Vinaya by Kovidabhivamsa Vol 2

www.ShanYoma.
Org
0denf;ya'omoifwef;
('kwd,wGJ)
b'ÉÅaum0d'gbd0Ho
apwd,*FPomoe"Z od&Dy0&"r®mp&d,
yÍöedum,PÖ0 - yd#uwå,yg&*l
t*¾r[m*E¦0gpuy@dw
omoemhvif;a&mifMunfy&d,wådpmoifwkduf
yJcl;NrdKU
oAÁ'geH "r®'geH Zdemwd?
oAÁ&oH "r®&aom Zdemwd/
oAÁ&wð "r®&wd Zdemwd?
wPSu©a,m oAÁ'ku©H Zdemwd/
'getm;vkH;udk "r®'geu atmifEdkif\/

t&omtm;vkH;udk w&m;t&omu atmifEdkif\/
arGUavsmfzG,ftm;vkH;udk w&m;ü arGUavsmfjcif;u atmifEdkif\/
'ku©tm;vkH;udk wPSmukefjcif;u atmifEdkif\/
pd&H wd|wk o'är®m? "ar® a[mEÅ K o*g&0g/

bk&m;&Sif\ tqHk;tr omoemawmfonf
t"GefY&SnfpGm wnfygapownf;/
o'¨r®oHk;jzmü ½kdaoav;pm;jcif; &SdMuygapukefownf;/
!u
rmwdum
taMumif;t&m pmrsufESm
xkv’pöOf;tmywf ............................. 1
*½kbPf (25)yg; ............................. 2
vJvS,fzvS,frI jyKEdkifykH ......................... 3
'kuú#ftmywf ............................... 5
t|uxmüvmaom 'kkuú#f (8)rsKd; ................... 5
9/ 0wåab''kuú#f ............................ 7
10/ o'¨ga',s0dedygw'kuú#f ...................... 7
11/ O*¾[dw'kuú#f ............................ 7
12/ taEÅm0kw¬'kuú#f .......................... 7
13/ taEÅmyuú'kuú#f .......................... 8
14/ omrHyuú'kuú#f ........................... 8
15/ ykeyuú'kuú#f ............................. 8
'kuú#f (3)rsKd; oifhEkdif ........................... 9
16/ ADZ*grygwAs'kuú#f ......................... 9
17/ aocd,'kuú#f ............................ 9
'kAÇmodwtmywf ............................ 11
'kuú#fESifh 'kAÇmodwtmywfrsm; .................... 11
ygpdwåd,tmywf ............................ 19
edó*¾, d ygpdwf ............................. 19
pGefYxkdufç pGefYtyfaom ypönf; (ur®om"e)............. 20
tmywfukpm;jcif; ............................ 20
tmvsjywf pGefY&rnfhypönf;rsm; .................... 20
edó*d¾ypönf; pGefYenf;rsm; ....................... 21
a&TaiGESifhpyfí edó*¾dxdkufyHk ..................... 21
c ! 0denf;ya'omoifwef;
½lyd,odu©myk'f ............................. 21
tvSLcH&mü 'kuú#f0w¬Krsm; ....................... 22
½lyd,oHa0g[m& odu©myk'f ...................... 23
edó*¾dtqifhqifh tmywftqifhqifh ................ 23
a&TaiGESifhpyfaom edó*dypönf;rsm; pGefYykH .............. 24
pGefYykH tpDtpOf ............................. 24
pGefYNyD;aom ypönf;ukd tokH;jyKykH .................... 24
a&TaiGpGefY&jcif;tusKd; .......................... 25
a&TaiGcH,lol&[ef;\ pGefY&jcif;tusKd; ................ 25
a&TaiGpGefY&[ef; t*Fgig;yg; ...................... 25
Úwfur®0gpmjzifh orkwfykH ...................... 26
a&TaiG tvSLcHrdaom &[ef; owdxm;&ef ............. 26
½lyd,oHa0g[m&odu©myk'fvm pGefYenf; ............... 27
ywåpwkuú ................................ 27
uyÜd,ESifhtwl aps;oGm;&mü owdxm;zG,f ............ 31
ygVdawmfvm pum;&yfrsm; ...................... 31
yg&mZduPft|uxm pum;&yf ................... 32
om&w¬#Dumq&m0g' ......................... 32
tmp&d,0g'rsm; ............................ 33
bk&m;&Sifvufxuf 0w¬Kom"u ................... 33
avQmufxm;&mü owdjyK&ef ..................... 34
&mZodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f ........................ 35
uyÜd,wpfusdyf ............................. 36
&[ef;ñTef uyÜd,av;a,muf .................... 37
wrefñTef uyÜd,av;a,muf .................... 38
&[ef;a&m wrefyg rñTeftyfol ted'´d|ESpfa,muf ....... 39
rmwdum ! *
uyÜd,okH;rsKd;ESifh odu©myk'ftvdkuf usifh&ykH ............. 39

ar@u odu©myk'f ........................... 40
ausmif;om;çuyÜd,rsm;ukd BudKwif oifMum;xm;oifhykH ...... 41
&[ef;awmfwkdY\ wm0ef ........................ 41
tvSL&Sifwm0ef ............................. 42
ausmif;om;ç uyÜd,wkdY\ wm0ef .................. 42
*kdPf;ç oHCmç yk*¾dKvfukd rokH;oyfbJ vSL ............... 43
a&pufcs&mü owdxm;&ef ...................... 43
u,0duú,odu©myk'f .......................... 43
rtyfaom vJenf; ........................... 44
tyfaom vJvS,fenf; ......................... 45
cdkif;ap&mü tyfç rtyf ........................ 45
&weodu©myk'f ............................. 46
edó*¾dodu©myk'frsm;ESifh pyfí tusOf;rSwf&ef ........... 47
wkdufwGef;rSmxm;csuf ......................... 47
edó*¾dypönf;wdkYESifh pyfí rSwf&ef ................... 48
tjcm;enf; oHk;pJGcGifh&aom ypönf;rsm; ................ 48
iJhuGufrIr&dS tNyD;tydkifpGefYNyD;u oHk;cGifh&ypönf;rsm; ........ 48
wjcm;cJzG,fç abmZOfrsm; ....................... 49
aboZÆodu©myk'fESifh pyfí rSwfzG,frsm; .............. 49
(7)&uftwGif; owfrSwfcsuf ..................... 50
edó*¾dxkdufí pGefYjcif; ......................... 51
yk*¾dKvfxH pGefYykH .............................. 51
MuH&nfç xef;vsuf&nfç oHyk&m&nfç ponfrsm; .......... 51
A[kokwtwGuf rSwf&ef ....................... 51
aboZÆcEüü cGifhjyKcsuf ....................... 52
C ! 0denf;ya'omoifwef;
,ckumv tcJyg pm;aeMuykH ..................... 52

awv (= qD)ESifh pyfí rSwf&ef .................... 53
ouFef;ESifhpyfaom edó*¾drsm; .................... 53
1/ yxruxdeodu©myk'f ....................... 54
2/ 'kwd,uxde (ac:) Oa'godwodu©myk'f ............ 55
6/ tnmwu0dnwådodu©myk'f .................... 55
7/ wwkwå&d odu©myk'f ........................ 56
8/ yxrOyu©# odu©myk'f ...................... 57
yxruxdeodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,frsm; ................. 57
1/ pD0&yvdaAm"jywfjcif; ....................... 58
2/ tm0goyvdaAm"jywfjcif; .................... 58
uxdefEkwfjcif; ............................. 58
uxdefEkwfjcif; (9) yg; ......................... 59
uxdeftmedoif ig;yg; ......................... 60
odu©myk'fESifh tmedoif wGJrSwf&ef .................. 60
t"d|mefwifjcif; ............................ 61
wdpD0&duft"d|mef ESpfrsKd; ....................... 61
ouFef; (3) xnf wdpD0&duf t"d|mefwifykH ............ 61
ouFef;udk apmifha&SmufyHk ....................... 62
ypöK'¨dK&fjyKjcif; ............................... 63
y&du©m&apmV t"d|mefwifykH ..................... 63
ouFef; (9) xnf ............................ 64
t"d|mefrwif&aom y&du©&mrsm; .................. 65
t"d|mefusaMumif; (8) &Spfyg; .................... 65
edó*¾douFef;pGefYykH ........................... 66
rmwdum ! i
ta0;ü &Sdaeaom ouFef;ukd pGefYykH ................. 67

oHCmxH pGefU&mü jyefay;ykH ...................... 68
*kdPf;xH pGefY&mü jyefay;ykH ....................... 69
0duyÜemodu©myk'f ............................ 69
0duyÜemjyKyHkrsm; ............................. 69
0duyÜemESpfrsKd; .............................. 70
or®Kc0duyÜem (2) rsKd; ......................... 70
teD;&Sdoltm; or®Kc0duyÜemjyKykH ................... 70
ypöK'¨K&fjyKykH (0g) 0duyÜemjyefykH ..................... 71
ta0;&Sdoltm; or®Kc0duyÜemjyKykH .................. 71
y&Hrkc0duyÜemjyKykH ........................... 72
or®Kc0duyÜemESifh y&r®Kc0duyÜem txl; .............. 72
'kwd,uxde (ac:) Oa'godwodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f ........ 73
wdpD0&dufouFef;ESifh nOfhuif;jcif; .................. 73
wdpD0&dufouFef;xm;&m t&yfrsm; .................. 73
wdpD0&dufESifh uif;í rae&onfh Xmersm; ............. 73
ausmif;wkdufü xm;jcif; ........................ 74
edó*¾drxdkufapenf; .......................... 74
nOfhuif;ouFef; teD;pGefYykH ...................... 75
tnmwu0dnwåd odu©myk'f ..................... 76
ouFef;awmif;aumif;onfh tcgrsm; ................ 76
aqGrsKd;rawmfpyfol ........................... 76
y0g&dw ESifh ty0g&dw ......................... 77
zdwfxm;yHktrsKd;rsKd; ........................... 78
tmV0Dwdkif;om;&[ef;rsm; tawmif;t&rf;rsm;rI ......... 78
p ! 0denf;ya'omoifwef;
edó*¾dxdkufaom ouFef;pGefYyHk .................... 79

wwkwå&dodu©myk'f ........................... 80
yxrOyu©# odu©myk'f ........................ 81
ykaAÁ tyÜ0g&dawm ........................... 81
{0½lyH 0g {0½lyH 0g ........................... 81
pD0a& 0duyÜH tmyaZÆ,s ....................... 81
0óduom#du odu©myk'f ....................... 82
rkd;a&cHouFef; yrmP ......................... 82
xyfrHí tusOf;csKyf rSwf&ef ..................... 83
ydwfwkdzsifp (11)v t"d|mef 0duyÜemrjyKbJ xm;cGifh& ..... 84
pD0&tpädEé odu©myk'f ......................... 84
tapöupD0& odu©myk'f ......................... 85
tapöuouFef; taqmwvsif vSLykH ................ 85
0gqkdouFef; ............................... 86
vGwfvyfcGifh wpf&uf ykd&ykH ...................... 86
omouFodu©myk'f ........................... 87
ouFef;xm;cGifh t*Fg (4)yg; ...................... 87
edó*¾dxdkufyHk .............................. 89
y&dPwodu©myk'f ............................ 90
ñTwfjcif; (9)rsKd; ............................. 91
ywåodu©myk'f .............................. 91
ODeyÍöAEëodu©myk'f .......................... 91
t"d|mefç 0duyÜemavmufaom oydwf ............... 92
oydwf (9)vHk; .............................. 92
Moruoydwf .............................. 92
rmwdum ! q
rZÑdroydwf ............................... 93
Ouú|oydwf ............................... 93
oydwft"d|mefwifykH .......................... 94
ypöK'¨dK&fjyKykH ................................ 94
edó*¾doydwf pGefYykH ........................... 94
ODeyÍöAEëoydwfpGefYykH tpDtpOf ................... 95
oHCmtpnf;ta0;rSm ajymykH .................... 95
usifh0wf ................................. 96
AEë t& zGJUwkyfjcif;[lonf .. ................... 96
tmywfwpf&m oifhykH .......................... 97
edó*¾doydwf pGefYykH ........................... 97
ck'ódu©mvm oydwfESifhpyfí rSwfzG,frsm; ............. 98
oydwfqkdif&m usifh0wfrsm; ...................... 99
tuyÜd,oydwf (14)vHk; ...................... 101
&Sif;vif;csuf .............................. 102
tyfpyfaom cGuf (3)rsKd; ....................... 103
edó*¾dtmywf (30) txl;rSwfcsuf ................ 104
ab'euygpdwf ............................ 104
pwkuúygpdwfjzpfykH ........................... 105
wlavme'ödu©myk'f ......................... 105
vJokH;rsKd; ................................ 106
acgif;tkH;yrmP ............................ 106
rÍöyD|odu©myk'f ............................ 107
anmifapmif; (4)rsKd; ......................... 107
bdod (= bkHvQKd zkH) .......................... 108
edoD'eodu©myk'f ........................... 109
Z ! 0denf;ya'omoifwef;
edoD'dkef ynwfawmfrljcif; ...................... 109

tokH;jyKykH ................................ 110
u@KyÜ#dpäm'd odu©myk'f ....................... 110
Oyvu©Penf; = tpdwfudk rSwfí qdkaomenf; ........ 111
eEáw¬&odu©myk'f (ac:) ok*wpD0&odu©myk'f ......... 111
bmom#DumrSwfcsuf ......................... 112
awmifqkyf[laompum; pOf;pm;&ef ................ 112
ygwdarmufbmom#Dum rSwfcsuf ................. 113
bk&m;&Sif\ ouFef;awmf ...................... 113
&SifapmwpfxGm rZfokH;xGm &Sif;csuf ................ 113
ok'ÿgpdwf ............................... 115
ouFef; ................................. 115
ZmwdouFef;t0wftxnf (6)rsKd; ................. 116
tEkavmrouFef; (6)xnf ..................... 116
yrmPouFef; (9)xnf ....................... 117
yg#da'oeDtmywf .......................... 117
1/ yxr yg#da'oeD ......................... 118
2/ 'kwd,yg#da'oeD ......................... 118
3/ wwd,yg#da'oeD ........................ 119
aou©yk*¾dKvfESifh aou©[korkwfykH ................. 120
orkwfykH ................................ 120
ur®0gpmzwfykH ............................. 121
rSwfom;zG,f A[kokw ........................ 121
tvSL&Sif (3)rsKd; ............................ 122
tcsuf (3)csuf ............................ 122
rmwdum ! ps
4/ pwkw¬yg#da'oeD ......................... 123

BudKwifíodapjcif; tusKd; ..................... 124
OyZÑm,fç edó,nf;q&mt*Fg ................... 125
edó,rkpöu = edó,nf;vGwf aeEkdifol ............ 125
wpfenf; edó,rkpöu t*Fg (7)yg; ................ 125
ausmif;xkdifç y&dowftvkyftauGs;cH t*Fg (5)yg; ....... 125
edó,nf;Nidrf;ysufaMumif;t*Fg (6)yg; .............. 126
0wf rausyGefaom wynfhukd ESifxkwfykH ............. 126
rESifxkwfxkdufaom t*Fgig;yg; ................... 127
pk'ócEü0wf ygVdawmftusOf; .................. 127
cGifhryefbJ a[mMum;Ekdifjcif; .................... 130
q&muvnf; jyK&rnf ........................ 145
q&m rusef;rmvQif ......................... 145
ed*kH;ygVd teuf ............................ 146
jrefrmjyef ................................ 146
uH (5)rsKd;? wpfenf; (7)rsKd; .................... 147
aomwmyefjzpfaMumif;t*Fg (4)yg; ................ 148
aomwmywåd,*ø aomwmyef\ *kPft*Fg (4)yg; ....... 148
aomwmyeft&nftaoG; (7)yg;.................. 148
rtyfaom ouFef;ta&mifrsm; ................... 148
ouFef;a&miftqkH;tjzwf ygVdawmf ................ 149
rZÑdredum,f r[m&m[kavm0g'okwftzGifh ........... 149
ygVdawmfvm tndKa&mif ...................... 150
0wf½kHoifhaom ta&mif (3)rsKd; ................... 151
tusOf;csKyf rSwfom;&ef ....................... 151
Ú ! 0denf;ya'omoifwef;
qkH;jzwfcsuf .............................. 152

rtyfaom t0wfouFef;rsm; .................... 152
'kuú#ftmywfoifhaom t0wfrsm; ................. 153
jzwftyfaom ouFef;ukd cGifhjyKawmfrlykH .............. 154
teufay;ykH .............................. 154
ouFef;ESifhpyfaom tac:ta0:rsm;............... 156
tyfç rtyfaom urÜwfoD;rsm; ................... 156
rtyfaom qdk;&nf (9)rsKd; ...................... 157
ouFef;pD&ifyHk tqifh (7)qifh .................... 157
tcef;zGJUrIESifh pyfí rSwf&ef ..................... 158
"m;cGJ"m;jzwfouFef;ESifh pyfí rSwf&ef ............... 158
]ovif;axmif}[laom pum; rSwf&ef .............. 159
{uoD t ay:½k H o uF e f ; yk H p H .................... 161
('kuk#f) ESpfxyfouFef;ykHpH ................... 162
bmom#Dumq&mawmf jyqkdaom ouFef;awmfyrmP .... 163
bk&m;&Sift&yfawmf A[kokwrSwf&ef ............... 163
ouFef;yrmP tqkH;tjzwfrsm; .................. 164
ausmif;ESifhpyfí rSwfom;zG,frsm; ................. 167
uk#dESifh 0d[m&txl; ......................... 167
ausmif;ukd cGifhjyKawmfrljcif; ..................... 167
ausmif; (5)rsKd; ............................ 168
0d[m& (3)rsKd; ............................. 169
uk#d (3)rsKd; ............................... 169
0d[m& (3)rsKd; ............................. 169
uyÜd,uk#d (4)rsKd; ........................... 170
rmwdum ! #
1/ Oóm0eEÅduuk#d ......................... 170

2/ a*gedom'duuk#d ......................... 170
3/ *[ywduk#d ............................ 171
4/ or®Kwduk#d ............................. 171
tuyÜd,uk#d jzpfykH .......................... 171
qGrf;ESifhpyfí rSwfom;zG,frsm; ................... 173
cJzG,f (12)rsKd; ............................. 174
MuHcGHESifh MuH&nf umvducGJjcm;ykH .................. 174
abmZOf (5)yg; ............................ 175
ygwdarmufvm abmZOfrsm; .................... 175
1/ tm0oxyd@abmZOf ..................... 175
2/ *PabmZOf ............................ 175
rtyfaom yifhzdwfenf; ....................... 176
rtyfaom awmif;enf; ....................... 176
tmywfoifhç roifh tqkH;tjzwf .................. 176
tyfaom yifhzdwfenf; ........................ 177
3/ y&rÜ&abmZOf ........................... 177
0duyÜemjyKykH .............................. 178
4/ yPDwabmZOf .......................... 178
tmywfESifh odu©myk'f ......................... 179
umvdu av;yg; ........................... 179
,m0umvdu ............................. 179
,m0umvdu toD;BuD;ukd;vkH; ................... 180
a&SmufESifh oHyk&m ........................... 180
,mrumvdu ............................. 181
X ! 0denf;ya'omoifwef;
tazsmf&nfvkyf&ef toD;&SpfrsKd; ................... 181

tEkavmrazsmf&nfrsm; ....................... 181
tazsmf&nf jyKvkyf&mü owd&Sd&ef ................. 182
azsmf&nftuyfcH owdjyK&ef .................... 183
tazsmf&nfaomufcGifh&aom taMumif; ............. 183
vufzuf&nfMurf; .......................... 183
owåm[umvdu0w¬K ........................ 184
pGefYNyD;í jyef&aomtcg tokH;jyKykHESifh tmywfroifhapykH .... 185
0duyÜemjyKykH .............................. 185
t"d|mefykH ............................... 186
MuH&nf wifvJ&nf oumcJ oMum;cJ ponf .......... 186
a&cJxnfhaom MuH&nf ........................ 186
edó*¾dygpdwfç ok'ÿgpdwf ....................... 187
jyefíokH;pGJcGifh r&aom edó*¾dypönf;rsm; ............. 187
tjcm;enf; okH;pGJcGifh&aom ypönf;rsm; ............... 187
tmvsjywfpGefYNyD;u jyefíokH;cGifh&aom ypönf;rsm; ....... 188
wjcm;cJzG,f abmZOfrsm; ...................... 188
aboZÆodu©myk'fESifh pyfí odrSwfzG,frsm; ............ 188
(7)&uftwGif; owfrSwfcsuf .................... 189
edó*¾dxkdufí pGefYjcif; ........................ 190
yk*¾dKvfxH pGefYykH ............................. 190
A[kokwtjzpf rSwf&ef ....................... 191
aboZÆcEüü cGifhjyKcsuf ...................... 191
rdrd\ xifjrifcsuf .......................... 192
,ckumv tcJyg pm;aeMuykH .................... 192
rmwdum ! !
awv (= qD)ESifh pyfí rSwf&ef ................... 192

,m0ZD0du ............................... 193
,m0ZD0du tjrpfrsm; ........................ 194
,m0ZD0dutoD;rsm; ......................... 194
,m0ZD0du t&Gufrsm; ........................ 195
tap;ç tcGHESifh qm; ponf ..................... 195
csif;okyf qkH;jzwfcsuf ......................... 196
refusnf;&GufMurf; jynfyef;csKd&Guf ................. 196
aumufyJESifh tom;ç t½kd;rsm; ................... 197
r[m0du#aq; ............................ 197
tmywfoifhykH tcsKyfrSwf&ef ..................... 197
umvduwkdY a&maESm&mü rSwf&ef ................. 198
taEÅm0kw¬ç taEÅmyuúç omrHyuú 'kuú#frsm; ........... 199
taEÅmyuú ............................... 199
omrHyuú ................................ 200
ykeyuú ................................. 200
tusOf;rSwf&ef ............................ 201
uHBuD;uHi,f toG,foG,f ..................... 202
uHav;rsKd; ............................... 202
tyavmueuH ig;rsKd; ........................ 203
ÚwåduH (9)rsKd; ............................ 203
Úwåd'kwd,uH (7)rsKd; ........................ 204
Úwådpwkw¬uH (7)rsKd; ........................ 205
uHjyKykH owfrSwfcsufrsm;....................... 205
"r®duuH ................................ 207
¡ ! 0denf;ya'omoifwef;
t"r®duuH ............................... 207

