TOS 6: UNIT 3: DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES CONTINUED Objectives: a. To Understand the Need of Connections in Structural Steel. To Understand Riveting, oa and Welding as Structural Steel eer carn ia} their Advantages and Disadvantages S . To Understand the Need of core Li Stanchions and Design them Vis Battening Lateral Systems . To Understand Different ei d. To Understand the eT Purlins and to Design Purlins Using Angle rela . To Understand cr acme RCo) aU aUES . To Design Compression Members of Trusses with (Sela -Latfolarsy olny aera] . To Design Tension Members of Trusses with (Solel -fatloy ay49 TOS 6: Unit 3: Design of Steel Structures Continued 3.a Connections in Structural Stee} 3a. Need of Connections: Connections are required in structural steel work elther to join different sections of steel as ina Roof Truss or in Tensile Structures orto join plates for a Stee! Water Tank 41. Joints re required to provide Structural Members at various angles asin a Truss. 2. Joints are required as Long length of members may be required (length more than the length availabe in the market) 3. Joints are Required Between Horizontal Members and Vertical Members. €.G. Girder to Stanchion Connection or Truss to Stanchion Connection 4, Joints are required to Make Connections between Steel Sections and a Different Material ike P.C.C. or RCC. Joints or connections are made In structural steel using the following methods 1. Riveting Riveting isa method of joining together pieées of metal by inserting ductile metal pins called rivets into holes of pieces to be connected and forming @ head at the end ofthe rivet Rivetholes are made inthe structural members to be connected by punching or by tiling. The size ofthe rivet hole fs kept slightly more (1.5mm to 2mm) than the size of rvet. After the rivet holes are matched, a red hot rivet consisting of a shank and a head anda tailis inserted into the hole. The shank with the talissightly more than | the combined thickness ofthe two members tobe joined. Holding the red hot rivet Rivet parts. in place, ahead is formed by hammering onthe tall at the other side. This results : into expansion ofthe rivet to completely il in the hole and also formation of head at the other end. Desited shapes can be given tothe driven head. Riveting may be done in work shops orin the field Disadvantages of Riveting. It is associated with a high level of noise pollution. Itneeds heating the rivet to red hot. Inspection of the connection is skilled work Removing poorly installed rivetsis costly Labor Cost is high. Riveting is an obsolete procedure nowadays as it has been replaced by bolting, 3a,3Bolted Connections: A Bolt isa metal pin with a head formed at one end and shank threaded at the other in order to receive a nut. Bolts are used for joining together pieces of metal by inserting them through the holes and tightening a nut at the threaded ‘end, Bolts are classified as a. Unfinished Black Bolts b. Finished Turned Bolts ¢_High Strength Friction Grip Bolts, ‘TOS 6 Unit 3 Design of Steel Structures Continued Compiled by Ar. Arthur Cutinho50 Unfinished Black Bolts. The square or hexagonal headed bolt has an unfinished shank and comes in diameter of {16mm,20mm,24mm,30mm and 36mm and is made from Mild Steel, As the shanks are unfinished the bolts may not establish contact with the structural member at entire zone of contact surface. Joints hence remain loose resulting into large deflections. These are used for light structures such as trusses, bracings, and temporary connections required during erections. Finished/Turned Bolts. Made from Mild steel they are formed from Hexagonal rods finished into a circular shape. ‘These are 1.2mm of 1.3 mm larger than the nominal diameter, Tolerance available for fitting is small and hence results in much better contact between bolts and holes. High Strength Friction Bolts, These are made from high strength steel rods, These nuts are tightened using calibrated wrenches. Hence they grip the members tightly. In addition, nuts are provided with clamping devices. Joint being subjected to shearing load is primarlly resisted by frictional force between the members and washers and this prevents slippage at the joints. Available in 16mm,20mm,24mm,30mm and 36mm these replaced rivets. 383.1 ADVANTAGES oF BoLTED CONNECTIONS 1. Noiseless and Quick Operation 2. Canbe done Using Unskiled Labour 3. Needs ess labor 4, No Special Equipment Required for the Operation. Only Good Wrenches required mechanical or physical 5, Fast Progress of Work and Connections can be made quickly 6. Structure can be put to use immediately and can support the loads as soon as the last bolt is tightened 7. Accommodates minor discrepancies in dimensions 8. Alterations are easy 9. Working area required in the field is less 10. The possibility of failure at the net section under the working loads is eliminated. 