SCIEN CE.

various r7icissitudes he experienced in consequence of the frequent favored with another by a different hand. Of the two, the ren-
changes of government, cillminating in a ten-years' exile i n Hol- dering by Mr. Russell seems to us the best. W e have not the
land. These ten years were quite probably the most important in French original a t hand to test the accuracy of the work, but this
his whole life; for it was chiefly during this time that he thought is vouched for by Rev. R. H. Quick, who writes a brief introduc-
out and composed his "Essay on the Hunian Understanding," tion; and the translation reads like a n original composition in
and also some of his most important political treatises. The later English, thus making an interesting book. Moreover, it is com-
events of his life, together with the history of his various works, plete, the narrative being given entire, with very copious extracts
are related by Professor Fraser with care, and with as much ful- from Pestalozzi's own writings. I t is therefore the best account
ness as most readers will desire. of his life and work to be found in English, and is well worthy of
The account of Locke's l ~ f e however,
, is kept subordinate to the a place in the series to which it belongs.
analysis and criticism of his philo~ophy,-a task which Professor Of Pestalozzi himself we have perhaps said enough i n former
Fraser has performed with great clearness and philosophical acu- articles; but we may cite a few remarks by Mr. W. T. H a r r ~ sin
men. H e remarks in his preface how great has been the influ- the "Editor's Preface," which he contr~butesto the voiunie. H e
ence of Locke's '4Essay" upon subsequent thought, and that it holds, and rightly, that the Swiw educator's importance consists
"seems in excess of the author's speculative depth and subtlety or not so much in his method of teaching as in his ardent desire for
grandeur of character,-a remark with which most readers of the the education and elevation of the poorer classes, who, previous
work a t the present day are likely to agree. Professor Fraser to his time, had had virtually no education a t all. According t o
shows, however, in another place, to what this influence is really Mr. Harris, "he is the first teacher to announce convincingly the
due. Locke was the first thinker to place a t the very portal of doctrine that all people should be educated,"-a doctrine now held
philosophy the question as to the "origin, certainty, and extent and more or less effectively practised in all civilized countries.
of human knowledge;" and, though he failed to answer the ques- I t was to this end that all his labors were directed, and he had
tion himself, it has been recognized ever since as the main prob- thus the honor of leading the movement for universal education.
lem in human thought. When Professor Fraser comes to inquire Of his method of teaching. Mr. Harric does not speak so highly,
why it was that Loclie failed to solve the problem, he sho~vs believing in particular that he laid too much stress on the mere
plainlv that it was due to an insufficient comprehension of t h e training of the senses, and too little on the development of the
intuitions of reason and of their philosophical importance. Locke thinking faculty, With these views we agree; and we cannot
did not deny their existence,-on the contrary, he expressly rec- help adding, that, in our opinion, a n efficient practical method
ognized their truth and self evidence,-but he assigned them a was just what Pestalozzi lacked, the failure of all his educational
subordinate place in his scheme, and therefore failed to give a experiments pointing strongly to this conclusion.
satisfactory account of our ideas of substance, infinity, causation,
and others,which cannot be derived from external or internal sense.
AMONG THE PUBLISHERS.
Professor Fraser's discussion of this point is very able; and all
who wish to understand Loclre's work, and his place in the his- IN the Atlantic for July, Professor Shaler writes about "Sci-
tory of philosophy, will do well to read this book. ence and the African Problem." Mr. Albert Bushnell Hart's pa-
per on "The Status of Athletics in American Colleges" may be
Rztssia: its People a n d its Literntttre. By EMILIAPARDO BAZAN. called Abtin~ely."
Tr. by Fanny Hale Gardiner. Chicago, McClurg & Co. 16".