OyorÜ'uH\ orÜwådig;yg; ..................... 207
Úwådpwkw¬uH\ rysufjcif;orÜwdåonf--- ............ 207
y&du&© m&Spyf g; ............................. 208
cg;yef;BudK; ............................... 208
0god (= yJcGyf^"m;rwkd) ....................... 208
a&ppf .................................. 209
tjcm;y&du©&mrsm; .......................... 209
ok'ÿgpdwf ............................... 211
ok'ÿgpdwf (92)yg; .......................... 211
rkom0g'0*f odu©myk'f (10)yg; ................... 212
1/ rkom0g'odu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f .................. 213
orÜZme ................................ 213
rkom0g' ................................ 213
rkom;qkdaom&[ef;tjypf (7)yg;ESifh tmywf (5)csuf ..... 213
2/ Moro0g'odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f .................. 214
tauúmo0w¬K ............................ 214
tmywftrsKd;rsKd;oifhykH ........................ 215
3/ ayoknodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f ................... 216
4/ y'aom"r®odu©myk'f ....................... 217
]y'aom}ü rSwfom;zG,f ....................... 217
]y'}av;rsKd; .............................. 217
tmywfroifhykHrsm; .......................... 218
5/ yxro[ao,s odu©myk'f .................. 219
tmywfoifhykHrsm; ........................... 219
rmwdum ! P
o[ao,s [if;av;tkd; ...................... 219

o[ao,sjzwfenf; ......................... 220
tdrfç um;ç &xm; ponfwkdYü owdxm;zG,f ........... 220
6/ 'kwd, o[ao,s ....................... 221
tpdwåutmywf ........................... 221
'd0gao,s odu©myk'f ......................... 221
rdef;rtavmif;aumif ........................ 222
7/ "r®a'oemodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f ................. 222
ykpämar;u ajzcGifh& .......................... 224
t*Fg (5)yg; owdjyKoifh ....................... 224
8/ blwma&mpe odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f ............... 224
temywådü Or®wåu r,l& ..................... 225
9/ 'k|Kv’ma&mpe odu©myk'f .................... 225
or®Kwday;ykH .............................. 226
0w¬KESifh tmywf wGJajymrS ...................... 226
10/ yx0DcPe odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f ................ 227
yx0DtrsKd;rsKd; ............................. 227
Zmwyx0D (3)rsKd; ........................... 227
tZmwyx0D (3)rsKd; ......................... 228
tmywfoifh ç roifh ......................... 228
tyfaom ckdif;enf; .......................... 229
rtyfaom ckdif;enf; ......................... 229
w ! 0denf;ya'omoifwef;
t*Fg (3)yg; .............................. 230

2/ blw*gr0*f ............................ 230
1/ blw*grygwAs odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f .............. 231
ADZ*grç blw*gr ........................... 232
owdxm;&ef .............................. 232
rtyfaom ckdif;enf; ......................... 232
tyfaom ckdif;enf; .......................... 233
uyÜdjcif; ................................ 233
uyÜdjcif; (5)rsKd; ............................ 233
owdjyKzG,f ............................... 234
qufvufrSwfom;zG,f ........................ 235
uyÜd,H ua&m[d t"dyÜm,f ..................... 235
2/ tn0g'u odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f ................. 235
ygpdwf 'kuú#f cGJjcm;csuf ....................... 236
qEé&[ef;tm; tn0g'uuH jyKykH ................. 237
0da[ouuH wifykH ......................... 237
t*Fg (3)yg; .............................. 238
3/ OZÑmyeu odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f ................. 238
OZÑmyeu = uJh&JUjcif; ........................ 238
cd,seu = ½Iwfcsjcif; ........................ 239
tmywfcGJjcm;csufrsm;......................... 239
4/ yxraoemoe odu©myk'f ................... 239
anmifapmif; av;rsKd; ........................ 240
tif;ysOfav;rsKd; ............................ 240
yefMum;tyfaom olrsm; ....................... 241
rmwdum ! x
5/ 'kwd,aoemoe odu©myk'f ................... 242

yefMum;yHkrsm; ............................. 242
ao,s (10)rsKd; ............................ 243
6/ tEkycZÆodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f .................. 243
xoGm;apxdkufol r[kwfaom yk*d¾Kvf (3)a,muf ........ 243
Oypmt& ,lyHk ............................ 244
0if&mt&yfOypm xGuf&mt&yfOypm ............... 245
7/ eduú¹e odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f ................... 245
tmywfoifhyHkrsm; ........................... 246
t*FgoHk;yg; ............................... 246
8/ a0[mouk#d odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f ............... 246
t*Fgav;yg; .............................. 247
9/ r[v’u0d[m& odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f .............. 247
]'Gdwdåpä'eóy&d,m,H}yk'f t"dyÜm,f ................ 248
ESpfxyfoHk;xyf rdk;yHk .......................... 249
10/ oyÜgPuodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f ................ 249
txl;od&ef ............................... 250
3/ bdu©Kaem0g'0*f odu©myk'f (10)yg; tusOf;csKyf ....... 251
t"dyÜm,frsm; ............................. 252
*½k"r® (8)yg;.............................. 252
bdu©Kaem0g'u t*Fg (8)yg; .................... 253
(4) abmZe0*f odu©myk'fq,fyg; tusOf;csKyf .......... 253
tm0oxyd@odu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f ................. 255
]{aum tm0oxyda@m}ü rSwf&ef ................ 256
' ! 0denf;ya'omoifwef;

*PabmZeodu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f .................. 257
&[ef;av;yg;wkdY cH,ljcif;onfom y"me ............. 257
abmZOfig;yg; ............................. 258
rtyfaom yifhzdwfenf; ....................... 258
rtyfaom awmif;enf; ....................... 259
tyfaom yifhzdwfenf; ........................ 259
,ckumv owdjyKzG,f ........................ 259
abmZOftrnfjzifh zdwfvQifvnf; *PabmZOf ......... 260
or,ckepfyg; tEkynwfckepfyg;.................. 260
tmywfoifhykH roifykHrsm; ...................... 261
(3) y&rÜ&abmZeodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f .............. 261
0duyÜemjyKyHk .............................. 262
tmywfoifhyHk roifhyHkrsm; ...................... 263
(4) umPrmwmodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f ............... 263
ylyESifh rE¦ rSwfzG,f .......................... 263
okH;oydwf atmuftem;a&;ESifhtnD jynfh½kHcH&rnf ....... 264
qGrf;cH&[ef;wkYd\ wm0efrsm; .................... 265
&[ef;oHCmrsm;tm; rkefYa0zefykH .................. 265
tmywfrsm;oifhykHç roifhykH ...................... 266
(5) yxry0g&Pmodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f .............. 266
abmZOfig;yg; ............................. 266
y0g&dwft*Fg ig;yg; .......................... 267
y0g&dwfoifhNyD; abmZOfukd okH;aqmifcGifh ............. 268
rmwdum ! "
1/ pm;qJ£&d,mykxf rzsufbJ qufpm;jcif; ........... 268

2/ *dvmet<uif;tusefjzpfjcif; .................. 269
3/ twd&dwf0denf;uH t*Fg (7)yg; ................. 269
y0g&dwfroifhaom tpm;tpmrsm; ................. 270
cJzG,f (12)rsKd; ............................. 270
(6) 'kwd,y0g&Pmodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f ............. 271
(7) 0dumvabmZeodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f ............. 271
tusOf;rQ rSwf&ef ........................... 272
yuwdtm[m&udpö cGJjcm;yHk ..................... 273
0dumvü tmywfoifhyHkrsm; ..................... 273
8/ oEéd"dum&uodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f ............... 274
'ka'¨gwywå = taq;cufaom oydwf .............. 274
tmrdorsm;ESifh oEéd"d rjzpfapenf; ................ 275
aemufaeY jyefuyfaom cJzG,fabmZOfrsm; ............ 276
umvduav;yg; a&maESmpm;&mü od&ef ............. 276
owåm[umvduESifh ,m0ZD0duwdkY a&m&mü od&ef ...... 276
azsmf&nfESifh aq;rsm; a&m&mü oufwrf; ............ 277
oEéd"dtmywfoifhykHrsm; ........................ 277
9/ yPDwabmZOf odu©myk'f .................... 278
odu©myk'f (3)yg;ESifh wGJí rSwf&ef ................. 279
yPDw (9)rsKd; ............................. 279
10/ 'EÅaygPodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f ................. 281
tuyfajrmuft*Fg (5)yg; ...................... 282
e ! 0denf;ya'omoifwef;
tPkjrL (4)rsKd; ............................ 284

tnMw O'u'EÅaygPm ...................... 285
rSwfom;zG,f A[kokwrsm; ..................... 286
wHawG;ç rsuf&nf ponfrsm; .................... 288
jyefuyf&aom tavhtx rSwfom;zG,f ............. 288
qGrf;pm;cgeD; vufaq;&ef ...................... 289
aq;NyD;vufjzifh ouFef;ç aeuxdkif ponf rudkifoifhykH .... 289
pm;zG,f,lí c&D;oGm;&mü rSwfom;zG,f .............. 290
tuyfcHpOf ajrodkY vGwfusoGm;jcif; ................ 290
"m;ç ZGef; ponfü uyfaeaom oHacs;rsm; ............ 290
tuyfcHysufaMumif; (6)yg; ..................... 291
vufaq;jcif;ç vufokwfjcif; ponfwkdYüvnf;
tmywfoifhEkdifykH ......................... 292
t*Fg (4)yg; .............................. 293
5/ tapvu0*f odu©myk'fq,fyg; tusOf; ........... 294
1/ tapvuodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f ................. 295
zdk;olawmf oDv&Sifrsm; ........................ 296
2/ Oa,smZeodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f ................. 296
&[ef;wpfyg;udk qGrf;cH twlac:yHk ................ 296
&[ef;udk jyefvTwfyHk ......................... 297
ravsmufywfaom tusifh ..................... 297
]{wa'0}yk'ftpGJ ........................... 297
tmywfoifhaom tcsdef ....................... 297
rmwdum ! y
tmywftqifhqifh .......................... 298

3/ oabmZeodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f ................. 298
tmywftqifhqifh oifhykH ...................... 299
4/ &a[my#dpäEéodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f ................ 299
5/ &a[medoZÆodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f ................ 300
6/ pm&dwåodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f ................... 300
xif&Sm;&Sdaom &[ef;tm; yefMum;ykH ............... 301
yka& bwåç ypäm bwå ........................ 301
tEkynwf (4)csuf .......................... 301
7/ r[memrodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f .................. 302
ygpdwftmywfoifhykH .......................... 303
tmywfroifhykH ............................ 303
tmywftqifhqifhoifhykH ....................... 304
8/ O,sKwåaoemodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f ............... 304
t*Fgav;yg;&Sdaom ppfonf .................... 304
oGm;xdkufaom taMumif; ...................... 305
tmywftqifhqifh oifhyHk ...................... 305
9/ aoem0goodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f ................. 305
10/ Oa,sm"duodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f ................ 306
Oa,sm"du ............................... 306
aoemAsL[ .............................. 306
tedu'óeH ............................. 307
z ! 0denf;ya'omoifwef;
qifwyf jrif;wyf ponfzGJUykH .................... 307

(6) ok&myge0*fvm odu©myk'frsm; tusOf;csKyf ......... 307
1/ ok&mygeodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f .................. 309
ar&, (5)rsKd; ............................. 309
2/ t*Fkvdyawm'uodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f ............. 310
3/ [o"r®odu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f .................. 311
4/ tem'&d,odu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f ................. 312
txl;owdxm;&ef .......................... 313
5/ bðomyeodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f .................. 313
6/ aZmwdodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f ................... 314
tmywftqifhqifhoifhyHk ....................... 315
7/ e[meodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f ................... 315
rZösdra'o ydkif;jcm;yHk ......................... 315
8/ 'kAÁPÖu&P odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f ................ 316
uyÜAdE´Kxdk;&rnfh ae&m........................ 317
tmywftqifhqifh oihfyHk ...................... 317
9/ 0duyÜemodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f .................. 318
0duyÜemjyKykH (2)rsKd; .......................... 318
or®KcESifh y&r®Kc &Sif;vif;csuf ................... 318
teD;&Sdoltm; or®Kc0duyÜemjyKykH .................. 319
0duyÜemjyK&jcif;tusKd; ........................ 319
rmwdum ! A
ypöK'¨dK&fjyKykH ............................... 319

ta0;aeoltm; or®Kc0duyÜemjyKykH ................ 320
y&r®Kc0duyÜemjyKykH .......................... 320
0duyÜemESpfck txl; .......................... 321
0g'txl; ................................ 321
tmywfoifhykH ............................. 321
10/ pD0&myed"meodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f ............... 322
tmywfoifhykH ............................. 322
oyÜgPu0*fvm odu©myk'frsm; tusOf;csKyf ........... 322
1/ oÍödpöygPodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f ................. 325
2/ oyÜgPuodu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f .................. 326
y&dbkaÍÆ,s .............................. 326
ygPESpfck txl; ............................ 326
3/ Oauúm#eodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f ................. 327
t"du½kPf; av;yg; ......................... 327
4/ 'k|Kv’odu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f .................... 328
&[ef; &mçaxmif tqifhqifh tmywfoifh ............ 328
tmywf tqufjzwfyHk ........................ 328
tmywfrsm;oifhyHk ........................... 329
5/ ODe0Dowd0óodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f ............... 329
&[ef;cH&uf wGufyHk .......................... 329
0gxyf&ufiifí ESpfvxnfh,lMuykH ................. 330
&[ef; rjzpfEkdif ............................ 330
&[ef; rjzpfaomfvnf; tusKd;&Sd .................. 330
b ! 0denf;ya'omoifwef;
]&[ef;ç OD;yÍöif;} ac:wGifvmykH ................... 331

vludkyif &[ef;cHay;aumif;ykH .................... 331
tmywf tqkH;tjzwf ........................ 331
6/ ax,sow¬odu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f ................ 332
tmywfoifhykH ............................. 332
7/ oH0d"meodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f .................. 332
8/ t&d|odu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f .................... 333
tEÅ&m,fig;yg; ............................ 335
9/ Ou©dwåoarÇm*odu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f .............. 337
rjyKtyfao;aom Moom&PuH &Sdol ............... 337
oarÇm* ESpfrsKd; ............................ 337
oH0ao,sç o[ 0g ao,s .................... 338
10/ uP³uodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f .................. 338
emoe = zsufqD;rI 3-rsKd; ...................... 339
tmywfoifhykH ............................. 339
(8) o["r®du0*f odu©myk'f (12)yg; tusOf; .......... 340
1/ o["r®duodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f ................. 342
avmukwå&mw&m;tm; avsmfaom tusifh ........... 343
0denf;"kd&f tmedoif (5)yg;? wpfenf; (11)yg; .......... 343
2/ 0davceodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f .................. 344
]O'´dórmae} t& .......................... 344
ck'ÉSifh tEkck'ú odu©myk'fcGJyHk ................... 344
ukuúKpöç 0da[oç 0davc okH;yk'f txl; .............. 345
rmwdum ! r
tmywftqHk;tjzwf ......................... 345

]arm[uH}odkY wif&rnf ....................... 346
4/ y[m&odu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f ................... 346
5/ wvowåduodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f ................ 346
tmywfoifhyHk ............................. 347
6/ trlvuodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f .................. 347
7/ oÍödpöodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f .................... 347
8/ Oyókwdodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f .................. 348
b@eç uv[ç 0d0g'gyEé ..................... 348
Oyókwð wda|,s .......................... 348
apm'em&ef &nf&G,frS tmywfoifh ................ 348
9/ ur®ywdAm[eodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f .............. 349
uHESpfrsKd; ................................ 349
10/ qE´H t'wGm *re odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f ........... 350
0dedpä,uxm jzpfaeqJç jzpfwkef;[lonf ............. 350
t*Fg (6)yg; .............................. 351
11/ 'kAÁvodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f ................... 351
or*¾oHCmç 0*¾oHCm ........................ 352
,xmoE¦KwH y&dPmarEÅd ...................... 352
ra0zefaumif;aom *½kbPfypönf;rsm; ............. 352
y&dPwodu©myk'f rSwfcsuf ..................... 353
, ! 0denf;ya'omoifwef;
(9) &we0*f odu©myk'f 10-yg; tusOf; ............. 354

1/ taEÅyk&odu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f .................. 355
eef;awmf0ifjypf (10)yg; ....................... 356
2/ &weodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f .................... 357
&wem (10)yg; ............................ 357
tZÑm&mr ............................... 357
tZÑm0ox .............................. 358
aumufodrf;xm;&mü &nf&G,fcsuf ................ 358
tmywftqHk;tjzwfrsm; ....................... 358
tmywftqifhqifhoifhyHk ....................... 359
3/ 0dumav *grya0oeodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f .......... 359
yefajymyHk ................................ 359
4/ olpdC&odu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f .................. 361
pwkuúygpdwfjzpfykH ........................... 361
5/ rÍöyDXodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f .................... 361
6/ wlavme'ödu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f ................. 362
vJ (3)rsKd; ................................ 362
tmywfroifhykH ............................ 363
7/ edoD'eodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f ................... 363
edoD'kdefynwfawmfrljcif; ....................... 363
edoD'kdef tokH;jyKykH ........................... 364
8/ u@Ky#dpäm'dodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f ................ 364
rmwdum ! &
9/ 0óduom#duodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f .............. 365

10/ eEáw¬&odu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f ................. 365
bk&m;&Sif\ ouFef;awmf ...................... 366
aocd,\ t"dyÜm,f ......................... 367
'kuú#ftmywf[k owfrSwf ...................... 367
rusifhaomf tjypf? usifhaomf tusKd; ............... 368
]'kuú#ftmywf}[k ynwfawmfrrl&jcif; .............. 368
1/ y&dr@v0*f odu©myk'f 10-yk'f ................ 368
(1+2) y&dr@v odu©my' ..................... 368
(3+4) okoH0kw odu©my' ..................... 369
(5+6) okoH0kw odu©my' ..................... 369
(7+8) Mou©dwåpu©K odu©my' ................... 369
(9+10) Ou©dwåu odu©my' .................... 369
y&dr@ved0goe odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f ............... 369
ouFef;ESifhqkdifaom A[kókw ................... 370
t0ef;nDpGm 0wf&mXmersm; ..................... 370
t*Fg (3)yg; .............................. 371
y&dr@vyg½kye odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f ............... 372
*d[dyg½kw (9)rsKd; ........................... 372
okyÜ#dpäEéodu©myk'fESpfck t"dyÜm,f .................. 373
tEÅ&C& = NrdKUwGif;&GmwGif; ..................... 374
0goly*w = aejcif;tusKd;iSm uyfa&mufol ........... 374
aupd0g'ç tya&0g'wkdYESifh 0drwdq&m0g' ............ 375
okoH0kw odu©myk'fESpfck t"dyÜm,f ................. 376
v ! 0denf;ya'omoifwef;
Mou©dwåpu©Kodu©myk'fESpfck t"dyÜm,f ............... 376

Ou©dwåum, odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f .................. 376
2/ OZÑ*¢du0*f odu©myk'f 10-yk'f .................. 377
(11+12) OZÆ*¢du odu©my' ..................... 377
(13+14) tyÜo'´ odu©my' .................... 377
(15+16) um,yÜpmvu odu©my' ............... 377
(17+18) Am[kyÜpmvu odu©my' ................ 377
(19+20) oDoyÜpmvu odu©my' ................ 377
OZÆ*¢duodu©myk'fESpfck t"dyÜm,f .................. 378
(13+14) tyÜo'ódu©myk'fESpfck t"dyÜm,f ............ 378
0drwd#Dumtqkd ............................ 378
tmywfroifhykH ............................ 379
ypmvuodu©myk'f ajcmufyk'f t"dyÜm,f ............. 379
3/ crÇuw0*f odu©myk'f-10 yk'f ................. 379
(21+22) crÇuw odu©my' .................... 379
(23+24) Mo*kPd²w odu©my' ................... 380
25/ OuúK#du odu©my' ....................... 380
26/ yv’w¬du odu©my' ....................... 380
27/ ouúpöy#d*¾[P odu©my' .................. 380
28/ ywåonD y#d*¾[Podu©my' ................. 380
29/ orolyu y#d*¾[Podu©my' ................ 381
30/ orwwådu odu©my' ..................... 381
crÇuw odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f ..................... 381
Mo*kPd²wodu©myk'fESpfck t"dyÜm,f ................. 381
OuúK#du odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f .................... 381
rmwdum ! 0
yv’w¬duodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f .................... 382

yv’w¬du tma,m*ywfzGJUjcif;ESpfrsKd; ............... 382
ouúpöy#d*¾[P odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f ............... 383
ywåonD odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f .................... 383
orolyuH odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f ................... 383
orwdw¬du odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f .................. 384
(4) ouúpö0*fodu©myk'f 10-yk'f .................. 385
31/ ouúpö bkÍÆe odu©my' .................... 385
32/ ywåonD bkÍÆe odu©my' ................... 385
33/ oy'ge odu©my' ....................... 385
34/ orolyubkÍÆe odu©my' .................. 385
35/ e xlyuw odu©my' ..................... 385
36/ Mo'eyÜ#dpäm' odu©my' .................... 385
37/ olayg'e0dnwåd odu©my' ................... 386
38/ OZÑmeonD odu©my' ..................... 386
39/ twdr[EÅuAV odu©my' .................. 386
40/ y&dr@vtmavmy odu©my' ................ 386
ouúpöbkÍÆe odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f .................. 386
ywåonD odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f .................... 386
oy'ge odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f ..................... 387
orolyubkÍÆe odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f ................ 387
e xlyuw odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f .................. 387
Mo'ey#dpäm'e odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f ................. 388
olayg'e0dnwåd odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f ................ 388
awmif;rIESifh pyfí rSwf&ef ..................... 389
o ! 0denf;ya'omoifwef;
olwpfyg;twGuf awmif;ay;rI ................... 389

0drwd#Dumtqdk ............................ 390
&Sif'umç &[ef;'um &Smay;olwdkY owdxm;&ef ......... 390
OZÑmeonD odu©myk'ftzGifh ..................... 391
twdr[EÅuAV odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f ................ 391
y&dr@vtmavmy odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f ............. 391
ZGef;·c&if;ESifh pm;olrsm; owdjyK&ef ................ 392
(5) uAV0*f odu©myk'f 10-yk'f ................... 392
41/ tem[# odu©my' ...................... 392
42/ bkÍÆrme odu©my' ....................... 392
43/ ouAV odu©my' ....................... 393
44/ yd@Kau©yu odu©my' .................... 393
45/ uAVm0apä'u odu©my' ................... 393
46/ t0*@um&u odu©my' .................. 393
47/ [w¬ed'¨Keu odu©my'..................... 393
48/ odw¬m0um&u odu©my' ................... 393
49/ Zd0Sgedpäm&u odu©my' ..................... 393
50/ pykpykum&u odu©my' .................... 394
tem[# odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f .................... 394
bkÍÆrme odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f .................... 394
ouAV odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f ..................... 394
yd@Kau©yu odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f .................. 395
uAVm0apä'u odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f ................ 395
t0*@um&u odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f ................ 395
rmwdum ! [
[w¬ed'¨Keu odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f .................. 396

odw¬m0um&u odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f ................ 396
Zd0Sgedpäm&u odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f .................. 396
pykpykum&u odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f ................. 396
(6) ok½kok½k0*f odu©myk'f 10-yk'f ................. 397
51/ ok½kok½kum&u odu©my' .................. 397
52/ [w¬edav’[u odu©my' ................... 397
53/ ywåedav’[u odu©my' ................... 397
54/ Mo|edav’[u odu©my' ................... 397
55/ omrdo odu©my' ....................... 397
56/ oodw¬u odu©my' ...................... 397
57/ qwåygPd odu©my' ...................... 398
58/ '@ygPd odu©my' ...................... 398
59/ ow¬ygPd odu©my' ...................... 398
60/ tm0k"ygPd odu©my' ..................... 398
ok½kok½kum&u odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f ................ 398
[w¬edav’[u odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f ................ 398
ywåedav’[u odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f ................. 399
Mo|edav’[u odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f ................ 399
yged,xmvu odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f ................ 399
oodw¬u odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f ................... 400
temywåd av;csuf .......................... 400
qwåygPdodu©my' t"dyÜm,f ................... 400
xD; (3)rsKd; ............................... 400
'@ygPd ow¬ygPd tm0k"ygPd ................. 401
V ! 0denf;ya'omoifwef;
7/ yg'ku0*f odu©myk'f (15)yk'f .................. 401

