TOS 6: UNIT 2: DESIGN OF R.C.C FRAMED SUNS IOI ESS Objectives: < SP COMO ate Tese- lure Renae omsleae (ole Principles to be applied in Architectural Design. ss 2. Total Review of Design Cer Solr ey (le) R.C.C Structure and to Und ind the Principles to be followed when making a Framing Plan 3. To Understand Transfer of Load ina R.C.C. Framed Building Maen Design Procedure 5. To Understand the Structural Drawings and R.C.C Peli -M ice Nase ntel8 (cy28 TOS 6: Unit 2: Design of R.C.C Framed Structures: 2.1, Structural Principles to be applied in Architectural Design: This Unit is actually a revision of all that we studied underT.0.5 3,4 and 5 However we shall also be introduced to the Best Design Practices in Architectural Design and Coordinated Structural Design in this Chapter. We also need to understand the Role ofa Structural Engineer in our lives as Architects. Structural Principles to be followed when doing an Architectural Design: Thank you Er. Sujata Mehta in assisting me to create these points 1. Start Your Architectural Design with a Structural Grid: When Starting @ new Architectural Design, one may derive 8 grid for the Columns and Beams: This Grid could be derived from the size of the most commonly repeated spacelike Class Rooms in a School Building or Suites in a Hotel Building, The Designer Fits the spaces into this arid. ‘The Two Distinct Dis-Advantages of ths eric desien Rigidity in Desian b. Some Spaces allocated to match the grid will have an Area much greater of lesser than mentioned in Brief Given below isan example. Let us say | wanted to start the design of a housing complex. 1._I decide that to have maximum Parking | start with a Column Grid of 3m x5m (Car Parking Size) as shown below 1. Sketch for Grid Planning g30 ps0 42° a0 2° Gra Parking Floor Plan There are certain assumptions made here with regard to size of Column on Parking Floor and since we have learnt Column Design across Multiple Floors you will be able to work out the size depending on the number of floors yourself 2. use this Grid to fit in a 1 Bedroom Hall kitchen Flat of about SOsqim in the space formed by 3 column grids. However, lett be understood that this sa very preliminary sketch and Parameters ke Orientation, Ducts, Staircase Positions are yet to be gone into and shall be subsequently done TOS 6 Unit 2 Design of R.C.C. Framed Structures Compiled by Ar. Arthur Cutinho1. Sketch for Grid Planning bacoy ——r 20Gan + 298Snm 00 das Area of 1 bhk = '58.5sq mts Typical Floor Plan 29 of the plan), Derive the Grid from the initial Spaces, Extend the Grid in X and Y direction and then All Remaining Spaces. 3. Vertical Stack of Spaces of Similar Spang: Divide the requirements into Long Spanned Spaces and Sh 2. Start with Spaces, derive a Grid, Allocate Remaining Spaces: Start with Allocating Spaces (may be complete 25% locate jot Spanned Spaces. When planning, Stack the Long Spanned spaces on top of the Long Spanned Spaces and Short Spanned Spaces on top of the Short Spanned Spaces. This will aways lead Column Continuity on the Lower Floors and not 3. Vertical Stacking of Spaces {ota Free Recgtien Ares Section situations lke Floating Columns on top Floors. TOS 6 Unit 2 Design of R.C.C. Framed Structures Compiled by Ar. Arthur Cutinho30 4, Don Not Insist on Column Free Spaces forall Functions: In our frenzy or craze for Column Free Spaces let us not forget that there are many Functional Spaces ike a Banking Hall, Restaurant, Banquet Hall where Columns are not a Visual Hindrance and hence do not Obstruct the Functioning of such a Space, Hence even if these Spaces have Columns in their Interiors itis not Bad Design 5. See that you Maintain Column Continuity en Lower Floors: A column must transfer load to the column below and then to the Footing and Ground. A column if resting on beam (as in case of floating columns), the supporting beam is Critical Structural Element. The concept has been