383.2 _ DISADVANTAGES OF BOLTED CONNECTIONS 1L._Rigidity at the joints is reduced due to loose fits resulting in excessive deflections 2. Due to vibrations nuts are likely to loosen endangering the safety of structures. 3. Tensile strength is reduced tonisiderably due to stress concentrations and reduction in area at the root of the threads. 4. Increase of Weight at the Joint. 303.3 _Distancesto be kept in mind when designing a bolted connection «Pitch of Bolts = p = o/c Distance between boltsin a row measured along the direction of load +# Gauge Distance = g= Distance between two Seo oan en + Edge Distance =e = Distance of Centre of Bolt Hole Soo! from adjacent edge of Plate + End Distance «Distance of entre of nearest bol f hole rom end of plate icles 'd= Nominal Bok Diameter + do Hole Diameter = bol dameter + Tolerance een ingen TOS 6 Unit 3 Design of Steel Structures Con Cutinho Compiled by Ar. Arthur© Pitch p>2.5d SL ‘+ Pitch p shall not be >16t or 200mm whichever is less fora tension member ‘© Pitch p shall not be > 12t or 200mm whichever is less for a compression member ‘© Gauge g shall not be > 100 + 4t or 200mm whichever is less ‘© Minimum Edge Distance e > 1.7do ‘* Maximum Edge Distance e > 12tx € (we take €= 1 for Fe 250) '* Provide tacking fasteners at distances 32t or 300mm whichever is lesser for weather non-exposed plates and 200mm whichever is lesser for exposed plates. Tacking fasteners are provided when double sections are used to make one member. 303.4 Diameter of Bolt Holes Nominal Size of Boltin mm 12|_14|_16| 20] 22] 24] 30) _36 Nominal Size of BoltHoleinmm | 13] _15|_18| 22] 24|_26|_33|,_39| 3435 Design of Bolted Connections + Assumptions in the Design ‘a. The friction between plates is negligible The shear is uniform over the cross section of the plate Bolts in a group subjected to direct loads is shared equally Bending stress developed in the bolts is neglected. The distribution of stress on the plates between the bolts. uniform < Shear Failure of Plate Cracking of Plate ED Crushing of Plate ie r 9° a é Rupture of Plate Failure of Plates in a Joint Tensile Failure of Plates ina Joint Bursting or Shearing at an Edge Crushing of Plates Rupture of Plates eure All the above failures can be avoided ifthe Minimum Edge Distances and Minimum Pitch Distances as per the wrote up on the earlier page which is as per .S.800-2007 are provided ‘Design Strength of Bearing Bolts is taken as Design Strength of Bearing Bolts s taken as least of. 1, Shear Strength. 2, Bearing Strength TOS 6 Unit 3 Design of Steel Structures Con Cutinho Compiled by Ar. Arthur1 « Shear Strength = + Shear Strength .# fub = Ultimate tensile strength of the bolt = 400N/mm* © Nominal Shear Area of 1 Bo! 52 Shear Strength x (Net Shear Area of 1 Bolt at root) Eor Single Shear (Net Shear Area of 1 Got + Nominal Shear Area of 2 bolt) For Double Shear let Shear Area of 1 Bolt = 0.78nd?/4 sfos=125 e/a 2. Bearing Strength * Bearing Strength = we at kb is least of the 1. e/3do 2. p/3d0-0.25 3. fub/fu 4. 1 = fos=125 ‘+ tisthe summation of the thickness of the connected plates experiencing bearing stress + fuvis the ultimate tensile strength of the plate = 410N/mm? X25 Koxdxtxfub 383.6 Principles Obserdved in the Design of a Bolted connection Problem 1: bolted connection if Service load carrie The Centre of Gravity of the Bolts Should Coincide with the Centre of Grovity of the Connected Members’ The Lenath of the Connection should be kept as Small as possible A Single angle section of size 125 x 75 x 6 is connected to 8mm gusset plate, Design the is 15OkN. Consider2omm Bolts The entire joint isin Single Shear (Explained by Sketches after Problen 2 on Page No 53) 7 [Biante tet in *]= [ape >= lsla Ta we oes mm) aye ae wn ease 20 = 7 [ea Srenghin ge ub rn Aen BD - rales aur aexesei Caen = [a5 = seer Senate 1 7 [issne Seng Sie eee ele ering Seng iis state owing ialoaact wos = o6id) ¢ = camectomear = mas mm ron oas as = osel Tae Te 3 = 400 = oss <4 a = [Bok Value = least of Shear Strength and Gearing Strength ‘AS25KN = Bolt Value] + [NASR =| tawrste [= [asl + aol = [= |S [Ooks Cutinho TOS 6 Unit 3 Design of Steel Structures Con Compiled by Ar. Arthuringle Plane for Bolt to Shear off 40.5mm=ox | 40.5 6 cxx=40.5 i }-4050-B 50-50-50. Cy40-+ | fetpt oh Bolt Diameter a TO explore possibility or second row.of billets 125 x 75 x 6 