61/ yg'ku odu©my' ........................ 401
62/ Oyg[e odu©my' ....................... 401
63/ ,me odu©my' ......................... 402
64/ o,e odu©my' ........................ 402
65/ yv’dw¬du odu©my' ....................... 402
66/ a0Xdw odu©my' ........................ 402
67/ Mo*kP²dw odu©my' ...................... 402
68/ qrm odu©my' ......................... 402
69/ eDpmoe odu©my' ....................... 403
70/ Xdw odu©my' .......................... 403
71/ ypäawm *päEÅ odu©my' .................... 403
72/ OyÜaxe *päEÅ odu©my' .................... 403
73/ Xdawm Opöm& odu©my' .................... 403
74/ [&daw Opöm& odu©my' ................... 403
75/ O'au Opöm& odu©my' .................... 404
yg'kum½kV§ odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f ................... 404
Oyg[em½kV§ odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f .................. 404
,me*w odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f .................... 405
o,e*w odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f ................... 405
tcsKyfrSwf&ef ............................. 406
a0XdwoDoó odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f ................ 406
Mo*kP²dwoDo odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f ................ 406
qrm odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f ...................... 407
eDpmoe odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f .................... 407
rmwdum ! t
Xdw odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f ....................... 407

ypäawm *päEÅ odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f ................. 408
OyÜaxe *päEÅ odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f ................. 408
Xdawm Opöm& odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f ................. 408
oefYoufa& aq;&efoifh ...................... 409
yk*Hjynf ukvm;usrif;taMumif; .................. 410
uk#dt0if ouFef;wef;xm;&Sdjcif; .................. 410
[&daw Opöm& odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f ................. 410
O'au Opöm& odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f ................. 411
ted,wcef; .............................. 413
yxr ted,wodu©myk'f ...................... 413
'kwd, ted,wodu©myk'f ...................... 413
yxrted,w odu©myk'ft"dyÜg,f ................. 414
]{aum{um,} pmpyfykH ....................... 414
]tvH ur®eda,} zGifhykH ........................ 414
]edoZÆH uayÜ,s} t& ,l&ykH ..................... 415
oa'¨,s 0pom / ay / 0a',s .................. 415
edoZÆH bdu©K / y / uma&waAÁm ................. 415
a,e 0g / y / 0a',s ....................... 416
awe aom bdu©K uma&waAÁm .................. 416
uma&waAÁm ............................. 416
t,H "ar®m ted,awm ...................... 416
rmwk*grt& ,lykH .......................... 417
'kwd,ted,wodu©myk'f t"dyÜg,f ................ 417
rdef;rtazmfukdyg ,l&jcif;ESifh ]&a[m}t& ,lyHk ......... 417
tm ! 0denf;ya'omoifwef;
ted,wodu©myk'f ynwf&usKd; .................. 418

vZÆDESifh tvZÆD&[ef;rsm;twGuf qkH;jzwf&ef ........... 418
t"du&Porx (7)yg;....................... 421
t"du&P ............................... 421
1/ or®Kcg0de,orx ........................ 421
2/ owd0de,orx ......................... 422
3/ trkV0de,orx ......................... 423
4/ y#dnmwu&Porx ..................... 423
5/ a,bk,sodumorx ...................... 424
6/ wó ygyd,oduorx .................... 425
7/ wdP0w¬m&uorx ...................... 425
udpöm"du½kPf;ESifh or®Kcg0de,orx ............... 426
t"du½kPf;av;yg;ESifh orxckepfyg; wGJykH ............ 427
oifwef;odrf;vuFm ......................... 427
"kwif (13)yg; cGifhjyKjcif; ....................... 429
tusKd;um; ............................... 429
t&d,0How&m;av;yg; ....................... 429
"kwif (13)yg; ............................. 430
"kwifaqmufwnfyHk ......................... 430
teufay;yHk .............................. 431
"kwiftus,f (42)yg; ........................ 433
t"dyÜg,frsm; tusOf;rQod&ef .................... 433
1/ yHokul"kwif ............................ 433
2/ wdpD0&duf"kwif .......................... 434
3/ yd@ygwf"kwif .......................... 434
rmwdum ! £
4/ oy'gepm&du"kwif ....................... 434

5/ {uoeduf"kwif ......................... 435
6/ ywåydkPf"kwif ........................... 435
7/ cvkypämbwådu"kwif ...................... 436
8/ tm&nuif"kwif ......................... 436
9/ ½ku©rl"kwif ............................. 437
wdkif;Mum;? ewfBuD;? toD;ç ap;xGuf? ............... 437
10/ taAÇmumodu"kwif ...................... 438
11/ okomef"kwif .......................... 438
12/ ,xmoEÅwd"kwif ....................... 439
13/ aeoZÆd"kwif ........................... 439
y&d0gof'Pfom;&[ef; raqmufwnftyfaom "kwif ..... 440
t|uxmtzGifh ............................ 440
"kwifü rxdkufwefaom yk*¾dKvf ................... 440
"kwifü xdkufwefaom yk*¾dKvf .................... 441
0denf;ya'omoifwef; ! 1
earm wó b*0awm t&[awm or®morÁK'¨ó/

xkv’pöOf;tmywf
oHCm'daooftmywfrsm;tNy;D þae&mü xkvp’ Oö ;f ç 'ku#ú çf 'kAmÇ oD
tmywf (3)rsKd;wdkYudk qufvufjyqdkrnf jzpfonf/ þtmywf (3)rsKd;-
wdo
Yk nf bduK© ygwdarmufç bduK© eyD gwdarmufwüYkd wdu k ½f u
dk f ryg&Sad omf
vnf; yg&mZdua&SUajy; oHCm'daooftmywf a&SUajy;wdüYk ykAyÁ a,m*
ponftm;jzifh yg0ifonf/ xdaYk Mumifh þae&mü xdt k mywf (3)rsK;d wd\ Yk
t"dyÜm,fukd o½kyfazmfxkwfjyvdkygonf/
(xlv+tpö,) xlv = ½ke&Yf if;aom? tpö, = tjypf? ½ke&Yf if;aom
tjypf&adS om tmywfukd xkvp’ Oö ;f tmywf[k ac:onf/ xkvp’ Oö ;f tmywf
oifjh cif;taMumif;rsm; od&EdS idk &f ef &&So
d rQ pkaqmif;wifjyrnf jzpfonf/
usOf;aom r*f0&Sdaom owå0gwdkY\ r*fü arxkefrI jyKjcif;aMumifh
xkv’pöOf;tmywfoifh\/ owå0gwdkY\ t*FgZmwfudk rdrdt*FgZmwfjzifh
roGif;bJ wdkY½kH wdkYjcif;? arxke&m*jzifh rdef;redrdwfudk rdrdrkcjzifh wdkYjcif;?
oHCdu*½kbPfypönf;rsm;udk tpdk;w& ydkifpdk;ydkifeif; olwpfyg;tm;
ay;jcif;? ukefoG,fjcif;? aps;a&mif;jcif;? a<u;NrDcsjcif;? twdk;ay;jcif;?
aiGwdk;acs;iSm;jcif;? vlom;udk pm;jcif;? rdrd\ t*FgZmwfudk jzwfjcif;?
yg&mZduav;yg;\ omrEÅtrIjyKjcif;? (yg&mZduav;yg;wGif jyefMunfyh g)
jrif;o½ku d ef m (b&if*seD m+b*E´Kd vef m)jzpfí usO;f ajrmif;&m ptd0k teD;
vufESpfopfaom t&yfü "m;cJGrIjyKjcif; jyKapjcif;wdkYaMumifh xkv’pöOf;-
tmywf oifh\/
2 ! omoemhvif;a&mifMunfq&mawmf
]]&[ef;wkYd ...usO;f ajrmif;&mt&yfü ta&onf odraf rGU\? El;nH-h
\? trmonf tom;Ek wufcJ\? "m;cJG&ef cJ,Of;\? &[ef;wdkY ...
usO;f ajrmif;&m t&yf\ teD;jzpfaom vufEpS o f pfaom t&yftwGi;f ü
"m;cJrG uI v
kd nf;aumif;ç usypf nf;rIuv kd nf;aumif; rjyKtyf? jyKapaom
&[ef;tm; xkvp’ Oö ;f tmywf oif\ h }}[k r[m0g aboZÆcEüü bk&m;-
&Sif ynwfawmfrlonf/
oHCm'daoof aemufq;Hk av;yk'f ur®0gpm (3)Burd ?f ÚwfwpfBurd f
zwfNyD; qkH;r&\/ ÚwftqkH;rSm 'kuú#f? ur®0gpm (2)BudrftqkH;rSm
xkv’pöOf;tmywf (2)csuf oifh\/ wwd,tBudrf ur®0gpm\tqkH;
aom bmao,s-ü ,s-tu©&modYk a&mufonftxd t,lukd rpGev Yf Qif
oifhxm;aom 'kuú#fESifh xkv’pöOf;ESpfcsuf Nidrf; aysmufoGm;\? oHCm-
'daooftmywf oif\ h ? a'oemrMum; rukpm;bJ Nird ;f aysmufomG ;aom
tmywfokH;csuf jzpf\[k rSwfom;oifh\/
*½kbPf (25) yg;
yxrtkyfpk - (1) tm&marm = tm&mrf? (2) tm&mr0w¬K = tm
&mrf&m?
'kw,
d tkypf k - (3) 0d[ma&m = ausmif;? (4) 0d[m&0w¬K =ausmif;-
&m?
wwd,tkyfpk - (5) raÍöm = anmifapmif;? (6) yD|H = tif;ysOfç
xdkifckH? (7) bdod = bkHvQKd? (8) AdarÁm[eH = rSDtkH;ç acgif;tkH;?
pwkw¬tkyfpk - (9) avm[ukrÇD = aMu;tkd;? (10) avm[bm-
PuH = aMu;zsO;f ? (11) avm[0g&aum = aMu;p&nf;tk;d ? (12) avm-
[u#m[H = aMu;tifwGJ? (13) 0god = yJcGyf (0g) "m;rwdk? (14) y&ok
= ykqdef? (15) ukXm&D = "m;r? (16) uk'gavm = aygufwl;? (17)
edcg'eH = aqmuf/
yÍörtkyfpk - (18) 0v’d = EG,f? (19) a0VK = 0g;? (20) rkÍöH =

oufu,fjruf? (21) yAÁZH = Nydef;jruf? (22) wdP = jzLqHjruf (0g)
jrufopf&Guf? (23) rwdåum = ajrnuf ajrjzL ajreD bdvyfajr xkH; oJ?
(24) 'g½kb@m = opfb@m pm;yGJ ukvm;xkdif ponf? (25) rwåu d m-
b@m = ajrb@m tkd; tifwkHponf[lí aygif; (25)yg; jzpfonf/
av;vSpmG aom b@m (= *½kbPf) wd[ Yk í
l qkt
d yfuek \
f / þ*½kbPf-
ypönf;wdkYudk taotcsm rSwfoifhonf/
þ*½kbPfwdkYonf tpktm;jzifh (5)yg;? o½kyftm;jzifh (25)yg;?
tpdwftpdwftm;jzifh rsm;pGmukefaom b@mwdkYudk oHCdutjzpf
'g,umwdkYu vSL'gef;xm;ygu oHCmtm;vnf;aumif;? *dkPf;tm;
vnf;aumif;? yk*¾dKvftm;jzifhvnf;aumif; rcGJjcm; ra0zef ray;urf;-
tyfukef? cGJjcm;a0zef rJazmufcGJa0aom &[ef;tm; xkv’pöOf;tmywf
oif\ h / xd*k ½kbPf (25)yg;wdu
Yk kd oHCmponf cGaJ 0tyfuek af omfvnf;
cGJa0tyfonf rrnfukef? rcGJa0&m? oHCmoabmwl cGJa0ay;vdkuf-
aomfvnf; yk*¾vdutjzpf ,laqmifí roGm;aumif;? a0zefay;tyf-
aomfvnf; oHCu d om jzpfaomaMumifh rdryd *k v
¾ u
d ydik t
f jzpf oGm;av-
&m&m udk,fykdiftjzpf r,laqmifaumif;[lí odyg/
oHCmawmfrsm;tm; yefMum;í oabmwlyifjzpfaomfvnf; 'ku#ú f
tmywfoifh\/ udk,fykdifxifí cGJa0rl (0g) tpkd;w& cGJa0rl xkv’pöOf;?
ax,spw d jf zifh cGaJ 0rl a&Tpifwpfrwfwefz;kd &Sad om ypön;f udk cs<D urdaomf
yg&mZdutmywf oifh\/
vJvS,fzvS,frI jyKEdkifykH
yxrtkypf Ek iS hf 'kw,
d tkypf w
k iG f yg0ifaom tm&mrfpaom xm0&
b@mudk tm&mrfpaom xm0&b@mcsi;f oHCmudk yefMum;í zvS,f
aumif;\/ zvS,fjcif;udkjyKí okH;aqmifEdkif\/
wwd,tkyfpkwGif yg0ifaom anmifapmif; tif;ysOf (rÍö yDX)
paom *½kbPfypönf;udk ]rÍö} paom wwd,tkyfpk *½kbPfypönf;-
csi;f jzifo
h m zvS,&f m\/ vJv, S f zvS,af umif;\/ tyfaom om;a&udk
cGaJ 0tyf cGaJ 0aumif;\/ odaYk omf (bdo)d bkv
H QKt
d cif;ESihf tvm;wlaom
odk;a&ponfwdkYudk rcGJa0tyf rcGJa0aumif;? EG,fpaom *½kbPfrsm;-
udk wdk;yGm;aom (0g) r,kwfaom wefzdk;&dSaom ypönf;jzifh vJvS,f,l
aumif;\/
þtcsuw f u
Ykd kd axmuf½í
I oHCu d ausmif; tm&mrf? anmifapmif;
tif;ysOpf aom *½kbPf oHCu d ypön;f rsm;ukd tjcm;ypön;f rsm;ESihf rvJ-
vS,faumif;? a&mif;csí rpm;aumif;aMumif; owdjyKoifhonf/
"""
'kuú#ftmywf
('kuú# = 'k + uw) 'k = raumif;ojzifh? uw = jyKtyfaomtrI?
raumif;ojzifh jyKtyfaom udk,frIç EIwfrIwdkYudk 'kuú#[k qdk&-
aomfvnf; þae&mü raumif;ojzifh jyKrI ajymrIaMumifh oifha&muf-
tyfaom tmywfudkvnf; um&Plypm&tm;jzifh 'kuú#ftmywf[k
ac:tyfonf/ þ'kuú#ftmywfonf t&mus,fí rsm;jym;\/ txl;
avhvmrSwof m;xm;oifah omaMumifh &Edik o
f rQ pkaqmif;í wifjyrnf
jzpfonf/
t|uxmüvmaom 'kkuú#f (8) rsKd;
1/ ykAyÁ a,m*'ku#ú ?f 2/ o[ya,m*'kuk #ú ?f 3/ temrmo'ku#ú f?
4/ 'k½lypdPÖ'kuú#?f 5/ 0de,'kuú#f? 6/ Ów'kuú#f? 7/ Úwåd'kuú#f? 8/
y#dó0'kuú#ftm;jzifh (8)yg; jyqdk\/
1/ arxkerf I rjzpfrD a&S;tzdüYk jzpfaom 'ku#ú ?f cd;k onfrS a&S;tzdüYk oif-h
aom 'kuú#fwdkYonf ykAÁya,m*'kuú#f rnf\/ yg&mZduav;yg;?
oHCm'daoofwdkY\ a&S;tzdkYü oifh&aom 'kuú#frsm;vnf; þü
0ifoifhonf/
2/ cd;k onfEiS hf wuGjzpfaom 'ku#ú ?f jrK§ yx
f m;aom a&Tt;kd aiGt;kd ponf-
udk cd;k &mü a&Tt;kd aiGt;kd wd\
Yk tay:ü aygufa&mufaeaom opfyifukd
jzwfjcif; ajrudk wl;jcif;paom ya,m*ESifhwuGjzpfaom 'kuú#fudk
o[ya,m*'kuú#f[k ac:onf/
3/ &wem (10)yg;? pyg;rsK;d (7)yg;? vufeuf[o l rQ? wl&, d mrsK;d [lorQ?
rde;f r½kyyf ?Hk "mwfypHk onfrsm;udk ok;H oyfrjd cif;aMumifh oifah om 'ku#ú -f
wnf;/ temrmo'kuú#f rnf\/
4/ opfyifü wnf&dSaom pm;zG,ftoD;t&GufwdkYudk udkifrd xdrdjcif;?
tuyfrcH&ao;aom cJzG,f abmZOfESifh umvduav;yg;? pm;-
aomufzG,f&mrsm;udk (vlç omraP rdbponfwdkYtm; ay;&ef
r[kwb f )J oufouf vufaqmh ajcaqmhoabmjzifh xdvQif (ae&m
ra&GUapbJ udkifvQif) 'k½lypdPÖ'kuú#f? (Oyrm - omraPrsm; qGrf;-
csuf&mokdYoGm;í qGrf;[if;tdk;udk zGifhjcif;? tuyfrcH&ao;aom
oydwf\ tzkH;udk zGifhMunfhjcif; ponfwdkYwnf;/)
5/ qGr;f cH<uaepOf jrLrIeu f saom qGr;f &Sad om oydwu f kd wpfzef tuyf-
rcH qGrf;qufcHjcif;aMumifh oifhaom 0de,'kuú#f/
6/ oHCmoif;cJGjcif;iSm tm;xkwfvkHYvjyKaeaom &[ef;tm; rqdkqkH;r
jcif;aMumifh oifhaom Ów'kuú#f/
7/ oHCmonf Úwfur®0gpmjzifh qkH;raomtcg ÚwftqkH;ü oifh-
aom Úwåd'kuú#f/
8/ þausmif;wdu k üf 0gqdyk gtH[
h k 0efcNH y;D rS 0grqdjk cif;aMumifh oifah om
y#dó0'kuú#f[k - t|uxmü 'kuú#f (8)rsKd; jyqdk\/
xdkYjyif - 9/ 0wåab''kuú#f? 10/ o'¨ga',s0dedygw'kuú#f? 11/
O*¾[dw'kuú#f? 12/ taEÅm0kw¬'kuú#f? 13/ taEÅmyuú'kuú#f? 14/
omrHyuú'kuú#f? 15/ ykeyuú'kuú#f? 16/ ADZ*grygwAs'kuú#f? 17/
aocd,'kuú#f ponfjzifh 'kuú#ftmywfrsm;vnf; &Sdao;\/
9/ 0wåab''kuú#f
r[m0g plV0g 0wåcEüü ynwfawmfrt l yfaom 0wfBu;D (14)yg;?
0wfi,f (22)yg;twdkif; rusifhvQif 0wåab''kuú#ftmywf oifh\/
10/ o'¨ga',s0dedygw'kuú#f
tvSL&Siw f o
Ykd nf o'¨gw&m; a&SUxm;í vSLxm;aom ypön;f rsm;udk
vSLaom 'g,umç 'g,dumrrsm;\ o'¨gw&m;ysupf ;D atmif raumif;-
ojzifh okH;pGJvQif o'¨ga',s0dedygw'kuú#ftmywf oifh\/
11/ O*¾[dw'kuú#f
'k½yl pdP'Ö u
k #ú üf jyqdx
k m;aom cJz, G f abmZOfEiS hf umvduav;yg;?
pm;aomufzG,f&mrsm;udk udkif½kH xd½kHrubJ ae&mrS a&GUavmufatmif
ajr§mufcsDqGJrvQif O*¾[dw'kuú#ftmywf oifh\/ 'k½lypdPÖjzpfaom
tpm;tpmudk udkifaom xdaom &[ef;wpfyg;om rpm;aumif;
raomufaumif;? tjcm;&[ef;rsm;um; pm;aumif;ao;\/ tuyfrcH-
&ao;aom tpm;tpmukd ajrm§ ufcsrD çrdvQif xdOk *¾[w d jzpfaom tpm;-
tpmudkum; &[ef;tm;vkH;yif rpm;aomufaumif;awmhNyD/ xdkYaMumifh
&[ef;awmfrsm;onf tuyfrcH&ao;aom tpm;tpmrsm;udk xdjcif;ç
a&GUjcif;ç rjcif;ç udkifajr§mufjcif; rjyKrdap&ef ta&;BuD;vSonf/
12/ taEÅm0kw¬'kuú#f
tuyÜd,uk#d (= rtyfaomausmif;)wdkYü o[ao,savmuf-
aom trd;k tumt&HtwGi;f ü ,m0umvdu? ,mrumvdu ESprf sK;d wdu Yk kd
t½kPfwufonfhwdkifatmif okdrSD;odrf;qnf;í nodyfxm;jcif;udk
tvsif; rjyK&/ nOfhodyfxm;jcif;udk jyKcJhaomf xdk0w¬Konf taEÅm0kw¬
jzpf\/ xd0k w¬Kukd tuyfcpH m;aomufaom &[ef;tm; taEÅm0kw'¬ u k #ú -f
tmywf oifh\/
13/ taEÅmyuú'kuú#f
xdk tuyÜ, d uk#aD usmif;twGi;f ü xdu
k mvduESprf sK;d wdu
Yk kd vlç om-
raPwdkY csufjyKwfaMumfavSmfcJhonf&dSaomf xdk0w¬KwdkYonf taEÅmyuú
jzpfukef\/ xkd0w¬KwdkYudk pm;aomufaom &[ef;tm; taEÅmyuú'kuú#f
tmywf oifh\/ tuyÜd,uk#Dausmif;ESifh pyfí aoemoeausmif;-
tcef;ü jyqdkrnf jzpfygonf/
14/ omrHyuú'kuú#f
&[ef;ud,k wf ikd f a&S;umvduESprf sK;d wdu
Yk kd uyÜ,
d ausmif;? tuyÜ, d -
ausmif; tjcm;ae&mwdüYk aMumfavSmf csujf yKwf zkwu f if aygif;jcif;wdu
Yk kd
rjyK&m? rjyKaumif;ay/ xdkodkY jyKcJhaomf xdk0w¬Ktm;vkH;onf omrHyuú
jzpfawmh\/ xdo k mrHyuú0w¬Kukd pm;aomufaom &[ef;tm;vk;H omrH-
yuú'kuú#ftmywf oifh\/
15/ ykeyuú'kuú#f
vlç omraPwdYk csuí f usuNf y;D aom umvduESprf sK;d wduYk kd wpfzef
jyefcsufrIç jyefaET;rIonf ykeyuúrnf\? &[ef;udk,fwdkif jyKvkyfEdkif\?
tjypf r&Sd? usufNyD;aom xrif;at; [if;at;wdkYudk &[ef;udk,fwdkif
rD;ü aET;tyf\? usufNyD;aom xrif;udk ,ref; (qefjyKwf)jzpfatmif
usKdEdkif\? usKdaumif;\? &[ef;udk,fwkdif usKdaomç aET;aom 0w¬Kudk-
rlum; a&SUumvdu0w¬KEpS rf sK;d wdEYk iS hf ra&mr,Suaf pbJ oufoufo;D jcm;
pm;aomuf bkO;f ay;tyf\/ a&maESmí pm;aomufcahJ omf ykeyuú'u k #ú f
tmywfoif\ h / taEÅm0kw?¬ taEÅmyuú? omrHyuú? ykeyuú þav;csu-f
wdkYudk uGJuGJjym;jym;odatmif avhvm rSwfom;oifh\/
(aqmif) taEÅm0kw¬ç taEÅmyuúç omrHyuúç þokH;0? ,m0 ,mrrSm/
usufNyD;udkvsuf? wpfzefcsuf? oufouftyfonfom/
a&SUumvdESpf? a&mjyefvpf? tjypf &Sdjyefvm/
'kuú#f (3) rsKd; oifhEkdif

