q
OP – OQ OP – OQ
→ → → →
= OP + (– OQ) 5 = OP + (– OQ)
8 → → → →
= OP + QO P = OP + QO
→
O 12 →
= QP = QP
Q
→ →
 QP  = 62 + 82  QP  = 52 + 122
= 100 = 169
= 10 units/unit = 13 units/unit

F. Draw the resultant vector by using the given vectors ~a and ~

b.
Lukis vektor paduan dengan menggunakan vektor a dan b yang diberi. LS8.2.1 PL3
 

a
2a
~–~
b ~
b
~

a + 1~
1. ~ b
2
a –~
2~ b

a – 1~
2. – ~ b a
2~ –~
b
2

a + 3~
3. ~ b
4

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 → →
x and OQ = y. Express each of the following vectors in terms of ~
G. In the diagram, OP = ~ x and/or y .
→ → ~ ~
Dalam rajah di bawah, OP = x dan OQ = y. Ungkapkan setiap vektor berikut dalam sebutan x dan/atau y. LS8.2.1 PL3
   
→ → → →
U R 1. OR = 2y 2. OS = OP + PS
~
= ~x + y
Q ~
S
y
~
O x
~
P → → → → → →
3. OT = OP + PT 4. OU = OR + RU
T = ~x – y
~ = 2y – ~x
~

H. Determine each of the following vectors.

Tentukan setiap vektor berikut. LS8.2.1 PL3

→ → → → →
ABCD is a parallelogram. 1. BD + DA 2. AB + BC + CD
ABCD ialah segi empat selari. → → →
= BA = AC + CD
D C →
= AD
O

A B
→ → → → → → →
(a) AD + DC = AC 3. AC – BC 4. AD – OD
→ → → → → →
(b) AD – CD = AC + (– BC) = AD + (– OD)
→ → → → → →
= AD + (– CD ) = AC + CB = AD + DO
→ → → →
= AD + DC = AB = AO
→
= AC

I. Determine each of the following vectors.

Tentukan setiap vektor berikut. LS8.2.1 PL3
→ → → → →
1. FA + AB + FE 2. DE – DC
ABCDEF is a regular hexagon → → → →
with centre O. = FB + FE = DE + (–DC)
ABCDEF ialah heksagon sekata → → →
berpusat O. = FC = DE + CD
→
E D = CE

O
F C → → → → → → →
3. FA + AO – DO 4. – OE + OC – BC + BA
→ → → → → →
A B = FO + (–DO) = EO + OC + CB + BA
→ → →
= FO + OD = EA
→ → → →
DE + DC = DO = FD

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 J. Express each of the following vectors in terms of ~a and/or ~
b.
Ungkapkan setiap vektor berikut dalam sebutan a dan/atau b. LS8.2.1 PL4
 
1. R →
The diagram shows a triangle PQR. It is given that PQ = 2a
~ and
b
3~
→ 1
S PR = 3b~. S is a point on QR such that QS = 4 QR.
r
Q P →
a
2~ Rajah di sebelah menunjukkan segi tiga PQR. Diberi bahawa PQ = 2a dan

→ 1
PR = 3b. S ialah satu titik pada QR dengan keadaan QS = QR.
 4
→ → → → → → → →
(a) QR = QP + PR (b) QS = 1 QR (c) PS = PQ + QS
4
= –2a
~ + 3b
~ = 2a 
1a + 3b

1
= (–2a + 3b ~ + –2~ 4~
4 ~ ~)
1
= 2a – a + b 3
= –1a + 3b 2~ 4~
2~ 4~ 3
= ~ a + 3~ b
2 4

2. S T R The diagram shows a rectangle PQRS and T is the midpoint of SR.

→ →
a~ 2~
b It is given that PT = ~
a and QT = 2b
~.
Rajah di sebelah menunjukkan segi empat tepat PQRS dan T ialah titik tengah
→ →
SR. Diberi bahawa PT = a dan QT = 2b.
P Q  
→ → → → → → →
(a) SR = PQ (b) TR = 1 SR (c) PS = PT + TS
→ → 2 →
= PT + TQ 1 =~
a + RT
= (a – 2b
~)
=~a – 2b 2 ~ 1
~
1
= a–b
=~ 
a– a–b
2~ ~ 
2~ ~ 1
= a+b
2~ ~