Single Angle Section - 8mm Gusset Plate 7 ee _ L 2 Section Elevation The Section chosen to carry the load is not only chosen from the consideration of 1. Carrying the load of 150 kN But also so that 2. The minimum edge distance of 4Omm is satisfied by the Centre of Gravity distance. Tolessen the lenath of the plate the possibility éf 0 second row of bolts should be explored Problem 2: to carrya tensile load of 200kN. Desigh the bolted connection. Use 16mm Bolts The Joint is in Double Shear. (Explained by Sketches after Problem 2 on Page No 53) 53 A Double Angle Section 6/100 65 x 6 is connected on either side of a 10mm gusset plate 2 [Bitances tobe beatin mid [= [la [a pl=|3s)x]4 qs tem] do dsm) ayn es atm] eas ae Simm 7 [Baer Suenghn Double she] fab, (et Shear en 7 as Nami ae of a Ts = 762562 = [7636 ew ‘Shear Strength 3 [Bearing strenath = ub x 25) a Mow a xt 45368896 e Bearing Strength TOS 6 Unit 3 Design of Steel Structures Continued Cutinho Compiled by Ar. Arthur54 [coi least of te fllowing 1 . no 059i] ¢ = centreofaraviven = 312 mm z 2 02s = 50 = 025 = 0676] 2x) eo a 8 a b= : = 0976] ala 4 7 [ok vale = ast of Shear Svengih ond dering Stent 4537 KN = Bolt Value) S [No of Boks = _factredind = 35 x 200 - - 7 Bolts jIwo Planes for Bolt to Shear off bob a0- bao tao Fao bso bao tao! iL KK Bolt Diameter = 16mm 100 x 65 x 6 Double Angle Section! - ‘On Opposite Side of Gusset Plate 7 8mm Gusset Plate J The Design Does not Fulfill the a the requirement of small Gusset Plate Section Elevation 32.4Welded Connections; Welding is a permanent joint which is obtained by the fusion of the edges of two parts to be joined together with or without application of pressure and a filler material, The Elements to be connected are brought closer and the metal is melted. The heat necessary for the melting may be obtained by burning of gas as in the case of Gas Welding or by an electric arc as in the case of Arc Welding. The Electric Arc Welding is extensively used because of the speed it offers. The Weld Rod adds metal to the joint. After cooling a Bond is established between the two elements Welding is used in two cases, 1. To join two parts 2. Used asa repair medium. eg. To reunite metal at a crack, to build up a small part that has broken up like @ gear tooth, 3a. Advantages of Welded Connections 1. Lesser Weight; Welded structures are lighter due to absence of gusset plates or connecting angles ete. 2, Time Saving; Welding is quicker as a process as there is no hole making. 3,__ Adaptability: Circular tubes can be easily connected by welding. Welding is more adaptable than Bolting TOS 6 Unit 3 Design of Steel Structures Con Cutinho nued Compiled by Ar. Arthur55. Efficiency of Joint; Bolted connections have only 70 ~ 80% efficiency against 100% of Welded connections Noise Pollution; The process is very low in Noise Compared to Riveting and even Bolting. Looks; Welded connections have good Aesthetic Appearance. Air and Water Tightness; Welded connections are Air Tight and Water Tight Preferred in Water Tanks $y; Welded connections are Rigid Additional Processes; In Bolted Connections there could be Mismatching of Holes which is totally missing here 10, Alterations; Alterations in connections can be made much more easily than in Bolted Connections. 3ad.2 _Dis-Advantages of Welded Connections Distortion; Due to uneven heating and cooling, members are likely to distort inthis process Brittle Fracture; There isa greater possibilty of brittle facture in welding. Early Failure; A welded joint fails earlier compared to a bolted joint under fatigue stress Inspection; The inspection of welded joints is difficult and expensive. it requires non-destructive testing Skilled Labor; Highly skilled person is required for welding. Welding on Site; Proper welding in field conditions Is difficult '¥; Welded joints are over rigid, 3a.3_ Lap Joint Type of Welded Connections; L — I K Types of lap or fillet joints. s— 4oy = (6) Single transverse 0} Double transverse (6 Paralle fillet. 3a.4 Butt Joint Type of Welded Connections; Sy ieevs (@ Square butt joint. (b) Single V-butt__(c) Single U-butt__(d) Double V-butt _(e) Double U-butt joint joint. joint. joint Types of butt joints. ‘TOS 6 Unit 3 Design of Stee! Structures Continued ‘Compiled by Ar. Arthur Cutinho3245 _ Fillet Weld and Design Strength of Fillet Weld Design Strength of Fillet Weld = Load By Weld 56 ' AL sab Enlarged view of a fillet weld. x apxtxlw 2. partial fo.s for Shop Welds = 1.25 b. partial f0.s for Field Welds = 1.5 , fu=410 N/mm? d. t= throat thickness e. For Fillet Welds, throat thickness = 0.707 xs f. ForButt Welds, throat thickness = . Lw= length of weld Problem 3: A Single angle section of size 125 x 75 x 8 is connected to.rim gusset plate. Design the Welded connection if Service load carried is 140kN. Consider 6mmm'Fillet Weld, 125 125.x75 x8 Single Angle Section. 