aemufumvduESprf sK;d owåm[umvdu? ,m0ZD0u d ESprf sK;d wdu
Yk m;
&[ef;ud, k w f ikd f aMumfavSmf csujf yKwaf omfvnf; taEÅm0kw?¬ taEÅmyuú?
omrHyuú jzpfapumrl 'kuú#f (3)rsKd;rS vGwfuif;Edkifonf/ odkYaomf a&S;
umvdujzpfaom ,m0umvdu (= cJzG,f abmZOf)? ,mrumvdu
(= tazsm, f rum)wdEYk iS hf ra&mr,Suf oufoufpm;aomufro S m tm-
ywfo;Hk rsK;d rS vGwu f if;Edik \
f / xdak &SUumvduESpyf g;ESihf a&maESmí rpm;-
aumif;? pm;aomufcJhaomf taEÅm0kw¬? taEÅmyuú? omrHyuú'kuú#f
tmywfokH;rsKd;wdkY oifha&mufEdkifonf/
16/ ADZ*grygwAs'kuú#f
rsK;d aphtaygif;udk ADZ*grf[k ac:onf/ rlv = tjrpf? cE¨ = yifpnf?
zvk = tqpf? t*¾ = tñGe?Yf ADZ = taph? þ ADZ*grfig;rsK;d udk zsuq
f ;D vQif
ADZ*grygwAs'kuú#ftmywf oifh\/ xdkYaMumifh &[ef;awmfrsm;onf xdk
rsKd;aphjzpfaom ig;rsKd;wdkYudk pm;aomufvdkvQif vlç omraPwdkYukd
uyÜdapjcif; jyKNyD;rSomvQif pm;aumif; bkOf;ay;aumif;onf/
17/ aocd,'kuú#f
aocd,odu©myk'frsm; vGefusL;vQif 'kuú#ftmywfoifh\/ xdkao-
cd,odum© yk'rf sm;udk pm&dw0å ed nf;jzpfjcif;udk jyqdak wmfrv
l akd omaMumifh
tmywftrnfwyfí ynwfawmfrrlacs/ xkdaocd,usifh0wfwdkYudk
rodíjzpfapç owdarhavsmhíjzpfapç vGefusL;vdkaom apwemr&Sdí
jzpfap rusifhrd rvdkufemrdvQif tjypfr&Sdç tmywfroifhaomfvnf;
odvsufESifh r½kdraojyKNyD; odvsufESifh rusifhaomfum; aocd,'kuú#f
tmywf oifh\/ odí usifhvQifum; tusKd;&onf/ *g&0ukodkvf
jzpfonf/
"""
'kAÇmodwtmywf
'kAÇmodwtmywf
('kAÇmodw = 'k + bmodw) 'k = raumif;ojzifh? bmodw =
ajymqdt k yfaom pum;? xko d Ykd raumif;ojzifh ajymrIaMumifh oifah &muf-
aom tmywfudk um&Plypm&tm;jzifh 'kkAÇmodwtmywf[k ac:&-
onf/ jyuf&,fajymifavSmif usDpm;vdkaom &,f&TifzG,fjzpfapvdkaom
oabmjzihf omraPudkjzpfapç vludk jzpfap ykaeoludk ]]vlxGm;BuD;
vmNyu D UJG ?}} t&yf&n
S o
f ul kd ]]vlyak v; vmNyu D UGJ ?}} ]]cwå, d Bu;D vmNyuD UJG ?}}
]]yd#uwft;kd Bu;D vmNyu D UJG ?}} ]]&[EÅmBu;D <uvmNyu D UJG }}ponfjzifh ajymqd-k
jcif;rsKd;[lorQwdkYudk 'kAÇmodwtmywf[k rSwftyf\/ usDpm;aemuf-
ajymifwwfaom &[ef;rsm;onf þ'kAmÇ odwtmywf oifw h wfaMumif;
owdjyKí a&SmifMuOfoifhonf/
w&m;tm;xkwaf eaom toifoal wmfaumif;onf (tPkrawå-
ok 0aZÆok b,'óm0D 0d[&wd) tEkjrLyrm ao;i,fpGmaom tjypf
k nf;aumif;ç (tEÅ&m-
tmywfwüYkd ab;Bu;D [lí ½Ijrifvsuf ae&rnf[v
,daum "ar®m 0kawåm b*0wm) psmefr*fzdkvf\ tEÅ&m,fudk jyKwwf-
\[kvnf;aumif;ç jrwfpGmbk&m; owday; a[mMum;xm;awmfrlcsuf
&Sdayonf/
'kuú#fESifh 'kAÇmodwtmywfrsm;
'ku#ú Ef iS hf 'kAmÇ odwtmywfrsm;udk 0denf;ygVdawmfvmtwdik ;f xyfrH
&SmazGwifjyygOD;rnf/
a&tdrf (0pöu#k )D okYd a&S;OD;pGm 0ifrnf&h [ef;ukd wm;jrpfí rdrt d vsif
0ifjcif;aMumifh 'kuú#ftmywfoifh\/ a&qdyfokdY a&S;OD;pGm oufrnfh
&[ef;ukd jrifí rdrd tvsifoufjcif;? qGrf;cH&GmokdY a&S;OD;pGm 0ifrnfh
&[ef;ukd wm;jrpfí rdrd tvsi0f ifjcif;? (þtcsuu f dk axmufí 0pöu#k D
a&csKd;qdyf qGrf;cH&Gm 0if&mwkdYü ax&fpOf0gvkduf apmifh&ef rvkday??)
oDwif;Bu;D u rwku d w
f eG ;f ygbJvsuf cGirhf yefMum;bJvsuf w&m;a[m-
jcif;? ygwdarmufjyjcif;? jyóem ar;jcif;? oDwif;Bu;D vm&mwGif ae&mrS
rxjcif;? oDwif;BuD;ESifh wpfcef;wnf; twlaevQif rax&fBuD;ukd
ryefMum;bJ pmtHo&ZÑm,fjcif;? qDrD;nd§xGef;jcif; (vQyfppfrD; zGifhjcif;ç
ydwfjcif;) avoGefwHcg; ponfukd zGifhjcif;ç ydwfjcif;? rdpämt,l&Sdaom
&[ef;ukd &Sdckd;jcif;? Ou©dwåu&[ef;ukkd &Sdckd;jcif;? y&d0gofaqmufwnfqJ
&[ef;ç t&if;okdY iifxkdufaom &[ef;ç rmewfusifhqJ&[ef;ç rmewf-
ay;xku d af om &[ef;ç tAÇmefoiG ;f xku kd af om &[ef;ç þ ur®m&[&[ef;
(5)rsKd;wdkYudk &Sdcdk;jcif;? t0wfruyfaom &[ef;udk &Sdcdk;jcif;? t0wf
ruyfbJ oDwif;Bu;D udk &Scd ;kd jcif;? 0denf;ü rvdrm® bJvsuf OyZÑm,fq&m
edó,nf;q&m jyKjcif;? tvZÆD&[ef;wdkYtm; edó,nf;ay;jcif;?
tvZÆ&D [ef;wdu Yk kd trSeD ó
d ,nf;q&mjyKí aejcif;? edó,rkpu ö t*Fg-
rsm;ESihf rjynfph aHk o;bJ edó,nf;ay;wwfaom q&mudk rrDb S J aejcif;?
tmywf roifb h v J suf a'oemajymMum;jcif;? 0w¬Koabmwloifah om
tmywfukd a'oemajymMum;jcif;? oHCm'daooftmywf roifb h vJ suf
y&d0gofç rmewf aqmufwnfjcif;? uHr[kwo f nfukd uHjyKjcif;? 0k|meuH
oHCm'daooftmywfudk a'oemuHjyKjcif;? a'oemuHtmywfudk
0k|meuH jyKjcif;? vufuawmhu, kd 0f wf rwifbJ aqmifah Mumifrh xdik b f J
vuftkyfrcsDbJ a'oemajymMum;jcif;? OykofjyKjcif;? y0g&PmjyKjcif;?
q&mOyZÑm,fwdkYtm; &Sdcdk;jcif;paom 0wfudk rjyKjcif;? y&d0gofaejcif;?
paom ur®m&[t&mü wnfaepOf &[ef; omraPwdkY\ 0wfudk
om,mjcif;? ur®m&[yk*Kd¾ vw f Ykd usi&hf aom0wfukd rjznfu h sijhf cif;? 0gv-
wdkifvsuf 0gruyfjcif;? owåm[u&PD, rjyK&monfü owåm[-

u&PD, (0gyef) jyKí oGm;jcif;? cGifhjyKtyfaomtaMumif; r&SdbJvsuf
0óapä' (0gjywfjcif;)udk jzpfapjcif;? tvTr;f ok;H yg;wGif wpfyg;yg; r&S-d
bJvsuf rdarG;wdik ;f (uk, d wf ;Hk vk;H ) a&csK;d jcif;? (tvTr;f ok;H yg;um; t0wf-
tvTrf;? a&tvTrf;? taqmufttkHtvTrf;wnf;/) a&csKd;aomtcg
udk,fudk eH&H wdkif opfyifwdkYü yGwfjcif;? rSwfausmufrIefYjzifh yGwfjcif;?
wpfa,mufausmESifh wpfa,muf yGwfjcif;? udk,feHYeHol r[kwfbJvsuf
qyfjymarT;jzifh a&csK;d jcif;? yuwdy&k o d vufwpfq,fEh pS o f pfxuftvGef
&Snfaom wHyl ('efyl)udk pm;jcif;? ajcmufvufopfatmuf ,kwfaom
(0g) wdak om wHyu l kd pm;jcif;? aevGaJ omtcgü ydygoypö, (qmavmif-
rGwfodyfjcif;taMumif;) r&SdbJvsuf azsmf&nfudk aomufjcif;? aevGJ-
aomtcg (a*vnypö,) tem[laomtaMumif; r&Sb d v J suf owåm-
[umvduç ,m0ZD0duç axmywfç aq;ponfudk pm;rsKdjcif;? uGrf;ç
aq;&Gufç vufzufpm;jcif;? aMu;eD ponfjzifh jyKaom ytkyfü
qGrf;pm;jcif;? &[ef;ESpfyg; wpfcGufwnf;ü twlpm;jcif;? ukwifwpfck-
wnf;ü twltyd jf cif;? wpfcif;wnf; cif;í twltyd jf cif;? wpfxnfukd
twljcKH í tdyjf cif;? wpfcif; wpf½w Hk nf; cif;jcKH í tdyjf cif;? ok;H yg;xdik -f
avmufatmif r&Snaf om ae&mXmeü ok;H 0g ok;H 0gxuf tvGeBf u;D aom
&[ef;ESihf ae&mwef;wl xdik jf cif;? «rdrEd iS hf txufatmuf ok;H 0gtwGi;f &dS
(ESp0f gBu;D ESp0f gi,f) &[ef;ESihf ae&mwef;wlü twlxikd jf cif;iSm cGijhf yK\»
okH;yg;xdkifavmufatmif &Snfaom ae&mXmeüum; rdrdxuf okH;0gç
oHk;0gtxuf BuD;aom&[ef;ESifhvnf; ae&mwl xdkifEkdif\/ odkYaomf
anmifapmif; tif;ysOf ukwif xdik cf w Hk üYkd um; txufatmuf ESp0f gBu;D
ESp0f gi,f &[ef;ESpyf g;omvQif twlxidk Ef idk o f nf[k 0drwd0ad em'eD#u D m-
q&m qkd\/
qdwfç okd;ç orifç acsç pkdifç {PDrnfaom om;aumif qwfwkdY\
ta&rSwpfyg;aom om;a&wkdYjzifh jyKvkyfaom om;a&e,f tcif;ukd
ukd,fykdifypönf;tjzpfjzifh okH;aqmifjcif;? bk&m;&Sif wm;jrpfawmfrltyf-
aom u,0du, ú ponfaMumif&h aom ypön;f ukd ok;H aqmifjcif;? t*F-
aw ponfjzifh tajytjypf jyKtyfaom t&yfü zdeyfpD;jcif;? ausmif;
tdy&f m ae&mü zdeyfp;D jcif;? oHCm\ Opömjzpfaom anmifapmif; tif;-
ysOf ukwifxkdifckHwkdYukd raq; ryGwf rokwfaom ajcç pkdpGwfaom ajc
wkdYjzifh eif;jcif;? t*Faw ponfjzihf tajytjypf jyKtyfaom eH&Hudk
oHk;oyfjcif;? wHwdkif; eH&HwdkYü usifBuD; usifi,f trIduf pm;<uif;wdkYudk
pGeyYf pfjcif;? tem[laomtaMumif; r&db S v
J suf 'ku k #k f oif;ydik f {uoD-
ouFe;f jzihf jrif;acgif;ausmufqpf vSn&fh pfywfoikd ;f í tma,m*ywf-
zJUG vsuf aejcif;? ouFe;f udk raumif;ojzihf 0wf½jkH cif;? cg;yef;udk rzJUG bJ-
vsuf &GmwGif;okdY 0ifjcif;? wyfESpfoufaom pdwfjzihf qGrf;vSLaom
a,mufsm; rdef;rwdkY\ rsufESmç udk,ft*Fgç t*FgZmwfwdkYudk Munfhjcif;?
jiLplaom pdwfjzihf tjcm;&[ef;wpfyg;\ oydwfudk Munhfjcif;? tem-
[laom taMumif;r&SdbJvsuf rdrdrsufESmudk aMu;rkH (rSef) a&cGuf
ponfwdkYü Munfhjcif;? wpfyg;aomolu ][wfcsKd;}[k acsqwf&mü
]touf &Snyf gapaom0f}[k qdjk cif;? ujcif;ç uapjcif;ç oDqjkd cif;ç oDq-kd
apjcif;? w&m;awmfukd &Snaf om toHjzifh oDcsi;f uJo h Ykd oDqjkd cif;? (toH-
xif&mS ;atmif &Gwq f jkd cif;ukd cGijhf yK\/) oDqjkd cif;ç wD;rIwjf cif;ç ujcif;-
wdkYudk Munfh½Iem;axmifjcif;? (oDcsif;*DwoHrsm; zGifhxm;aom a&'D,dk
uufquf w,fvaD A;&Si;f wdu Yk dk em;axmifMunf½h jI cif;rsm; yg0ifEidk o f nf??)
yJGvrf;obifcHjcif;ç rif;eef;awmfudkjzpfap? qef;Mu,faom tdrfç
tm&mrfç jcHç O,smOfç a&uefwdkYudkjzpfap wrifoufouf oGm;Munfh-
jcif;? bk&m; w&m; oHCmudk taMumif;jyKí ]]ausmufbk&m;avm}}
]EGm;w&m;avm} ]om;taygif;avm} ]EGm;eDtkyfBuD;avm}ponfjzifh
jyuf&,fjyKjcif;? vl0wfaMumifwu Ykd o

hJ Ykd 0wfjcif;? ½kjH cif;? cg;awmif;usKd u-f
jcif; (þtcsufaMumifh tHoukd#f udk,fMuyf? wpfzufjywftusÐrsm;udk
r0wf½kHoifhay/) wpfpkHwpfckaom upm;rsKd;udk upm;jcif;? awmudk rD;-
wdkufjcif;? (teD;tyg; awmrD;avmifaeí ausmif;rD;avmifjcif;rS
umuG,f&eftvdkYiSm rD;BudKay;&ef t&Htwm; vkyf&ef cGifhjyKawmfrl\??)
ESpb
f uf 0efxyk 0f efy;dk &Sad om xrf;yd;k udk xrf;jcif;? ]qdik ;f }ç ]jcif;}jzifh oydw-f
ukd aqmifjcif; (þtcsufaMumifh tayguf ZumuGufygaom oydwf-
tdwfudk tcsKdUq&mawmfrsm; rESpfoufMujcif; jzpfonf/) &Snfaom
wkwjf zifh oydw&f adS om qdik ;f udk aqmifjcif;? 'g,umwdt Yk m; avmuGw-f
ysLiSm avmu0wf jyKjcif;? opfo;D ay;jcif;? yef;ay;jcif;? oDwif;ok;H azmf
rdbpaom olwdkYrS wpfyg; tjcm;olwdkYudk aq;ay;jcif;? aA'ifoifjcif;?
oifapjcif;/
umvtm;jzifh ESpfv? yrmPtm;jzifh vufESpfopfxuftvGef
&Snfaom qHyifudk rokwfoifbJ xm;jcif;? rkwfqdwfudk &Snfatmif
xm;jcif;? (Muifp,G )f EIwcf rf;arG;xm;jcif;? ESmacgif;rS tyodYk xGuaf tmif
&Snaf om ESmacgif;arG;udk rokwo f ifbJ xm;jcif;? vufonf; ajconf;-
wdkYudk tom;xuf &Snfapjcif;? ¤if;wdkYudk tajytjypf tvStyjyKjcif;?
yóm0r*fESifh vufuwD;Mum; csKdif;Mum;ü aygufaom tarG;wdkYudk
&dwfEkwfjcif;? &ifarG;wdkYudk &dwfEkwfjcif;? qHjzLudk Ekwfjcif;? Ekwfapjcif;?
tem[laom taMumif;r&SdbJvsuf qHyifudk uwfaMu;jzifh jzwfjcif;?
wpfocl efrY Q (vufcw k w
f pfazmifcefrY Q) wufí xif;ajcmufukd ,ljcif;rS
wpfyg; ab;r&Sb d vJ suf opfyifwufjcif;? tem[laom taMumif;r&Sb d -J
vsuf t*FgZmwfuMkd uOfí <uif;aom ud, k t
f *Fgudk jzwfjcif;? (t*FgZmwf
jzwfvQif xkv’pöOf;) tm[m&udk jzwfjcif; ponfjzifh rdrdudk,fudk
owfjcif;? a&ppf rygbJ t"GefY&Snfaom (,lZemcGJ = av;rdkif) c&D;odkY
oGm;jcif;? a&ppfiSm;aom &[ef;tm; a&ppf ray;jcif;? yef;csDa&;aom
t½kyf[lorQudk a&;jcif;? a&;apjcif;? xkjcif;? xkapjcif;? olwpfyg;\
y&dowfudk jzm;a,mif;jcif;? &[ef; omraPwdkYtm; rtyfr&maom
tusiu hf kd aqmufwnfapjcif;? *dvme (odrYk [kw)f &[ef;tdk r[kwb f -J
vsuf EGm;vSn;f jrif;vSn;f qdu
k uf m;rsm;udv
k nf;aumif;ç xrf;pif (a0g)
ukv
d nf;aumif;ç t0wfxrf;ukv d nf;aumif;ç vlEpS af ,muf vufcsi;f -
,Suíf aqmif,al om vufayGUtxrf;paom xrf;piftrsK;d rsK;d udv k nf;-
aumif; pD;jcif;[lorQwdkYonf 'kuú#fcsnf;wnf;/ (*dvme odkYr[kkwf
&[ef;tdk jzpfí pD;vQif txD;uaom ,mOfüomvQif pD;tyfonf/)
wdw¬dwdkY aqmufwnftyfaom ttçuJhokdY pum;rajymaom
tusifhukd aqmufwnfjcif;? remrzsm;bJvsuf &GmwGif;ü zdeyfpD;jcif;?
tvkH;pkH ndK a&T eD jzL rnf;aom tqif;&Sdukefaom zdeyfrsm;ukd pD;jcif;
(ck'ódu©medó, Oyg[eeda'ó) «tvkH;pkH uif;ajcrsm;ausmufukef;-
tqif;ç vdar®mfa&mif&Sdaom zdeyfç tvkH;pkH zuf&Gufa&mftqif;&Sdaom
zdeyfvnf; rtyf[k r[m0gygVdawmf jrefrmjyef pr®uE© u ¨ (272) pmyk'd f
(246)ü vm&Sd\/» tonf;wyfaom zdeyfrsm;? zaemifhzkH; wyfaom
zdeyfrsm;? zrkd;zkH;wyfaom zdeyfrsm;? jcaoFhç usm;ç usm;opfç opfeufç
zsHç aMumifç &SOfheufç ½SL;a&wkdYjzifh csKyfaom zdeyf ponfukd pD;jcif;?
rdr\d edó,nf;q&mç rdrx d uf ajcmuf0gBu;D aom tmp&d,rwåy*k Kd¾ vçf
rdrd\ OyZÑm,fq&mç rdrdxuf q,f0gBuD;aom OyZÑm,rwåyk*¾dKvfç
xkdyk*¾dKvfwkdY zdeyfrpD;vQif ¤if;yk*¾dKvfwkdY\ teD;tem; (q,fhESpfawmif
twGif;)ü zdeyfrpD;&jcif;/
tem[laom taMumif;vnf; r&S?d aeylr;dk &Gmjcif;vnf; r&S?d yuwd-
tcgü NrdKUwGif;&GmwGif; rqkdxm;bd ausmif;tm&mrf jyifyESifh awm
awmifrsm;üvnf; xD;raqmif;tyfjcif;? (xD;tvSaqmif;jcif;ukd qkdvkd
onf) xD;&GuftwGif;üvnf;aumif;ç trkd;üvnf;aumif; ig;yg;aom
tqif; &Su
d ek af om csnwf jYdk zifh csKyjf cif;iSm rtyf? xD;&Gut
f rk;d ü ru&f;-
oGm;oP²mefç vjcrf;oP²mef ponfwkdYukd xkjcif;iSm rtyf? xD;½kd;ü

