Assessment of Housing Satisfaction Among Iranian Immigrant'S Homeowners in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

International Journal of Social Sciences Vol. VII, No.
2 / 2018
DOI: 10.20472/SS.2018.7.2.001
ASSESSMENT OF HOUSING SATISFACTION AMONG

IRANIAN IMMIGRANT’S HOMEOWNERS IN KUALA
LUMPUR, MALAYSIA
BAHARE FALLAHI
Abstract:
This study evaluated housing satisfaction of Iranian immigrants homeowners in Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia, with twenty eight variables grouped into two components –dwelling features and dwelling
services. Findings from the study indicate that the residents are satisfied with housing. Socio
economic characteristics of the residents such as length of time have been in Malaysia, number of
bed rooms, price of residential unit, and total earned income earner are correlated with housing
satisfaction, whereas age, size of household, and number of children, are not correlated with housing
satisfaction. A Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) model has been estimated for the study and the
model provides 57% explanations to determine housing satisfaction. The high beta coefficients of
the model propose that housing satisfaction of Iranian immigrant’s homeowners can be enhanced
through improving the dwelling features and dwelling services. Similarly, the future dwelling
should as well consider their space, design and other constructions in order to improve quality of
life of the Iranian immigrant’s homeowners in the Malaysia. The main goal of this study to examine
the key factors whose developments can improve housing satisfaction level of the inhabitants.
Keywords:
Housing satisfaction, Dwelling features, Dwelling service, Socio- economic characteristic.
Authors:
BAHARE FALLAHI, university Putra Malaysia , Iran (Islamic Republic of), Email:
fallahi.bahare@yahoo.com
Citation:
BAHARE FALLAHI (2018). Assessment of housing satisfaction among Iranian immigrant’s
homeowners in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia . International Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. VII(2), pp.
1-16., 10.20472/SS.2018.7.2.001
Copyright © 2018, BAHARE FALLAHI, fallahi.bahare@yahoo.com 1

International Journal of Social Sciences Vol. VII, No. 2 / 2018
Introduction
The preparation of suitable accommodation that meets government established
standards of quality and consumers’ desires and needs has always been the aim of
housing policy in Malaysia. Fatoye and Odusami (2009) proposed that for housing
segment to develop the quality of accommodation it produces, it must search and
recognize consumers’ desires and needs as well as the extent to which such aspirations
are met via arranged performance assessment. Teck-Hong (2011) indicated that one
conceivable procedure to meet family’s accommodation needs is to investigate features
which account for inhabitants’ satisfaction or dissatisfaction with their accommodation
situations. These perspectives no skepticism emphasis the need for researches on
Residential satisfaction in the search to prepare accommodation that meets the daily
desires, aspirations and preferences of the inhabitants. Housing satisfaction has been a
subject of examined through researchers in the arena of housing. Also, residential
satisfaction has been defined as a measure of inhabitants’ satisfaction by both their
dwelling units and neighborhood (Gaster, 1987; Hashim, 2003; Ogu, 2002), moreover,
residential satisfaction has been viewed as an evaluation of the amount to which the
current accommodation environment of inhabitants is meeting their aspirations and
desires (Mohit, Ibrahim, & Rashid, 2010; Salleh, 2008). Consequently, several
researches on the issue (including Ibem & Amole, 2012; Jiboye, 2009; Mohit & Azim,
2012; Mohit et al., 2010; Salleh, 2008) are dedicated to the evaluation of the extent to
which individuals are satisfied or dissatisfied with their accommodation situations,
whereas others (Galster, 1987; Jaafar,Hasan, Mahamad, & Ramayah, 2006; Jiboye,
2010; Salleh, Yosuf, Salleh, & Johari, 2012; Tech-Hong, 2011) emphasis on the features
that effect housing satisfaction in the different countries. Firstly, findings of these studies
help us to understand the importance of housing characteristics, dwelling unit support
amenities and neighborhood as well as the socio economic characteristics of inhabitants
in housing satisfaction. Secondly, they contribute to expanding our comprehension of
the dwelling aspirations and desires of persons and how they assess their
accommodation surroundings in a given context. Also, these researches as well assist
us to recognize that features inside and outside the dwelling amplitude have considerable
effect on housing satisfaction. In spite of these understandings provided through the
current researches, there is few or no concurrence in the literature on the generic pattern
of residential satisfaction and the particular features that effect it across several socio
demographic groups in the various areas and cultures. Moreover, there is a drib of
research on the diversity in housing satisfaction amongst inhabitants of dwelling built
using diverse strategies, particularly in the developing countries. The differences in socio
demographic characteristics of the inhabitants, quality of housing, propose that there
could be diversities in housing satisfaction amongst inhabitants in dwelling delivered
using diverse strategies and those obtained via diverse processes in a specific country,
area or neighborhood. The main goal of this study to examine the key factors whose
developments can improve housing satisfaction level of the inhabitants.
Consequently, the following objectives have been set for the research:
To investigate the level of housing satisfaction/dissatisfaction perceived by the Iranian
homeowners in Malaysia.