8mm Gusset Plate. /12-6Omm- ¢ Section Elevation 1 [Throat Thickness = t= 0707 xs = 0707 «6 |= 420mm 2 [ecatcutate Lw = Length of Weld {Load to be Taken by Weld foe tox, to x Ww ¥3 Tos, 3 140 x 10 ax 4 x 424 x lw 3 725 bw. 1743 mm tw = 180mm 3 Jpistribution of Length of Weld ex = 405 mm Distance fromExremeFibre = 125. —- 405.» 845 mm ux 45 = 2 x 8s uo = 209 2 ui+ BR 180, mm 209 x Bo + B 180 B 583 = 60mm ti = 209 x60 125 mm ‘TOS 6 Unit 3 Design of Steel Structures Continued Cutinho Compiled by Ar. Arthur‘7 3.b Compound Stanchions; 3b.1 Shapes of Compound Stanchions t M4 I 2 ne © Channels Front to Front Individual Elements aranged ‘Such that by =to ly 4 no Angle Sections Front to Front | Section In Two Channel Sections 3b.2 Need of Compound stanchions ‘We know that the load carrying capacity of stanchion depends on its S.R which in turn depends on rrin which in turn depends on Ml of the section. Hence for a given area if we were to arrange two or more sections such that the M.1 of the combined section (individual elements placed away from their own principal axis) in a way to make the weaker axis M. (about own axis) equal to the stronger M., the rmin would match the nu: leading toa lower S.R and hence higher stress taking capacity and hence higher load carrying capacity. The arrangement of such individual Elements ‘arranged to make a Stronger Stanchion is called a Compound Stanchion, The idea is to get equal load carrying capacities along both axes. 3b.3 Lateral Systems: Need: © Two Sections Acting Like One: These are primarily used to connect the individual elements so that they act asa whole, These systems are not meant to carry any axial load and should be so arranged that they do not take part in the load cartying role of the Stanchion, © Keeping Away from the Principal Axes: One of the other objectives of the lateral system isto keep the individual elements away from the Principal Axes. In doing so they are subjected to Shear Forces due to horizontal forces on columns. ‘TOS 6 Unit 3 Design of Stee! Structures Continued ‘Compiled by Ar. Arthur Cutinho58 The Two Main Lateral Systems are as follows i. Lacing ji, Battening Perforated Cover Plates are also used for this purpose, However IS 800 does not give any specifications for this purpose. 3bA Lacing Systems: i. Shapes Used: Rolled steel flats and Rolled Steel Angle Sections are generally used for Lacing. However other Rolled Stee! Sections or Tubes of equivalent strength may be used. One can have Single Lacing or Double lacing as shown below, Sometimes Cross riiembers are also used. li, Preferences: These cross. members are not recommended structurally. The Accordion lke action of the lacing system without LACINGON —LACINGON LACINGON —_LAcING'ON cross members permits the lateral as eee FACEA rae ‘expansion of the column which PREFFERED LACING PREFFEREDLACING must accompany the shortening of, ‘ARRANGEMENT ARRANGEMENT the column under load ifthere is 104 Single Laced System 108 Dube Laces System to be no shortening of the lacing bars. The cross members prevent the lateral expansion and thus force the lacing bars to share the ‘compressive load on the ‘compound column for which they are not designed. 10C Double Laced and Singlo Laced Syetom Combined wih Cross Numbers Fo, 10 Lacio Cousins ‘#18 800 2007 specifies the following rules for the design of lacing or latticed columns 1. Radius of Gyration of the Stanchion: Members comprising two main components laced and tied, should where practicable, have a radius of gyration about the axis perpendicular to the plane of lacing not less than the radius of gyration about the axis parallel to the plane of lacing 2. Uniformity and Spacing: Lacings are provided unvaried throughout the length of the stanchion as far as possible except at the ends where necessarily batten plates are provided TOS 6 Unit 3 Design of Steel Structures Continued Compiled by Ar. Arthur Cutinho59 3, Lacing on Face A and Face B: Single laced systems; on opposite faces of the components being laced together shall preferably be in the same direction so that one is the shadow of the other, instead of being mutually opposed in direction, 4. S.Rof the Stanchion: The effective slenderness ratio of laced columns shall be taken as 1.05 times the actual ‘maximum slenderness ratio, in order to account for shear deformation effects. "The minimum width of the Lacing Bars should be 3 times the nominal diameter of the 6, Thickness tof the Lacing Bar: > 1/40 for Single Lacing and. +> 1/60 for double Lacing Where fective length of Lacing 7. Angle of Inélination: Lacing Bars shall be Inclined at 40? to 70° le, 40°28 70° 8, Spacing of Lacing Bars: | should be such that L/rmin of individual component is not greater than least of the following 1.50 2.0.7 xS.R of compound Stanchion 9, Design of Lacings for Loads . 