Dr.

Mason, Harrison High Semester One Honors Review

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A. The Conceptual Apparatus We carry with us always the distinction between definition, postulate and theorem. Be prepared to discuss them. I would suggest that you know what each is and why they assume the order they do. I find the concept of a postulate the richest but most troublesome. Postulates must be clear and obvious, and they must be fruitful. Be prepared to discuss each of these properties. Moreover be prepared to explain just what our postulates do for us and thus why they are necessary. (Hint: we compared them to the rules of chess. No rules of chess = no games of chess. No "rules" of geometry = no "games" of geometry. Just figure out what a "game" in geometry is.) B. Definitions I think it perfectly reasonable to assume that you can explain what we mean by each term below. Your explanations must be clear, correct and as terse as possible. Often a diagram is of use in an explanation. If it is, draw it. Explain what is meant by each term below: Point, Line, Plane and Space Line Segment and Ray, Opposite Rays, Collinear and Between, Coplanar Midpoint Intersection Perpendicular We sometimes say such things as two points determine a line, or three non-collinear points determine a plane. Know what "determine" means in such contexts. Angle and the various kinds of angle: Acute, Right, Obtuse, Straight, and Reflex Names of angle relationships: Adjacent Angles, Vertical Angles, Supplementary Angles, Complementary Angles, Exterior Angles and their Remote Angles, Linear Pair Degree Included Angle Regions in and around angles: Angle Vertex, Angle Side, Angle Interior, Angle Exterior Polygon together with the names of the various kind of polygon: Triangle, Quadrilateral, Pentagon, etc. Concave Polygon and Convex Polygon Regular Polygon, Irregular Polygon, Equilateral Polygon, Equiangular Polygon Angle Bisector, Segment Bisector The terminology of proof: Given and Prove, Theorem and Corollary Conditional Proposition, Related Conditional, Converse, Inverse, Contrapositive, Hypothesis and Conclusion (used to name the parts of a conditional proposition), Equivalent Propositions Parallel Lines, Skew Lines, Transversal, Corresponding Angles, Alternate Interior Angles, Alternate Exterior Angles, Consecutive Interior Angles The terms used to classify triangles: Acute, Obtuse, Right, Isosceles, Scalene, Equilateral and Equiangular, Congruent (the general notion) and Congruent Polygons Altitude of a triangle or a parallelogram Point of Concurrency, Circumcenter, Incenter and Centroid Indirect Proof > (Yes, I mean the relation greater than; and don't say "bigger" or any such silly thing. Inequality, recall, was defined in terms of addition and equality.) Parallelogram, Rectangle, Rhombus, Square, Trapezoid and Isosceles Trapezoid, Kite The terminology of analytic geometry: Slope, Point-Slope Form, Slope-Intercept Form, Vertical Line, Horizontal Line C. Analytic Geometry I'll expect that you'll be able to employ the tools of analytic geometry to solve certain simple problems. These are the kinds: 1. Determine whether lines parallel, perpendicular or neither. (Make sure you can handle the case where one or more of the lines is vertical.) 2. Find the distance between a pair of points. Example: find the distance from (2, -12) to (3, 23). Recall that I will expect your answer in simplified radical form. 3. Find the distance from a point to a line. Example: find the distance from the point (2, 6) to the line y = -2x + 4. 4. Find the distance between a pair of parallel lines. Example: find the distance between the lines y = 2x - 3 and y = 2x + 6. 5. Here's a new one for you: find the location of the circumcenter of a triangle. Example: assume that the vertices of a triangle are found at (1, 4), (2, 2) and (0, 0). Find the coordinates of its circumcenter. (Hint: recall that the circumcenter lies at the intersection of the perpendicular bisectors of the sides.) D. Logic 1. I'll expect that you can translate statements into conditional form and identify their hypotheses and conclusions. Example: translate Linear pairs are supplementary into conditional form, and state the hypothesis and conclusion of that conditional.