To investigate the elements and kinds of facilities which influence the housing satisfaction
level of the residents; and
To investigate the key factors whose improvements can develop housing satisfaction
level of the residents.
The review of literature and conceptual framework

Researches on housing satisfaction serve several objectives, containing the evaluation
of inhabitants’ current accommodation situations, desires and needs ( Salleh, 2008) and
their life quality (Caldieron, 2011; Galster & Hesser, 1981; Lee & Park, 2010); the level
of achievement or refraction of dwelling projects (Liu, 2003; Mohit & Nazyddah, 2011)
and quality of project (Lara & Bekker, 2012). They as well assist in developing our
comprehension of dwelling adjustment and movement behaviors of inhabitants (Fang,
2006). Therefore, it can be concluded that even although individuals who conduct study
on housing satisfaction have diverse rationales and purposes, researches on housing
satisfaction enhance better comprehension of the key foundations of satisfaction or
dissatisfaction amongst inhabitants, features that efficacy their level of satisfaction and
how they are most likely to respond in the occurrence that they felt dissatisfied with their
housing situations. Fang (2006), argued that this knowledge is significant in notifying
Policy of housing. Different researchers and scholars put forward some theoretical and
conceptual approaches in order to understand housing satisfaction Galster (1987)
investigated that most researches on housing satisfaction are based purposive approach
and the actual –aspiration gap approach. Galster (1985) investigated that individual are
seen to have aims and goals in the direction of attaining such objectives, and that the
level to which one’s residential surroundings is perceived to be enabling the attainment
of his/her objectives is seen as a symptom of housing satisfaction. The inference of this
is that persons obtain dwelling with the aspirations that it will contribute to the reach of
particular objectives in life; and therefore they see their dwellings as a property able of
assisting overall attainment of their goal in life. Consequently, the level to which
inhabitants perceive their accommodation is performing the ‘facilitator role’ is understood
as a degree of housing satisfaction. Also, Galster (1987) indicated that persons create a
commission quality or quantity that is “an ideal standard” of the diverse characteristics of
their residential condition based on their desires and needs. Consequently, people tend
to assess their dwelling situations based on the “ideal standard” which they have
previously constructed a mental image of and desire to have. If their present
accommodation condition is perceived to be in close congruity with to the reference
condition, inhabitants tend to declare satisfaction and vice versa. It means that in the
actual-desire gap approach, a gap among what persons want and desire to have and
what they presently have in terms of their accommodation situations is seen as a degree
of housing satisfaction. The foregoing goes to propose that inhabitants’ assessment of
their accommodation situations depends basically on the meaning inhabitants attach to
their accommodation, standard of reference situation to which they compare it by and
their accommodation desires and needs. Based on these approaches, some studies have
examined the level to which inhabitants are satisfied with their dwelling units and
neighborhood in the different countries. For instance, Liu (1999) examined residential