41. The slenderness ratio of the lacing should () Single lacing {) Double lacing not exceed 145 ie. /rmin <145 2. Lacing Systems are designed to resist Transverse Shear of VI = 2.5% of Axial Load on Stanchion. 3. Ifthe Stanchion is subjected to Bending, then it V1 = Bending Shear + 2.5% of Axial Load 3b.5 Design of Compound Stanchions: This would involve the following steps Calculate Pd (Minimum Load) and Maximum Load for economy Assuming some stress; Calculate Area Required. And Selecta Section min, and then Calculate $.R = Le/rez Compound Stanchions belong to Buckling Class c. From the tables find and interpolate and Calculate Design Stress for SR calculated. 5. Caleulate Load = Interpolated Stress Value x Area should be > than minimum load but < than Maximum Load (as faras possible) 6. Find distance between the individual elements so that ryy = 722 Le. ly 7. Design the Lateral System either Lacing or Battening (Our syllabus includes only understanding of lS Provisions for these systems, so we will not be designing the same for Loads) Calculate Le, assuming ryy Problem 4: Design a Compound Stanchion consisting of 2 no ISMC placed back to back with a Lacing Lateral system to take a load of 1000KN. Length or Height of the Stanchion is 8.0m, with one end fixed and the other hinged. Assuming a suitable Lacing System draw a sketch of the same. (Hint to Start Assume Stress = 180N/mm?) TOS 6 Unit 3 Design of Steel Structures Con Cutinho Compiled by Ar. Arthur60 1d = 1.5 x 1000 = 1500KN = 1500 x 10°N, 1500 + 159% = 1725kN = 1725 x 10°N (For Economy) 2, Assume stress = 180N/mm? as Compound Stanchions have low S.R. ‘Area = 1500 x 1000/180 = 8333.33mm* ‘Area of one channel section for Selection = 8334/2 Select ISMC 300 @ 351N/m A=456: ‘im? 3. We will arrange the sections such that Iyy = Iz, hence ry =rzz= 118.1mm Le = 0.8 x 8000 = 6400mm. Hence $.R = Le/rmin = 6400/118.1 = 54.19 Asitisa Laced Stanchion S.R = 1.05 X 54.19 4, Find Stress Value for 56.89. AllBuit Up Sections Belong to Buckling Class C Norsk 50 60 Stress Values 183 168 To interpolate for 56.89-> 183 — (183 ~ 168/10) x 6.89 = N/mm '72.668N/ram? = fed 5. Load Taken by Compound Stanchion = Stress x Area = 172.66 x2 X4563.71 = 1575940N Minimum Load = Pa = 1500kN < 1576KN < 1725kN = Maximum Load (For Economy) Hence we shall use 2no ISMC 300 @ 351N/m back to back % y w 6. Arrangement of Channels: Arrangement of Channels should be such that ly is made equal to tz i + 1zz=2 lazas 22 ans of single section has not changed hs3mm—J | % 6362.6cm* A e300 © lyy =2 (lylyl = AK*) = 2(310.8 + 45,64 x K?) cm‘, T Kis the distance between old Y1V1 Axis and new YY axis, | ‘Az Area This is by Parallel Axis Theorem | + Equating iy = tz | 2(3108 + 45.64 xK2) = 2 x6362.6 ae K=11510m, ay A V1 EOS sytem | Distaie between the channels = 2 2(k=Cyy) Plan of Compound Stanchion 2 (1151-236) =18.3em = 183mm The channels have to be placed Back to Back at a Distance of 183 mm ‘TOS 6 Unit 3 Design of Steel Structures Continued ‘Compiled by Ar. Arthur Cutinho61 ‘Assumption of lacing System: 1. Width of Lacing: Considering 20mm bolt to fix the Lacing, !am assuming a Lacing Bar of 3times the boltdjameter = 6omm wide, ng ae 2. Thickness of Lacing: if place lating at 45° approximate length of SirmriSem | facing would be 2 x230 ~354; ent t> 354/40 10mm Fucdby20mm sot | 3, $.Rof Unsupported Single Channel; 250mm is the approximate distance between the c€s ofthe two channels. So the Length of an 7 Bacse0 unsupported Channel. = 500mm Placed Back to Back LUrmin = 500/28.3 = 17.66. ryy = rmin of one channel = 28.3mm_ © 17.66<50. Tas top + 17.65<(0.75 56.89) nae 4, Prove SR of Lacing < 145. 7 rin of Lacing Hat = 10/1 Elevation SR © 354/2.88 = 122.91 < 145 lof | °S0 Provide Lacing Flats of 60mm x 10mm and placed at 45°, with a Batten end at top and Bottom. Compound Stanchion the adjoinin would then be the sketch of the Lacing Sytem 3b.6 _ Battening Systems: Shapes Used: Battens shall be of Plates, Angles, Channels, or | Sections and at their ends shal be riveted, bolted or welded. ii, 188002007 specifies the following rules for the design of Battened Column 1. Radius of Gyration of the Stanchion: Members comprising two main components battened and tied, should where practicable, havea radius of gyration about the axis perpendicular to the plane of Battening net less than the radius of gyration about the axis parallel to the plane of Battening. 