shown in the form of a Sectional Sketch below 5. Vertical Continuity of Columns] 7.Torsion Development in Beams Not At Right Angles to Each Other The Load fal Columns Above Wil act Pa Huge Pont Load (Were the {dhter of Floors Greater the Phint Loadh fon the Beap aed Wi resuit ff 2 Beam of Great Depth cote To _ | can te obnaehon Stovn rere be wath 2 epee We Spa reat the dein 5 Rese Gesod beryl | su. Plan of Columns In Beams not at Right Angles Elevation To Explain Floating Column Concepts and their Falacies 6, Avoid Flat Slab Construction: A Normal Slab Bear Construction Is the most righd one, Columns should not be made to rest over slabs (Flat Slab Construction, as it makes the slab vulnerable to Punching Shear). 7. Avoid Torsion Developed in Beams Not Normal to Each Other: Grid with Fixed or Moment Resisting Connections should have beams perpendicular in plan as much as possible. Beams which are fixed and intersecting at an angle other than 90° and 180° induces Torsion, * Gost Increase in case of Torsion: If beams and columns are subjected to torsion, the percentage of steel will increase (need of side way reinforcement and added no of stirrups). 8, Avoid Higher Depths for Beams: For a constant beam dimension and loading, span of beam can be increased by = Pro 1¢ Fixed Supports TOS 6 Unit 2 Design of R.C.C. Framed Structures Compiled by Ar. Arthur Cutinho31 # Incase of beams fixed to columns, required beam depth will be less so there will be saving in ‘material and clear height available will be more while the columns will be subjected to bending. which may add steel % in columns and add to the cost of the Frame 1g Continuity ‘© Using Material with High Strength E.g, Stee! instead of R.C.C. or M30 Grade concrete instead of M25 * Using a Cross Section offering Higher Moment of Inertia eg. a Hollow Section instead of a Solid One © Pro 9, Adopt Lower S.R for Columns at Soft Storey: For soft stories (without partition walls) such as parking level, columns are more likely to buckle hence slendemess ratio should be kept lower. ie. Columns Should be made Bulkier 10, Do Not Use Cantilever for the sake of Cantilever: Remember every time you provide a Cantilever Slab, provide a ‘minimum depth of do = Overhang/10. Whenever you provide a Cantilever Beam Provide a Minimum depth of do = Overhang/7. Cantilever Projections are a bad Design Idea in an Earthquake Prone Zone 11, Use Appropriate Column Sizes: The Slabs and Beam design isnot dependent on the number of floors in a Bullding and can be independently carried out for each floor. However, Colurnns not only carry load of that floor but also load of the upper floors and will increase in sie on lower floors. Approximate size calculation of columns is explained in Unit 2 TOS 5. So appropriate sizes must be assumed when doing Architectural Design. (The Entire procedure in short is reproduced at the end of this Unit} 12. Avoid Holes in Beams: Holes should not be made through structural members (RCC/Steel/timber) once the construction is over. It may remove or disturb the steel, resulting into weaker members. However, if necessary one has to calculate Stresses and provide for same. A small Sketch to explain this has been produced below In RCC Sections, Concrete below the N.Aidoes not take any Tensile Stress. Making a Hole below NA may be advised, however making a Hole below N.A may change the Stress Distribution 72, Holes in Beams Bending Stress Diagram a! Ere Span Bending Stress Olagram al Mid Spen Berding Stress Diagrem el En! Span dl Single Span Sinple Supported Bean Ly i Neutrpl Avie ne ese ree ee Versi sims Shear Stress lagran at Ead Span Shear Strese Diagram af Mid Span Shear Strese Bagram st End Span TOS 6 Unit 2 Design of R.C.C. Framed Structures Compiled by Ar. Arthur Cutinho32 2.2.Total Review of a Ground + Some Storeyed R.C.C Structure: May be the following summary of the sequence of design of such a structure would