-Messrs. Ginn & Co. announce a revised edition of "Our Gov-
$1.25.
ernment," by Jesse Macy, professor of constitutional history and
THE object of this work is to give an account of the present political economy in Iowa College.
state of society and opinion in Russia, with a more particular ex- -Edward Heron-Allen, the well-known expert in palmistry,
aminationsof the works of the Russian novelists. Sefiora Bazhn has an article upon "The Cheiromancy of To-Day " in Lippin-
tells us a t the outset that she is not acquainted with the Russian cott's Monthly Magazine for July.
language; but she has read largely of the works in other lan- -The July number of the Contempora~-yReview, issued in this
guages that treat of Russia, together with all the translations country in the original English form by the Leonard Scott Publi-
from Russian literature that have appeared. She has also asso- cation Company, New York, will contain a paper by Edward
ciated considerably with Russian authors and revolutionists in Bellam y .
Paris, and b r all these means has obtained materials for an inter-
esting book. Of course, in a small book prepared in this way, we -Any of our readers who are planning a trip to Europe should
cannot expect any thing specially new or original; but the reader look a t the "Guide to Europe" published by Houghton, Mifnin, &
will find in it a clear and instructive delineation of the more irn- Co., and edited by the well-known Stoddard. The book is of
portant phases of Russian life ant1 literature as the authoress un- convenient size, is well made for its special purpose, and contains
derstands them. She begins by briefly noting the leading points just the information required by the vacation tourist. A new
in Russian history, and then gires us a study of nihilism, which edition appears each year.
to our mind is the most interesting part of the hook; while the -The contents of the first number of the fourth volume of the
rest of her remarks relate mainly t o the new school of Russian Journal of Morphology (Boston, Ginn & Cu.) are as follows:
novelists, beginning with Gogol, and ending with Tolstoi. Ni- "The Origin of the Cerebral Cortex and the Homologies of the
hilism, she thinks, as others have thought, is in great part the Optic Lobe Layers in the Lower Vertebrates," by Isaac Nakagawa,
product of the atheistical and pessimistic philosophy of Germany, B.Sc., Princeton College; <'The Skeletal Anatomy of Amphiuma
though political discontent has had a share in forming it; and she during its Earlier Stages," by 0. P. Hap; "The Segmentation of
shows clearly that it is confined to the more active and educated the Primitive Vertebrate Brain," by Charles F. W. NcClure, fel-
classes, the peasantry and workingmen generally showing thus low in biology a t Princeton; '*The Life History of the Formed
far no sympathy with it. The characteristics of Russian fiction Elements of the Blood, especially the Red Blood Corpuscles," and
are attributed part,ly to nihilism, and partly to the spirit of "real- "Obselvations upon the Occurrence, Structure, and Function of
ism" which pervades all the fiction of the age. After spending the Giant Cells of the Bilarrow," by W. H. Howell, Ph.D., lecturer
several years, however, in the study of her subject, Sefiora Bazhn i n physiology and histology, University of Michigan.
confesses herself somewhat baffled, and ends with the remark, -Some weeks ago we noticed the proposed series of popular sci-
"Russia is a n enigma: let those solve it who can-I could not." ence books to be published in thiscountry by Xacmillan. The first oP
this series, which appears under the general t ~ t l e'.Science in Plain
Pestalozzi, his Life a n d Work. By ROGERDE GUI~WPS.T r, by
Language," is by William Durham, a fellow of the Royal Society
J. Russell. (Interllational Education Series.) New Pork,
of Edinburgh, and consistsof a number of short essays onevolution,
Appleton. la0. $1.50.
antiquity of man, bacteria, the basis of life, ancient lake dwell-
ABOUT a year ago we had occasion to notice a translation of De ings, etc. The titles would lead one to suppose the book to be of
Guinlps's "Life of Pestalozzi," by Miss Cronibie, and we are now a somewhat disjointed character, but the author's aim was t o
 SCIENCE. [VOL. XV. NO. 386

sbow a connection between all the subjects, illustrating the prin- work is therefore a supplement. He speaks first of the political
ciple of evolution. The volume proposed to follow in this series action of the negroes, which, iu his opinion, has not helped them
will contain various papers on astronomy and physics, including much, and thcn goes on to state what they have done in accnmu-
S'The Sun and Solar Energy ;" "The Noon;" "Weighing the Sun lating property and otherwise improving their condition. H e re-
and Moon;'' "Size and Mass of the Earth;" "Planet Worlds and ports, that, according to the best information obtainable, not
Suns;" Fixed and Variable Stars;" "Star Clusters, Nebulm, and more than two thousand of the Maryland negroes own any prop-
Comets;" "Contenl s of Space;" "Formation of the Heavenly erty, though thenumber of neproes in the State is over two lzun-
Bodtes;" *'Tides;" +'Light;" ' Tlie Spectroscope;" etc. dred thousand. Considerable difficulty has been experienced by
-Two of the recent publications of the Johns Hopkins Univer- them in gaining admittance to the professions of law. medicine,
sity may interest some of our readers. One is on '.The Study of and teaching; but they have finally succeeded in all these cases.