2. I'll expect that, if I give you a conditional proposition, you can construct its converse, inverse and contrapositive. I'll also expect you to know which are equivalent. Example: construct the converse, inverse and contrapositive of the statement Squares have congruent diagonals. Say which must be equivalent and which are not. 3. I'll expect that, if I give you a proposition and tell you to prove it, you can pick out both the Given and what you are to Prove. Example: if I tell you to prove that the diagonals of a kite are perpendicular, what is the Given and what are you to Prove? 4. I'll expect that you know the anatomy of an indirect proof. Example: set up an Indirect Proof of the proposition 3 2 is irrational. E. The Postulates You should know the postulates, and I'll expect that if I give you a bit of a prompt, you can state any of them. Fill in the blanks below: 1. Two points determine _________________________. 2. Three non-collinear points determine _________________________. 3. A line contains at least two _________________________.. 4. A plane contains at least three _________________________.. 5. If two points lie in a plane, then the line through them _________________________.. 6. Lines intersect in _________________________. 7. Planes intersect in _________________________. 8. If B lies between A and C, then _________________________; and if AB + BC = AC, then _________________________. (This is the so-called S_________ A__________ P__________.) 9. If R lies in the interior of PQS, then m PQR + __________ = __________; and if m PQR + __________ = __________, then R lies in the interior of PQS.(This is the so-called A__________ A__________ P__________.) 10. If parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then angles that __________ are congruent. (Abbreviation: C____.) 11. If a pair of lines are cut by a transversal and angles that correspond are congruent, then ____________________. (Abbreviation: Converse ______.) 12. Through a point not on a line, there exists one and only one ______________________________. (This is known as the P__________ P__________.) 13. I'll expect that you can state the SAS Postulate. F. The Theorems Know how to prove each theorem in the list below. If I ask you to prove one, I'll set up the proof for you. I'll state the Given and what you are to Prove, and I'll draw a diagram if possible or helpful. 1. Supplement Theorem: Linear pairs are supplementary. 2. Complement Theorem: If the non-common sides of a pair of adjacent angles form a right angle, then those angles are complementary. 3. Angles supplementary or complementary to the same or to congruent angles are themselves congruent. 4. Vertical Angles Theorem: Vertical angles are congruent. 5. Perpendicular lines form four right angles. 6. Perpendicular lines form congruent adjacent angles. 7. Congruent supplementary angles are right angles. 8. If two angles are congruent and form a linear pair, then each is right. 9. Alternate Interior Angles Theorem 10. Consecutive Interior Angles Theorem 11. Alternate Exterior Angles Theorem 12. Perpendicular Transversal Theorem (which states that a line perpendicular to one of a pair of parallel lines is perpendicular to the other too). 13. The Converses of #s 9 - 12. These, recall, are the so-called parallel lines tests. They allow us to conclude that lines are parallel. For instance, Converse PTT says that if a line is perpendicular to each of a pair of lines, the lines to which it is perpendicular are parallel.) 14. Lines parallel to the same line are themselves parallel. 15. The sum of the angles of a triangle is 180. 16. The measure of each exterior angle of a triangle equals the sum of the measures of its remotes. 17. SSS, AAS, ASA and HL Congruence Theorems 18. The Isosceles Triangle Theorem and its Converse 19. Each point on the perpendicular bisector of a segment is equidistant from the endpoints of that segment. 20. If a point is equidistant from the endpoints of a segment, then it lies on that segment's perpendicular bisector. 21. Each point on the angle bisector of an angle is equidistant from that angle's sides. 22. If a point in the interior of an angle is equidistant from its sides, then it lies on that bisector of that angle. 23. The perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle are concurrent. 24. The angle bisectors of the angles of a triangle are concurrent. 25. The centroid of a triangle lies two-thirds of the distance from any vertex to the midpoint of the opposite side. 26. Each exterior angle of a triangle has a measure greater than the measure of either of its remotes. 27. The Triangle Side-Angle and Angle-Side Inequalities. 28. The Hinge Theorem and its Converse 29. A parallelogram has: (i) congruent opposite sides, (ii) congruent opposite angles and (iii) diagonals that bisect one another. 30. The Parallelogram Tests. A quadrilateral with any of the properties in this list is a parallelogram: (i) opposite sides congruent, (ii) opposite angles congruent, (iii) diagonals bisect one another, (iv) one pair of sides both congruent and parallel. 31. The diagonals of a rectangle are congruent. 32. A parallelogram with congruent diagonals is a rectangle. 33. Each diagonal of a rhombus bisects a pair of opposite angles. 34. The diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular.

35. A parallelogram with perpendicular diagonals is a rhombus. 36. An isosceles trapezoid has congruent diagonals and congruent same-side base angles. 37. A kite has: (i) precisely one pair of congruent opposite angles, (ii) precisely one diagonal bisected by the other, (iii) precisely one pair of opposite angles bisected by a diagonal, and (iv) perpendicular diagonals.