a&;cs,fxm;aom MumyGifhonfvnf;aumif;? om;&J½kyfonfvnf;-
aumif;? Muq
H pfta&;onfvnf;aumif; rtyf? (xkd qdck NhJ y;D aom xD;rsm;
jzpfvQif t½kyfrsm; zsufíjzpfap tkyfxm;íjzpfap okH;oifhonf??)
]]vl omraP wd& pämefwkdYukd ½kdufESufvQif 'kuú#ftmywf oifh\/
ukd&if ausmif;om;rsm;ukd ½dkufESufí qkH;r&müvnf; 'kuú#ftmywfrS
rvGw[ f k owd&MdS uyguke}f }[k t&SiMf obmoa&;om;aom ]]0denf;Oy-
a'awmfBuD;pmtkyf}}ü vm&Sd\/ þonfwkdYum; 'kuú#ftmywfrsm;ukd
jyqkdjcif;wnf;/
"""
ygpdwåd,tmywf
ygpdwåd,tmywf
pdwHå ygawwDwd ygpdw,
då H? ukov
dk pf w d u
f dk usapwwfaomaMumifh
ygpdwtf mywf[k ac:&onf/ apwemESiw hf uG vGeu f sL;í oift
h yfaom
ygpdwftmywfjzpfonfhtcg ukokdvfpdwfrsm; uG,faysmufaomaMumifh
ukokdvfpdwfukd usapaom tmywf}}[k qkdonf/
]]uk
ygpdwåd, ½kyfNyD;xm;y
xm;ykH - ygpdwåd,-ü (pdwå + ygwd,)[k yk'f&if;
jzpf\/ ygw ESifh pdwåukd a&SUaemufjyef w-ukd acsí 0PÖ0dy&d,m,ç
0PÖavmyed½kwådenf;jzifh ygpdwåd,[k ½kyfNyD;onf/
1/ edó*¾d,ygpdwf?
2/ ok'ÿgpdwf?
3/ ab'euygpdwf?
4/ O'¨gveuygpdwf?
5/ aq'euygpdwf ponfjzifh ygpdwftmywfrsm;ukd cGJjcm;rSwfom;
oifhonf/
edó*¾d,ygpdwf
edóZD,Æ aw edó*¾, d ?H edóZÆeH edó*¾,
d ?H edóZÆw d AÁEdÅ edó*¾,
d ?H
edó*¾d,H tómwd edó*¾d,H/ edóZÆDwAÁH = pGefYxkduf\/ £wd = xkdY-
aMumifh? edó*¾d,H = edó*¾drnf\/ eddóZÆD,aw = pGefYjcif;? edó*¾d,H
pGejYf cif;? tó = xkyd gpdwt
f mywf\/ edó*¾, d H = pGejYf cif; 0denf;uHonf/
tw¬d = &S\
d / £wd = xkaYd Mumif/h wH = xkyd gpdwt
f mywfonf/ edó*¾,
d H
= edó*¾d,rnf\/
pGefYxkdufçpGefYtyfaom ypönf; (ur®om"e)
a'oemrMum;rD a&SUtzkdYü pGefYjcif;0denf;uH (bm0om"e)? ouFef;
paom edó*¾d,0w¬Kukd pGefYNyD;aemufü a'oemMum;tyfaomaMumifh
pGefYjcif;0denf;uH&Sdaom ygpdwftmywf (tów¬dw'¨dwf)? edó*¾dygpdwf
tmywfEiS hf pyfí pGex Yf udk af om ouFe;f ç pGex Yf u
dk af om qGr;f ç pGex
Yf u
dk -f
aom ausmif;ç pGex Yf u
dk af om aq;ç pGex Yf u dk af om tcif; paom tok;H -
taqmifç pGefYxkdufaom a&TaiG ponfjzifh odu©myk'f(30) &Sdonfhtm;-
avsmpf mG edó*d¾ ygpdwt f mywfrsm; rsm;pGmoifah &mufEidk o f jzifh owd&-dS
oifhayonf/
tmywfukpm;jcif;
edó*dy¾ gpdwt
f mywfonf a'oemajymMum;í Nird ;f aysmufaumif;
aom tmywfjzpfaomfvnf; pGeo Yf ifY pGex
Yf u
kd af om edó*¾0d w¬Kypön;f -
rsm;ukd 0denf;uHEiS t hf nD pGeNYf y;D rSomvQif a'oemMum;&rnf jzpfonf/
edó*d¾,0w¬Kypönf;rsm;ukd rpGefYvTwfbJ a'oemajymMum;jcif; tBudrf
&maxmif jyKaomfvnf; ,if;edó*dt ¾ mywfrS rxajrmufEidk f rvGwEf ikd -f
aMumif; owd&dSoifhvSonf/ ypönf;Opöm cifwG,fpGJvrf;olwdkY pGefYvTwf-
Ekid &f ef cJ,Of;vSonf/ oHCm'daooftmywfxufyif ukpm;&ef cJ,Of;-
EdkifaMumif; *½kjyKoifhonf/
tmvsjywf pGefY&rnfhypönf;rsm;
rdru
d ,
kd w f ikd f om,mí tvIcx
H m;aom a&TaiGEiS hf xdak &TaiGwjYkd zifh
0,f,lxm;aom toHk;taqmifypönf;rsm;ç ukv'loerI taeoerI
rdpämZD0rIwdkYjzifh &&Sdxm;aom ypönf;rsm;udk iJhuGufwG,fwmrI r&SdbJ
tNy;D tydik f tmvsjywf pGeNYf y;D rSom a'oemuHjyKí tmywfrS xajrmuf

Nird ;f aysmufEikd \
f / xdaYk Mumifh tqdyk gypön;f wdu
Yk kd tNy;D tydik f tmvsjywf
pGeo Yf ifMh uonf/ xdrk S <uif;aom edó*d, ¾ ypön;f wduYk rkd l qdik &f m0denf;uH
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0denf;"dk&fu pD&ifNyD; jyefay;vQif oHk;pGJaumif;aom edó*d¾ypönf;rsm;
&Sdao;onfudkvnf; od&dSrSwfom; avhvmxm;oifhonf/
edó*d¾ypönf; pGefYenf;rsm;
edó*¾dypönf;rsm;udk pGefY&mü (1) oHCmxH pGefYenf;? (2) ESpfyg;
oH;k yg; *kP
d ;f xH pGeeYf nf;? (3) wpfyg;wnf; yk*Kd¾ vx f H pGeeYf nf;[k ygVdawmfü
(3)enf; a[mMum;xm;awmfro l nf/ temrmoa&TaiGukd pGejYf cif;ç a&TaiG-
ESihf qufpyfí jzpfay:vmaom ypön;f wdYk edó*¾x d ukd í f pGe&fY mü oHCm
tv,fü pGe&Yf onf/ *dP k ;f yk*Kd¾ vxf H pGeí
Yf r&aomaMumifh *dP k ;f ç yk*Kd¾ vx
f H
pGefYenf;wdkYudk ra[mMum;yg/
a&TaiGESifhpyfí edó*¾dxdkufyHk
a&TaiGESifhpyfí edó*¾dxdkufyHk t&mus,f0ef;aomaMumifhvnf;-
aumif;ç Ak'¨bmomtrsm;pkwdkYuvnf; a&TaiGudkom vSLaeMuaom-
aMumifv
h nf;aumif;ç &[ef;awmftrsm;pkuvnf; a&TaiGvLS rSom aygYyg;
vG,fulí vufcHoabmusaeMuívnf;aumif;ç ,lqyHktrsKd;rsKd; &Sd-
aomaMumifv h nf;aumif;ç pGe&Yf müvnf; cufcaJ omaMumifv h nf;aumif;
edó*¾d (30)wdkYwGif a&TaiGESifhpyfaom edó*¾drsm;udk a&S;OD;pGm wifjy-
vdkygonf/ omoemawmftwGuf tvGef ta&;BuD;vSygonf/
½lyd,odu©myk'f
a&TaiGEiS hf pyfí edó*¾x
d u
kd yf kH rxduk yf rkH sm; od&&dS ef ½ly,
d odum© yk'çf
½lyd,oHa0g[m&odu©myk'fç &mZodu©myk'fç ar@uodu©myk'f (r[m0g
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a&TaiG'*Fg;ydkufqHwdkYudk udk,fwdkifvnf; tvSL rcH&? olwpfyg;udk-
vnf; rcH,lap&? tvSLcH rcdkif;&? teD;ta0;ü tyfESHvSL'gef;onfudk-
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f mywf oif\ h /
tvSLcH&mü 'kuú#f0w¬Krsm;
a&TaiGukd MuOfí <uif;aom &wem&Spyf g;udk cH,jl cif;? apwDç oHCmç
wpfjcm;yk*d¾KvfwdkYtwGuf &wem (10)yg;udk cH,ljcif;? pyg;rsKd; (7)yg;ç
uReaf ,mufsm;ç uRerf ed ;f rç opfo;D O,smOfç yef;O,smOfç opfo;D jcçH yef;jcH
tvSLcHvQif 'kuú#ftmywf oifh\/
(aqmif) a&TaiG'*Fg;? ydu
k q
f rH sm;? cHjim; edó*¾/d jr&wem ykv?J aMumifrsu-f
&GJ oGif;? c½koif;ESifh? (ausmuf) pvif;oEÅm? rSwf&m wpfjcm;?
ywåjrm;eDajymuf? oGif;avSmuf "n? owårsKd;rnf? 'goD 'go?
acwå0w¬K? ESpfck tm&mrf tvSLcH? trSef 'kuú#fcsnf;/
a&TaiGukd vufcHom,mpkxm;jcif;onf tyg,fav;yg;odkY oGm;zdkY
p&dwfpkxm;onfESifh wl\/ tpGJoefav tjypfBuD;av jzpfonf/ xdkY-
aMumifh pkxm;rdNy;D jzpfvQif 0denf;ESit
hf nD pGeí
Yf pifMu,fatmif ukpm;-
awmfrlMuygukef/
t*Fg (3) yg; - (1) a&TaiGjzpfjcif;? (2) rdrdzdkY rdrdtwGufjzpfjcif;?
(3) udk,fwdkifjzpfapç olwpfyg;udkjzpfap cH,lom,mjcif;? aygif; (3)yg;
wnf;/
(aqmif) a&TaiG jzpfcsuf1? rdrdwGuf[l2? cH,lçcHap om,may3? oifhav
½lyd,/
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onf ykw;D em;uyf qGBJ uKd ;ponfjzifh vuf0wfwefqm jyKNy;D aom a&TaiGç
vuf0wfwefqm rjyK&ao;aom a&TwkH;a&TcJç aiGwkH;aiGcJç a&T'*Fg;
aiG'*Fg;ç ydkufqHaiGpuúL ponfwdkYwnf;/ vJvS,f a&mif;0,f[lonf
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wdkYwnf;/
edó*¾dtqifhqifh tmywftqifhqifh
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d odum© yk't
f & edó*¾d
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f ygpdwof if\h / xdek ó
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xdkypönf;rsm;vnf; edó*¾dxdkufjyefavonf/
edó*¾x d ukd af eaom xdyk pön;f wdu
Yk kd rpGeb Yf J ok;H pGjJ yefvQif ok;H pGwJ idk ;f
ok;H pGw
J idk ;f 'ku#ú t f mywf oifjh yefum tjcm;&[ef;awmfrsm;tm; vSLvQif
wjcm;&[ef;awmfrsm;vnf; xdkYtwl 'kuú#ftmywf oifhjyef\/ 'kuú#f-
tmywfawG ay;a0aeonfEiS hf wlawmh\/ eufeufeeJ J qifjcifpOfpm;-
oifah omt&m jzpfonf/ edó*¾yd pön;f wdu Yk kd rpGeyYf gbJ 0denf;uHEiS t hf nD
rpGefYbJ tBudrfaygif;&maxmif a'oemMum;aomfvnf; xdkedó*¾d
tmywfrS rpifMu,fEdkifonfudkvnf; txl;owdjyKoifhvS\/
t*Fg (2) yg; - (1) vJvS,ftyfaom0w¬Kç vJvS,faMumif;0w¬KwkdY
wGif wpfckckbufü a&TaiGjzpfjcif;? (2) vJvS,fzvS,fjcif;[lí t*Fg
ESpfyg;wnf;/
(aqmif) vJv,S tf yfawmif;? vJv, S af Mumif;jzif?h taygif; ESpaf xG? wpf-
axGaxGü? a&TaiGjzpfjcif; ? vJvS,fjcif;[k2? aMumif;&if; ESpfvD?
1
t*FgnD? oifhNyD oHa0g[/

a&TaiGESifhpyfaom edó*dypönf;rsm; pGefYykH
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edó*dypön;f wku Yd dk pGe&Yf mü oHCmç *kP
d ;f ç yk*Kd¾ vt
f m;vk;H yif rtyfaom-
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aom ouFef;paom tjcm;edó*¾dypönf;rsm; pGefYouJhokdY oHCmç *kdPf;ç
yk*¾dKvfç &[ef;wkdYxHü pGefYcGifh r&? oHCmtv,fwGifom pGefY&onf/
(ygVdvkd pGefYykH) ]]t[H baEÅ ½lyd,H y#d*¾a[oð? £'H ar edó*¾d,H?
£rm[H oHCó edóZÆmrd}}}[k ygVdvkdjzpfap?
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om,mrdygNy?D þa&TaiGonf wynfah wmftm; pGex Yf u
dk af eygonf/ þa&T
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pGefYNyD;aom ypönf;ukd tokH;jyKykH
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wpfa,mufa,mufvmvQif ]]þ[mukd odavmh}}[k ajym&rnf/ ]]þaiG
jzifh bmukd ,lcJh&rnfenf;}}[k 'umu avQmufxm;vQif ]]rnfonfh-

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aumif;\/
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&jcif;onf a&TaiGudk pGefY&jcif;\ tusKd;yifwnf;/
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&[ef;}[k Úwfur®0gjzifh orkw&f rnf/ xkad &TaiGpeG &Yf [ef;\ jynfph &Hk rnfh
t*Fgig;yg;wkdYrSm -
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[m*wdodkY rvdkuf&m? 4/ b,m*wdodkY rvdkuf&m? 5/ pGefYtyf rpGefY-
tyfonfudkvnf; od&m\ - [k t*Fgig;yg;wkdYwnf;/
Úwfur®0gpmjzifh orkwfykH
okPmwk ar baEÅ oHaCm ,'d oHCó ywåuv’H? oHaCm
(£w¬EémrH) bdu©KH ½lyd,q×uH or®aEé,s {om Úwåd/
okPmwk ar baEÅ oHaCm? oHaCm (£w¬EémrH) bdu©KH ½lyd,-
q×uH or®Eéwd? ,óm,o®awm crwd (£w¬Eémró) bdu©Kaem
½lyd,q×uó or®Kwd? aom wkPSó ,ó eu©rwd aom
bmao,s/
or®awm oHaCe (£w¬Eémarm) bdu©K ½lyd,q×aum crwd
oHCó wo®m wkPSD {0arwH "m&,mrd/ (yg&mZduPfygVd?346)
or®Kwd&NyD;aom (0g) orkwfNyD;aom &[ef;onf pGefYxm;aom
a&TaiGudk awmcsKHMum;odkYjzpfapç a&tdkifodkYjzpfap oGm;í usrnfhae&m
edrwd t
f rSwt
f om;udk rjyKbJ usv&kd m usap[k pGeyYf pf&rnf/ tu,fí
xd&k [ef;onf a&TaiGukd trSwt f om;jyKí usaptHh (pGeyYf pft)hH 'ku#ú -f
tmywf oifh\/
a&TaiG tvSLcHrdaom &[ef; owdxm;&ef
xdpk eG NYf y;D aom a&TaiGrS uyÜ,
d wdu
Yk uyÜ0d ,f,al y;aom ypön;f rsm;-
um; roHk;pJGaumif; rtyfawmhacs/ oHCmrS a0pk&aom ypönf;udk
&[ef;ç omraPç uyÜd,wdkYu wpfqifhay;aomfvnf; xdkypönf;wdkYudk
roHk;pJGaumif;? xdkpGefYNyD; a&TaiGjzifh opfyifrsKd;aphudk 'g,umwdkY0,fí
pdkufxm;aom opfyifüaomfrQ xdka&TaiGudk tvSSLcHrdaom &[ef;rSm
t&dyf rcdak umif;? xdak iGjzifh 0,f,x l m;tyfaom qDr;D a&mifç vQypf pfr;D -
a&mifü pmaomfrQ rMunfh½I rydkYcsaumif;awmhacs/

(ygwdarmufbmom#Dum)
½lyd,oHa0g[m&odu©myk'fvm pGefYenf;
a&TaiGjzifh 0,f,l vJvS,frdaom ouFef;paom edó*¾d,ypönf;-
rsm;ukd tvSLcH,lrdaom a&TaiGuJhodkY *dkPf;ç yk*d¾KvfwdkYxH rpGefY&? rpGefY-
aumif;? oHCmh tv,füom pGefY&onf[k owdjyKygav/
ygVdvdk pGefYyHk - ]]t[H baEÅ emeyÜum&uH ½lyd,oHa0g[m&H
ormyZÆð? £'H edó*¾d,H? £rm[H oHCó edóZÆmrd}}/
jrefrmvkd pGefYykH - ]]t&Sib
f &k m; wynfah wmfonf a&TaiGjzifh 0,f,l
vJv, S rf ad om (ouFe;f ) edó*¾x d u dk af eygonf/ þ (ouFe;f )ukd oHCm-
tm; wynfah wmf pGeyYf g\}}[k qkí d pGe&Yf rnf/ þokYd pGeí
Yf ½ly,
d odum© -
yk'fü pDpOfonfhtwkdif; pDpOf&rnf/
a&TaiGjzifh 0,f,lxm;aom ouFef;ç pmtkyf ponfwkdYukd pGefY&mü-
vnf; tNy;D tjywf pGe&Yf rnfjzpfonfrmS xif&mS ;ygonf/ edó*dxu dk -f
Ekid af om ypön;f wkwYd iG f ausmif;ESihf ausmif;&majr? rdrcd E¨muk,
d üf tao
wyfqifxm;aom a&ToGm;ç aiGoGm;ç rsufMunfrSefç aiG½kd;ç ponfrsm;
jyKjyifwyfqifvadk omtcg tyfpyfatmif wpfzef jyKjyifjcif;iSm cJ,Of;-
vS\/ xkdYaMumifh tpGefY& tjyif& cufcJaom 0w¬Kypönf;rsm;ukd edó*¾d
rxkdufap&ef txl; apmifha&SmufawmfrlMuygukef/
ywåpwkuú
(yg&mZduPf?|?277-228/)
þae&m0,f a&TaiGjzifh vJvS,frdaom edó*¾d,ypönf;\ tjypf
BuD;av;ykHukd em;vnfzkdY&ef 0denf;"kd&frsm;\ e,fü tvGefxif&Sm;aom
]]ywåpwkuú}}}ac: oydwfav;vkH; ykHpHtaMumif;ukd enf;,lMu&ef jyqkd-
OD;tHh/
1/ &[ef;wpfyg;onf a&TaiGudk tvSLcH,í l ,if;a&TaiGjzifh oHrsK;d aphudk
0,f,lum oydwfukd xkvkyfap\/ þoydwfum; r[mtuyÜd,-
oydwf = tBuD;tus,f rtyfaom oydwfrnf\/
e ouúm auepd Oyga,e uyÜda,mumwHk/ (0d?|?2? 277)
= rnfonfh taMumif;Oyg,fwpfrsOfjzihf &[ef;awmfwkdYtm;
tyfpyfatmif jyKvkyfíum; r&Ekdif/ (0d?|?2? 277/)
tu,fí xko d ydwu
f dk zsuu
f m cGujf yKvyk v
f Qiv
f nf; xkcd u
G o
f nf
&[ef;awmfwkdYtm; rtyfonfomwnf;/ xkdoydwf yJcGyfjyKvkyfum xkd
yJcGyfjzifh jzwftyfaom wHylonfvnf; &[ef;awmfwkdYtm; rtyfonf
omwnf;/ ig;jr§m;csdyfjyKvkyfum xkdig;jr§m;csdyfjzifh ig;jr§m;cJhaomf
xkdig;onfvnf; rtyfonfomwnf;/ ,if;yJcGyfukd rD;ylatmif zkwfí
a&xJokdY ypfcsum a&ukd ylatmif aEG;atmifç EGm;EkdUxJokdY ypfcsum
EGm;EkdYukd ylatmif aEG;atmif jyKvkyfapcJhaomf ,if;EGm;EkdYonfvnf;
rtyfonfomwnf;/ (0d?|?2? 277/)
«ausmif;ponfü opfç 0g;ç xk;H ç oJç ausmufponfwo Ydk nf ausmif;-
rsK;d apY? ouFe;f ü ydww
f çdk zsipf ç csnpf onfwo
Ydk nf ouFe;f rsK;d aph? qGr;f ü
qefç qDç qm;ç MuufoGef ponfwkdYonf qGrf;rsKd;aph? aq;ü odaE¨mç
i½kwfaumif; ponfwkdYonf aq;rsKd;aph ponfjzifh odygav/»
2/ &[ef;wpfyg;onf a&TaiGukd tvSLcH,lum ,if;a&TaiGjzifh oydwfukd
0,f,l\/ toifhjyKvkyfNyD; oydwfukd ukd,fwkdif 0,f,l\/ þ
oydwfonfvnf; &[ef;awmfwkdYtm; rtyfaom tuyÜd,oydwf-
yifwnf;/
]]oDwif;oHk;azmfig;OD;vHk;wdkYtm;yif rtyfay}}[k r[mypö&dt|-
uxmü rdefYqkdxm;\/ okdYaomf ,if;oydwfukd &[ef;awmfwkdYtm;
tyfpyfaom oydwfjzpfatmif jyKvkyfEkdifao;\/ jyKvkyfyHkrSm oydwfukd
oydw&f iS t
f m; jyefay;í oydw\f wefz;dk a&TaiGudk rlvykid &f iS f (tvSL&Si)f
wkt
Yd m; jyefay;cJah omf ,if;oydwu
f dk tyfatmif jyKvyk Ef idk \ f / uyÜ,d -
wpfOD;tm; tyfpyfaom b@mwpfckckukd ay;um ,if;oydwfukd
,laqmifum toHk;jyKjcif;iSmum; tyfygay\/
3/ &[ef;wpfyg;onf a&TaiGudk uyÜ,d um&uwpfO;D OD;tm; tvSLcH,-l
apum ,if;uyÜd,um&uESifhtwl oydwfxkvkyf&m yef;yJzkdokdY
oGm;um oydwfukd jrifonfhtcg ]]þoydwfukd igESpfouf\}}[k
uyÜd,tm; a&TaiGukday;um ,if;oydwfukd tvkd&SdaMumif; tod-
ay;vkduf\/ þoydwfonf &[ef;wkdY tyfaom uyÜd,a0g[m&
toHk;tEHI;jzihf 0,f,lapumrl 'kwd,oydwfESifhwlonfom jzpfay-
onf/ taMumif;um; oydwf\ rlvwefzkd; a&TaiGukd tvSLcH,l-
xm;aomaMumifh jzpf\/
tb,fhaMumifh rdrdrS <uif;aom oDwif;oHk;azmfwkdYtm; rtyfyg
oenf;[lrl ---
rlvu rtyfaomenf;jzifh tvSLcH,lxm;aom oydwf\wefzkd;
a&TaiGukd rpGefUvTwfao;aomaMumifh jzpf\/ (0d?|?2?277/)
«rSwfcsuf --- þü rlvu uyÜd,vkyfoltm; rdrdtwGuf a&TaiGukd
rtyfaomenf;jzifh tvSLcH,xl m;apaomaMumifh - rdru
d ,
dk pf m; uyÜ,
d -
uvnf; rtyfaomenf;jzifh vufcHxm;aomaMumifh ,if;a&TaiGrSm -
Zmw½lyodu©myk'fü yg&Sdaom - ]]O*¾PSmay,s 0g}} - t& rtyfjcif;-
jzpf\/
4/ &[ef;awmfwpfyg;um; a&TaiGukdum; tvSLrcH,lay/ okdYaomf
tvSL&Siw f pfO;D OD;u ]]rax&fjrwftm; oydwu f dk 0,f,ul m vSL'gef;-
ylaZmfvu
dk yf g}}[k ckid ;f apvku
d af om uyÜ,
d um&uESit hf wl oydwxf -k
onfh yef;yJorm;tdrfokdY oGm;um oydwfukd awGUonftcg ]]þ
tojymaiGwkdYukd ,lí þoydwfukd ay;yg}}[k tojymaiGwkdYukd
ay;apí oydwu f dk ,lvu
dk \
f / þoydwu f m; xk&d [ef;tm;omvQif
rtyfay? tpDtrH rwwfaomaMumifh (aiGukd 0ifa&mufpDrHaom-
aMumifh) jzpf\/ tjcm; oDwif;oHk;azmfwkdYtm;um; tyfygao;\/
rlvwefzkd;jzpfonfh a&TaiGukd rcH,lxm;aomaMumihf jzpf\/
(0d?|?2? 278/)
þoydwf (4)vk;H wkw
Yd iG f yxroydwt
f rsK;d tpm; pm&if;0if edó*¾-d
xkdufaom ypönf;wkdYum; ---
e ouúm auepd Oyga,e uyÜda,m umwHk/ (0d?|?2? 277/)
rnfonhf taMumif;Oyg,fwHrsOfjzifh &[ef;awmfwkdYtm; tyfpyf-
atmif jyKvyk í
f um; r&Ekid f - [k zGiq
hf x
dk m;aomaMumifh oHCmhtv,fü
pGefYjcif;paom taMumif;y&d,m,fwkdYjzifhvnf; tyfpyfatmifum;
jyKvkyfí r&Ekdif - [k rSwfom;ygav/ oHCmhtv,fü pGefYjcif;paom
taMumif;Oyg,fjzifhvnf; ajz&Sif;í r&Ekdifaom oydwfwnf;/ <uif;-
ypönf;wkdYüvnf; enf;wloabmaygufyg/
tu,fí &[ef;awmfu a&TaiGudk tvSLrcH,b l J ]]rax&fjrwftm;
oydw0f ,f,l vSL'gef;vku
d yf g}}[k tvSL&Siu
f ckid ;f apaom uyÜ, d um&u
ESifhtwl oydwfxk&m yef;yJorm;tdrfokdY oGm;um oydwfukd awGYjrif-
onfhtcg ]]þoydwfukd igESpfouf\[kvnf;aumif;ç þoydwfukd ig
,layth}H }[kvnf;aumif; uyÜ, d um&utm; ajymjy\/ uyÜ, d um&u-
uvnf; yef;yJorm;tm; a&TaiGukd ay;um xkdoydwfukd ,lrnfh-
taMumif; today;vkduf\/ þoydwfukd tvHk;pHktyfaom bk&m;-
&SifwkdYtm;aomfvnf; oHk;aqmifxkdufaom oydwfwnf;/ (0d?|?2? 278/)
þü oydwfukd ykHpHjyKí qkdxm;aomfvnf; wjcm;ouFef;ç qGrf;ç
ausmif;okH;ypönf;rsm;üvnf; enf;wloabmaygufyg/
uyÜd,ESifhtwl aps;oGm;&mü owdxm;zG,f

