Seismic Facies Analysis

Dr. Asri Arifin

Seismic Facies Analysis

Seismic facies analysis takes the interpretation process one step beyond seismic sequence analysis by examining within
sequences smaller reflection units that may be the seismic response to lithofacies. In seismic facies analysis, the most
common reflection characteristics used to distinguish one seismic facies from another are the geometry of reflections or
reflection terminations with respect to the two unconformity surfaces bounding the sequence, the external geometry of
the facies, and the internal configuration and character of the reflections.

A seismic facies unit is a mappable, areally definable, three-dimensional unit composed of seismic reflections whose
characteristic reflection elements differ from those of adjacent units. It is considered to represent or express the gross
lithologic aspect and stratification characteristics of the depositional unit that generates the reflections.

Some of the more important seismic reflection patterns that constitute seismic facies are offlap, onlap, submarine
mounds, channel/overbank complexes, slopefront fill, toplap, and drape.
Procedures for Interpreting Seismic Facies

The objective of seismic facies analysis is regional interpretation of lithology, depositional environments,
and geologic history. The interpretation process proceeds in several distinct steps (Mitchum and Vail, 1977;
Vail, 1987).

The first step is recognizing and delineating seismic facies units within each sequence on all of the seismic
sections in the region being mapped. The most useful seismic parameters in seismic facies analysis are the
following:

1. The geometry of reflections and reflection terminations

2. Reflection configuration (parallel, divergent)
3. Three-dimensional form.
Depositional sequences as defined from seismic records. In this example from offshore Newfoundland, seismic
sequence boundaries are shown by solid black lines. The vertical scale on this record .is given in seismic wave two-way
travel time (TWT) rather than depth.
A simulated seismic section illustrating some common seismic facies patterns that can be identified from seismic records.
External form of sorne stratigraphic bodies as interpreted from seismic facies units.
Interpretation of Lithofacies and Depositional Environments.

Once the objective aspects of delineating seismic sequences and fades have been completed, the final objective is to interpret
the facies in terms of lithofacies, depositional environments, and paleobathymetry. For example, seismic facies that show
prograding reflection characteristics commonly indicate deltaic deposits. Reflection patterns showing laterally adjacent
undaform (above wave base), clinoform (seaward sloping), and fonda form (flat basin floor) beds suggest changes in water
depth from shelf to slope to deep basin. Parallel reflectors that extend over large areas suggest shelf deposits or possibly
deeper water deposits in a stable basin.

Schematic illustration of lithologic and environmental interpretation of the simulated seismic facies patterns