help us a. Architectural Plans 1b. Framing Plans with Column Positions, Beam Positions and Slab spans Actual Structural Caleulations and Recording in the form of drawings. ‘2, Architectural Plans: This is a matter of debate whether the spaces are first conceived and a Frame made to suit the spaces or whether the structure or frame is first conceived and spaces are then put into place to suit the frame. Those in favor of the first argument must remember that if that was the only true argument then Retrofitting of Buildings would not have been possible atall e.g. Many Forts and palaces are now being, remodeled keeping thelr outer carcasses the same into Hotels, Resorts etc, However, for the sake of generality let us assume that the Architectural Plans are ready and now we need to puta frame in place. Framing Plan: 2. Column Positions and 2. Slab Spans and Beam Positions b.1. Framing Plan: Column Positions: The Structural Consultant or the Architect (much better when the Architectural plan visualizer also visualizes the structure} then places the columns or decides upon the approximate positions of the columns. The Columns positions would be subject to the following 7 considerations. 4, Architecture! Plans 2, Beam Depths and Beam Depth Restrictions 3, Avoiding Comer Columns to make space for Comer Windows 4, Transfer of Load From Higher Floors to Lower Floors 5. Vertical Expansion 6, Alignment of Columns 7, Adequate Rigid Frame 1. Architectural Plans: Column Positions must be in accordance with the wall lay out. Herein it must be stated that sometimes the Architectural Plans are modified to sult the Column positions envisaged, sometimes the Column Positions are modified to suit the Architectural Plans, There should be a healthy give and take between the Architect and his Structural Consultant. 2. Beams Depths: Colurins are to be so placed that the depths of the beams should be restricted and allow for enough Head-Room. The following could be some norms for the same a. Span to depth ratios as we have leamt earlier: For Simple Supported Beams Depth = Span/10 for spans up-to 6m For Simple Supported Beams Depth = Span/12 for spans > 6m For Cantilever Beams Depth = Span/7 For T Beams and | Beams Depth = Span/12 - Span/16 could go up to Span/18 (3 equal slab spans at-least) For Doubly Reinforced Beams: No Norm as such For Pre-Stressed Beams Depth = Span/24 It must be remembered that the minimum depths required from Deflection point of view for beams is Span/ (20 x Modification Factor) = Span/28 for de and Span/25 for do. All the above span to depth ratios more than amply ‘meets these requirements, However, in our study in TOS 4 and TOS § we have seen in case of heavily loaded TOS 6 Unit 2 Design of R.C.C. Framed Structures Compiled by Ar. Arthur Cutinho33, = Q feck bde? in most of the times is Greater beams or greater spans the depth required for Flexure ie, by Mi than the depth assumed for Deflection For Greater Depths of Beams: + Side Face Reinforcement: For Depths greater than 750mm Side Face Reinforcement is must. Clause number 26.5.1.3 on page 47 of IS Code 456 + Deep Beams: When Ratio of Effective Span to Effective depth <2 for simply supported Beams and <2.5 for continuous Beams the Beams are to be designed as Deep Beams in accordance with Clause no 29 IS Code 456. Reducing Depths of Beams: With the Following example lets understand how to reduce the depths of Beams 1. Adding a Column in Between and Reducing the Span of the Beam will reduce the Depth ! edery 4 column adda between C3 and C8 eceory | ry tree pon raion seat " | reoowis00 5,!., * Taso 7200x1800 al Beam FB1 2, cal Beam FBS: ca Beam FB3 a : = o a x a ! Dormitory Room 1 | Dormitory Room 2 ! | 7200 x 3450 | 7200 x 3450 | || = ist 4 sew st ey Beam FB2 ce o Beam FB4 gag Beam F34 oy [om Pie se rage 200 wide | Penge B00 wide | a ig ‘We had design Beam FB1 of Clear Span = 7080 and do for Flexure was 825mm. The