uyd,Ü ESit
hf wl aps;0,fomG ;aom &[ef;onf 0denf;awmfEiS hf udu k f
nDapjcif;iSm xd&k [ef;onf aps;onftm; ]udik Mf unfyh g&ap}[k cGiyhf efí
rdrd ESpfouf&moydwfudk a&G;cs,ftyf\? a&G;cs,fEkdif\? ]]þ oydwfudk
ESpo
f uf\}}[lívnf;aumif;? ]]þoydwu f kd ,lv\kd }}[lívnf;aumif;
uyÜ, d tm; ajym&m\/ uyd, Ü u olUbmom aps;qpf0,f í &[ef;tm;
oydwfudk vSLtHh? xdkoydwf tyfpyf\/
txufygtwdik ;f &[ef;u ajymaomfvnf; uyd, Ü u em;rvnfí
oydw\ f wefz;kd udk ray;bJaeaomf ]oydww f efz;kd ukd ar;í odvu kd yf g}
[k ajymqdk&m\/ aps;qdkifodkY ra&mufrDaomfvnf; aps;qpfzkdY BudKwif
oifMum; ajymxm;&m\/ ]oydwf\ wefzdk;udk odvdkuf}[k þrQom
ajymqdEk idk \
f / þodYk ajymqdík oydwuf ,kd vl Qif ]'kApdÁ m&P} (= raumif;-
aom pDrjH cif;)rS uif;vGw\ f / &[ef;uk,
d w f ikd f aps;qpfjcif; 0,fjcif;rsm;-
udk usrf;*efwdkYü ]]'kAÁdpm&P}}[k qdk\/
xdkodkYypönf;rsm;udk uydÜ&mü 'kAÁdpm&PjzpfvQif rdrdrSm aiGrudkif
rcHaomfvnf; xdyk pön;f udk udik w
f idk ;f ok;H pGwJ ikd ;f 'ku#ú t
f mywf oifah wmh-
\/ a&TaiGEiS hf pyfí edó*¾yd pön;f pGeyYf 0kH g'trsK;d rsK;d ygVdawmfç t|uxmç
#Dumç tmp&d,0g' &So d nfrsm;udk EIid ;f csed f ,lqEdik &f ef wpfcpk D wifjyrnf
jzpfygonf/ tm;vHk;a&mí bk&m;a[mcsnf;[k r,lqoifhygaMumif;
odap&ef jzpfonf/
ygVdawmfvm pum;&yfrsm;
yg&mZduPfygVdawmf ½ly, d odum© yk'f ½ly, d oHa0g[m& odum© yk'-f
wdkYü bk&m;&Sifonf a&TaiGpGefYyHk a&TaiGESifhvJvS,fxm;aom ypönf;rsm;
pGefYyHkwdkYudk jyqdk&mwGif tjcm;aom edó*¾d,ypönf; pGefYouJhodkY oHCmç
*dP
k ;f ç yk*Kd¾ vf (3)rsK;d wdx
Yk H pGeyYf w
kH uYkd kd jyawmfrrlbJ oHCmhtv,fü pGeyYf EkH iS hf
orkw&d aom &[ef;u rnfonfah e&musap[k trSwt f om; rxm;bJ
tNy;D tjywf pGeyYf pfzYkd jyxm;onf/ uyd,
Ü a&mufvmvQif tyfpyfatmif
jyKvkyfí vSLygu a&TaiGudk tvSLcHaom &[ef;rSwpfyg; tjcm;&[ef;
oHCm oDwif;oH;k azmfrsm; tyfpyfonf[k jyqdyk gonf/ a&TaiGukd tvSL-
cHaom &[ef;rSmum; oHk;pGJcGifh jyKawmfrrlcJhyg/
yg&mZduPft|uxm pum;&yf
½ly,
d y#d*g¾ [uó ye auepd y&d,ma,e wawm OyÜEyé pö,-
y&dabma*g e 0¥wd - a&TaiGukd tvSLcHaom &[ef;rSm wpfpw kH pfcak om
y&d,m,fjzifh xdak &TaiGrS jzpfay:vmaom ypön;f rsm;udk oH;k aqmifjcif;-
onf rtyfpyfawmh[k zGifhqdkxm;onf/
om&w¬#Dumq&m0g'
]]e ouúm auepd Oyga,e uydÜa,m umwkEdEÅd £'H yÍöEéHa,0
o["r®dumeH tEÅa& y&d0wåeH oE¨m, 0kwåH? *d[D[d ye *a[wGm
twåaem oEÅuH uwGm 'dEéH oaAÁoH uyÜwD}}wd 0'EÅd/ (om&w¬?2?423)
ywåpwkuúü jycJhaom yxr r[mtuydÜ,oydwfü rnfonfh-
enf;ESifhrQ tyfatmifvkyfí r&awmh [l&m0,f &[ef;oHCmrsm;\
ypönf;taejzifh oydwf cGuf ponf ajymif;vGJaeorQudk &nf&G,fí
qdjk cif;wnf;/ ig;rQm;csw d [
f &l müvnf; tvZD&Æ [ef; jzpfvQif vkycf si&f m
vkyfrnf jzpfaomaMumifh tpGrf;ukef rtyfaomt&mudk ñTefjyjcif;
jzpfonf[k rSwf/ xkd wpfeHygwfvm oydwfç cGufç oHç edó*¾d,ypönf;-
rsm;ukd vlu 0,fíjzpfap vk,líjzpfap vlukd tNyD;tykdif ay;vkdufí
jzpfap vlyidk yf pön;f jzpfomG ;Ny;D aemuf vlwu
Ydk jyefvLS vQif xko
d ydwcf u
G f
ponfwkdY tyfaMumif;ukd om&w¬#Dumq&m qkd\/
tmp&d,0g'rsm;
awmifNrKd U r[m*E¨m½kq
H &mawmf\ ygwdarmufbmom#Dum (128)
ü þom&w¬#Dum0g'ukd vufcHEkdifygvQif rdrd tvSLcHrdaom a&TaiG
ponfukd rdbpaom vlwkdYtm; riJhruGuf r,lawmh[k tmvsjywf
pGev
Yf w
T Nf y;D aemuf rdbponfwu Ydk tyfpyfaom ypön;f rsm;ukd rdrd om;-
&[ef; okdYr[kwf tjcm;oDwif;okH;azmfwkdYtm; vSL&mü tyfonf[kyif
0efcHMu&ayvdrfhrnf/ aiGjzifh 0,ftyfaom ypönf;ESifh aiGwkdYrSm &[ef;-
rsm;twGuf oabmwl jzpfaomaMumifhwnf;[k rdefYqkdxm;ygonf/
0denf;"kd&fq&mawmfrsm; jzpfMuonfh t&n0goD*dkPf;udk pwif
wnfaxmifomG ;awmfral om yJc;l NrKd U bke;f awmfBu;D OD;oDv? armfvNrKd iNf rKd U
e,f zm;atmuf&mG acrduodyaHÜ usmif;q&mawmf b'ÉpÅ E´rd m t&Sijf rwf
wdo
Yk nfum; a&TaiGudk uk, d w f idk t
f vSLcHí xdak &TaiGrS jzpf ay:vmaom
edó*¾, d (rdryd ikd )f ypön;f rsm;? ukv'louç taeoeç rdpmä ZD0ypön;f rsm;udk
tNy;D tjywf rD;yH½k UdI oifo
h nf[k ,lqawmfrMl uaMumif; zm;atmufawm&
q&mawmf (pdwåvawmifausmif;) rdefYawmfrlonf/ omoemawmfü
tm;vHk;aom &[ef;wdkYtm; rtyfpyfaomaMumifh jzpfonf[k rdefYqdk-
awmfrlMuaMumif; od&Sd&ygonf/
bk&m;&Sifvufxuf 0w¬Kom"u
bk&m;&Sifvufxufawmfü &mZN*dK[fNrdKU eef;awmfwGif; tpnf;-
ta0;wpfckü pyfrdpyf&m pum;ajymMu&if;u &[ef;awmfrsm;onf
a&TaiGukd vmvSLvQif tvSLcH,al umif;\[k vltrsm; ajymqdMk uonfukd
rPdpVl urnfaom *grPd (vlBu;D vlaumif;) wpfa,mufu a&TaiGukd
rcH,laumif;[k uefYuGufajymqdkavonf/ xdkYaemuf xdkvlBuD;vl-
aumif;onf bk&m;&Six f o
H Ykd oGm;í oluefu
Y u
G f ajymqdck o
hJ nfrmS rSeyf g
\vm;bk&m;[k avQmufxm;avaomf jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sifu ]]*grPd
oifajymaom pum;onf rSe\ f ? &[ef;rsm;onf a&TaiGukd rcH,al umif;?
a&TaiGonf tyfvQif umr*kPfig;yg;vkH; (om;r,m;yg) oHk;pJGaumif;
vdrfhrnf/ xdk a&TaiGcH,loludk (orP"r®) &[ef;w&m;&Sdol r[kwf?
(ousykwåd,"r®) omuD0ifrif;om; igbk&m;\ w&m;&Sdol r[kwf[k
pifppfrSwfavavmh}}[k {uefrSwfom;zkdY rdefYawmfrlonf/ okdYaomf
ausmif;rSm rk;d rvkjH cif;paom ypön;f tvSLcHz, G &f m&Sv
d Qif jrufç oufu,f
ponfwu Ykd dk qGr;f cH&yfouJo
h Ydk oGm;í &yf&rnf/ ]bmukd tvk&d ydS govJ}[k
'g,umu avQmufxm;aomtcg (zdwfMum;ol jzpfoGm;í) ]jruf-
oufu,f tvk&d o dS nf opfom; tvk&d o dS nf vSn;f wkud pf &m&Síd vSn;f
EGm; acwåtvkd&dSonf} ponfjzifh ajymí tvSLcHaumif;\[k igbk&m;
cGifhjyKawmfrlonf/
a&TaiGuu dk m; rnfonfyh &d,m,fEiS rhf Q om,maumif; (cH,al umif;)
\[k cGifhrjyKEkdifaMumif; rdefYawmfrlavonf/
(oVm,e0.*¾ *grPdoH,kwfygVdawmf?509-510??)
avQmufxm;&mü owdjyK&ef
a&TaiGukd vSLvmvQif tvSLrcH y,fveS &f rnfom? vkjH cKH &m t&yf-
udkvnf; ñTefjycGifh r&Sd? uydÜ,vnf; rñTef;aumif;? tvSLvnf; rcH-
,lapaumif;? tvSL&Sif\ avQmufxm;yHk ta&;BuD;vS\/ ]]þa&TaiGrS
jzpfay:vmaom &[ef;wkdYESifh tyfpyfaomypönf;wkdYukd vSLvkdyg\
uyÜ,d ukd ñTejf yawmfryl g}}[k avQmufxm;vmrSomvQif &mZodum© yk'rf mS
ñTefjyonfhtwdkif; uyÜd,ukd ñTefjyEdkifonf/ tu,fí tvSL&Sifu
olUbmom uyÜd,ac:vmí olYuyÜd,jzifh vSL'gef;vkdygu ]]wynfh-
awmf\ uyÜd,rnfolxHü rnfrQwef tyfpyfaom ypönf;ukd tyfESH-
xm;ygonf? t&Sifbk&m; tvkd&Sdaomtcg &[ef;awmfwkdYESifh tyfpyf-
aom ypön;f ukd tvSLcHawmfryl g}}g}}[k avQmufxm;&rnf? þodaYk vQmuf-
xm;vQif ar@uodum© yk't f wdik ;f tvk&d adS om ypön;f udk tvSLcHEikd Nf y/D
&mZodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f
rif;ç olaX; tp&Sdaom 'g,umwdkYu &[ef;tm; ouFef;zdk;
vSL'gef;&ef rtyfpyfaom a&TaiGudk wref(vl)vTwfí vSL'gef;ap&mü
vnf;aumif;? tvSL&Siuf ,
kd wf ikd f vma&mufí vSL'gef;&müvnf;aumif;?
jyKusifh&rnfh tpDtpOfudkjyaom odu©myk'f jzpfonf/
'g,umu ]]ouFef;zdk;udk tvSLcHyg}}[k qdkvQif ]]tuyÜd,0w¬K
a&T aiGukd igwdYk vufrcH? oifah vsmaf omtcg (tvd&k adS omtcg) ouFe;f -
udkom vufcHonf}}[k jyefajym&rnf/ ]]t&Sifbk&m;\ a0,sm0pöudk
aqmif&Gufrnfhol (uyÜd,um&u) &Sdygovm;¿}}[k ar;vQif tm&mrf-
apmifh Oygoum ponfwdkYudk uyÜd,um&utjzpf ñTefjyEdkifonf/
oDwif;oH;k azmfig;OD;rS vGv J Qif rnfoUl udrk qdk uyÜ,
d um&utjzpf
ñTejf yEdik o
f nf/ xdo
k Ykd ñTejf y&müvnf; vma&mufvLS olu ]]t&Sib f &k m;rSm
uyÜd,&Sdygovm;? ñTefjyyg}}[k avQmufxm;rS ñTefjycGifh &Sdonf/ ]]þ
ouFef;zdk; ,lyg? b,folUudk ay;cJh&rvJ}}[k avQmufxm;vQif uydÜ,
rñTejf yaumif;acs/ ]]aiGudk vSLyg\? aiG vSLcsiyf gw,f? uyÜ, d ñTe;f yg}}[k
qkv
d Qiv f nf; uyÜ, d rñTe;f aumif;/ ]]þaiGrS jzpfay:vmaom tyfpyf-
aom ypönf;ukd vSLvkdygonf? uyÜd,ñTef;yg}}[k avQmufxm;rS uyÜd,
ñTef;aumif;\/
vma&mufvSLolu ouFef;zkd;ukd uyÜd,xHtyfESHNyD; ]]þ&[ef;
tvk&d adS omtcg ouFe;f 0,fí vSLyg}}[k rSmMum;í &[ef;xHoYdk wpfzef
oGm;Ny;D ]]t&Sib
f &k m; tvk&d adS omtcg csO;f uyfawmfryl g? ouFe;f vSLyg-
vdrrhf nf}}[k avQmufxm;&\/ ouFe;f ukd tvk&d adS omtcg &[ef;onf
uyÜ,
d xHoYdk csO;f uyfí ouFe;f ukd tvk&d adS Mumif; EIwjf zifh ok;H Burd t
f xd
awmif;aumif;\/ ]]ouFef;ay;yg? 0,fay;yg}}[k rajymaumif;/
ok;H Burd af wmif;írS r&vQif bmpum;rS rajymbJ? rxkid b
f J (qGr;f cH-
&yfouJhokdY) wdwfqdwfpGm (6)Budrftxd &yfcGifh&Sdonf/ (6)BudrftwGif;
&yfí ouFef;ukd &vQif tmywfroifhay/ &[ef;awmfrsm;ESifh tyfpyf-
aom tjcm;aom cJwHzkd;ç Avmpmtkyfzkd;ç qGrf;zdk;ç ausmif;zkd;ç aq;zkd;
ponfudk vSL'gef;&müvnf; þodum© yk'üf vmonfeh nf;twkid ;f usi&hf
\/ xko
d Ydk (3)Burd af wmif; (6)Burd &f yfjcif;xuf ykv
d eG í
f jyKojzifh &vQif
&mZodu©myk'f edó*¾dygpdwf tmywfoifh\/
(rSwcf su)f ouFe;f omvQirf [kwf tjcm;aom oydwçf zdeyfpaom
&[ef;tok;H taqmif ypön;f rsm;twGuf a&TaiGjzifh tyfpyfypön;f vSLyg-
\[k qko d rQ þodum© yk'tf wkid ;f usi&hf rnf jzpfonf/ tu,fí tvSL-
&Sifu uyÜd,xH aiGukd tyfESHí ]]t&Sifbk&m; tvkd&Sdaomtcg uyÜd,
rnfoUl xH tyfpyfaom ypön;f ukd awmif;cHawmfryl gbk&m;}}[k avQmuf-
xm;vQif (okrYd [kw)f uyÜ,d uk,
d w f idk u
f yif ]]wynfah wmfxüH rnfrQwef
tyfpyfaom ypönf;ukd awmif;cHawmfrlyg}}[k avQmufxm;vQif rdrd
tvk&d adS om tyfpyfaomypön;f ukd r&rcsi;f tBurd af ygif;rsm;pGm awmif;-
cHaumif;\/ uyÜ, d 'umrsm;ukd avQmufxm;wwfatmif BuKd wifoifjy
xm;aumif;\/ vmvSLrS roifaumif;ay/
qkOd ;D tH?h ]wpfaeYu rnfonf'h um vSLoGm;aom aiGjzifh 0,fay;yg}
[kqkdíum; rckdif;aumif;? rawmif;aumif;? vkdtyfaom ypönf;ukdom
ajymí awmif;aumif;\/ uyÜ, d xH aiGudk tyfEx
HS m;onf[k odaomf-
vnf; uyÜ, d u jzpfapç wrefu jzpfapç tvSL&Siu f jzpfap - tyfpyf-
aom ypönf;ukd awmif;cHawmfrlygbk&m;[k rzdwfMum; ravQmuf-
xm;vQifvnf; rawmif;aumif;[k rSwfyg/
uyÜd,wpfusdyf
a&Tç aiGç '*Fg;ç yku
d q
f çH aiGpuúL paom edó*¾,
d 0w¬Krsm;? jr&wemç
ykkvJç pyg;paom 'kuú#0w¬KwkdYudk rdrdç *kdPf;ç oHCmç yk*¾dKvfç apwDwkdY-
twGuf rdrdxH tyfESHvSL'gef;vmvQif ]]tvSLrcHyg}}[k y,f&rnfom?

]]uyÜd, 'umxH vSLcJhyg}}g}}[kvnf; rajymaumif;? tvSL&Sif'g,umu
]]tyfpyfaom ypön;f vSLvkyd gonf? uyÜ, d ñTejf yyg}}[k avQmufxm;rS-
om uyÜd,ñTef&rnf jzpfonf/
uyÜd,H = tyfpyfonfukd/ ua&mwd = jyKwwf\/ £wd = xkdY-
aMumif/h uyÜ,
d um&aum = uyÜ, d um&urnf\/ ]um&u}ukd jzKwí f
]uyÜd,}[k ac:Mu\/ a&Tç aiGukd tyfpyfypönf;jzpfatmif zvS,fjcif;ç
uyÜo
d ifah om opfo;D opf&u
G w
f u
Ydk dk uyÜjd cif;ç pm;zG,rf sm;ukd ESpaf wmif-h
xGmtwGif; a&mufatmifjyKí uyfjcif;ponfjzifh uyÜd,aumif; jzpf-
atmif avhusifh oifxm;oifhonf/
xkduyÜd,onf &[ef;ñTefuyÜd, av;a,muf? wrefñTefuyÜd,-
av;a,muf? rnforl Q rñTet f yf uyd,
Ü bmom uyÜ, d vkyaf om ted'|d´
uyÜ,
d ESpaf ,muftm;jzifh uyÜ,
d wpfusyd &f o
dS nfukd rSwo
f m;oifo
h nf/
&[ef;ñTef uyÜd,av;a,muf
1/ rsufarSmuf teD;tyg;ü &[ef;u ñTefjyaom uydÜ,wpfa,muf?
2/ vSLvmolu &[ef;ñTefjyaom uydÜ,xH tyfESHajymjyNyD;aemuf
&[ef;xH jyefí uydÜ,emrnfudk azmfjyvsuf rnfolUxH tvSLaiG
rnfrQ tyfcyhJ gonf? t&Sib f &k m; tvd&k adS omtcg tyfpyfaomypön;f
tvSLcHawmfrlyg[k avQmufxm;tyfaom uyÜd,wpfa,muf?
3/ &[ef;ñTef uyÜ, d xH tyfEaHS jymqdNk y;D aemuf vSLvmolu,
kd w
f ikd f jyefí
ravQmufxm;Ekdifojzifh tjcm;wpfa,mufa,mufudk apvTwfí
xdkenf;twdkif; avQmufxm;cdkif;aom uyÜd,wpfa,muf?
4/ vmvSLolonf &[ef;ñTefjyaom uyÜd,&Sd&modkY oGm;cgeD; (roGm;-
cif)uyif t&Sifbk&m; ñTefjytyfaom uyÜd,xH ouFef;zdk; tyfESH-
cJyh grnf? tvd&k adS omtcg awmif;awmfryl g[k rSmxm;í oGm;jcif;jzifh
ñTefjytyfaom uyÜd,wpfa,muf? aygif;-&[ef;ñTefuyÜd, av;-
a,mufwnf;/
xdkav;a,mufwdkYwGif rsufarSmufñTefjyolxH tvSL&Sifu (odkYr-
[kwf) wrefu aiGudk &[ef;\ a&SUrSmyif tyfESHí ]]ouFef; 0,fvSL-
&pfyg}}[k ajymqkd rSmxm;oGm;vQif &[ef;tm; txl; xyfrHravQmuf
xm;aomf vnf; rdrda&SUrSmyif rdrdñTefjyol uyÜd,xH tyfESHí ouFef;
vSL&pfyg[k rSmoGm;aomaMumifh &mZodum© yk'v
f monfth wdik ;f uyÜ,
d xH
awmif;rIç &yfrI jyKEkdkifNyD/
rsufuG,f ñTefjytyfol oHk;a,muf [l&m0,f &[ef;u ta0;odkY
vSr;f í ñTejf yrIaMumifh ok;H a,mufjym;onf r[kw?f avQmufxm;ykH oH;k rsK;d
uGJjym;aomaMumifh ta0;ñTef; uyÜd,oHk;a,muf jym;&onf/
wrefñTef uyÜd,av;a,muf
&[ef;u uyÜ,d rñTeMf um;vQif wrefu,
kd w
f ikd f (tvSL&Siu
f ,
kd w
f ikd )f
uyÜd,vkyfrnfholudk &SmazGac:,lvmí -
1/ &[ef;a&SUrSm tvSLaiGtyfESH ajymqdkjcif;?
2/ ta0;&Sdaeaom uyÜd,xH tvSLaiGtyfESHí rnfonfhuyÜd,xH
&[ef;wkEYd iS hf tyfpyfaomypön;f tvSLcHawmfryl g[k avQmufxm;jcif;?
3/ udk,fwdkifrvmEkdifí wjcm;ol apvTwfí avQmufxm;apjcif;?
4/ oGm;cgeD;uyif rnfonfhuyÜd,xH aiG rnfrQ tyfcJhygrnf? t&Sif-
bk&m;tvdk&Sdaom ouFef;paom tyfpyfypönf; tvSLcHyg[k
avQmufxm;oGm;jcif;[k av;rsKd; jym;\/
avQmufxm;ykH pum;rsm;rSm &[ef;ñTefuyÜd,xH tyfESH&mü
avQmufxm;onfhtwdkif;yifwnf;/
&[ef;a&m wrefyg rñTeftyfol ted'´d|ESpfa,muf