satisfaction amongst inhabitants of public housing in Hong Kong,and showed inhabitants

had high level of dissatisfaction with neighborhood facilities such as access to public
transport and cleanliness of the neighborhood. In South Korea, Ha (2008) investigated
that around 51 percent of the inhabitants were generally satisfied with their
accommodation situations. Also, he found that the inhabitants were satisfied with
neighborhood facilities such as nearness to shopping Centre, medical center, and post
office. However, they were dissatisfied with public facilities such as parking facilities.
Another research by Mohit and Azim (2012) found that inhabitants had higher satisfaction
level for facilities and services than dwelling unit feature such as space and social
environment. Ukoha and Beamish (1997), in Nigeria, found that inhabitants were satisfied
with neighborhood facilities but dissatisfied with dwelling unit features. Other researches
(Jiboye, 2009; Olatubara & Fatoye, 2007) however found that the inhabitants in Lagos,
Nigeria were most satisfied with dwelling unit features and least satisfied with
neighborhood facilities. Clement and Kayode (2012) in Ondo State, Nigeria found that
inhabitants had high level of satisfaction with neighborhood facilities and dwelling features
such as size of living room and access to worship centers. Besides these researches,
others have examined the features which impact housing satisfaction. For example, Ibem
and Amole (2012) and Lu (2002) investigated age as one of the most important predictors
of housing satisfaction. He found that the younger persons are likely to be less satisfied
with their dwelling situations than the older persons. Also, level of income has been
identified as having influence on housing satisfaction.
Vera-Toscano and Aceta-Amestoy (2008) investigated that inhabitants of high income
group are more likely to be satisfied with their dwelling condition than persons of lower
income for the reason that people with high level income has the financial power to
obtain better accommodations. The impact of family size and length of stay on housing
satisfaction has also been identified by scholars. For example, Mohit et al. (2010)
identified there was a negative association among family size and housing satisfaction.
However, he found that the length of stay in the dwelling had positive influence on housing
satisfaction, in Malaysia. However, little is known of the differences in satisfaction
amongst the immigrant’s homeowners in another country with different culture. This
research was an attempt to bridge this gap. Also from the existing research, we observe
that many studies have developed housing satisfaction models based on features that
are related to the context and objective of their study (see Fang, 2006; Mohit & Nazyddah,
2011; Tech-Hong, 2011). Following this tradition, the conceptual framework of this
research contains elements such as dwelling unit features, dwelling unit services and
demographic characteristics of the inhabitants.
Conceptual model
The conceptual model of the study is based on the perception that housing satisfaction is
a compound construct of the indices of satisfaction which respondent’s identify with
dwelling features and dwelling services. Amerigo and Aragones (1997) investigated that
objective physical characteristics of the housing, once they have been evaluated via the
individual become subjective giving rise to an assurance level of housing satisfaction.

Subjective features are influenced via the socio economic characteristics along with
his/her housing characteristic pattern, a normative factor whereby the inhabitants
compares her/his preferences and desires and current situation. The model indications
that the respondents assessment of objective features of dwelling thru their socio
economic becomes subjective features which can be captured into two aspects of
housing satisfaction and these two aspects together form the basis of housing of the
inhabitants.
Methodology
Dwelling differs in its layout, design, construction, space; but whatever form it captures it
is essential to measure its quality to make sure that it fulfills the needs and desires of
inhabitants. Quality of accommodation can be measured thru subjective and objectives
features. Objective measurement evaluates dwelling features and dwelling services.
However, objective estimation is not able to examine the psychosocial aspects of housing
satisfaction. Subjective measurement which encompasses needs, aspiration, and also
dissatisfaction is closely associated to the psychosocial aspects of a person (Nurizan &
Hashim, 2001).
Selection of components and variables for housing satisfaction