same Beam had reduced depth do = 425mm when a Column C4 was added between C3 and C5 as span got reduced to 3425mm 2. Increasing the width: Consider Beam FB1. After Calculating Design Load and Effective Span, we Calculated Md or Moment Design = 444 x 10Nimm. > Ifb= 300mm then M.R = Md = 444 x 10° > (0.134 x25 x 300 x de?, hence de = 615.36 and dk However, such a Beam Width is would be quite Acceptable at the Parking Floor Level or in a Big Hall. Such a Beam Width would be Unacceptable ifthe Architect did not want an Offset at the Beam Wall Junction, TOS 6 Unit 2 Design of R.C.C. Framed Structures Compiled by Ar. Arthur Cutinho34 3, Designing the Beam asa Doubly Reinforced or | Beam. However, one must remember this would add to the Steel Component Cost of RCC. 3. Comers Columns: Are Columns required ataall corners. Can the columns be away from the corners and be considered as shown in the following sketches? Bi eee aL Structural Stability can be achieved B 81230 x 230 1.81 & B2 both Cantilevering Out t C2] or h 2. B1 is Cantilevering out but B2 is Simply Supported i transferring point oad to the free end of BL | Goren Wari Mtn Can Columns be avoided at Corners? | | | col 300 x 230 Outside | | Inside ‘A Comer Column is possible in the Following Two Design Alternatives 1. Both the Beams 81 and 82 Cantilevering out from the Columns C1 and C2 2, B2 to be designed as a Simple Supported Beam transferring its load to Beam B2 as Point Load at the Free End and Beam 82 to be Designed as Cantilevering out from Column C1 4. Transfer of Load from Floor to Floor: Columns need to be stacked one over the other from one floor to another, Due thought must be giveh to increasing sizes of columns from higher floor to lower floors and which face of the ‘column is maintained flush, This can be achieved in Design by maintaining Spaces one above the other. 5, Vertical Expansion: Due thought will have to be given whether new floors will be added to the building in the near or far future and hence we need to make provisions for same in Column Design and Foundation Design. 6. Alignment of Columns: The longer side of the column is generally aligned to the direction of the load bearing beam rather than the beam that is used asa tie beam. €.G. The Sketch of the Hostel Building Structural Framing Shows Columns C1 to CS with the longer side along the Beams FB1 and FB3 which are the Main Load Bearing Beams 7, Adequate Rigid Frame: Sometimes Columns and Beams may have to be Provided so that he entire frame will have adequate rigidity and tiesin all directions. TOS 6 Unit 2 Design of R.C.C. Framed Structures Compiled by Ar. Arthur Cutinho35 2._At the Column Super Structure Stage all the Following Points Column Reinforcement works needs the following to be Checked Before Concreting 1L,Check the numbers and diameter of vertical bars and Spacing between vertical bars 2,Check Development length which depends on diameter of bar and given inthe foot notes. 3.Lapping in altemate bars should come at same height. 4.Lapping should not come inside beam or sab. Lapping should be at 0F 21/3 of column as per structural notes S5.Spacing between stirups is as per the drawing {6 Hook should be bent property at right angles. 7.Check the Stirrups Corner. Vertical bar should come at right angle edge of stirrup properly bound with binding wire. FAQ by Architectural Students about Floating Columns have a column placed from n'* Floor onwards upwards. Can Inot have the column on the (n-1)*” floor downwards. (This in short means the column on the (n-1)"*floor isto be supported on a Beam or is floating Column upwards from the floor.) This general answer to this question should be “Please do not attempt'to Float a Column”. However, leaving generalities aside every situation will have to be checked up for nunibet of floors to be supported by this Floating Column, Whether the desired depth of the Beam for supporting this column