3. D The diagram shows a quadrilateral ABCD and M is the midpoint

→ → → →
C
of AC. It is given that AM = ~ b and BM = 1 BD .
a , AB = ~
3
Rajah di sebelah menunjukkan sisi empat ABCD dan M ialah titik tengah AC.
M → → → 1 →
a Diberi bahawa AM = a, AB = b dan BM = BD .
~   3

B b A
~
→ → → → → → → →
(a) BM = BA + AM (b) AC = 2AM (c) BC = BA + AC
= –b
~+~
a = 2a = –b
~ ~ + 2a
~

→ → → → → → →
(d) DA = DB + BA (e) DC = DA + AB + BC
→ → = (–3a
~ + 2b
~) + ~
b + (–b + 2a
= 3 MB + BA ~)
= 3(–a = –3a + 2b + b – b + 2a
~+~ b) – ~
b ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
= –a
= –3a
~ + 2b
~ ~ + 2b
~

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 K. Solve the following problems.
Selesaikan masalah berikut. LS8.2.2 PL5
1. The diagram shows a parallelogram PQRS, where A is the midpoint of QR. B is a point on RS such
that RB : BS = 3 : 4 and S is a point on PT such that PS : PT = 3 : 5. Given PST is a straight line,
→ →
PS = 2y and PR = ~x + 2y .
~ ~
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan segi empat selari PQRS, dengan A ialah titik tengah QR. B ialah satu titik pada RS dengan
keadaan RB : BS = 3 : 4 dan S ialah satu titik pada PT dengan keadaan PS : PT = 3 : 5. Diberi PST ialah garis lurus,
→ →
PS = 2y dan PR = x + 2y .
  
(a) Express each of the following in terms of ~x and/or y .
T
Ungkapkan setiap yang berikut dalam sebutan x dan/atau y~.
 
→ →
B
(i) PQ (ii) PT
R S
→ →
(iii) AB (iv) AT
A x + 2y 2 ~y
~ ~
(b) Hence, show that the points A, B and T are collinear.
Q P
Seterusnya, tunjukkan bahawa titik-titik A, B dan T adalah segaris.

→ → → PS 3
(a) (i) PQ = PR + RQ (ii) =
PT 5
=~x + 2y + (–2y )
~ ~ 5
=~x PT = PS
3
→ 5
PT =  2y
3 ~
10
= y
3~

→ → → → → → →
(iii) AB = AR + RB (iv) AT = AQ + QP + PT
1 → 3→ = (–y) + (–x
10
= QR + RS
2 7 ~ ~) + 3 ~y
1 3 7
= (2y) + (–x ) = y –~ x
2 ~ 7 ~ 3~
3
=y– ~ x
~ 7

→
(b) AB = y – 3 x
~ 7~
→ 7
AT = y – ~ x
3~
7 3
= (y – x )
3 ~ 7~
→ 7→
AT = AB
3
→ →
AT and AB are parallel and point A is a common point. Thus, A, B and C are collinear.
→ →
AT dan AB adalah selari dan titik A ialah titik sepunya. Maka, A, B dan C adalah segaris.

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 2. E → → →
In the diagram, AE = 3a , BC = 2a and AB = b.
C →~ → ~ → ~
Dalam rajah di sebelah, AE = 3a, BC = 2a dan AB = b.
  
a
2~ a
3~ (a) Express each of the following in terms of ~
a and ~
b.
D Ungkapkan setiap yang berikut dalam sebutan a dan b.
 
→ →
B A
(i) AC (ii) EB
b
~
→ → → →
(b) Given AD = m AC, ED = n EB , state
→ → → →
Diberi AD = m AC, ED = n EB , nyatakan
→ →
(i) AD in terms of m, ~
a and ~
b. (ii) AD in terms of n, ~
a and ~
b.
→ →
AD dalam sebutan m, a dan b. AD dalam sebutan n, a dan b.
   

Hence, show that m = n = 3 .