Most housing satisfaction researches have integrated both subjective and objective
characteristics for the valuation of housing satisfaction. Varady and Carrozza (2000)
indicated that, housing satisfaction comprises satisfaction with the dwelling unit features
and satisfaction with dwelling services. Also, Oh (2000), identified the quality of dwelling
and environment which impact the housing quality. Based upon the literature review on
factors that are likely to affect housing satisfaction, the present research investigates the
‘‘residential satisfaction bundle’’ to comprise two sheltered aspects – (1) the dwelling unit
features with 20 variables; and (2) dwelling unit support services with 8 variables.
Dwelling unit features

Dwelling unit features refer to the spaces in the dwelling unit such as bath rooms, bed
rooms, living rooms, dining rooms and also design and construction of the dwelling unit.
Dwelling unit support services
Dwelling services refer to the space outside the dwelling unit. The factors comprised are
electricity, water supply, and lifts.
Sampling design
This is a quantitative study. The questionnaire survey provided information on the housing
satisfaction variables hypothesized to promote the residential satisfaction among 235
households (n=235) in order to enhance the housing satisfaction. The target population

is the Iranian immigrant’s homeowners in Kuala Lumpur. Kuala Lumpur is a capital

city of Malaysia. Moreover, it is the hub center of the country and has a land area of
243.65 km2 with it’s a number of cultural and financial activities. For selecting the sample
size, the researcher used Cochran proposed using equation to determine the size. In this
study, systematic random sampling has been used to select the samples for
questionnaire survey. Designed questionnaire was used to collect data from the
respondents, the structured interview for data collection is the superior choice
(Fowler,1993). The questionnaire comprises of three sectors with residents and
accommodation unit information (section-1); satisfaction with dwelling unit (section-2);
and satisfaction with dwelling services (section-3). The level of housing satisfaction has
been measured by using a five-point Likert scale – ‘‘1’’ for very dissatisfied, ‘‘2’’ for
dissatisfied, 3’’ for slightly satisfied, ‘‘4’’ for satisfied and ‘‘5’’ for very satisfied.
Analysis and findings

Socio-demographic characteristics of the participants
Among Iranian homeowners in Malaysia were dominantly man (69.8%) compared to
woman (30.2%) (Appendix Table A1). Most of the homeowners (35.3%) were between
age 41 and 50, followed by the age group of below 40 (31.9%) and the old age persons
(above 61) constituted 14.1 in the sample. Though households with 3 members were
dominant (26%), 23.4% of the homeowners had 4 people in their households and 17.9%
homeowners have 5 residents. The highest level of education of the homeowners was
bachelor. Level of income of most (28.9%) of the homeowners was above RM15000,
followed by 27.3% whose incomes were between RM7000-10000 and 23.4% earned less
than RM7000. Majority (37.4%) of the participants’ jobs were in the private segment
followed by 12.8% who had their own businesses and 17% retired.
Table A1
Respondents’ demographic and socio-economic characteristics
Variable n % M SD
Sex Male 164 69.8
Female 71 30.2
Age 47.07 10.95
Age group Below 40 75 31.9
41-50 83 35.3

51-60 44 18.7
Above 61 33 14.1
Level of education
High School 34 14.5
Bachelor 119 50.7
Master 41 17.4
PhD 41 17.4
occupation status of Retired 40 17.0

first income earner
Working for a private 88 37.4

company or person
Working at own 30 12.8

business without
any employees
Working at own 77 32.8

business and
employing other
workers
Table A1 (continued)
Variable n % M SD
Marital status Single 19 8.1
Married 200 85.0
Divorced 14 6.0

Widowed 2 .9
Household One 19 8.1

size
Two 32 13.6
Three 61 26.0
Four 55 23.4
Five 42 17.9
Six 21 8.9
Seven 5 2.1
Number of Zero 42 17.9

children
One 63 26.8
Two 60 25.5
Three 42 17.9
Four 23 9.8
Five 5 2.1
Monthly Less than 55 23.4

income of 7000
families
7000-10000 64 27.3
10000-15000 48 20.4
Above 15000 68 28.9