will be available, etc. etc. b.2. Framing Plans: lab Spans and Beam Positions: Beams are supported on the columns and in turn support the slabs except for in case of Flat Slab Constructions: How are the beam positions to be decided? Before going into the various points to be considered for doing this | would like to revise the consideration for one way and two- way slab and the span to depth ratios of Various slabs 1.456 states that ifthe ratio of ly/Ix that's ratio of longer span to shorter span is> 2, then a one-way slab is designed. However, when Iy/bx exceeds 1.4, load taken along the longer span is very small compared to load along shorter span ie. in this case wx = 3.84wy. A two-way slab is uneconomical as it has main steel in both directions also requires corner torsion reinforcement etc. Hence in actual practice the ratio limiting a two-way slab design is restricted to 1.3 or 1.4 or as perDesigner’s Discretion. The span to depth over-all ratios that we adopted in our study isas follows (with my own take off on ther} Slab i) Remark ‘One Way Slab Shorter Span/25 Doglegged Staircases supported on Beams at inner or outer edges of landings are also one way slabs Two Way Slab Shorter Span/30 For Shorter Span up-to 3.5m this could be still reduced as per IS Code 456 page number 39 Cantilever Slab Overhang/i0 Could reduce up-to Overhang/12 ‘One Way ‘Shorter Span/28 Could reduce up to Shorter Span/30 Continuous TOS 6 Unit 2 Design of R.C.C. Framed Structures Compiled by Ar. Arthur Cutinho36 Pre-Stressed Slabs | Shorter Span/45 Considerations for Placement of Beams and Spanning of Slabs 1. To Support Walls: Every wall anticipated intemal and External or Brick or Stone or Light Weight Concrete Blocks to havea supporting Beam Below. Wooden or Aluminum partitions may be supported on the slabs without beams below as they are light weight. Loads of partitions should be calculated on basis of construction details and position of partitions. In case of details not being known some assumption may be made E.g. in case of office floors @ load of 1 kN/m? may be taken. (TOS 3 Loading on Buildings 2° page) 2. To Support Slabs: Beams to be provided such that slab depths are restricted Eg. if slab depths are to restricted to let us say 150mm then + One way slabs to have Shorter Spans <3750mm ‘Two way slabs to have Shorter Spans < 4500mm, + One way continuous slabs to have shorter spans < 4200mm ‘Staircase slabs being only one or two slabs need not be considered inthis. ‘Cantilever slabs to have overhangs < 1500mm However, it must be remembered by both the Architect and Structiral Designer that while we would like to restrict slab depths, sometimes some other considerations like Aesthetics or ease of construction may force us to adopt higher depths for some slabs 3. AsTies for Columns: To create a rigid Frame, so that all vertical Columns are adequately tied 1. Beam bottom’s line, level & width and Beam side's line, level & plumb should be checked 2. Beam to beam measurements and Individual level & diagonal of each slab bay to be checked. }3. Slab thickness & beam depths should be checked. }4. Check for the sunk if any as per the approved drawings. 5. Junctions of columns & beam shall be checked so that they are watertight. J6. Formwork of staircase to be checked for dimensions of tread and riser, level of treads, plumb of risers. 7. Reinforcement and cover shall be checked for beams and slabs as per R.C.C drawing }8. Proper number of chairs shall be provided for slab. }9. Dowels (if any) required to be provided for elevation features/future extensions to be checked 10. Electrical points, electrical piping (conduits)/fan hooks shall be checked as per drawing. 11. Parapet (Pardi) bars shall be left for balconies/staircase etc. 12, Reduction of column as per drawing shall be done if any. 13. Ring (stirrups) shall be provided at the free end of each colurnn reinforcement. 