wrefjzpfapç tvSL&Sifujzpfap ]]uyÜd,&Sdygovm;}}[k avQmuf-
xm;aomtcg &[ef;u uyÜd,rñTefjybJaevQif odkYr[kwf &[ef;u
rñTefjy&ao;rD -
1/ teD;tyg; rsufarSmuf&dSol vlwpfa,mufu uRefawmfhxH tyfcJhyg?
]]uReaf wmf0,fNy;D tyfpyfypön;f (ouFe;f ponf) vSLvduk yf grnf}}[k
ajymavaomf xdo k tl xHüyif tyfEí
HS jyefomG ;\/ (wrefu uyÜ, d -
udk vSL&pfyg[k rrSm? &[ef;udkvnf; xdkuyÜd,xH ]]awmif;&pfyg?
tvSLcHyg}}[k ravQmufxm;/)
2/ wrefu (tvSL&Siu f ) &[ef;\ uG,&f mrSmyif oifah wmfol vlwpf-
a,mufxH tyfESHí ]]ouFef; vSL&pfyg}}[k rSmxm;oGm;\/ odkYaomf
&[ef;udkum; bmrQ todray; ravQmufxm;cJhacs/ þodkYvQif
rñTefjytyfol uyÜd,ESpfa,muf &Sdjyefonf/
(rSwfcsuf) xdk uyÜd,ESpfa,mufwdkYwGif yxrvludk rkca00#du (==
olUEIwfjzifh xkwfazmfajymqdkí uyÜd,vkyfol)[k ac:\/
'kwd,vludk y&r®Kcted| (== rsufuG,fü rñTeftyfaom
uyÜd,)[k ac:onf/
uyÜd,okH;rsKd;ESifh odu©myk'ftvdkuf usifh&ykH
xkduyÜd, wpfusdyfwkdYwGif &[ef;ñTefjyaom uyÜd,av;a,muf-
wd\
Yk txHü &mZodum© yk'rf mS vmonft h wdik ;f ok;H Burd af wmif; ajcmuf-
Burd &f yfrI jyK&rnf/ wrefñeT u
f yÜ,d av;a,mufw\ Ykd txHü aboZÆ-
cEüvm cGijhf yKawmfral om ar@uodum© yk't f wdik ;f tBurd &f maxmif-
ru r&rcsif; awmif;Ekdifonf/ rnfolrQ rñTefjytyfaom ted'd´|-
uyÜ, d ESpaf ,mufw\ Ykd txHü tnmwu aqGrsK;d rawmfol ty0g&dw
rzdwfxm;oltwdkif; usifh&rnf/ awmif;jcif;ç &yfjcif;ç tvSLcHjcif;
wpfBurd af omfrQ rjyKaumif;onfukd owd&MdS u&ef jzpfonf/ xdk ted'|d´ -
uyÜ,
d tm; aqGrsK;d awmfol zdwx
f m;ol odrYk [kwf ,ckrS zdwo
f l jzpfvQi-f
um; xdkaiGESifhwefoavmuf tyfpyfypönf; awmif;aumif;\/
(aqmif) &[ef;ñTefjy? av;a,mufrQ? 'lwñTef; av;jzm/
ted'´d|? 'k0d"? aygif;x wpfusdyfom/
wpfOD;rsufarSmuf? uG,foHk;a,muf? ñTef;ajrmuf &[ef;rSm/
a&SUtyfjyefMum;? apíMum;? rSmxm;oGm;onfom/
wrefñTefvnf;? av;yg;wnf;? þenf; ,lavyg/
a&SUtyfrMum;? uG,ftyfoGm;? ESpfyg; rñTef&m/
&mZç ar@? tnmw? usifh& pOfwdkif;om/
ar@u odu©myk'f
ar@uolaX;udk taMumif;jyKí r[m0g aboZÆcEüü cGifhjyK-
awmfrltyfaom odu©myk'fudk ar@uodu©myk'f[k ac:onf/ xdkü
aemufqHk; cGifhjyKcsufrSm o'¨gw&m;&SdolwdkYu ]]þaiGjzifh tyfpyfaom
ypönf;ukd bkef;BuD;tm; vSLyg\}}[k rSmxm;í uyÜd,xH aiGukd tyfESH-
xm;wwfMuonf/ xko d Ydk tyfEx
HS m;Mu&mü xkad iGrS tyfpyfaom ypön;f -
ukd om,maumif; (awmif;,laumif;\/) ]]a&TaiGukdum; rnfonfh
enf;y&d,m,fEiS rhf Q rom,maumif;? rcH,al umif;}}[k rdeaYf wmfro l nf/
þar@uodum© yk'v f m a&TaiGtyfEx
HS m;&m uyÜ,
d wkrYd mS &[ef;u
ñTefjytyfolrsm; r[kwfMu/ wrefukd,fwkdif tvSL&Sifukd,fwkdif ñTefjy-
tyfaom uyÜd,wkdYwnf;/ okdYjzpfí apckdif;tyfol uyÜd,u &[ef;\
rsufuG,frSmjzpfvQif tvSL&Sifu &[ef;ukd wpfenf;enf;jzifh uyÜd,
rnfolUxHü tyfpyfaom ypönf;ukd awmif;yg[k avQmufxm;&OD;rnf/
þokdY avQmufxm;vQif tBudrf &mçaxmifru r&rcsif; awmif;Ekdif-
onf/ (ygwdarmufbmom#Dum?164/)
ausmif;om;çuyÜd,rsm;ukd BudKwif oifMum;xm;oifhykH

0denf;vrf;aMumif;ukd BudKwifí oifjyxm;aumif;onf tm;-
avsmfpGm ,ckacwfü 0denf;*½kjyKaom ausmif;rsm;0,f avQmufwwf
ajymqkwd wfatmif oifjyxm;aom ausmif;om;uyÜ, d rsm; &Sw
d wfMu-
onf/ xkdausmif;om; uyÜd,rsm;um; a&TaiGvmvSLí q&morm;u
a&TaiGudk tvSLrcH y,fveS af omfvnf;aumif;? tvSL&Si'f umu a&TaiG
tvSLrcHrSef; em;vnfNyD;jzpfí uyÜd,xH tyfESHNyD;aomfvnf;aumif;
vSL'gef;wwfMu\/
xkdtcg uyÜd,u bk&m;wynfhawmfxH rnfrQwefaom tyfpyf-
aom ypön;f ukd awmif;awmfryl g? vkjH cKH &m t&yfuv
dk nf; ñTejf yawmfr-l
yg[k avQmufxm;Muonf/ xkdokdY avQmufxm;vQif tvSL&Sif'umu
txl;avQmufonfjzpfap? ravQmufonfjzpfap y0g&dw (zdwfrefol)
uyÜ, d jzpfawmh&um; xkad iGEiS hf wefoavmuf tvk&d &dS m tyfpyfaom
ypönf;ukd uyÜd,xH awmif;aumif;\/ aiGudkvnf; ]]rnfonfhae&mü
vHjk cKH \}}[k ajymjyaumif;\/ ]]rnfonfah e&mü odr;f xm;vkud }f }[kum;
rajymaumif;onfukd owdjyKyg/
a&TçaiGpaom edó*¾,d 0w¬Kç jrç &wemç ,majrç pyg;paom 'ku#ú
0w¬Krsm; tyfpyfatmif vSLMu&mü &[ef;wkdYu tvSLrcHaumif;aom-
aMumifh &[ef;awmfrsm;ç tvSL&Sifç 'umç ausmif;om;ç uyÜd,wkdYonf
rdrdwkdY\ wm0eftoD;toD; od&Sdí omoemjyKMu&ef vkd\/
&[ef;awmfwkdY\ wm0ef
&[ef;awmfrsm;onf a&Tç aiGç '*Fg;ç ykdufqHç aiGpuúLç jrç &wemç
ykvJç jcHajrç pyg;ponf vSL'gef;vmygu tvSLrcH[k y,fvSef&rnf/
uk,
d wf idk v f nf; tvSLrcH,al umif; uyÜ, d wku Yd v
dk nf; wpfqift
h vSLcH,l
&ef rckid ;f paumif;acs/ ]]xkad &TaiG ponfrS jzpfay:vmaom tyfpyfaom
ypön;f vSL'gef;vkyd gonf}} [k qkrd S uyÜ,
d um&u ñTeMf um;Ekid cf iG hf &S\
d /
uyÜ, d wku
Yd vnf; vufc,H x l m;Ny;D tyfpyfaom ypön;f jzpfatmif zvS,f
Ny;D rSom &[ef;awmfrsm;onf tyfpyfaomypön;f ukd tvSLcHEidk af vonf/
tvSL&Sifwm0ef
tvSL&Sifonf (odkYr[kwf) tvSL&Sifu apckdif;vkdufol wrefonf
a&TaiGponhf trnfukd azmfí ]]t&Sifbk&m;tm; vSLyg\? uyÜd,ukd
ñTefjyyg}}[k ravQmufxm;aumif;yg/ ]]a&TaiG ponfrS (aiGwpfaxmif
usyfrS) jzpfay:vmaom &[ef;wkdYESifh tyfpyfaom ypönf;ukd vSL'gef;-
vkyd g\? uyÜ,d ñTeMf um;awmfryl g}}[kvnf;aumif;ç uyÜ,d ukd uk, d w
f idk f
&SmazG ac:aqmifvmNy;D uyÜ,d xH tyfEí HS ]]tyfpyfypön;f ukd vSLyg\}}[k
qkdívnf;aumif; avQmufxm;oifhonf/ oHCmtm;ç ausmif;tm;ç
apwDtm;ç e0ur® (trIopf)tm; vSL'gef;&müvnf; ]]tyfpyfaom
ypönf; vSLvkdyg\? uyÜd, ñTefMum;awmfrlyg}}[k avQmufrS uyÜd,
ñTefMum;ay;&rnf jzpfonf/ uyÜd,ukd ac:vmNyD; vSL'gef;jcif;u ykdí
aumif;rGefonf/
ausmif;om;ç uyÜd,wkdY\ wm0ef
uyÜd,ausmif;om;onf a&TaiGponfukd vufcH,lxm;NyD; bmrQ
ravQmufxm;bJ aeyguç tvSL&Sifuvnf; &[ef;ukd ]]tvkd&Sdaom-
tcg tyfpyfypönf; tvSLcHyg}}[k ravQmufxm;u uyÜd,xH &[ef;u
rawmif;aumif;acs/ xkdYaMumifh &[ef;wkdYtm; uyÜd,u ]]rnfonfh
NrdKU&GmrS tvSL&SifwkdYonf vSL'gef;aom aiG (1000)usyfrS jzpfay:vm-
aom tyfpyfaom ypönf;ukd tvkd&Sdaomtcg bk&m;wynfhawmfxH
tvSLcHawmfrlyg}}[k avQmufxm;rS awmif;aumif;onf/ ]]vkHjcHK&m
t&yfudk ñTejf yyg}}[k avQmufxm;rS vkjH cKH &m t&yfudk &[ef;u ñTejf y-
EkdifcGifh &Sdonf/
*kdPf;ç oHCmç yk*¾dKvfukd rokH;oyfbJ vSL

]]apwd,ó a'r? e0ur®ó a'r? 0d[m&ó a'r?}} apwDawmf-
tm; vSLyg\? e0ur®tm; vSLyg\? ausmif;tm; vSLyg\? þodkYqkdí
a&TaiGukd vSLvmvQifvnf;aumif;? uyÜd,ukd tvSL&Sifukd,fwkdif ac:-
vmí ]]þa&TaiGrS jzpfay:vmaom tyfpyfaom ypön;f ukd tvSLcHyg}}[k
qkdí vSLvQifvnf;aumif; uyÜd,ñTefMum;Ekdifonf/ tyfpyfatmif
vSLygvQif a&Tausmif;BuD;ukd aqmufí vSLcGifhjyKonf[k ck'ódu©m
(271)*gxmwGif qkdygonf/
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a&pufcsrS tm;vk;H aom q&mrsm; oabmusonf/ þokYd tvSL&Sirf sm;-
u avQmufxm;wwfvQifvnf; tvGefaumif;ygonf/
u,0duú,odu©myk'f
oDwif;ok;H azmf ig;a,mufwu Ydk dk MuOfxm;í tjcm;olwEYdk iS hf tyfpyf-
aom ypön;f tcsi;f csi;f ukd rtyfaom enf;jzifh vJv, S af &mif;0,fjcif;ukd
jyK&mü &vQif u,0du, ú edó*¾yd gpdwf tmywfoif\ h / þodum© yk't f &
edó*¾dypönf;rsm;ukd *kdPf;ç oHCmç yk*¾dKvfwkdYtm; pGefYNyD;vQif jyefay;u
okH;pGJaumif;\[k od/
t*Fg (3) yg; - 1/ uyÜ, d 0w¬Kjzpfjcif;? 2/ oDwif;ok;H azmf r[kwjf cif;?
3/ a&mif;rIç 0,fro I Ydk a&mufjcif;? (ta&mif;t0,fpum;ajymí vJv, S rf I
txajrmufjcif;[lvkd/)
(aqmif) uyÜd,[kç 0w¬Kjzpfjcif;1ç oDwif;okH;olç r[kwf vlESifh2ç a&mif;rI
0,fvQif;ç xajrmufjcif;[k3ç aMumif;&if;okH;vDç t*FgnDç oifhNyD
u,0duú,/
(rSwfcsuf) ,ckumv bkef;BuD;u ouFef;paom y&du©&mukd aiGjzifh
a&mif;&müum; uyÜd,0w¬Kcsif; r[k w f a omaMumifh þ
u,0duú,odu©myk'fESifh rqkdif? ½lyd,oHa0g[m& odum© -
yk'tf & tmywfoifo h nf/ &[ef; omraPpaom oDwif;-
okH;azmf tcsif;csif; vJvS,fjcif;ü tmywfroifh[k od/
rtyfaom vJenf;
aps;onfpaom vlwkdY\ txHü&Sdaom ypönf;ukd rdrdü&Sdaom
ouFef;ç zdeyfponfjzifh vJvS,f,lvkdvQif rdrdukd,fwkdif ]]þouFef;jzifh
xkzd ed yfudk ay;yg}}[k vnf;aumif;? ]]þouFe;f udk ,lavmh? xdo k ydwu
f kd
ay;avmh}}[kvnf; ajymqdkí rvJvS,faumif;? þodkY vJvS,faom
pum;rsKd;udk ajymqdkíum; vlUypönf;rSefvQif rdbypönf; wdkYudkyif rvJ-
vS,faumif;? vJvS,fí,lvQif xdkypönf; edó*d¾xdkuf\/ rdbxHrS þ
ypön;f udk ay;yg[k awmif;tH?hH 0dnwf rjzpf? awmif;aumif;onf/ rdbudk
þypön;f ,lawmh[k ay;tH?h o'¨ga',s0ed yd gw'ku#ú f roif?h ay;aumif;-
onf/ ÓwdrawmfolxHrS þypönf;ay;yg[k awmif;aomf 0dnwfjzpf-
onf? edó*dx ¾ u
kd o
f nf/ rdrud ypön;f ay;aomf o'¨ga',s0ed yd gw'ku#ú f
oifhonf/ rdbç Ówdawmf rawmf cyfodrf;aom olwkdYESifh vHk;a&mif;-
0,fjcif; vJvS,fjcif;jyKu þodu©myk'ft& edó*d¾ygpdwftmywfoifh-
\[k rSwyf g/ rdbwdEYk iS hf ypön;f csi;f vJv,
S zf Ydk MuKH vmvQif ypön;f ouf-
oufudk t&iftvSLcHNy;D rS aemufrS rdryd pön;f ay;oifo h nfukd owdjyKyg/
tyfaom vJvS,fenf;
&[ef;txHü &du©mqefç qyfjymç za,mif;wdkifxkyf ponf &SdtHh?
xd&k [ef;onf c&D;tMum;ü xrif;ygvmolukd jrifí ]]ighrmS qef&o dS nf
xdkqefponfukd tvdkr&Sd? qGrf;om tvdk&Sdonf}}[k qdktHh? xrif;yg-
vmolu qefponfudk,lNyD; xrif;vSLtHh? tyf\/ 0dnwfrjzpf? edó*d¾
rjzpf? o'¨ga',s0dedygw'kuú#fvnf; roifh? tzdk;tpm; ay;aomt&m
a&mufjcif;aMumifh edrdwåur®aomfrSvnf; rjzpf? ]]igwdkYrSm þypönf;
þypönf; awmh&Sdonf toHk;rvdk igwdkYtm; þypönf; þypönf;jzifh
tvd&k odS nf}} þodYk qd&k mü vJrv
I ,
S rf çI a&mif;rI0,frI rygí temywå?d
tmywfroifh/
uyd, Ü ausmif;om; &St d ?hH ]]uyd,
Ü igYrmS ouFe;f &So
d nf þouFe;f jzifh
oydwv f yk af y;yg? zdeyfvyk af y;yg}}[k uyd, Ü udk ajymaumif;onf/ uyd, Ü
r&Sad omf qdik of Ykd ud,
k w
f ikd o
f mG ;í qdik &f iS \f om;ç orD;rsm;udk a&S;enf;-
twdkif; vkyfay;&ef ajymaumif;onf/ qkdif&Sifudk,fwdkifudkum; rajym-
aumif;/
tu,fí uydÜ, r&Sd? r&SmvdkvQif qdkif&Sifaps;onfxH oGm;í
]]ighrSm þouFef; &Sdonf? ouFef;awmh toHk;rus? oydwfom vkdae-
onf}}[k y&d,m,fjzifh ajym&m aps;onfu ouFef;udk,lí oydwfudk
ay;vdkufvQif xdkoydwf tyf\/ þjycJhaomenf;t& ,ckumv
c0gonf ponfwx Ykd rH S tyfaomypön;f jzifh vJ,el nf;udk owdjyKoifMh u-
ayonf/
cdkif;ap&mü tyfç rtyf
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acguf xif;wdkYudk aqmif,lcJh}}[k qdktHh? vJvS,f&m a&mufaomaMumifh
qd;k &nfacgufç xif;ç a&wdt
Yk wGuf edó*dx ¾ u
kd \
f / vuform;udk jrifí
þxrif;udk pm;Ny;D þtrIukd jyKc[ hJ k xdx
k kd vuform;trIukd jyKcikd ;f tH?h
edó*d?¾ ukv'loetcef;ü tpm;tpm auR;vkad omf wpfpw kH pfck ckid ;f Ny;D rS
a0,sm0pövkyfoltm; auR;arG;&mü ukv'loetjypf rjzpf[k qdkxm;-
aomfvnf;? wpfqufwnf;ckid ;f vQif edó*dx ¾ u kd jf yefonfukd owdjyKyg/
þxrif;udk pm;í t0wfudk zGyfvkduf? ausmif;jyifjcif;ç acgif;&dwfjcif;
ponfü ypönf;wpfpHkwpfck r&vQif tmywfudkom a'oemajymMum;
&onf/ þxrif;udk pm;NyD;vQif tvkyfvkyfyg[k wpfqufwnf;
rajymbJ þxrif;udk pm;avmh? þtvkyfudk vkyfavmh? þtpmudk
pm;&vdrrfh nf? ponfjzifh pum;ESp&f yf cGí J ajymqdak pcdik ;f vQif vJv, S &f m
ra&mufaomaMumifh tmywfroifh tyfpyfonf/ vlwt Ykd m; rdrad 0,sm-
0pö trIBu;D i,f vkycf ikd ;f olwYkd txl;owdjyKcikd ;f &ef aumif;aom tcsu-f
jzpfí owdjyKoifhonf/
&weodu©myk'f
a&Tç aiGç ykvpJ aom &wem (10)yg;udk &wemü oGi;f ,lí &wem
twkrsm;ESihf 0wfpm;wefqmpaom vlwUdk toH;k taqmif (apmifç tdy&f m
vdyf) ponfudk &weor®wü oGif;,l&rnf/ xdk&wemç &weor®w
toHk;taqmifrsm;udk ausmif;wdkuftwGif; rdrd wnf;cdkaexdkif&mXme
twGi;f rSwpfyg; tjcm;t&yfü vlwYkd arhae&pf usae&pfcahJ omf aumuf-
,lí rodr;f xm;&? aumuf,o l rd ;f xm;vQif ok'y¨ gpdwt f mywf? tm&mrf
twGi;f rdrad exkid &f mç wnf;cd&k mXmetwGi;f jzpfru l m; ud, k w
f ikd jf zpfap?
olwpfyg;udk cdik ;f íjzpfap aumuf,o l rd ;f xm;&ef 0wå&m;&S\ d / xd0k wå&m;
ysujf yefvQiuf m; 0wåab' (0wå&m; ysuu f u
G rf aI Mumif)h 'ku#ú t f mywf
oifhao;onf/
vlwdkY ususefae&pfcJh arhae&pfcJh&mü ]]Opöm&SifwdkY vm,lvdrfhrnf-
[laom &nf&G,fcsufjzifh odrf;xm;cGifh &Sdonf/ vlwdkYu þa&TaiGudk
odrf;xm;ay;yg[k cdkif;íjzpfap? udk,fudk,fwdkif b@mpdk;vkyfí jzpfap?
odrf;xm;vQif ok'ÿgpdwftmywf oifh\/