Satisfaction with housing

Respondents’ levels of housing satisfaction with accommodation containing of 28 items
presented in Table A2 show that the residents of Iranian immigrant’s homeowners
satisfied with their overall housing situation. the result indicates that majority of
respondents (41.3%) were satisfied with their housing, followed by 40.4% who were
somewhat satisfied and very few (2.1%) who were very dissatisfied with their current
housing situation with 66.38 Mean and 12.52 Standard deviation. To support these
findings, theoretical underpinnings on residential satisfaction are based on the idea that
residential satisfaction measures the difference between households’ actual and
desired/aspired housing situations (Galster, 1985). Households usually make their
judgments about residential conditions based on their needs and aspirations. Satisfaction
with households’ housing conditions implies the absence of any complaints and a high
degree of congruence between actual and desired situations. On the other hand,
incongruence between housing needs and aspirations may lead to dissatisfaction. Galster
(1985) also, argued that residential dissatisfaction might result from a change in
household needs, change in a particular location’s social and physical amenities, or a
change in the standards used to evaluate these factors. Within Galster’s framework,
physical amenities (or their opposite physical dis-amenities) as ‘‘locational
characteristics,’’ have the most relevance for consideration of satisfaction.
Table A2
Distribution of housing satisfaction
Variable M SD n %
Housing satisfaction 66.38 12.52
Very dissatisfied 5 2.1
Dissatisfied 24 10.2
Somewhat satisfied 95 40.4
Satisfied 97 41.3
Very satisfied 14 6

Associations between housing satisfaction components and socio-demographic

characteristics of respondents
Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) between housing satisfaction and Socio-demographic
factors (Table A3) found that housing satisfaction index is correlated with length of time
owner been in Malaysia, number of bed rooms, price of residential unit, and total earned
income earner. Housing satisfaction of the respondent’s increases with the increase in
level of income. It, thus, appears that residents’ socio-economic attributes such as total
earned income earner, number of bed rooms and price of residential unit are positively
related to housing satisfaction. It means that with increase income, number of rooms and
price of residential unit, housing satisfaction will be increase.
This finding was consistent with the findings of Liu (1999) and Vera-Toscano and Ateca-
Amestoy (2008) who found association between income and housing satisfaction,
because people with high socio economic factor such as income can get access to more
facilities to become satisfied.
Moreover, result of the bivariate correlation revealed a negative significant correlation
between length of residence and housing satisfaction. This finding showed that an
increase of length of residence resulted in less housing satisfaction. This significant and
negative association between length of residence and housing satisfaction was in
contrast with past work (Jaafar et al., 2006). Also, result of the bivariate association
shown a significant association between number of bed rooms and housing satisfaction.
This finding was consistent with the results of Mohit and Azim (2012). Likewise,
correlation between price and housing satisfaction was consistent with the findings of
(Tan,2011).He indicated that a house that is located in a good neighborhood is preferable,
as households are willing to pay more for a house in a neighborhood with good
environmental qualities.
Table A3
Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) matrix between housing satisfaction and
socio-economic characteristics of respondents
Demographic Data r p-value
Size of Household .07 .290
Number of Children .04 .591
Number of Income Earner .02 .807
Number of Non-Income Earner .06 .357

Monthly Income of Second .14 .101

Income Earner
Time Owners Have been in -.15* P<.05

Malaysia
Times Owners been Living in -.07 .256

Current House
Number of Living Room .06 .349
Number of Dining Room .05 .431
Number of Bed Room .14* P<.05
Number of Bath Room .05 .428
Price of the Residential Unit .16* P<.05
age -.03 .708
Total Earned Income Earner .20** P<.01

