Subject : Digital Communication

Code : UEC 607

Credit : 4

Dr. Amit Mishra

Courtesy: Simon Haykin, YouTube, NPTEL

Index

• Hierarchy of digital modulation technique

• Differential Phase Shift Keying
• Generation of DPSK
• Optimum Receiver of DPSK
• Comparison of Binary and Quaternary Modulation Techniques
• M-ary Modulation Techniques
 M-ary PSK
 M-ary QAM
 M-ary FSK
 Comparison of M-ary Digital Modulation Techniques

UEC607 (courtesy-Simon Haykin, You

Tube, NPTEL)
Hierarchy of digital modulation technique

UEC607 (courtesy-Simon Haykin, You

Tube, NPTEL)
Need of Noncoherent detection
In coherent detection we need to generate a reference signal
corresponding to frequency and phase of transmitter carrier. The
reference signal helps in correct detection of transmitting symbols.
But this makes the receiver module complex due to additional circuit
to generate reference signal at receiver.

Noncoherent schemes on the other side does not need reference

signal for detection and offers a simpler receiver circuit. But it
deteriorates the performance of the receiver (BER, SER).

UEC607 (courtesy-Simon Haykin, You

Tube, NPTEL)
Differential Phase-Shift Keying
DPSK is a noncoherent version of PSK. The distinguishing feature of
this scheme is that it eliminates the need for synchronizing the receiver
to the transmitter by combining two basic operations at the transmitter:
– differential encoding of the input binary sequence and
– PSK of the encoded sequence

UEC607 (courtesy-Simon Haykin, You

Tube, NPTEL)
Differential encoding starts with an arbitrary first bit, serving as the
reference bit (symbol 1). The differentially encoded sequence, denoted
by {dl}, is used to shift the sinusoidal carrier phase by zero and 180°,
representing symbols 1 and 0, respectively. Thus, in terms of phase-
shifts, the resulting DPSK signal follows the two-part rule:

Rule-1: To send symbol 1, the phase of the DPSK signal remains

unchanged.
Rule-2: To send symbol 0, the phase of the DPSK signal is shifted by
180°.

UEC607 (courtesy-Simon Haykin, You

Tube, NPTEL)
Example:

UEC607 (courtesy-Simon Haykin, You Tube, NPTEL)

Continued…

Rule-1: To send symbol 1,

the phase of the DPSK signal
remains unchanged.
Rule-2: To send symbol 0,
the phase of the DPSK signal
is shifted by 180°.

UEC607 (courtesy-Simon Haykin, You

Tube, NPTEL)
Determination of transmitted phase
Consider the input binary sequence {bk}, to be 10010011. Let {dk}
denote the differentially encoded sequence and {dk-1} denote its
delayed version by one bit. The complement of the modulo-2 sum of
{bk} and {dk-1} and defines the desired {dk}.

UEC607 (courtesy-Simon Haykin, You

Tube, NPTEL)
Generation of DPSK Signal
The DPSK transmitter consists of two functional blocks:
• Logic network and one-bit delay (storage) element, which are
interconnected so as to convert the raw input binary sequence {bk} into the
differentially encoded sequence {dk}.
• Binary PSK modulator, the output of which is the desired DPSK signal.

UEC607 (courtesy-Simon Haykin, You

Tube, NPTEL)
Optimum Receiver for DPSK

Consider the input The resulting correlator output is proportional to

the cosine of the difference between the carrier phase angles in the
two correlator inputs.

UEC607 (courtesy-Simon Haykin, You

Tube, NPTEL)
Comparison of Binary and Quaternary Modulation
Techniques
Comparison of Noise Performances
M-ary Modulation Techniques

• One of the M signals, s1(t), s2(t),……sM(t) is transmitted during each

signalling interval of duration Ts.

• # of symbol: M=2n where n is an integer (n = number of bits in one symbol).

• Symbol duration: Ts = nTb, where Tb is the bit duration

• M-ary signals are generated by changing the amplitude, phase or frequency

of a carrier in M discrete steps.

• M-ary signals can also be generated by combining different methods of

modulation into a hybrid form.

• Example: M-ary phase Shift Keying (PSK), M-ary Quadrature Amplitude

Modulation (QAM) and M-ary frequency Shift Keying (FSK), .
 M - ary PSK

 In M-ary PSK, the phase of the carrier takes on one of the M possible
values i.e. θi=2iπ/M, i=0,1,……………M-1.

 During each signaling interval of T seconds, one of the M possible

signals is sent.

2E  2i 
si (t )  Cos  2f ct   i  0,1,2,......... .......... ...., M  1
T  M 

E denotes the signal energy per symbol

Evaluate Basis functions

Both the basis functions have unit energy.

UEC607 (courtesy-Simon Haykin, You

Tube, NPTEL)
Signal Constellation for octaphase-shift-keying (i.e. M=8)

where i= 0, 1, 2…M-1
 Coherent M-ary PSK Receiver
The optimum receiver for coherent M-ary PSK includes a pair of
correlators with reference signals in phase quadrature.

 2i  wI and wQ are sample

xI  E Cos    wI i  0,1.......... M  1 values of two independent
M 
Gaussian random variables
 2i  WI and WQ with mean zero
xQ   E Sin    wQ i  0,1.......... M  1
M  and variance No/2.
Continued…

The two correlators output are fed to the phase discriminator that first
computes the phase estimate.
−1
𝑥𝑄
𝜃= tan
𝑥𝐼
M-ary QAM

• In an M-ary PSK system, in phase and quadrature components

of the modulated signal are interrelated in such a way that the
envelope is constrained to remain constant.
• If this constraint is removed and the inphase and quadrature
components are thereby permitted to be independent, we get a
new modulation scheme called M-ary quadrature amplitude
modulation(QAM)
• Here the carrier experiences amplitude as well as phase
modulation.
 Signal Constellation

For M-ary QAM, the

signal constellation
consists of square
lattice.

where A=

Eo is the energy of the signal with lowest

amplitude
 Decomposition of signal constellation
M-ary QAM into two signal
space diagrams

a) Quadrature component
b) in-phase component
M-ary QAM
• The general form of M-ary QAM is defined by the transmitted
signal

• Eo is the energy of the signal with lowest amplitude.

• ai and bi are pair of independent integers chosen in accordance
with the location of message point.
 We have:

The coordinates of the ith messages are

and

Where (ai and bi) is an element of L-by-L Matrix

where L = sqrt(M)
For 16-QAM

We have:

Basis Functions
The signal si(t) can be expanded in terms of a pair of basis functions
M-ary QAM Transmitter
M –ary QAM - Receiver
M-ary FSK
Continued…
Comparison of Power bandwidth Requirement

• M-ary PSK is compared with Binary PSK.

• The symbol error probability is 10-4.

UEC607 (courtesy-Simon Haykin, You

Tube, NPTEL)
Comparison of Signaling Constellation for M=16

M-ary PSK M-ary QAM

• M-ary PSK has less distance between message points (symbols) as

compared to M-ary QAM. Therefore, the detection error is less in
M-ary QAM compared to M-ary PSK with same peak transmitted
power.
Error Rate
Error Rate
UEC607 (courtesy-Simon Haykin, You
Tube, NPTEL)