Oxygen Containing

Organic Compounds
Carbon – Oxygen Double Bonds
Lecture 5
Aldehydes and Ketones

• carbonyl group consists of a carbon–oxygen double bond

• carbonyl group has a strong dipole with a partial negative charge
on the oxygen and a partial positive charge on the carbon
• polarity of the carbonyl group strongly influences the physical and
chemical properties of aldehydes and ketones
• aldehyde - carbonyl group is bonded to at least one hydrogen
atom
• ketone - carbonyl group is bonded to two alkyl groups or aromatic
rings
Aldehydes and Ketones
Aldehydes and Ketones

• Naming Aldehydes
• aldehyde is named by replacing the e of the corresponding alkane
name with al
• no number is needed for the aldehyde group because it always
appears at the end of the chain
• first four aldehydes are often referred to by their common names,
which end in aldehyde
Aldehydes and Ketones
Aldehydes and Ketones
Aldehydes and Ketones
Aldehydes and Ketones
Aldehydes and Ketones

• naming ketones
• common names for unbranched ketones are still in use
• alkyl groups bonded to the carbonyl group are named as
substituents and are listed alphabetically followed by the word
ketone
• IUPAC system - name of a ketone is obtained by replacing the e in
the corresponding alkane name with one
• chains with five carbon atoms or more are numbered from the end
nearer the carbonyl group
Aldehydes and Ketones
Aldehydes and Ketones
Aldehydes and Ketones
Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones

• polar carbonyl group

• forms hydrogen bonds with water molecules
• aldehydes and ketones with one to four carbons are very
soluble
• five or more carbon atoms are not soluble because
longer hydrocarbon chains
Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones

• oxidation of aldehydes
• aldehydes are easily oxidized further to carboxylic acids
• ketones do not undergo oxidation
Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones
Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones

• reduction of aldehydes and ketones

• reduced by sodium borohydride (NaBH4) or hydrogen (H2)
• decrease in the number of carbon–oxygen bonds by the addition of
hydrogen or the loss of oxygen
• aldehydes to primary alcohols
• ketones to secondary alcohols
• catalyst such as nickel, platinum, or palladium if use hydrogen for
reduction
Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones