Intellectual Revolutions

COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES, SCIENCE DEPT.

Learning Outcomes:

At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

1. discuss the paradigm shifts through history;
2. explain how the Intellectual Revolution changed
the way how humans see the world; and
3. describe the technological advancements that
happened in the information age.COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES, SCIENCE DEPT.
✓The Renaissance brought a fresh spirit
of inquiry to the arts and sciences.
✓Explorers and travelers brought home
the vestiges of classical knowledge
that had been preserved in the Muslim
world and the East, and in the 15th
century Aristarchus’ heliocentric
hypothesis again came to be debated
in certain educated circles.

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✓Nicolaus Copernicus recognized more
profoundly than anyone else the
advantages of a Sun-centred planetary
system. By adopting the view that Earth
circled the Sun, he could qualitatively
explain the to-and-fro wanderings of the
planets much more simply than Ptolemy.
✓ He shift in the field of astronomy from a
geocentric understanding of the universe
to a heliocentric understanding
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✓Geocentrism - is the belief that the
Earth is fixed at the centre of the
Universe. Geocentrists accept that the
earth is round. Before the 16th
century most people believed in the
theory of geocentrism. From Earth, it
looks like the Sun and stars are moving
across the sky.

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✓Heliocentrism - is the
astronomical model in which the
Earth and planets revolve around
the Sun at the center of the
Universe. Historically,
heliocentrism was opposed to
geocentrism, which placed the
Earth at the center.
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✓In 1859, there was a groundbreaking revolution in
both the scientific and religious realms: the origin of
species, authored by Charles Darwin, was published.
✓The book changed how people approach biology
forever, and has fundamental impacts on modern
science, religion, and other aspects of the society.
✓A century and a half later, the influence of Darwin
remains. In Australia there is City of Darwin, named
after the evolution giant. There are Darwin branded
merchandises, restaurants, even colleges. However, as
Prof. Browne from Harvard University have lectured,
Darwin’s opinions were not fully acknowledged till at
least a hundred years later.
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✓At the time when Origin of Species was published, the
theories did not immediately gain popularity.
✓As Prof. Browne put it, it was not a “revolution” but
rather a slow change, stretched out over the course of a
century. Darwin’s opinions, as they start to gain
popularity, were very much challenged.
✓Most of the questions come from people who come
from a religious background and the concept of
evolution particularly disputed the existence of a
creator.
✓Darwin’s response what safe yet smart: instead of
labeling himself as an atheist, he resorts to being an
agnostic, refusing to enter the debate of whether God
exists. COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES, SCIENCE DEPT.
✓Despite his great achievements, Darwin is still a person with unique
personalities, and by revisiting his life we could unveil how his thoughts came
to be and how his theory of evolution is sparked.
✓Living in a very private, remote estate, Darwin had a wealthy heritage which
provided him with ample time and financial support to pursue his interests.
Because of his remote location, most of the communications with his scientific
colleagues are achieved through mails, and this large amount of
correspondence left us with a rather streamlined thought process of how his
theory took its shape.

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COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES, SCIENCE DEPT.
Levels of Organization of Life

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✓In the past, the field of psychology was
always classified under philosophy.
✓Psychology was considered more of an
art rather than a science.
✓In the late 19th century, Sigmund Freud
was able to change people’s perception
of psychology with his revolutionary
theory of psychoanalysis

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✓is the study that explains
human behavior.
✓in this theory, Freud
explained that there are
many conscious and
unconscious factors that
can influence behavior and
emotions
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES, SCIENCE DEPT.
✓he also argued that personality is a product of three conflicting
elements: id, ego and superego.
✓science hardliners brushed off the legitimacy of psychoanalysis
as a science since its concepts were more philosophical and
supernatural

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✓many believed that Freud’s theory had
no scientific basis as no empirical or
experimental data could support it.
✓despite criticisms, Freud still continued
to work on refining his theory and in
fact tried to explain how psychoanalysis
can be a clinical method in treating
some mental disorders.

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Science Technology and Society book.(Danil Joseph
McNamara, SJ, Vida Mia Valverde & Ramon Beleno III)

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COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES, SCIENCE DEPT.