14, Gaps between plates /planks should be filled. Taping should be done at ply joints in care of ply shuttering, 15. Approval of architect and R.C.C Consultant shall be taken prior to pouring. 16, In case of large slabs, position of concrete joints shal be decided in advance as per approval by RCC consultant. TOS 6 Unit 2 Design of R.C.C. Framed Structures Compiled by Ar. Arthur Cutinho7 17. Check the availability of required labor strength, mixer, lift, vibrators, masons, weigh batcher, diesel/petrol and plastic sheets ete. before start of concreting, 18. Hidden Beams /Inverted Beams/Cantilever Beams to be checked 2.3.Transfer of Load: 1. Transfer of Load from One Way Slab to Beam and from Two Way Slab to Beams will be as per the following sketches. We have already studied this in TOS 3 ‘eam (Load from slab = wis/2) eam 82 Caries Load From Lio Tater fron Ce yn To Wy Sab) ap BI Caries Lod From TT TTT 2. Transfer of Loads from Beams to Columns will beas we studied in TOS 5 TOS 6 Unit 2 Design of R.C.C. Framed Structures Compiled by Ar. Arthur Cutinho38 ‘Sketch by Ar Prashant Joshi 3 ‘Transfer of Load From Column from One Flo@r to another will be as we studied in TOS 5 2.4.Design Sequence and Actual Design Procedure: While Construction is done from foundation and moves upwards, Structural Design starts from the top most floor and ‘moves downwards 1 2 4 Top Floor Design of Slabs: Start with the top most floors and Design the Slabs. Slabs of more or less same spans can be brought under one design, Slabs may have same depth and steel could be designed for smaller spans keeping them under reinforéed: Even Staircase Design isto be part of Slab Design Design of Beams: Transfer the Load of the slabs to the Beams and Design the Beams. Beam Depths could also be maintained. Design of Columns: Transfer the Load to the Columns and design the Columns. “The Next Floor: Repeat the procedure for Slabs and Beams and Columns, Remember Columns are to carry load from the top floor too. Ground Floor and Foundation: Repeat the procedure for Slabs and Beams and Columns. Design the Foundation as Single Isolated Footings or Combined Footings or Strip Footings or Raft Foundation all dependent on factors we have learnt before. An important point to note is that Soil Investigation has to be done before design of Foundation. Foundations and Design of Columns at every floor will also have to take into consideration whether vertical extension is desired and should be accounted fori the Design Overhead and Under Ground Water Tanks: Overhead and Under Ground Water Tanks, Chaijas other Elevation Features ete. are also to be Designed. ‘TOS 6 Unit 2 Design of R.C.C. Framed Structures: Compiled by Ar. Arthur Cutinho39 5. Drawings and Schedules: Record the design in the form of 1. Drawings and 2. Schedules and 3. Foot-Notes and 4. ‘Standard Details. Drawings should mention Reinforcement details like Standard hooks and Bends, Concrete and ‘Steel Grade assumed in Design ete, ete Understanding Structural Drawings: When Structural Drawings are received from the Structural Consultant they have to be checked for Column Positions Beams Depths and Conflicts specially n case of Split Level Planning ‘Slab Depths, Sunken Slabs, Elevation Features etc. Whether all the above are in tune with the Architectural Concepts and need to be incorporated in the Working Drawings 5, Revisions: The Structural Consultant needs to be informed of the Revision Desired, Whether the Consultant approves of the Change or Revision desired. A healthy Interaction between the Architect and Structural Consultant will result in the Architects Ideas and Concepts being brought up to attual construction as they were visualized. Problem: Assignment for Framing of a R.C.C. Building Make the Framing Plan for the Given Ground Floor and First Floor. Framinig Plan to be shown on Ground Floor Plan only, 1. Show Columns only on Ground Floor, Size could be 230;nimx 