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C GRAPHICS
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T TechnoLytics
I Take IT Easy
C technolytics33@gmail.com
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T COMPUTER GRAPHICS
• Computer graphics is concerned with producing images and
E animations (or sequences of images) using a computer.
C • The task of producing photo-realistic images is an extremely
H complex one, but this is a field that is in great demand
because of the nearly limitless variety of applications.
N • Computer graphics generally means creation, storage and
O manipulation of models and images.

L • Such models come from diverse and expanding set of fields

including physical, mathematical, artistic, biological, and even
Y conceptual (abstract) structures.
T • Computer Graphics is a consciously managed and
documented technology directed toward communicating
I information accurately and descriptively.
C • Research done by Gatlin in 1988 suggests that around 83%
of what we learn derives from what we see, only 11% derives
S from what we hear.
T Thaumatrope -- Paul Roget in 1828

E Thaumatrope means “wonder turner” derived from the Greek words.

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T Phenakistoscope -- J.A. Ferdinand Plateau in 1832
Phenakistoscope originated from the Greek
E (phenakizein), meaning "to trick or cheat"; as it tricks the
C eye by making the figures in the pictures appear to move.
It is composed of six similar images in different positions
H taken in order to relay the movement. Uses the
N persistence of vision principle to create an illusion of
movement.
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T Zoetrope -- William Horner in 1843
E A zoetrope produces an illusion of movement from a rapid
succession of static pictures. Derived from the Greek
C words "life" and "turn" this forms a “wheel of life”.
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T Praxinoscope -- Emile Reynaud in 1877

E Almost the same as a zoetrope, the only difference was

the integration of a mirror to the device which makes the
C viewer more comfortable as they watch the movement of
H the objects. Known as the “action viewer”.

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T Kinetoscope -- Thomas Edison, Eadweard Muybridge in
1888
E An early motion picture
exhibition
C The Kinetoscope was designed
H for films to be viewed through
the window of a cabinet.
N Kinetoscope means the “view of
movement” from the Greek
O words.