5
3
Seterusnya, tunjukkan bahawa m = n = .
5
→ → →
(a) (i) AC = AB + BC mb
~ + 2ma~ = (3 – 3n)a
~ + nb
~
=~b + 2a mb
~ 2m = 3 – 3n ~
→ → → 2m + 3n = 3 …… ① 2m
(ii) EB = EA + AB
m = n …… ② 2m
= –3a
~+~b
→ → Substitute ② into ①.
(b) (i) AD = mAC Gantikan ② ke dalam ①. Sub
= m(b 2n +
~ + 2a
~) 2n + 3n = 3
= mb + 2ma 5n = 3 5n =
~ ~
3 n=
→ → → n=
5
(ii) AD = AE + ED
→ 3
From/Dari ②, m = n = . Fro
= 3a
~ + n EB 5
= 3a
~ + n(–3a~+~ b)
= 3a
~ – 3na
~ + nb~
= (3 – 3n)a
~ + nb
~

3. The current in a river is flowing at a speed of 3 m s–1 due north. A boat moving at a speed of 4 m s–1
KBAT in calm water is steered heading west. Find the actual speed and direction of the movement of the boat.
Arus di sebatang sungai mengalir dengan laju 3 m s–1 menghala ke utara. Sebuah bot bergerak dengan laju 4 m s–1
pada air tenang dikemudikan ke arah barat. Cari laju bot yang sebenar dan arah gerakannya.

Actual speed/Laju sebenar = 32 + 42

= 5 m s–1
3
tan θ =
4
θ = 36° 52
Direction of movement/Arah gerakan
= 270° + 36° 52′
= 306° 52′

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 PBD 8.3 Vectors in a Cartesian Plane Textbook: pp. 227 – 236
Vektor dalam Satah Cartes
x

A. Express each vector in the form xi + y j and y . Hence, find the magnitude of each vector.
 
Ungkapkan setiap vektor dalam bentuk xi + yj dan
 
x
y 
. Seterusnya, cari magnitud bagi setiap vektor. LS8.3.1 PL2

y
x
6
Vector
Vektor
xi + yj
  y Magnitude
Magnitud
e
~
4 d
~
c
~
a
–4i + 2j
  –42  a  = (–4)2 + 22
= 4.47 units/unit
~
2
b~
3 ~
b  = 32 + (–6)2
x
b
~ 3i~ – 6j
~ –6 = 6.71 units/unit
–6 –4 –2 O 2 4 6

–2 2 ~c  = 22 + 32
g
~
f
~ ~c 2i~ + 3j
~ 3 = 3.61 units/unit
–4 a
~
–4 ~
d  = (–4)2 + (–2)2
–6 d~ –4i~ – 2j
~ –2 = 4.47 units/unit

NOTES 3 ~e  = 32 + (–1)2

y → ~e 3i~ – j
~ –1 = 3.16 units/unit
• AB = xi + y j

B
= y
x
 
→ 4  f  = 42 + 02
y ~j • Magnitude of AB
→
f
~
4i~ 0 ~
= 4 units/unit
A Magnitud AB
x ~i →
O
x =  AB 
0  g  = 02 + (–4)2
= x2 + y2 g
~
–4j
~ –4 ~ = 4 units/unit

B. Find the unit vector in the direction of each of the following vectors.
Cari vektor unit dalam arah bagi setiap vektor berikut. LS8.3.2 PL3

NOTES
→ →
OA = 4i~ + 3j AB = xi + yj
~ →  
→ | AB | = x 2 + y 2
 OA  = 4 + 32
2
→
= 25 Unit vector in the direction of AB,
→
= 5 units/unit Vektor unit dalam arah AB,
→ ∧ →
Unit vector in the direction of OA , → AB
→ AB = →
Vektor unit dalam arah OA, | AB |
∧ xi + yj
→ =  
OA = 1 (4i~ + 3j ) x2 + y2
5 ~
1
4
= ~i + j 3 = (xi + yj )
 
x + y2
2
5 5~

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 → →
1. PQ = 5i~ – 12j
~
2. RS =
–3
6  
→ →
 PQ  = 52 + (–12)2 = 169 = 13 units/unit  RS  = (–3)2 + 62 = 45 units/unit
∧ ∧
→ 1 → 1 3 6
PQ = (5i – 12j ) RS = (–3i~ + 6j ) = – i + j
13 ~ ~ 45 ~ 45 ~ 45 ~
5 12 1 2
= i – j =– i + j
13 ~ 13 ~ 5 ~ 5 ~

 
–6
C. Given ~a = 5i + 3j , ~
b = –2i + 4j and ~c = –1 . Find each of the following in terms of i and j .
     