Predictors of housing satisfaction

Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) analysis is a method for measuring the simultaneous
effects of independent variables to explain differences in the dependent variable. Multiple
Linear Regression analysis has been evaluated to examine the best linear combination
of variables for predicting housing satisfaction by using enter method. The exercise
resulted to the choice of two variables – satisfactions with dwelling features, and dwelling
services, as predictor variables to determine housing satisfaction of Iranian immigrant’s
homeowners.
The combination of predictor variables significantly predicted housing satisfaction of
Iranian immigrants homeowners, with (F (10,224) =29.70, p < .001, with two variables
significantly contributing to the prediction. The beta weights presented in Appendix Table
A4 present that housing satisfaction with dwelling services most to predicting housing
satisfaction, followed by dwelling features, which contribute housing satisfaction of the
Iranian immigrants homeowners. According to the results generated, the coefficient of
determination of model was .57. This means that that 57% of housing satisfaction was
explained by the dwelling services and dwelling features. Also, all VIF values were
smaller than 10.The findings of multicollinearity diagnostics were that there was no
evidence found of multicollinearity or perfect multicollinearity among the independent
variables included in the model.
As expected, results from the bivariate and multivariate analyses indicated a significant
association between dwelling features and housing satisfaction. In other words, dwelling
features was found to be one of the protective and significant predictors of housing
satisfaction. This finding certainly supports the residential satisfaction model and
residential satisfaction studies that suggest dwelling features as an important determinant
of housing satisfaction among the households ( Ibem & Amole , 2012; Mohit et al., 2010).
Other findings from this study showed that dwelling services significantly contributed
toward housing satisfaction and this result tends to support studies by Jiboye (2009) and
Mohit et al.(2010).
Mohit et al. (2010) found that housing services and housing features such as bed room,
dining space as predictor variables significantly predicted housing satisfaction of public
low cost housing. Likewise, Ibem and Amole (2013) argued that adequacy of the size of
living and sleeping area as the predictor variable to determine residential satisfaction in
the housing estate. Moreover, number of rooms and number of bedrooms, which are
alternative of housing space or dwelling size, could affect housing satisfaction according
to studies by Lu (1999), housing features such as housing space needs influence
residential satisfaction.

Table A4
Results of Multiple Regression To Predict Housing Satisfaction
Collinearity Statistics
Variable B SE Beta t Tolerance VIF
Constant -12.719 5.568 -2.284
gender 1.357 1.224 .050 1.109 .949 1.054
Level of education .081 .618 .006 .131 .898 1.113
Total number of income earner -1.538 1.032 -.076 -1.491 745 1.342
Total earned income .000 .000 .124 2.365 .699 1.430
Time owner been in Malaysia -.032 .361 -.004 -.090 .891 1.122
Number of bed rooms -.182 .970 -.010 -.187 .639 1.566
Price of residential unit 3.479 .000 .062 1.187 .702 1.426
Dwelling service .462 .073 .356 6.288** .599 1.670
Dwelling feature .359 .079 .271 4.558** .543 1.843
Conclusions
This research has found that among Iranian homeowners in Malaysia were dominantly
man compared to woman .Also, the highest level of education of the homeowners was
bachelor. As well, majority of the participants’ jobs were in the private segment .Most of
the inhabitants in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia were satisfied with their housing situations.
Also, Pearson’s correlation coefficient between housing satisfaction and Socio-
demographic factors found that housing satisfaction index is associated with length of
time owner been in Malaysia, number of bed rooms, price of residential unit, and total
earned income earner. Moreover, dwelling features was found to be one of the protective
and significant predictors of housing satisfaction. Likewise, dwelling services significant
predictor of housing satisfaction. Access to dwelling services such as supply of electricity
and good drinking water were the main sources of satisfaction among the inhabitants as
the research suggests. Also dwelling features such as space and number of bedrooms

were the main items of satisfaction among owners. So, this situation may have adverse
implications on the life quality of the inhabitants of the housing estates.
The policy implications of the research propose that housing satisfaction and by extension
the life quality of inhabitants of Iranian immigrant’s homeowners in the research area, and
to be sure future housing projects, can be improved via the provision of basic dwelling
services and dwelling features in the housing estates. To attain this, it is significant to
emphasize that future housing project for immigrants should continue to develop the
quality of housing units they produce by make sure that dwellings are constructed and
deigned to provide suitable dwellings for the inhabitants.
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Assessment of Housing Satisfaction Among Iranian Immigrant'S Homeowners in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