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T COMPUTER ANIMATION
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• Computer animation is a visual digital display
C technology that processes the moving images on
H screen.
• In simple words, it can be put or defined as the art or
N power of giving life, energy and emotions etc. to any
O non-living or inanimate object via computers.
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T APPLICATIONS
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T 2D AND 3D GRAPHICS
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• 2D and 3D Graphics are quite different from one
C another, in both their creation and their end result.
H • 2D graphics we consider on X and Y Axis
• 3D graphics we consider X,Y and Z Axis
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T 2D AND 3D GRAPHICS
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• 2D and 3D Graphics are quite different from one
C another, in both their creation and their end result.
H • 2D graphics we consider on X and Y Axis
• 3D graphics we consider X,Y and Z Axis
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T 2D AND 3D GRAPHICS
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Point of 2D Graphics 3D Graphics
C Comparison
Dimensions Only 2 dimensions Three dimensions
H are there that are X are there, X, Y and
N and Y. Z.
Constructs Square, circle, Cube, sphere,
O triangle, rectangle, cone, cuboid, etc.
hexagon, etc.
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Involves Length and Breadth Length, Breadth
Y and Height
T Ease of Simple to create Quite complex
construction
I Edges Are completely Not visible or
C visible in drawings. hidden due to
overlapping.
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T PIXEL
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• A pixel is the most basic component of any computer
C graphic.
H • Pixel stands for picture element.
• It corresponds to the smallest thing that can be drawn
N on a computer screen.
O • Every computer graphic is made up of a grid of pixels.
When these pixels are painted onto the screen, they
L form an image.
Y • This grid of pixels is called a bitmap.
• In black & white, each pixel can be represented by 1 bit,
T a 1 if the pixel is black, or a 0 if the pixel is white.
I • The computer opens a black & white bitmapped image.
then it starts looking for numbers that describe image
C information. Every time it comes to a 0 it draws a white
S pixel. When it comes to a 1 it draws a black pixel.
T BITMAP
E • A bitmap is a collection of pixels that describes an
C image, in human terms, a complete picture.
• A bitmap can be of various bit depth and resolution.
H • Basically, a bitmap is an array of pixels.
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T RESOLUTION
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• Resolution in computer graphics either refers to the
C number of pixels per inch or other unit of measure
H (centimeter for example) on a monitor or printer. It is
also sometimes used to describe the total number of
N pixels on a monitor.
O • Resolution is usually measured in pixels per inch or
dots per inch (dpi).
L • Most monitors can display at 72 dpi. Monitors come in a
Y variety of resolutions.
• They can get as small as 320 pixels by 200 pixels or as
T large as 1280 x 1024. [width is 1280 pixels and the
I height is 1024 pixels]
• Printers can also print at many different resolutions. The
C resolution can be as small as 128 dpi or less, to 300 dpi
S on inkjet printers, to 720 dpi on laser printer, and up to
2000 dpi on high quality type-setters.
T RESOLUTION
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T BIT DEPTH
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• Bit depth is the number of bits used to store information
C about each pixel.
H • The higher the depth, the more colors are stored in an
image.
N • For example, the lowest bit-depth, 1 bit graphics are
O only capable of showing two colors, black & white. This
is because there are only two combinations of numbers
L in one bit, 0 and 1.
Y • Four bit color is capable of displaying 16 colors because
there are 16 different combinations of four bits:
T • 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001
I 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111
• With 8 bit color, there is a total of 256 colors available.
C With 16 bit color, a total of 65536 is available. When you
S have 24 bit color, a total of 16777216 colors is available.
T BIT DEPTH
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T GRAPHIC FILE FORMATS
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C Graphics files store an image (e.g., photograph, drawing)
H and are divided into two basic types; vector-based and
raster-based.
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T VECTOR-BASED FILES
E • Vector-based files store an image as mathematical
C formulas. Vector image programs use this mathematical
H formula to display and scale the image without distortion.
• In a sense, one may consider a vector image as storing
N information regarding the shapes in an image rather than
O the raw image itself.
• For example, a line segment might be defined in terms of
L the coordinates of its starting point, a direction, and a
Y length. More complex shapes can be built up from simple
shapes.
T • Enclosed shapes can also be filled with colors.
I • Vector formats are most commonly used in the field of
Computer-Aided Design (CAD), since they are ideally
C suited to the creation of architectural and engineering
S drawings, maps, schematics, and charts.
T VECTOR-BASED FILES
E • Common types of vector-based file formats include:
C o Drawing Interchange Format (DXF)
H o Encapsulated PostScript (EPS)
o Computer Graphics Metafile (CGM)
N o Shapefiles (SHP)
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T RASTER-BASED FILES
E • Raster-based files store the image as a collection of
C pixels.
• Raster graphics are also referred to as bitmapped
H images.
N • Raster graphics cannot be scaled without distortion.
• A raster image, or bitmap, is the more commonly
O encountered representation form.
L • A bitmap represents an image via a rectangular grid of
pixels, where each individual pixel’s spatial location and
Y color is defined.
T Common types of raster-based file formats include:
• Bitmap (BMP)
I • Tagged Image File Format (TIFF)
C • Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG)
• Graphics Interchange Format (GIF)
S • Portable Network Graphic (PNG) etc..
T COMPRESSION
E • Lossless compression works to reduce mathematical
C redundancy.
• This means the algorithm searches for repeating patterns or
H sequences in the images, and reduces them to a compact
formula.
N • For example, in a typical CT image, the surrounding edges
O are usually totally black (air), which would be represented by
a long sequence of zeros (0 0 0 0 0 …).
L • The lossless algorithm would detect the sequence and
Y replace it with an encoded formula of the form ‘repeat zero
ten times’
T • When the compressed image is decompressed for viewing,
I the resulting image is identical to the original source image,
i.e., no information was lost in the compression process.
C • Lossless formats work best with relatively simple images
such as diagrams and line art; images with clean lines and
S flat color. Generally 1:2 compression is achieved.
T COMPRESSION
• Lossy compression works to reduce perceptual redundancy.
E • This means the algorithm takes into account limitations of the
C human eye, and discards data that is deemed nonessential to
the perceptual quality of the overall image.
H • For example, the human eye is less sensitive to color details as
well as very bright and very dark tones.
N • The lossy algorithm might then reduce the spatial resolution of
O the color channels, and smooth the parts of the image that are
very bright and very dark.
L • It should be emphasized that unlike lossless compression, the
Y final decoded lossy image is not identical to the original source.
• The more aggressive the compression, the more information is
T discarded and the more noticeable the difference between the
compressed image and the original.
I • For this reason however, lossy compression typically achieves
C better results, at around 1:10 space savings or so.
• Lossy compression works best with photographic images, or
S images comprised of gradients and tones with few sharp edges
T
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T DRAWING INTERCHANGE FORMAT
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C (DXF)
• Widely used in computer-aided design software
H programs, such as those used by engineers and
N architects.
• The Drawing Exchange Format (DXF) was developed by
O Autodesk Incorporated.
L • They support 8-bit color depths (256 colors) and 3-D
shapes, and are uncompressed.
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T ENCAPSULATED POSTSCRIPT
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C (EPS)
H • Are widely used in desktop publishing software
N programs.
• In essence, an EPS (Encapsulated PostScript) file is a
O vector image file used for storing illustrations in Adobe
L Illustrator and other illustration software like CorelDraw.
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T COMPUTER GRAPHICS METAFILE
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C (CGM) FILES
• Are widely used in many image-oriented software
H programs (e.g., Photoshop) and offer a high degree of
N durability.
O • Shapefiles (SHP), ESRI GIS applications use vector
coordinates to store non-topological geometry and
L attribute information for features.
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T SHAPEFILES (SHP)
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• ESRI GIS applications use vector coordinates to store
C non-topological geometry and attribute information for
H features.