Diberi a = 5i + 3j , b = –2i + 4j dan c =
        
–6
–1
. Cari setiap yang berikut dalam sebutan i dan j . LS8.3.3 PL3
 

1. ~a – 2b
~ + 3c~
2a
~ + 3b
~ – 4c~ = 5i~ + 3j – 2(–2i~ + 4j ) + 3(–6i~ – j )
= 2(5i + 3j ) + 3(–2i + 4j ) – 4(–6i – j ) ~ ~ ~
      = 5i~ + 3j + 4i~ – 8j – 18i~ – 3j
= 10i + 6j – 6i + 12j + 24i + 4j ~ ~ ~
      = –9i~ – 8j
= 28i + 22j ~
 
1 b – 2c 1 a + 2b – c
2. ~a – ~ ~ 3.
2 3~ ~ ~
1 1
= 5i~ + 3j – (–2i + 4j ) – 2(–6i – j ) = (5i + 3j ) + 2(–2i~ + 4j ) – (–6i~ – j )
~ 2 ~ ~ ~ ~ 3 ~ ~ ~ ~
= 5i~ + 3j + ~i – 2j + 12i~ + 2j 5
~ ~ ~ = ~i + j – 4i~ + 8j + 6i~ + j
= 18i~ + 3j 3 ~ ~ ~
~
11
= i + 10j
3 ~ ~

D. Find the values of m and n for each of the following.

Cari nilai m dan nilai n bagi setiap yang berikut . LS8.3.3 PL3

 
1. m –1 – n 2 = –6        
2. m –1 – 2n 2 = –14
m  
–1
2
+n
2
3
=
–11
–6    2 3 5 2 3 –14
–m 2n –6 –m 4n –14
 2m  – 3n =  5   2m  – 6n = –14
–m
2m   3n   –6 
+
2n
=
–11
–m – 2n –6 –m – 4n –14
 2m – 3n  =  5   2m – 6n  = –14
–m
2m + 3n   –6 
+ 2n
=
–11
–m – 2n = –6 …… ① –m – 4n = –14 …… ①
–m + 2n = –11 …… ① 2m – 3n = 5 …… ② 2m – 6n = –14 …… ②
2m + 3n = –6 …… ② ①  2: –2m – 4n = –12 …… ③ ①  2: –2m – 8n = –28 …… ③
①  2: –2m + 4n = –22 …… ③ ② + ③: –7n = –7 ② + ③: –14n = –42
② + ③: 7n = –28 n=1 n=3
n = –4 Substitute n = 1 into ①. Substitute n = 3 into ①.
Substitute n = –4 into ①. Gantikan n = 1 ke dalam ①. Gantikan n = 3 ke dalam ①.
Gantikan n = –4 ke dalam ①. –m – 2(1) = –6 –m – 4(3) = –14
–m + 2(–4) = –11 m = –2 + 6 m = –12 + 14
m = –8 + 11 =4 =2
=3

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 E. Given four points, A(3, 4), B(5, 9), C(–2, 7) and D(–4, –8). Find each vector below in terms of i and j .
 
