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Chapter One
Chapter One
❖ There are three key words: the excitation, the network and the response.
❑ A network in which the electrical properties are unaffected by interchanging input and
output terminals is called balanced network.
To mention some examples of networks:
❑ Filters: electrical networks which pass selective frequency signals.
❖ The lumped parameter circuit theory based on laws: KVL and KCL, ohms laws, etc.…
❑ A circuit element is said to be lumped if the instantaneous current entering one terminal is
equal to the instantaneous current leaving at the other terminals. Otherwise it is distributed
elements. Typical lumped elements are: R, C, L, voltage and current sources.
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❑ Lumped: dependent variables of interest are a function of time alone.
❑ Distributed: all dependent variables are functions of time and one or more spatial variables.
1.2 Lumped Circuit elements
❑ Linear resistors:
𝐼 = 𝐺𝑉 𝑜𝑟 𝑉 = 𝑅𝐼,
(a) Characteristic curve (b) Circuit symbol
Fig.1.2. Linear resistor (a) characteristic curve (b) Circuit symbol
❑ Nonlinear resistors: I-V curve is not straight line; two non- linear resistors are tunnel
diode and SCR (silicon controlled rectifier).
❖ Where the constant C is the slope of the straight line, and is called the capacitance.
❖ Where the constant L is the slope of the straight line and is called inductance.
❖ The voltage flux linkage relation being 𝑣 = 𝑑𝜑/𝑑𝑡 for a linear inductor, 8
𝑑𝑖(𝑡)
❖ We have, 𝑉 = 𝐿
𝑑(𝑡)
1.3 Dependent and Independent sources
❑ A dependent voltage (current) source
❖ is a source the voltage (current) of which depends on another voltage (current).
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Fig.1.7. dependent voltage & current source
1.4 Types of Network Elements
❑ We can classify the Network elements into various types based on some parameters.
❖ Linear Elements and Non-linear Elements
❖ Active Elements and Passive Elements
❖ Lumped and Distributed Elements
❖ Bilateral Elements and Unilateral Elements
❑ Linear Elements are the elements that show a linear r/ship between voltage & current.
❖ Examples: Resistors, Inductors, and capacitors.
❑ Non-Linear Elements: do not show a linear relation between voltage & current.
❖ Examples: Voltage sources and current sources.
❑ Lumped elements are those elements which are very small in size & in which
simultaneous actions takes place. 11
❖ That means active elements have the capability of both delivering and absorbing power.
❖ Examples: Voltage
sources and current sources.
❑ Passive Elements can’t deliver power (energy) to other elements, however they can absorb
power.
❖ That means these elements either dissipate power in the form of heat or store energy in
the form of either magnetic field or electric field. 12
❑ In the above figure, the current (I) is flowing from terminals A to B through a passive
element having impedance of Z Ω. 13
❑ It is the ratio of voltage (V) across that element between terminals A & B and current (I).
1.4 Types of Network Elements…
❑ In the figure below, the current (I) is flowing from terminals B to A through a passive
element having impedance of Z Ω.
❑ In this case, we will get the same impedance value, since both the current and voltage having
negative signs with respect to terminals A & B.
❑ Unilateral Elements are those that allow the current in only one direction. 14
❑ Solution: the given V-I characteristics show that the network element is a Linear, Passive,
and Bilateral element.
❑ Example2: The V-I characteristics of a network element.
❑ Verifying the network element as