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T • SCALABLE VECTOR GRAPHICS
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• (SVG)
Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) is a format for
C describing two-dimensional graphics using XML. It was
H developed by the SVG Working Group of the W3C in
2001.
N • SVG supports 24-bit color, and allows the creation of
O sophisticated dynamic and interactive graphics. Being
entirely XML-based, it enjoys the advantages of
L extensibility, interoperability and flexibility.
Y • SVG can be easily manipulated and transformed using
standard XML tools.
T • SVG is an open, non-proprietary format.
I • It is rapidly becoming a major standard for vector
imagery, particularly on the Internet.
C • SVG is the ideal format for logos, icons, simple
S illustrations, and anything else you want to be freely
scalable with your responsive design.
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T BITMAP (BMP)
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C • Are relatively low-quality files used most often in word
processing applications.
H • Uncompressed or Optional lossless RLE compression.
N • It was developed by Microsoft as the native raster format
of the Windows operating system.
O • The BMP format supports color depths from 1-bit to 32-
L bit.
• Although proprietary, this format is free to use and is
Y widely supported, due to its association with Windows.
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TTAGGED IMAGE FILE FORMAT (TIFF)
E • Tagged Image File Format (TIFF) files are usable with many
C different software programs and are often the format of choice
for a high-quality master image.
H • Uncompressed or lossless compression.
• Aldus first published the specification in 1986. When Adobe
N Systems Incorporated purchased Aldus in 1994, they acquired
O the rights to the TIFF specification, and have maintained it
since then.
L • Adobe owns the TIFF specification, but makes it freely
available for use.
Y • TIFF supports color depths from 1- bit to 24- bit), and a wide
T range of compression types as well as uncompressed data.
• Capabilities could be added to any file by the use of ‘tags’,
I hence the name ‘tagged image file format’.
C •• Storing and preparing images and graphics for publication.
Used by many scanners to preserve the quality of scanned
S documents or pictures.
T JOINT PHOTOGRAPHIC EXPERTS
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C GROUP (JPEG)
H • Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) files are very
common format for digital photography – in 1990s.
N • JPEGs are also the preferred format for Internet delivery
O and file sharing of photographs.
• Lossy compression.
L • JPEG is often used to refer to the JFIF (JPEG File
Y Interchange Format) image format.
• It supports color depths up to 24-bit (true color) and is
T best suited to complex color images, such as
I photographs.
• Good choice for blog and article images, like interviewee
C headshots, product images, and more.
S • Do not use JPEG for infographics with a lot of small text
or tutorial screenshots where the text is key.
T JOINT PHOTOGRAPHIC EXPERTS
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C GROUP (JPEG2000).
• Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG2000).
H • An evolving format with multiple compression techniques
N based on wavelet technology.
• Lossless compression.
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T GRAPHICS INTERCHANGE FORMAT
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C (GIF)
• Graphics Interchange Format (GIF) files were widely
H used on the Internet for graphics and logos with areas of
N solid color.
• The GIF format was developed in 1987 by CompuServe
O Incorporated, primarily for use on the Internet.
L • Due to color limitations, photographs are not accurately
represented with this format.
Y • GIF can also be used for low resolution animations.
T • PNG has improved on the color limitations of GIF.
• Lossless compression.
I • Use animated GIFs not just to “spice up content” but
C demonstrate how to complete tasks in tutorials and
guides.
S • Do not use it if you need greater than 8-bit color images.
T PORTABLE NETWORK GRAPHIC
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C (PNG)
H • Portable Network Graphic (PNG) files, designed to
replace GIF, are patent and license free and produce
N higher quality files than GIF.
O • The PNG format was developed by the PNG
Development Group in 1996
L • PNG format is preferred for images that contain text or
Y line art, especially on the Internet.
• Lossless compression.
T • It supports color depths from 1-bit to 48-bit.
I • Good choice for infographics, banners, blog graphics,
screenshots, coupons, and other visuals that include text.
C • Do not use for high-resolution photos, as it will create
S large files of up to several megabytes.
T PHOTOSHOP DOCUMENT FORMAT
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C (PSD)
H • The PhotoShop Document (PSD) format was developed
by Adobe as the default format for their digital image and
N design package, PhotoShop.
O • This is a proprietary format that supports RLE
compression and color depths up to 32-bit.
L • It is used primarily for saving images that are being
Y edited within PhotoShop, but is not widely used as an
interchange format.
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T DIGITAL IMAGING AND
E COMMUNICATIONS IN MEDICINE
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(DICOM)
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• In contrast to the aforementioned general purpose image
N formats, DICOM was designed specifically for use in the
O medical industry, defining a specific file format and a set
of communication protocols.
L • DICOM shares similarities to TIFF in its ability for
Y extension via the use of custom tags.
• Unlike TIFF however, most extensions revolved around
T additional information associated to the image (e.g.,
I modality name, patient birth date and physician in
charge) rather than additional features.
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T RAW IMAGE FILE TYPES
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• Raw image formats are the file types a digital camera
C uses to store full-quality images for later post-production
H and editing.
• RAW files offer up to 16,384 shades per color channel
N (14 bit) in a single picture.
O • That gives you more flexibility when tweaking colors and
contrast in post-processing.
L • Raw images aren’t meant for the web or sharing and
Y aren’t supported by any major browser or image viewer.
• Saving photos in the highest possible quality for post-
T processing and editing.
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