Diberi empat titik, A(3, 4), B(5, 9), C(–2, 7) dan D(–4, –8). Cari setiap vektor berikut dalam sebutan i dan j . LS8.3.3 PL4
 
→
→ 1. AC
AB → →
OA = 3i~ + 4j , OC = –2i~ + 7j
→ → ~ ~
OA = 3i + 4j , OB = 5i + 9j → → →
    AC = AO + OC
→ → → → →
AB = AO + OB = –OA + OC
→ → = –(3i~ + 4j ) + (–2i~ + 7j )
= – OA + OB ~ ~
= –3i~ – 4j – 2i~ + 7j
= –(3i + 4j ) + (5i + 9j ) ~ ~
  = –5i~ + 3j
= –3i – 4j+ 5i + 9j  ~
   
= 2i + 5j
 
→ →
2. BD 3. DA
→ → → →
OB = 5i~ + 9j , OD = –4i~ – 8j OA = 3i~ + 4j , OD = –4i~ – 8j
~ ~ ~ ~
→ → → → → →
BD = BO + OD DA = DO + OA
→ → → →
= – OB + OD = – OD + OA
= –(5i~ + 9j ) + (–4i~ – 8j ) = –(–4i~ – 8j ) + 3i~ + 4j
~ ~ ~ ~
= –5i~ – 9j – 4i~ – 8j = 4i~ + 8j + 3i~ + 4j
~ ~ ~ ~
= –9i~ – 17j = 7i~ + 12j
~ ~

F. Solve each of the following problems.

Selesaikan setiap masalah berikut. LS8.3.4 PL5
→
1. Given the coordinates of points A, B and C are
→ →
2. Given the points P(6, 1), Q(–5, 2) and RS =
3n
3
,  
→ →
(2, 4), (4, 8) and (–4, 2) respectively. If AB = CD, such that PQ is parallel to RS. Find the value of n.
find the coordinates of point D. → 3n
Diberi koordinat titik A, B dan C masing-masing ialah Diberi titik P(6, 1), titik Q(–5, 2) dan RS = 
3
, dengan
→ → → →
(2, 4), (4, 8) dan (–4, 2). Jika AB = CD, cari koordinat keadaan PQ selari dengan RS. Cari nilai n.
titik D.
→ 6 → –5
→
OA =
2 →
 , OB =
4 →
, OC =
–4
 
OP = 
1
, OQ =  
2
4 8 2
→ → → →
AB = CD PQ = k RS
→ → → → → → →
AO + OB = CO + OD PO + OQ = k RS
2 4 –4 → 6 –5 3n
–  
4
+
8
=–  
2
+ OD –  
1
+
2
=k  
3
2 4 → –11 3kn
  
4
=
–2
+ OD    
1
=
3k
→ 2 4
OD =
4  
–
–2
3k = 1 and/dan –11 = 3kn
1 1
–2 k= –11 = 3n 3
=  
6
3
n = –11
The coordinates of point D are (–2, 6).
Koordinat titik D ialah (–2, 6).

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 →
3. A B
The diagram shows a trapezium ABCD, where AB =
12
8
and  
→
DC =
p+2
4  
. Find the value of p.
→ 12
D C Rajah di sebelah menunjukkan trapezium ABCD, dengan AB =
8
dan  
→
DC = p + 2 . Cari nilai p.
 
4
→ → Substitute k = 2 into ①.
AB = kDC
Gantikan k = 2 ke dalam ①.
12 p+2
 
8
=k  4  2p + 2(2) = 12
2p = 8
12 kp + 2k
  
8
=
4k  p=4

kp + 2k = 12 …… ①
4k = 8
k=2

4. It is given that ~ a=
1
 
,b=
–5 ~
h
k
and ~c =
–3
2 
.   5. Given the coordinates of point A and point B are
(5, 3) and (2m, –m) respectively. Find
Find the relationship between h and k if ~
a –~b Diberi koordinat titik A dan titik B masing-masing ialah
is parallel to ~c . (5, 3) dan (2m, –m). Cari
1 →
Diberi bahawa a =
 –5   
, b =
h
k 
dan c =

–3
2  
. Cari
(a) AB .
hubungan antara h dan k jika a – b selari dengan c .
  