350mm 2. Show all Beams. Restrict Depth of Beams to 550mm. indicate depth on plan and the Span to Depth Ratio considered for type of beam 3. Show Spans of all Slabs (Including Staircase) ard indicate Depth considered, Span to Depth Ratio. Slab depths to be restricted to 140mm (Not for Staircase Slab) ‘No Columns to be provided within the Main Halls 5. Window Positions are indicative onlyand could be changed to adjust for Column Positions. TOS 6 Unit 2 Design of R.C.C. Framed Structures Compiled by Ar. Arthur Cutinho40 Space For Parking Main Hall Space For Parking 5600 x 8460 8000 x 13600 5600 x 8460 ero Above © Main Entrance reraceAbow No Columns Here No Columns Het oor Plan ‘TOS 6 Unit 2 Design of R.C.C. Framed Structures Compiled by Ar. Arthur Cutinhoa1 Main Hall 19200 x 8000 T <— a c & Balcony 2100 Wide Terrace 8000 x 13600 Balcony 2100 Wide [ First Floor Plan ‘TOS 6 Unit 2 Design of R.C.C. Framed Structures Compiled by Ar. Arthur CutinhoStage 1 Lt ___ Ground Floor Plan| Explanatory Notes: Stage 1 ‘© Columns placed at all corners ‘© The Distance between the Columns will be the Span of the Beams and one of the Deciding Factors for the Depth of the Beam ‘© Iflater on the Span results in a Greater depth of a Beam, we will be able to add Intermediate Columns at convenient Positions ‘TOS 6 Unit 2 Design of R.C.C. Framed Structures Compiled by Ar. Arthur CutinhoB Explanatory Notes: Stage 2 ‘© If we were to provide One Way Slabs s 140mm then shorter span should be $ 3500mm (140 x25) by S/d ratio ‘+ IF we were to provide Two Way Slabs < 140mm then shorter span should be 4200mm (140 x 30) by $/do ratio ‘+ If we were to provide Cantilever Slabs < 140mm then overhang should be $ 1400mm (140mm x 10} by $/do ratio Accordingly let us assume that we divide the main hall into equal parts to provide Continuous One Way Slabs over intermediate T Beams and End L Beams then we would have to divide the 13600mm dimension into at-east “4 parts so that the spans would not exceed 350mm. Similarly, | would have to divide the Parking Slab into 3 parts leading to the following Configuration. > Main Hall Slabs of Beams at 3458mme/c distance so do = 3458/25 = 140mm > Parking Slabs of Beams at 2743mm c/c so do = 2753/25 =110mm > Parking Floor Beams are not Aligned with the Main Hall Beams ‘* Also the Balcony Over Hang is 2100mm and if we provided a Cantilever Slab we would have to provide slab depth = 210mm which is not allowed (shown below Parking hs) so a one-way slab supported across the 2100mm span. |s provided supported on 82 Beams which would transfer their loads as end point loads on Cantilever Beam BS as shown Below Parking rhs ‘¢ The Parking Slab could have been Divided into 2 parts with two two-way slabs of do = 4118/30 = 140mm as shown in Parking rhs ‘¢ The Staircase Slab is @ One-Way Slab across the longer span of 6100mm with a do = 6100/25 = 250mm obec 50/4400 Ld Ground Floor Plan’ Stage 2 (Part) TOS 6 Unit 2 Design of R.C.C. Framed Structures Compiled by Ar. Arthur CutinhoGround Floor Plan Stage 3 Explanatory Notes: Stage 3 The Next Step is to Mark the Beams and see that their depths do not exceed 600mm, 9/15 = 550mm 400mm 300mm, but let us have do= 400mm to match B2 Beams will be 5370/15 = Cantilever will be 2100/7 and a T Beams will be 8000, [Beams anda Depths of Beam B1 as Li Depths of Beam 82 as, Depths of Beam B5 asa Compiled by Ar. Arthur Cutinho ‘TOS 6 Unit 2 Design of R.C.C. Framed Structures45 Bea 26 ul ve be Da (ease ne clue canbe Stage 4 ‘St.do = 100m Renovo s: be eed intent nthectha) Dear52L Bern d= SSRIS 4d Smee Sido i80rmm), SST: ‘eam 82 Bears do» SSTO/IS =. ‘Stdo= a00rmm | ‘Beam SS Bear de 9 Beam BS ‘TOS 6 Unit 2 Design of R.C.C. Framed Structures Compiled by Ar. Arthur CutinhoExplanatory Notes: Stage 4 © Lhave not Calculated depths of Beams in the Toilet Areas as they are all Short Spanned < 3m * Notice the Column added in the Parking Area to reduce the span to get