History in Germany and France," by Paul FrBdkricq of the Uni- Some prejudice and caste feeling still prevails; but, on the whole,
versity of Ghent, translated by Henrietta Leonard, and gives a the status of the negro in Maryland seems to be improving as fast
somewhat minute account of the methods now pursued in teach- as could reasonably have been expected.
ing history i n the universities of Germany and in the various -The Shakespeare Society of New York announces that it will
higher scbools in Paris. The historical courses in the German imniediately resume its publications (temporarily discontinued,
Universities are of two kinds, theoretical and practical, of which pending the establishment of "The Bankside Shakespeare") with
the former are like those in our own colleges, while the latter are a second series, to consist of unexpurgated reprints of the Old
intended to teach the student how to investigate and criticise the English Miracle Plays, Mysteries, and Moralities, as illustrating the
original authorities. I t is these practical courses, as pursued in growth of the drama up to Shakespeare, besides the least known
t h e historical seminaries, that M. Fr6d6ricq most esteems; and and edited English plays contemporary with Shakespeare's own
he devotes many pages to an account of the way they are carried work. This second series will discard the hlack and gold corer
on, the students doing most of the work, and the teacher making and 16mo. page heretofore used, and h e ~ e a t t e rall of the society's
suggestions and criticisms. Sonie foreign observers have t h o ~ ~ g h tpublications will be issued in "Baltkside" style, in the best work
that this mode of investigating history was degenerating into a of the Riverside Press; laid paper, boards, parchment backs, 8vo.;
mere criticistn of texts and study of trifles; but M. Fredkricy uniform with '-The Baukside Shakespeare." Two hundred and
thinks otherwise, though he admits that it might do so. The fifty copies of this series only will be printed, and the type will
French historical courses in general he esteems less highly, but then be distributed, not to be reset under any circunlstances.
speaks .rvitlz enthysiasm of those a t the Practical School for Ad- These impressions will be sold a t $2.50 per volume, pajable on
vanced Study (L'Ecole Pratique des hautes htudes), founded in delivery, plus postage. No. 1 of this second series will be "lacke
Paris a few years since, and which resemble to some extent those Drvms Entertainment, Or The Comedie of P a s q r ~ and
l Katherine.
of the German universities. On the whole, M. FrBdBricq's mono- as it hath beene sundry times plaid by the Children of Powles.
graph, though too minute for most readers, is well prepared, and Newly corrected, London, printed by W. Stansby, for Philip
will doub~lessbe suggestive to American educators. The other Knight, and are to be sold a t his shop in Chancery-Lane ouer
pamphlet to which we alluded is "Notes on the Progress of the against the Roles. 3616. (With notes, and Introduction touch-
Colored People of Maryland since the War," by J. R. Brackett. ing the origin, growth and decadence of the Children's Com-
This author had previously published an account of the negroes panies.)" Address L . L Lawrence, clerk Poblication Comnz~ttee,
and of slavery in Marylantl before the war, to which the present N.Y.G.S., 21 Park Row, New York City.

PRACTICAL
ELECTRICAL N O T E S Speech Reading and Articulation THE WINNIPEG COUNTRY;
JUST O UT.
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AND DEFINITIONS.
For the use of engineering students and practical 1 ROUGHING IT NITH AN ECLIPSE PARTY.
men by W. P. NAYCOCK together with Rules and
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Work, with diagrams. 130 pages, 32m0, cloth, 60 cts.
Teaching. BY
A. ROCHESTER FE1.LOW.
E. & F. N. S P O N , 12 Cortlandt S t . , N e w York. By A. MELVILLE BELL. (s. H.SOUDDER.)
With thirty-two Illustrations and a Map.