2. Uniformity and Spacing: Battened plates should be provided symmetrically. The number of Battens should be such that the member is divided into not less than three bays. As faras possible they should be spaced and proportioned uniformly throughout, The Battens should be provided at each end of the member and at points where the member is stayed in its length 3. S.R of the Stanchion: The effective slendemess ratio of Battened columns shall be taken as 1.1 times the actual maximum slenderness ratio, in order to account for shear deformation effects TOS 6 Unit 3 Design of Steel Structures Continued Compiled by Ar. Arthur Cutinho62 r ‘sweise] 4, Battens on both Faces: The battens shall be placed opposite to each other on each face 3) awa 13 $1, | s.spacingofbattens: Centre to Centre fits end Fastening should be ot oes such that C/rmin of individual component is not greater than the least of i the following q $50 $0.7 xS.R of compound Stanchion 6. Thickness of the Battens tt should be such that +> $/50, Sis the distance of between the innermost connecting lines of rivet, bolts or welds 7. Width or depth of the Battens: With W of the End Battens shall not be less than the distance between the centroid of the main members ie. W> P. The Width of the Intermediate Battens shall be 3/4" of W 8. Design of Battens for Loads: 1. Battens Shall be designed to carry the Bending Moments and Shear Forces arising from Transverse Shear Force V1 = 2.5% of the Total Axial Force 2. I the Stanchion is subjected to Bending, then itV 2.5% of Axial Load. fending Shear + Frio. 1 Bartrx Cow Section Problem $: Design a Compound’ Stanchion consisting of 2 no ISMC placed front to front with a Battened Lateral system to-take a load of 1300KN. Length or Height of the Stanchion is 8.0m, with both ends fixed. Assuming a suitable Battening System drawa sketch of the same. (Hint: Assume Stress = 200N/mm? to start the design process) }9SOKN = 1950 x 10°N. 2242.5 x10N (For Economy} [Assume stress = 200N/mm# as Compound Stanchions have low S.R (Both ends Fixed) ‘Area = 1950 x 1000/20 7.Semn ‘Area of one channel section = 97.5/2 = 48.75em* Select ISMC 350 @ 413N/m A=5365.51mm? 3. We will arrange the sections such that Iyy will become = Iz, hence ryy will become Le = 0.65 x 8000 = 5200, Hence $.R = Le/rmin = 5200/136.6 = 38.06 Asitisa Battened Stanchion S.R = 1.1 X 38.06 = 41.87 4, Find Stress Value for 41.87. All Built Up Sections Belong to Buckling Class C Norsk 40 50 Stress Values 198 183 ‘TOS 6 Unit 3 Design of Stee! Structures Continued ‘Compiled by Ar. Arthur Cutinho63 To interpolate for 41.87-> 198 ~ (198 ~ 183/10} x 1.87 = N/mm? = 195.19N/mmt = fed 5, Load Taken by Stanchions tress (fed) x Area = 195,19 x 2.x 5365.5 1094427N 1094kN ‘Minimum Load = Pd = 1950KN < 2094kN < 2242.5kN = Maximum Load (For Economy) Hence we shail use 2no ISMC 350 @ 413N/m front to front rm y y g g Issac 350 Plan of sattened Compound Stanchion _“82!3iten mq Informatie a L | L | | | | | | L L r | | | I | IL i | I \ | | | \ | i) \ | \ | 7. Assumptions for the Battening System | 7 | | | \ | \ q 6, Arrangement of Channels: Arrangement of Channels should be such that Iyy is made equal to lzz For a single section lzz = 10008em‘,lyy =430.6 em* ‘12x = 2 Izz a5 ZZ ais of single section has not changed = 2 x s0008em* ‘lyy =2 (lyty1 + AK’) = 2(430.6 + 53.66 xk?) cm’, K isthe distance between old YIY1 Axis and new axis, A= Area. This by parallel axis theorem Equating 2(430.6 + 53.66 x} k=13.36em, tance between the channels = 2W =2 (k~ (bf-Cyy)) =2 (13.3610 +2.44) 11.6em = 116mm x 10008 r mop) | pss | + wath ofthe end + Width of an Intermediate Batten = 0,75 x 275 = 200mm [25mm * Thickness t > 275/50 = 5.5mm = 8mm + Spacing of Battens C{rmin should not be greater than 50 oF 0.7 xS.R of Compound Stanchions 4 whichever fs smaller co a 0.7 41.87 = 29.309 < 50 LILLE seen rmin of one channel = ryy =28.3mm . 728.3 =29.309 Elevation 29.66 = 825mm TOS 6 Unit 3 Design of Steel Structures Con Cutinho nued Compiled by Ar. Arthur3.