Beam B3 of Span 5275 asa Single Reinforced Simple Supported Bear of do = 5275/10 = 550mm + Also Notice the Orientation of the Column C2, along the line of Beam B2 * The Beam B6 is of Span 8000mm and to restrict the Beam depth do = 550mm we will have to Doubly Reinforce it (shown in dark blue color * New Columns C3 have been added at Floor Levels in the Staircase Bay to reduce spans and depths of Beams there Explanatory Notes: Alternatives There could be alternative Designs: Many of them could be presented + Isitwrong if Beams from the Parking Area are not in line with the beams from the Main Hall? No * Are Columns C2 and C3 absolutely necessary? No Suggested Theory Questions: Unit 2 List and Explain the Structural Principles to aid Architectural Design: How can depths of Beams Be Reduced? Also mention the Disadvantage if any when achieving Reduced Depths Write down the Span to Overall Depth Ratios you will adépt for Different types of Slabs Write down the Span to Overall Depth Ratios you will adopt for Different types of Beams V. Explain various criteria of Placing Columns in a Architectural Plan Enlist the various points to be checked before Columns Are Concreted Enlist the various points to be checked before Beams and Slabs Are Concreted Explain Load Transfer in a One Way lab aid Two Way Slab ix. Explain why Floating Columns is @ Bad Idea X. _DrawSketches to explain Reiriforcement Detailing in the Following > Simple Supported One Way Slab > Simple Supported Two Way Slab > Cantilever Slab > Simple Supported and Cantilever Beams Singly Reinforced, Doubly Reinforced, T and L Beams » Lintels > Columns > One Way Continuous Slabs and Hence Two Way Continuous Slabs too Simply Supported Staircase Slabs. And Staircases Slabs with other Support Systems Isolated and Combined Footing > Circular and Rectangular Water Tanks > Stemand Base Slab of a R.C.C Cantilever Retaining Wall > Counterfort Type Retaining Wall > R.C.CPortal Frames. TOS 6 Unit 2 Design of R.C.C. Framed Structures Compiled by Ar. Arthur Cutinho7 Additional Note 1: Deriving Column Sizes for Dead Load and Live Load 1s is7stg sists Sag 3187548 Beans 26a ITable for Load = P x Ag (Ag = Gross Area of Column) To Calculate the Size of any R.C.C Column ‘ollowing Equatior Design Load by a Column = Constant x Ag (Ag = Area Gross of the Column) 1.5 x Load x 1000 = Px Ag (1.5 isa Partial Factor of Safety applied to load which may be taken asa constant, Pisa constant depending on the Grade of Concrete and percentoge of Steel Used and ranges from 12 to 24, as seen in the Table at the top, 1000 is the factor to convert KN to N) Load can be taken as follows; (These are very approximate calculations based on certain assumptions} ‘*275kN per Colurn/Per Floor for a Column Grid of 6m x 4m * 325KN per Colurn/Per Floor for a Column Grid of 6m x 5m © 400kN per Colurn/Per Floor for a Column Grid of 6x 6m Its also a good idea to take the minimum side of the Column as Height of Column/12. So for a 400mm height Column take one side at least as 4000/12 = 333.33mm So for a 7 Floor Bullding the equation for the Ground Floor Coli in a Building of Grid of 6m x 6m would be as follows. Ihave used P = 18 (M25 Grade and 2.5% Steel) 1.5%7 x400 x 1000 =18 xb xd (Substitute b as 230mm, 300mm to get value of d) ~ For a Rectangular Column, 4 1.5%7x400 x 1000 =18 xb?- For a Square Cohimn 1.57 x 400 x 1000 =18 x3.14/4 xD*- For a Circular Column Additional Note 2: Grid Planning Explained a Little More IF was to take a car parking sie of 6m x 4am for bigger sed casas my basic module, | would then take a grid of 3m x6m > | | for? cars. A Ibhk ‘would look like as shown in the adjoining diagram in this gid g Note the Built Up area ~~ is much lesser than ~ the first case Celuna Gri approximately of x bm fo accomodate Typical Floor Plan Ares of tthk = s25se mts Parking Floor Plan TOS 6 Unit 2 Design of R.C.C. Framed Structures Compiled by Ar. Arthur Cutinho