H E A V E N AND H E L L . 416 p.,paper. Price, 25 Cents.
leO. $1.50.
D I V I N E LOVE A N D WISDOM. Practical Instructions in the Art of Reading
383 p., paper. By EXANUELSWEDENBORO.Speech from the Mouth; and in the Art of '<Thestory is a piquant, good-humored, entertain-
ing narrative of a canoe voyage. A neater, prettier
Mailed, prepaid, for 14 cents each (or 25 Teaching Articulation to the Deaf. book is seldom seen."-Literary World.
cents for both), by the American Swedenborg [This Work-written a t the suggestion of Niss "This is a sprightly narrative of personal inci-
P. and P. Society,20Cooper Union,N.Y. City. Sarah Fuller, Principal of the Horace Mann School dent. The book will be a pleasant reminder t o
for the Deaf, Boston, Mass -is, so far a s known, the many of rough experiences on a frontier which is
first Treatise published on "Speech Reading."] rapidly receding."-Boston Transcript.

BOOKS
50,000 vols. of ancient and modern
rare and scarce books offered fox <'The picture of our desolate North-western terri-
sale. Send for books zried t o ob- P v o m P r i s b o i p a l s o f I n s t i t u t i o m s f o v t h e D e r c f . tory twenty-five years ago, in contrast with i t s
tain elsewhere without success. "Admirable in i t s conciseness, clearness and free- the writer's civilized aspect to-day, and the pleasant features of
American British German and French Books. Cat- dom from technicality." stjle, constitute the claims of his little
book to present attention."-The Dial.
alogues d a i l e d frde t o Bookbuyers.
6. N, CASPAR, Book Emporium 437 E. W, St., Milwaukee
" T;t? simplicity and perfection of this little book. -
J U S T PUBLISHED.
' " ~ ; l lof exact and helpful observations."
" A very interesting and valuable work." / N. D. C. HODGES, PUBLISHER,
" T h e rules are clearly given and will be of great
POPULAR MANUAL OF ViSlBLE SPEECH AND -"---"
n tilito "
VOCAL PHYSIOLOGY. ~ + k articulation
r ~ teacher should study it."
A model of clearness and simplicity, without T H I R D EDITION.
For use in Colleges and Normal Schools. Price 50 cents. having any of the puzzling symbols t h a t trouble the
Sent free by post by common mind. . . The exercises given in speech-
N. D. C. HODGES. 4 7 Lafavette Place, New York reading from the <ips are especially interesting, and
of great importance for the student of phonetics."
-Modern Language Notes
THE FAULTS OF SPEECH
BY
Odd and Rare Books. ",*
The above work may be obtained, by A. M E L V I L L E BELL,
order, through any bookseller, or post-free
Back numbers Atlantic, Century. Harper, on receipt of price, from Author of " Visible Speech," etc., etc.
and Scribner, ro cents per copy, other maga-
The Faults of Speech is a Self -Corrector
zines equally low. Send for a catalogue. N. D. C . H O D G E S , and Teacher's Mauual, for the removal of all
A. S. CLARK,
Bookseller, 47 Lafayette Place, New York. Impediments and Defects of Articulation.
80 Cents-
34 Park Row, New York City. B O O K S : How to Exchange them for *,* Sent postpaid on receipt of price,
others. Send a postal t o the SCIENCEexchange
ACK NUMBERS and complete sets of leading Mag- column (insertion free), statin briefly what you
azines. ,Rufes low. AM. MAG. EXCHANGE. want t o exchange. SCIENCE,45 Lafayette Place)
N. D, C, HODGES, 47 Lafayette Place,
Schohar~e,N.Y. New York. N E W YORK.
JUNE 27, 1890.1 SCIENCE.
-Welch, Fracker Company have published a work entitled
"In Western Levant." by Francis C. Sessions. illustrated by Hen-
ry W. Hall. I t is a record of travel in Spain, Morocco, Algeria,
and Tunis. with brief descriptions of the most noted cities and
architectural works, as well as of the character and habits of the
people. There i s nothing of much scientific interest in the book,
the author having evidently sought for entertainment during his
travels rather than for information; and the work is marred by a
too florid rhetoric. Nevertheless those who are fond of books of
travel will find many items of interest in this one. I t is printed
on good paper, suitable for the illustrations, which are pleasing.