(b) the values of m if the distance between A and B
is 5 units.
1 h nilai-nilai m jika jarak di antara A dan B ialah 5 unit.
a –~
~ b=
–5   
–
k
1–h → 5 → 2m
= 
–5 – k  (a) OA =
3 
, OB =
–m  
–3 → → →
a –~
~ b=m  2 AB = AO + OB
→ →
1–h –3m

–5 – k
=  
2m
= –OA + OB
5 2m
1 – h = –3m
=–
3
+  
–m
2m – 5
m=
h–1
3
…… ① = 
–m – 3 
–5 – k = 2m …… ②
→
Substitute ① into ②. (b)  AB  = 5
Gantikan ① ke dalam ②. (2m – 5)2 + (–m – 3)2 = 5
h–1 4m – 20m + 25 + m2 + 6m + 9 = 25
2
–5 – k = 2 3  5m2 – 14m + 9 = 0
–15 – 3k = 2h – 2 (5m – 9)(m – 1) = 0
2h + 3k + 13 = 0 5m – 9 = 0 or/atau m–1=0
9 m=1
m=
5

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 TOWARDS SPM PRACTICE PAPER 1

Answer all the questions.

Jawab semua soalan.

1. The diagram shows a regular R Q

→
(a) Find  QO .
hexagon with centre O. →
Rajah di sebelah menunjukkan Cari  QO .
heksagon sekata berpusat O. S P [2]
→ → →
O → →
(a) Express PQ + QT + SR (b) Given OP = p and OQ = q, express in terms of
T U p and q: ~ ~
as a single vector. ~ ~
→ → → → →
Ungkapkan PQ + QT + SR Diberi OP = p dan OQ = q, ungkapkan dalam sebutan
p dan q:  
sebagai satu vektor tunggal. [2]
 
→ → → →
(b) Given OP = p, OQ = q and the length of (i) PQ . (ii) OR .
~ ~ [3]
each side of the hexagon is 5 units. Find the →
→ (a)  QO  = (–4)2 + (–1)2
unit vector in the direction of RU, in terms = 4.12 units/unit
of p and q. → → →
~ ~ (b) (i) PQ = PO + OQ
→ →
Diberi OP = p, OQ = q dan panjang setiap sisi = –p + q
  ~ ~
heksagon itu ialah 5 unit. Cari vektor unit dalam arah → → →
→ (ii) OR = OP + PR
RU , dalam sebutan p dan q.
  → →
[4] = OP + 3PQ
→ → → → → = p + 3(–p + q )
(a) PQ + QT + SR = PT + SR ~ ~ ~
→ → = 3q – 2p
= PT + UP ~ ~
→ 3. P(–6, 12) and Q(2, 3) are two points on a Cartesian
= UT
→ → →
→ → → plane. Given OR = OP – 4 OQ, find
(b) RU = 2 RO = 2QP
→ → P(–6, 12) dan Q(2, 3) ialah dua titik pada satu satah Cartes.
= 2( QO + OP) → → →
= 2(– q + p) Diberi OR = OP – 4 OQ , cari
~ ~ →
= 2p – 2q
~ ~ (a) the coordinates of R. (b)  PR .
→ koordinat R.
Unit vector in the direction of RU → → → [4]
→ (a) OR = OP – 4 OQ
Vektor unit dalam arah RU
–6 2
2p – 2q
= ~ ~
=  
12
–4 
3
10 –6 – 8 –14
1
= p– q
1 = 
12 – 12   
=
0
5~ 5 ~
The coordinates of R are (–14, 0).
→ → → Koordinat R ialah (–14, 0).
2. The diagram shows the vectors OP, OQ and OR
→ → →
drawn on a square grid with sides of 1 unit. (b) PR = PO + OR
→ → →
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan vektor OP , OQ dan OR 6 –14
yang dilukis pada grid segi empat sama bersisi 1 unit.
=    
–12
+
0
6 – 14
R =  
–12 + 0
–8
=  
–12
Q →
O  PR  = (–8)2 + (–12)2
P = 14.42 units/unit

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 TOWARDS SPM PRACTICE PAPER 2

Answer all the questions.

Jawab semua soalan.

1. U R The diagram shows a triangle PQR. It is given that:

T Rajah di sebelah menunjukkan segi tiga PQR. Diberi bahawa:

S
→ 3→ → →
QT = QR, PQ = 8p, PR = 12q
4 ~ ~
Q P

(a) Express in terms of p and/or q :

~ ~
Ungkapkan dalam sebutan p dan/atau q :
 
→ →
(i) QR (ii) PT
→ → → [3]
(b) Given PS = h PT and RS = k(2p – 7q), where h and k are constants. Find the values of h and k.
→ → → ~ ~
Diberi PS = h PT dan RS = k(2p – 7q), dengan keadaan h dan k ialah pemalar. Cari nilai h dan nilai k.
 