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Assessment of Housing Satisfaction Among Iranian Immigrant'S Homeowners in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

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International Journal of Social Sciences Vol. VII, No.

ASSESSMENT OF HOUSING SATISFACTION AMONG

Copyright © 2018, BAHARE FALLAHI, fallahi.bahare@yahoo.com 1

Copyright © 2018, BAHARE FALLAHI, fallahi.bahare@yahoo.com 2

The review of literature and conceptual framework

Copyright © 2018, BAHARE FALLAHI, fallahi.bahare@yahoo.com 3

satisfaction amongst inhabitants of public housing in Hong Kong,and showed inhabitants

Copyright © 2018, BAHARE FALLAHI, fallahi.bahare@yahoo.com 4

Selection of components and variables for housing satisfaction

Dwelling unit features

Copyright © 2018, BAHARE FALLAHI, fallahi.bahare@yahoo.com 5

is the Iranian immigrant’s homeowners in Kuala Lumpur. Kuala Lumpur is a capital

Analysis and findings

Sex Male 164 69.8

Age 47.07 10.95

Age group Below 40 75 31.9

Copyright © 2018, BAHARE FALLAHI, fallahi.bahare@yahoo.com 6

High School 34 14.5

Bachelor 119 50.7

occupation status of Retired 40 17.0

Working for a private 88 37.4

Working at own 30 12.8

Working at own 77 32.8

Marital status Single 19 8.1

Married 200 85.0

Copyright © 2018, BAHARE FALLAHI, fallahi.bahare@yahoo.com 7

Household One 19 8.1

Number of Zero 42 17.9

Monthly Less than 55 23.4

Above 15000 68 28.9

Copyright © 2018, BAHARE FALLAHI, fallahi.bahare@yahoo.com 8

Satisfaction with housing

Housing satisfaction 66.38 12.52

Very dissatisfied 5 2.1

Somewhat satisfied 95 40.4

Copyright © 2018, BAHARE FALLAHI, fallahi.bahare@yahoo.com 9

Associations between housing satisfaction components and socio-demographic

Demographic Data r p-value

Size of Household .07 .290

Number of Children .04 .591

Number of Income Earner .02 .807

Number of Non-Income Earner .06 .357

Copyright © 2018, BAHARE FALLAHI, fallahi.bahare@yahoo.com 10

Monthly Income of Second .14 .101

Time Owners Have been in -.15* P<.05

Times Owners been Living in -.07 .256

Number of Living Room .06 .349

Number of Dining Room .05 .431

Number of Bed Room .14* P<.05

Number of Bath Room .05 .428

Price of the Residential Unit .16* P<.05

age -.03 .708

Total Earned Income Earner .20** P<.01

Copyright © 2018, BAHARE FALLAHI, fallahi.bahare@yahoo.com 11

Predictors of housing satisfaction

Copyright © 2018, BAHARE FALLAHI, fallahi.bahare@yahoo.com 12

Variable B SE Beta t Tolerance VIF

Constant -12.719 5.568 -2.284

gender 1.357 1.224 .050 1.109 .949 1.054

Level of education .081 .618 .006 .131 .898 1.113

Total earned income .000 .000 .124 2.365 .699 1.430

Number of bed rooms -.182 .970 -.010 -.187 .639 1.566

Price of residential unit 3.479 .000 .062 1.187 .702 1.426