-The fifth volume of the new edition of "Chambers's Ency-
c l o p ~ d i a "has been issued, and deals with the various topics from
'Wriday" to "Humanitarians." The scientific articles are quite
numerous and important. Professor Geikie treats of geology;
John S. Keltie, of geography; J. S. Mackay, of geometry; P. G.
Tait, of heat; J . Arthur Thompson, of heredity; and there are
many other articles that would demand notice iu a minute sur-
vey of the work. Among the articles of apolitical and historical
character are those on Germany, Great Britain, Holland, and
Ancient Greece; while Charles I. Elton, M P., contributesa paper
of several pages length, on government. Mr. Gladstone furnishes
the article on Homer, while Justin M'Carthy sketches the life of
Gladstone himself. Other biographical papers are those on Gen.
Grant, written by Gen. Wilson; on Goethe, by Professor Dowden;
and those on Grote, Hooker, and Hegel; while Henry George
contributes a sketch of hirnself. This encyclop~diais, in our
opinion, the best for the mass of reatling and thinking men. The
'<Britannica," of course, gives a much larger amount of informa-
tion on the details of the subjects treated; but then its articles
are often too elaborate for a busy man to read, yet not elaborate
enough for thorough students of their respective subjects. Be-
sides, Chambers's has now the advantage of being the latest work
of the kind in the market. I t is publisbed i n this country, in
39'
agreement with Messre. Chambers, by the J . B. Lippincott Com-
panv, Philadelphia.
- We have received a small pamphlet entitle11 "An Open Let-
ter to Hon. Edward ill. Paxson, Chief Justice of Pennsylvania."
It is written by Richard B. Westbrook, who describes himself a s
both a bachelor of law and a doctor of divinity, and is a criticism
of certain remarks of Chief-Justice Paxson in an address before
the law school of the University of Pennsylvania. I n that ad-
dress Judge Paxson had affirmed that the law of Sinai was ' t h e
first law of which we have any knowledge," and that Moses was
$*thegreatest statesman and law-giver the world has ever pro-
duced " These statements Mr. Westbrook disputes, and gives in
an argument of moderate length very good reasons for doing so.
He has no difficulty in showing that Egypt and some other coun-
tries had elaborate systems of law long before the date assigned
to Moses; and he also shows, on the grounds now universally
accepted by biblical scholars, that the legislation attributed to
Ifoses is. for the most part a t least, of very much later date.
Exceptions may be taken to some of his statements; but, on the
whole, every one whose eyes are open to the results of historical
investigation will agree that he has proved his case. The pam-
phlet is published for the author by the J. B. Lippincott Com-
pany, Philadelphia.
-The Exchange Printing Company, 47 Broad Street, New
York, has issued a book entitled "How to preserve Health," by
Louis Barkan, M.D. The claim is made that this work is pub-
lished with the purpose of bringing to public attention the results
of the latest medical investigations. The objection to the author's
plan that naturally occurs to one reading the pages is t h a t a little
knowledge is a dangerous thing, and that the author has gone
too far in recommending certain courses of treatment for ailing
humanitr which shall be resorted to without consultation with
a competent physician.

CATAREH A New Method of Treating Disease.

Catarrhal Deafness-Hay
TREAT\IENT.
A NEW H O l l E
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Sufferers are not generally aware that these
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the treatment of disease. I t consists in t h e
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table physicians as injurious. A pamphlet ex- DISINFECTANT This new method of " o n e remedy for o n e
plaining this new treatment is sent free on disease" must appeal to the common sense of
receipt of stamp to pay postage, by A. H. Dix- KNOWN, PROVED, AND WARRANTED. all sufferers, many of whom have experienced
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Prof. A. MELVILLE BELL'S WORKS1
-ON- A TEMPORARY BINDER

Elocution - Visible Speech -
Principles of Speech-Faults
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Writing - LITorld- English,
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