→ [5]
(c) Given PU = mp + 3q, where m is a constant. Find the values of m.
→ ~ ~
Diberi PU = mp + 3q, dengan keadaan m ialah pemalar. Cari nilai m.
 
[2]
→ → → → → →
(a) (i) QR = QP + PR (ii) PT = PR + RT
= –8p + 12q 1→
~ ~ = 12q + RQ
~ 4
1
= 12q + (8p – 12q )
~ 4 ~ ~
= 12q + 2p – 3q
~ ~ ~
= 9q + 2p
~ ~
→ → → →
(b) PS = h PT (c) PT = kPU
→ → 9q + 2p = k(mp + 3q )
PR + RS = h(9q + 2p) ~ ~ ~ ~
~ ~ 9q + 2p = kmp + 3kq
12q + k(2p – 7q ) = h(9q + 2p) ~ ~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~ ~
12q + 2kp – 7kq = 9hq + 2hp 9 = 3k
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ k = 3 …… ①
2kp + (12 – 7k)q = 2hp + 9hq
~ ~ ~ ~ 2 = km …… ②
2k = 2h Substitute ① into ②.
k=h …… ① Gantikan ① ke dalam ②.
12 – 7k = 9h …… ②
2 = 3m
Substitute ① into ②. 2
Gantikan ① ke dalam ②. m=
3
12 – 7h = 9h
16h = 12
3
h=
4
k=h
3
=
4

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 2. R → →
In the diagam, QP = 12a~ and QR = 10b
~. Given M is the midpoint of
QR and QN : NP = 3 : 1.
→ →
Dalam rajah di sebelah, QP = 12a dan QR = 10b. Diberi M ialah titik tengah QR dan
M  
QN : NP = 3 : 1.
S

P N Q

→ → → →
(a) Given PS = h PM and NS = k NR, where h and k are constants. Express
→ → → →
Diberi PS = h PM dan NS = k NR, dengan keadaan h dan k ialah pemalar. Ungkapkan
→ →
(i) QS in terms of h, ~
a and ~
b. (ii) QS in terms of k, ~
a and ~
b.
→ →
QS dalam sebutan h, a dan b. QS dalam sebutan k, a dan b.
   
[4]
(b) Hence, find the values of h and k.
Seterusnya, cari nilai h dan nilai k.
→ [4]
(c) Given  ~a  = 1 unit,  ~
b  = 2 units and QP is perpendicular to QR, find  PS .
→
Diberi  a  = 1 unit,  b  = 2 unit dan QP berserenjang dengan QR, cari  PS .
 
[2]
→ → → → → →
(a) (i) QS = QP + PS (ii) QS = QN + NS
→ →
= 12a
~ + h PM
→ →
= 9a
~ + k NR
→ →
= 12a
~ + h(PQ + QM) = 9a
~ + k(
NQ + QR)
= 9a
= 12a
~ + h(–12a~ + 5b
~) ~ + k(–9a ~ + 10b
~)
= (12 – 12h)a = (9 – 9k)a + 10kb
~ + 5hb
~ ~ ~

(b) (12 – 12h)a~ + 5hb~ = (9 – 9k)a

~ + 10kb
~ → 2 →
12 – 12h = 9 – 9k (c) PS = PM
5
4 – 4h = 3 – 3k 2 → →
4h – 3k = 1 …… ① = ( PQ + QM)
5
5h = 10k 2
h = 2k …… ② = (–12a + 5b )
5 ~ ~
Substitute ② into ①. 24
=– ~ a + 2b
Gantikan ② ke dalam ①. 5 ~
4(2k) – 3k = 1
→ 2
8k – 3k = 1
5k = 1
 PS  = – 245 (1) + [2(2)]2

1 976
k= =
5 25
1 = 6.25 units/unit
Substitute k = into ②.
5
1
Gantikan k = ke dalam ②.
5
1
h=2  
5
2
=
5

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