¢ Types of Trusses; We will discuss this entire sub unit in the next chapter 3.d Design of Purlin Roof Truss Gls cr Boome MaHibels: DR Egat ANT SSeS 34.1 Spacing of Purlins: Purlins are members which are spanning on the Roof Trusses provided to support the roof. They run parallel to Ridge to connect the Trusses. The Spacing of Purlins depends largely on the Maximum Safe Span of the Roof Covering and Glazing Sheets. Purlins should be spaced at the Safe Span or Lesser than the Safe Span. 1. In India Corrugated G.I Sheets are used extensively for Covering for Roofs and Sides of Industrial Building. ‘a They come in Lengths of 1.83m, 2.4m and 3.05m bb. They come in Widths of 0.92m (0.80m usable width) and 0.84m (0.72m usable width) {Overlap 120mm) c. They come in gauges of 24, 26, and 28 ._The Spacing of Purlins may vary from 1.5m to 1.75m 2. InIndia A.C Sheets are also used ‘a. Lengths available are from 1.05m to 3.0m b. Widths Available 1.05m to 1.5m ‘c.The Spacing of Purlins may vary from 1.4m for 6mm Thick Sheets to 1.6m for 7mm Thick Sheets 34.2 Sections Used: 1 For Span of Purlins between 3m to 4.5m Use Unequal Angle Sections 2. For Span of Purlins between 4,5m to 5.5m Use C Channel Sections. 3. For Span of Putlins greater than 5.5m Use 1 Sections However, we will be using only Unequal Angle Section Purlins ‘TOS 6 Unit 3 Design of Steel Structures Continued Compiled by Ar. Arthur Cutinho6 Purlin Fixing and oe prin | bolted Load Components ; oo hak for tet Fixing 34.3 Structural Action: Purlins are connected with thelr Web Normal to the Main Rafter of the Trusses, Hence the zz axis and yy axis are also inclined to the vertical and Horizontal. f@is the inclination of the Main Rafter to the Horizontal, then the 1. Component of Dead Load and Live Load Perpendicular to the Sheeting is W x cos® Component of Dead Load and Live Load Parallel to the Sheeting is W x sin® Wind Load is always taken Perpendicular to Sheeting, Hence wind load will cause Bending only about zz axis ‘The Bending of the Purlins is about both yy and zz axis and thisis called Biaxial Bending The Purlins act lke Continuous Beams with the ¢/c distance between the Trusses as the Effective Span Le of the Purlin, Causing Design Bending Moment Md as Fd Le?/10. 34.4 Design Procedure: ‘a. 1S,800 2007 Procedure is Quite Complicated and b. ASimplified Procedure could be adopted under the Following circumstances as per IS.800 1984 assuming Load Perpendicular to the Sheeting is Resisted by the Purlin and Load Parallel to Sheeting is resisted by the Sheeting itself. The Simplified Procedure assumes Uni-Avial Bending Only Conditions to use the simplified procedure 1. Roof Slope < 30" 2, Length of the Angle Leg Perpendicular to Sheeting or Depth of Section > Le/45 3. Length of the Angle Leg Parallel to Sheeting or Width of Section > Le/60 ‘TOS 6 Unit 3 Design of Steel Structures Continued Compiled by Ar. Arthur Cutinho66 ¢. Steps in the Design of Purlins Calculate Angle of Truss if not given Effective Span of Purlin Le = Spacing of Trusses Calculate Total Dead Load and Total Live Load a follows. a. Dead Load - G.I Sheets including laps, connectors etc. 100 ~150N/m* b. Dead Load - A.C Sheets including laps, connectors etc. 170 ~ 200N/m? Dead Load -Self-Weight of the Purlin 100 ~ 120N/m* d. Live Load on Roofs * 0.75kN/m? up-to 10° * 0.75kN/m? less 0.020kN/m? per degree of slope above 10° minimum of 0.40kN/m? fe. Aswe are still not familiar with Wind Load let us not include it in our calculations f. Calculate Factored Total Load and Component Perpendicular to Sheeting as Fd = 1.5w x.cos® 4, Calculate Minimum Depth = Le/45 Calculate Minimum Width = Le/60 5, Calculate Md = Fd x Le?/10 Check for Flexure, Most Angle Sections Are Semi-Compact and hence: Ze required = Md/Factored Bending Stress. Factored Bending Stress HfZe of Chosen Angle Section > Ze required, Adopt the Section: 7. Check for Shear ~ Not Required (Actual Shear Stress is extremely small) 8. Check for Deflection: Taken care of by minimum depthiand width condition [As we would be requiring Ze of various sections, | am producing the following table for easy reference. Note the table 27.27N/rnen? begins with 70 x 50 x 6mm as minimum size as SOmmis minimum size provided as Structural ‘Angle Section | _Zezzinmm™ ‘Angle Section | Zezzinmm™ Angle Section | _Zezzinmm™ SATION 6700) 15A100365%6 14200 1SA.125195%6 23100 1SA7SSO 8000, ISAL00%65x8 18700 1SA125195x8 30600 1SA75x50x10 30800 T5A200x65x10 23100 15A125495x10 37800 1SA 75450012 12700 1SA125195.42 “42800 SABO SO 7500, ISA 10047536 14400 1SA150%7538 “41700 SASSO 3000, 15A100%75x8 19100 15A150%75%9 51600 1SA80x50%12 4800 1SA100%75902 27900 ISA 90x60 15100 ISA125x75xe 29900 1SA 1501115400 54900 1SA90x60x10 18600 TSA125x75x10 36300 15A150x115412 65300 1590460812 22000 1sa150x115«5 | 80400 Problem 6: Design an Angle Purlin for the Following Data a. Spacing of Trusses = 4.6m, Span of Truss = 15m and Height of Truss = 3m b. Roof Covering = G.. Sheets © Spacing of Purlins = 1.6m d._ Neglect Wind Load TOS 6 Unit 3 Design of Steel Structures Con Compiled by Ar. Arthur Cutinhoo7 a. [Angle of tain Rafter fde = aug? (Risotto (2 E 4/2 Span of Truss 75 zis 2 [effective Span of Purlin = spacing oftrusses = te 44m 3 [Loading 1 Roofing | = GiSheets = 16 x 150 - 240, N/mm 2 Uvetoad = 16 x (750 - (2181 - 10) x20) = 822.08 N/m 3 SelfWeight 6x 120, 392.00 N/m w 1254.08 N/m Total Service toad w 1.25 kN/m Design Load Fd 1.88 kN/m Component Perpendicular to heating = 1.88 x _cos 21.81" 1.75 kW/m = _ Faz [Minimum Dimensions of the Section to Control Deflection Minimum Depth of Angle = _ Le 4400 a a 97.8 mm Minimum Width of Angle = le 74400 se] oo 3mm 5_Jcalcutate Moment Design Maz Fiz x le ys x 44 Mdz ABE 23.38 kam 10 _ 10 oa = 338 x 10 Nmm 6 Jcalculate Ze required to satisfy Design by Flexure (Angle Sections being Semi-Compact Section) Ze required = 338 x 10 22727 1487.32 mm Select ISA 100x75x8 Ze 19100 mm 7 [Design for Shear -Not Required [Design for Deflection - Controlled by Selecting Section of Minimum Depth and Width Problem 7: Design an Angle Purlin for the Following Data a, Spacing of Trusses = 3.6m, Span of Truss = 12.5m and Height of Truss = 2.2m b. Roof Covering = AC. Sheets ©. Spacing of Purlins = 1.5m d._Neglect Wind Load a. JAngle of iain Rafter Ande + yygt (__Reottrns = Tand (21 = 4/2 Span of Truss 625, 19.4 Spacing of Trusses = te 36m TOS 6 Unit 3 Design of Steel Structures Con Cutinho Compiled by Ar. Arthur68 3 Jleading 1 Roofing | = GiSheets = 15 x 180 - 225, N/m 2 lveload = 15 x (750 - (194 - 10) x20) 843,00 N/m 3 SolfWeight 5x 120 480.00 N/m w= 1248.00 N/m Total Service Load w 1.25 kN/m Design Load Fé 1.87 KkN/m Component Perpendicular toSheating = 1.87 _x__cos_19.4° = 4.77 kfm = '4_ [Minimum Dimensions of the Section to Control Deflection Minimum Depth of Angle le. 3600 | 35 45 £0)mm Minimum Width of Angle = _Le 3600 A cols [ 6 1s 5. [calculate Moment Design Maz Fixx le uy7_x 36 dz = SO AT 8B 2.29 kim 10 10 a 6 = 229k 110 _Nmm [Calculate Ze required to satlty Design by Flewure (Angle Sections being Semi-Compact Section) Ze required = 229 x 10 22727 0068.92 mm Select ISA 90x60x6, ze = _- 11500 mm 7 [Design for Shear - Not Required '8_[Design for Deflection - Controlled by Selecting Section of Minimum Depth and Width 3.e Load Transfer from Purlins to Trusses The Load transfer from Purlin is in the form of the Reaction of the Purlin Load on the Span of the Purlin 3.f Design of Struts or Compressive Members of a Truss: We have already designed Stanchions as Compressive members and are familar with the procedure. The Compressive members of a Truss or the Struts will be designed similarly. However, lam rewriting all the stepshere Note: The design of a compression member follows a tral section pattem, We select a Trial Section based on certain assumptions and then Check whether it can carry the Design Load, This is because unless we know the section we do not know the S.R and Design Compressive Stress fed depends on S.R, 1. Calculate Factored Load or Minimum Load or Design Load Pd = 1.5 x Actual Load, Calculate Maximum Load = Pd + 15%. This is done to keep the section economical. 15% isjust a benchmark and may differ from Designer to Designer 2. Assume Stress = 90N/mm?, This is because Struts have S.R Between 120 and 140 3. Calculate Area for Selection A = Factored Load/ Assumed stress. 4, Select a Trial Equal Angle Section whose Area > Area for Selection or close by to the Area For this Trial Section Note the Area and raz, ryy, rw and ruu in mm, Note rmin Calculate Le as follows L les for one bolt connection TOS 6 Unit 3 Design of Steel Structures Con Cutinho Compiled by Ar. Arthur69 2. Le=0.851 fora connection with more than one Bolt 3. Le=0,7L fora Welded Connection which is very rigid Calculate S,R =Le/rmin 5. Classify the Section as belonging to Buckling Class A, B,C or D. Angle Sections belong to buckling class C 6. Calculate fed or Design Compressive Stress From the Design Compressive Strength note the fed values for the relevant S.R and interpolate and calculate for the Calculated SR 7. Calculate Load that can be taken by the Selected Angle Section Actual Load = fed x Area a. If Bd- Maximum Load Select a Smaller Section and Repeat Procedure from Step 4 8. Design the Connection. The Following will be added later on Problem: Design a Strut to take a load of 120kN. It is to be bolted tothe gusset plate. The length of the member is 2.25m Problem: Design a Strut to take a load of 1SOKN. It is to be weldéd to the gusset plate. The length of the member is 2.7m 3.g Design of Tensile Members of a Truss: Problem 10: TOS 6 Unit 3 Design of Steel Structures Con Compiled by Ar. Arthur Cutinho