t*Fgav;yg; - 1/ cGifhrjyKtyfaom trIudkjyKjcif;? 2/ olwpfyg;
Opömjzpfjcif;? 3/ 0dómo*¾g[ç yHokulvonm r&Sdjcif;? 4/ udk,fwdkif
jzpfapç cdkif;í jzpfap odrf;xm;jcif; - t*Fgav;yg;wnf;/
(aqmif) cGifhrjyKtyf jyKvwfwpfwef1 2/ vloEÅu2 0dómorI? yHok-
ulvm onmr&Sd3 ,lodrf;rdvQif;? odrf;apjcif;[k4 aMumif;&if;
av;0? tifnDrQ? &we ygpdwfoifh/
edó*¾dodu©myk'frsm;ESifh pyfí tusOf;rSwf&ef
½lyd,odu©myk'fum; a&TaiGukd rdrdtwGuf cH,ljcif;? cH,lapjcif;?
om,mjcif;aMumifh edó*¾d? ½lyd,oHa0g[m& odu©myk'fum; a&TaiGjzifh
tjcm;ypönf;ukd 0,fjcif;? ckwfvkyfxm;aom ykwD;ç em;a#mif;paom
a&TaiGudk jzpfap? a&TaiGjzifh oDwif;ok;H azmfwYdk 0,fxm;tyfaom edó-
*¾d, ypönf;ukdjzpfap? vJvS,f,ljcif;aMumifh edó*¾dtmywf oifhonf/
u,0du, ú odum© yk'u f m; tyfpyfaom uyÜ, d 0w¬Krsm;ukd vl0wfaMumif
ponfwEYdk iS hf vJv,
S jf cif;aMumifh edó*¾yd gpdwt f mywf oifo h nf/ &mZ-
odu©myk'fonf rtyfaom a&TaiGukd ouFef;zkd;tjzpf vSL'gef;&mwGif
uyÜ,d ñTeí f tvSLcHenf;ukd jyonf/ ar@uodum© yk'u f m; tvSL&Siw f -Ydk
ukd,fwkdif uyÜd,ukd ac:vmí a&TaiGrSjzpfaom tyfpyfaomypönf;
vSL&mü tvSLcHenf;udk jyonf/ &weodum© yk'u f m; a&Tç aiGç ykvpJ aom
&wemrsm; ukid af umif;&mXme rukikd af umif;&mXme cGjJ cm;jyonf/ þokYd
tusOf;tm;jzifh rSwfom;xm;oifhonf/
wkdufwGef;rSmxm;csuf
þokvYkd Qif a&TaiGypön;f rsm;? a&TaiGEiS hf 0,f,í
l &aom ypön;f rsm;?
ykwD;ç em;a#mif;rsm;? oydwfç ouFef; paom ypönf;rsm;? &wemrsm;?
edó*¾dxkdufvQif pGefY&rnfh taMumif;t&mrsm;? tyfpyfaom ypönf;-
tjzpf tvSLcHyrHk sm;? uyÜ,
d ñTeMf um;ykrH sm;? edó*¾rd xku
d af tmif apckid ;f -
enf;rsm; ponfjzifh odoifo h x
d u dk af om tcsurf sm;ukd tusO;f tm;jzifh
vufvSrf;rSDorQ &SmazGwifjytyfygonf/ tus,fukd odvkdrl qkdif&m-
odu©myk'f ygVdawmfç jrefrmjyefç t|uxmç #DumwkdYü avhvmrSwfom;
Muyg&ef wkdufwGef;tyfygonf/
edó*¾dypönf;wdkYESifh pyfí rSwf&ef
edó*¾yd gpdwEf iS hf pyfí 0denf;uHjzifh pGeNYf y;D aomtcg edó*¾jd zpfaom
xdkypönf;rsm;udk um,uH&SiftmywfusK;vGefolwdkY oHk;pJGcGifh &çr& ESifh
pyfí odu©myk'ftvdkuf cJGjcm;rSwfom;oifhonf/
a½Tç aiGç '*Fg;ç ydu k q
f çH aiGpuúLç a&TaiGjzihf 0,f,x l m;aom ypön;f -
rsm; edó*¾dxdkufí 0denf;uHjzifh pGefYNyD;aomfvnf; tmywfusL;vGefol
(0g) tvSLcHol ydik &f iS &f [ef;onf vH;k 0oH;k pJcG iG hf r&? tNy;D tydik f pGe&Yf onf/
tjcm;enf; oHk;pJGcGifh&aom ypönf;rsm;
{Vuavmr0*fvm - (1) ydk;csnfjzifh a&maESmjyKaom tcif;?
(2) trJa&mifoufouf od;k arG;tcif;? (3) tjzLç tndK ta&Tta&mif&Sd
od;k arG;ESihf trJa&mif ESpq f ydjk yKaom tcif;? xdt k cif; (3) rsK;d wdYk 0denf;-
uHjzifh pGeNYf y;D jyef&aomtcg cif;íxdik jf cif; tdyjf cif; rjyK&? wjcm;aom
Adwmefç rsufESmMuufç uefYvefYumç bHkvQKdç acgif;tHk;ponf toHk;jyK-
aumif;onf/ ODeyÍöAEëoydwüf vnf; ywåy&d,EÅ pGeNYf y;D vQif t,kw-f
qH;k oydwf (tnHq h ;Hk oydw)f uko d m oH;k pJcG iG &hf onf/ (oydwcf ef;ü Munfyh g?)
iJhuGufrIr&dS tNyD;tydkifpGefYNyD;u oHk;cGifh&ypönf;rsm;
axmywfç qDç wif;vJç ysm;&nfpaom aq;ypön;f rsm;onf (7)&uf
vGeí
f 0denf;uHjzifh pGeNYf y;D jyef&aomtcg pm;aomufjcif; rjyK&? (7)&uf
rvGefrD iJhuGufjcif; r&dS? tNyD;tydkif vlç omraPwdkYtm; pGefYNyD;í vlç

omraPwdu Yk aemifwpfcsed f jyefuyfjyefvQif pm;aomufjcif;? oH;k aqmif-
jcif;iSmvnf; tyfonf[l\/ (ygwdarmu©ar'deD?215/)
wjcm;cJzG,fç abmZOfrsm;
,m0umvdujzpfaom wjcm;pm;aomufzG,f&m cJzG,fabmZOf-
rsm;onf tuyfcNH y;D vQif rGe;f rwnfrh o D m pm;aomuf bkO;f ay;aumif;-
onf/ rGef;vJGaomtcg bkOf;ay;vQif 0dumvabmZe ok'ÿgpdwf?
ud,k wf ikd f odrk ;SD odr;f qnf;xm;jyefvQif oEé"d o d 'k y¨ gpdw?f ,mrumvdu
tazsmf&nfjzpfvQif t½kPfrwufrD aemufwpfaeYokdY ra&mufrD vlç
omraPwdt Yk m; tNy;D tydik f tmv,jywf pGeaYf y;vdu k &f onf/ aemuf-
umvusrS omraPwdu Yk jyifqifí uyfojzifh bkO;f ay;vQif tmywf
roifh? xdkYaMumifh wjcm;umvduwdkYudkvnf; owfrSwfxm;aom tcsdef
rvGerf D vlomraPwdt Yk m; tNy;D tydik f pGev
Yf ukd &f onf/ vlomraP-
wdkYu tvdkufodí jyefuyfvQif pm;aomuf bkOf;ay;aumif;onf[k
odyg/ (]tmv,jywfpGefY}[lonf ]ightm; jyefí uyfygu aumif;-
avpG}[k iJhuGufwG,fwmaeaom pdwfxm;rsKd; vkH;vkH; r&Sdjcif;wnf;?
iJu
h uG wf , G w
f mrI &Sad eao;aom pdwx f m;jzifh pGeyYf gu vl omraPwkYd
jyefí uyfaomfvnf; rokH;aqmiftyfay/)
aboZÆodu©myk'fESifh pyfí rSwfzG,frsm;
axmywfç qDOD;ç qDç ysm;&nfç wifvJ þaq;ig;rsKd;wdkYudk tuyf-
cHNyD;aemuf (7)&uftxdom odrf;qnf;í aq;tjzpfjzifh pm;aomuf-
Ekdif\/ (7)&ufvGefvQifum; xdkaxmywfponfwdkY edó*¾dxdkuf\/
&[ef;rSm ygpdwftmywf oifh\/ xdkoifhaom tmywfudk a'oemMum;
ukpm;vdkvQif xdkaxmywfponfudk a&S;OD;pGm pGefYNyD;rS a'oemMum;
&onf/ rpGefYbJ a'oemMum;vQif xdktmywfrS rvGwfEdkif/
xdak xmywfponfukd tuyfco H nfth cg (7)&ufpmavmuf rSe;f í
tuyfcHxm;oifhonf/ (7)&uftwGif; ukefyHkr&vQif (7-&uf rvGef-
cif) þaxmywfpaom aq;wdkYudk ig rpm;awmhNyD? ajce,fqDç udk,f-
vdrf;qD ponfjyKvkyfí cE¨mudk,f\ tjyiftyüom oHk;pJGawmhrnf[k
t"d|mef (pdwuf ;l )vdu
k &f rnf/ xdt
k jyiftyü oH;k zdjYk zpfvQiu
f m; (7)&uf
vGefaomfvnf; tjypfr&dS/
(7) &uftwGif; owfrSwfcsuf
axmywfpaom aq;ig;yg;wdkYudk tuyfcHNyD; ckepf&uftwGif;om
pm;aumif;onf[k qdak omfvnf; (*dvme)tema&m*g &do S t l m; cGijhf yK-
jcif;aMumifh qmavmifrGwfodyfjcif; (ydygo) taMumif;&Sd½HkrQjzifh rpm;-
aumif;onfudk owdjyKyg/ tm;enf;aom a&m*gç taoG;tom; ydef-
ajcmufaom a&m*gç avema&m*g ponf &dSolwdkYom xdka&m*gtwGuf
pm;aumif;onf/ qmavmifrGwfodyf½Hk taMumif;jzpfrlum; ,mrum-
vduac: tazsmf&nf ponfudkom aomufaumif;onf/
a&m*g&Sdygu aq;ig;yg;ESifh pwkr"ludk eHeufcif; tuyfcHNyD;vQif
þaeYtzdkY aevJGç rvGJ pm;aumif;onf/ odkYaomf reufjzef paom
aemufaeY (6-aeY) wdkYüum; eHeufcif; pm;vdkvQif ,aeYuyfxm;aom
qGrf;ç cJzG,fç abmZOfrsm;ESifh a&maESSmí rpm;&? xdkYtjyif yg;pyfü
tmrdorsm; uyfNidaevQif xdktmrdowdkYudk ajymifpifatmif aq;NyD;rS
pm;&onf/ aq;pm;NyD;vQifvnf; yg;pyfudk ajymifpifatmif aq;NyD;rS
wjcm;tmrdowdkYudk pm;aumif;onf/ a&S;a&S;aeYwkdYu tuyfcHxm;-
aom ,m0ZD0duaq;wkdYukd pm;&müvnf; yg;pyfpifMu,fatmif aq;-
NyD;rSom pm;aumif;onf/ umvducsif;vnf; rwlç uyfaomaeYvnf;
rwlvQif a&maESmí rpm;aumif;onfukd owdjyKoifhonf/ umvdu
av;yg; cGJjcm;ykH aemufwGif jyqkdygrnf/
edó*¾dxkdufí pGefYjcif;
]]ckepf&uf vGefapaom &[ef;tm; edó*¾dygpdwf oifh\}}[lonf
&Spf&ufajrmuf t½kPfwufavaomf pGefYjcif;0denf;uH &Sd\/ oHCmç
*kdPf;ç yk*¾dKvf wpfrsKd;rsKd;xH pGefY&rnf/
oHCmtm; pGeyYf çHk *kP
d ;f tm; pGeyYf w
Hk u
Ydk dk ouFe;f pGeeYf nf;jyaomtcg
azmfjyygrnf/ ,ckyk*¾dKvfxH pGefYykHukd jyqkdrnf jzpfygonf/ edó*¾dxkduf-
aeaom axmywfpaom aq;ypönf;ukd pGefYvkdvQif &[ef;ç yk*¾dKvf
wpfyg;yg;xHü pGefY&rnf/
yk*¾dKvfxH pGefYykH
]]t&Sib f &k m; wynfah wmf\ þaq;onf ckepf&uf vGeo f nfjzpfí
pGex Yf u dk af eygonfb&k m;? wynfah wmfonf þaq;ukd t&Sib f &k m;tm;
pGeyYf g\}}[k qkí d pGe&Yf rnf/ pGeNYf y;D aemuf tmywfudk &nf&, G í f a'oem
Mum;&rnf/ xkaYd emuf xk&d [ef;onf pGeNYf y;D aom aq;ukd ]]t&Sib f &k m;-
tm; jyefay;yg\}}[k qkdí jyefay;&rnf/
(owd) ckepf&ufvGefí 0denf;uHjzifh pGefYNyD; jyef&aom axmywfç
qDç ysm;&nf ponfudk temvdr;f jcif;ç pm;aomufo;Hk aqmifjcif; rjyKtyf?
rjyKaumif; ok&Yd mwGif iJu h u
G jf cif; r&Sd tmv,jywf vlç omraPwkt Yd m;
pGeNYf y;D í jyef&aom axmywfç qDç ysm;&nf ponfuu dk m; ok;H aqmifjcif;ç
pm;aomufjcif;iSmvnf; tyfonf[k qkdygonf/
tEkyorÜEéó pawåe 0aEÅe rkawåe teayau©m 'wGm y#d-
vbdwGm y&dbkÍÆwd/ (temywåd) (yg&mZduPfygVdawmf?364/)
MuH&nfç xef;vsuf& nfç oHyk&m&nfç ponfrsm;
A[kokwtwGuf rSwf&ef
]zmPdwH emr OpäKrSm edAÁwåH} ygVdawmfESifhtnD ]MuHrS jzpfaom
0w¬Kwnf;}}[k qkdonf tm;avsmfpGm tzwf rygatmif ppfNyD;aom
MuH&nfrS pí MuHESifhqkdiforQ usKdcsufNyD; t&nfç tjypfç tcJtm;vkH;ukd
]zmPdw}[k qkod nf/ ,cktcg MurH w S pfyg;aom tjcm;aom 0w¬Krsm;rS
xGufaom oMum;rsm;ESifh xef;&nfç oum&nfç xef;vsufç MuHoumç
ponfrsm;ukdvnf; zmPdwü oGif;,lMu\/ (a&S;acwfu xef;&nf
tokH;r&Sdí usrf;*efwkdYü rygjcif; jzpfrnf[k ,lq&onf/)
þjyqkdcJhNyD;aom pum;pOft& MuHr[kwfaom xef;&nfç xef;-
vsuf&nfrsm;onfvnf;aumif;? oMum;trsKd;rsKd;onfvnf;aumif;
owåm[umvduwkdYwnf;/ xkdowåm[umvduwkdYukd qmavmifrGwf-
odyf½kH ydygo taMumif;rQjzifh aevGJaomtcg raomufaumif; rpm;
aumif;yg/ tema&m*g&SdrS pm;aumif; aomufaumif;\/
aboZÆcEüü cGifhjyKcsuf
okdYaomf aboZÆcEüü ]]tEkZmemrd bdu©a0 *dvmeó *kVH
t*dvmeó *kaVm'uH}}}[k *dvmetwGuf MuHoumç xef;vsufç
oMum;cJukdvnf;aumif;? *dvme r[kwfol vlaumif;rsm;twGuf
MuH&nfç xef;vsuf&nfç oMum;&nfç oumcJ t&nfukdvnf;aumif;
cGijhf yKawmfr\ l [k rdeqYf adk wmfral omaMumifh *dvme r[kwo
f l use;f rmol-
wkdYtm;vnf; a&at;ESifh azsmfpyfxm;aom t&nfrsm;ukd qmavmif-
rGwo f yd jf cif; ]ydygo}taMumif;&Sv d Qif aomufaumif;\[k odyg/ rGe;f vG-J
aomtcgjzpfvQif rqmbJ raomufaumif;[lí rSwfyg/
,ckumv tcJyg pm;aeMuykH
þaboZÆcEüvm ynwfcsut f & xef;vsucf çJ oumcJç wifvcJ çJ
MuHoumç Eke,fyGJ&ufç oMum;trIefYç tcJrsm; ponfwkdYonf ,aeY
tuyfcHí aevGJaomtcg ckepf&uftwGif; aemufaemuf &ufrsm;\
aevGJ rGef;vGJtcg avemjcif;ç tm;enf;jcif; paom a&m*g &SdolESifh
aq;zuf0ifjzpfrS pm;aumif;\/ ,ckumvüum; &[ef;ç omraP-

rsm;ESifh Oykofonfrsm; tqkdyg xef;vsufcJç MuHoumcJç oMum;vkH;-
wku Yd dk rGe;f vGcJ sed üf pm;aumif;onfxifí pm;avh&MdS u\/ 'um 'umr-
wku
Yd vnf; uyfavh&MdS u\/ trSet f m;jzifrh l xkt
d cJrsm; aerGe;f vGNJ y;D ygu
rpm;aumif;[lí rSwfyg/
awv (= qD)ESifh pyfí rSwf&ef
awv = qD [l&mü ESrf;qDç yJqDç rkefnif;qDrsm;ESifh 0ufqDç 0HqDç
vif;ykdifqDç jrnf;qDç ig;BuD;qDpaom om;ig;qD trsKd;rsKd;wkdY yg0if\/
opfrnfpnfqDç MuufqlqDwkdY yg0if\/
awvH emr wdvawvH omoyawvH r"kuawvH {&@awvH
0omawvH/ (yg&mZduPfygVdawmf?363/)
om;ig;qDrsm;ü t½kd;ç tom;ç tzwf rygatmif ppfNyD;om; jzpf-
&rnf/ ,m0umvdu toD;tpm;tpmç rka,mpyg;rIeçYf qefreI Yf ponf
a&mxm;vQif 7-&uf rtyf? cJzG,fuJhokdY eHeufykdif; wpf&ufom tyf-
onf/ tm;enf;aom a&m*g&Sad om &[ef;ç omraPwko Yd nf axmywfç
ig;BuD;qD ponfrsm;ukd ntcg a&aEG;ESifhpyfí ckepf&ufom xm;um
ok;H aqmif&rnf jzpfonf/ xkaYd Mumifh Ekid if jH cm;tm;aq;awmifrh sm; om;-
ig;qDygvQif ,m0ZD0dur[kwf owåm[umvdujzpfí ckepf&ufom
xm;í okH;aqmifaumif;onf/ ,m0umvdutoD; pyg;rsKd;ç yJrsKd;-
ygaom azsm&f nfwo Ydk nfvnf; rGe;f rwnfrh o D m aomufaumif;onf[k
rSwfyg/
ouFef;ESifhpyfaom edó*¾drsm;
1/ 'om[mwduúEÅ = t"d|mef? 0duyÜemrjyKbJ q,f&ufvGefjcif;/
2/ wdp0D a&e 0dy0Ü ao,s = ouFe;f ok;H xnfEiS hf t½kPn
f Ofu
h if;jcif;/
3/ tnmwu0dnwåd = aqGrsK;d rawmf rzdwx f m;olxH ouFe;f awmif;
í &jcif;/
4/ wwkw&å d = ck;d ol vk,ufjcif;? a&ç rD;ç rif; ponfrsm; zsuq f ;D cH&rI
odí zdwfcH&um vSL'gef;vQif oif;ykdif ukd,f½kHxuf ykdí rcH,l-
&jcif;/
5/ Oyu©# = rlv&nf&, G o
f nfxuf yku d ek af tmif ouFe;f pDrí
H &jcif;/
þodu©myk'f 5-yk'fom pD0&0*fü ouFef;ESifhpyfí edó*¾djzpfykH
&Sif;jya&;om;rnf jzpfygonf/ xkdYjyifvnf; ywå0*fvm ---
6/ 0óduom#du odu©myk'f?
7/ pD0&tpädEé odu©myk'f?
8/ okwå0dnwåd odu©myk'f?
9/ r[mayoum& odu©myk'f?
10/ tapöupD0& odu©myk'f?
11/ omouFou d m© yk'f - þodum© yk'rf sm;vm ouFe;f edó*¾d jzpfyrHk sm;-
ukdvnf; tusOf;csKyfrQ odom½kH a&;om;azmfjyygOD;rnf/
1/ yxruxdeodu©myk'f
ouFef;ü yvdaAm"NyD;jywfNyD;ç uxdefEkwfNyD;aemuf t"d|mef
0duyÜemavmufaom uk, d yf idk o
f uFe;f ukd t"d|mefrwif 0duyÜem rjyKb-J
vsuf q,f&ufxuf ykdvGefíxm;vQif ouFef;ukdvnf; 0denf;uHjzifh
pGefYtyf\/ yxruxde edó*¾dygpdwftmywfvnf; oifh\/
t*Fg (5) yg; - (1) ZmwfyrmPavmufaom ouFef;\ rdrdOpöm
jzpfjcif;? (2) aeY&ufta&twGufokdY a&mufjcif;? (3) pD0&ç tm0go
yvdaAm"ESpfyg; NyD;jywfNyD; jzpfjcif;? (4) t"d|mef 0duyÜemjyKxm;aom
ouFef;rS tykdouFef; jzpfjcif;? (5) q,f&uf (11-t½kPf)vGefjcif; -
aygif; t*Fgig;yg; &Sd\?
(aqmif) ZmwfyrmP avmufiav&m uk, d [ hf mjzpfjcif;1 a&wGuw

f iG ;f okYd
a&mufvsOf;wkHbd yvdaAm" jywfMuayvpf tykd jzpfvsuf4
2 3
q,f&ufvGefNyD5 tifig;vDç oifhNyD yxruxde/
2/ 'kwd,uxde (ac:) Oa'godwodu©myk'f

*dvme&[ef;tm; ay;tyfaom t0dy0Ü goor®Kwu d dk r&xm;vQif
ouFe;f ü yvdaAm"Ny;D jywfNy;D uxdeEf wk Nf y;D aemuf wdp0D &duf t"d|mef-
wifxm;aom ouFe;f ok;H xnfwEYdk iS hf wpfnOfh (wpft½kP)f rQaomfvnf;
uif;íaevQif 'kw, d uxdeac: Oa'godwedó*¾yd gpdwt f mywfoif\
h /
(oif;ykdifç ukd,f½kHç 'kuk#f þokH;xnfukd wdpD0&duf[k ac:\/ wpf-
xnfxnfESifh nOfhuif;vQif edó*¾d/)
t*Fg (4) yg; - (1) wdp0D &duf t"d|mefwifxm;tyfNy;D aomouFe;f
jzpfjcif;/ (2) uxderf cif;jcif; (cif;aomfvnf; EkwNf y;D jcif;/) 3/ t0dy0Ü go
or®Kwd r&jcif;/ (4) nOfhuif;jcif;wkdYwnf;/
(aqmif) "d|mefwifvpfç ouFef;jzpfom;1 pifppfuxdefç cif;rBudrfwnf;2
emcsdefor®Kwdç r&&SdbJ3 &wådt½kPfç uif;aewkH[k4 aMumif;pkH
av;vDç t*FgnDç oifhNyD 'kwd,uxde/
6/ tnmwu0dnwådodu©myk'f
aqGrsKd;rawmf rzdwfMum;xm;aom olwkdYxHrS awmif;oifhaom
tcgukd MuOfí tjcm;tcgü ouFe;f ukd awmif;,ltvSLcH&&Sv
d Qif tnm-
wu0dnwåd edó*¾dygpdwftmywfoifh\/
(rSwfcsuf) ouFef;ukd jyxm;aomfvnf; tjcm;ypönf;rsm;ukdvnf;
rawmif;aumif;yg/ yPDwabmZOf awmif;pm;vQif ok'-¨
ygpdw?f r[memrodum© yk'üf aq;ypön;f awmif;vQif ok'-¨
ygpdw?f aq;r[kwb
f J yPDwabmZOfrS vGwaf om pm;zG,f
tm;vkH;ukd awmif;pm;vQif olayg'e0dnwåd'kuú#f? *d v me
jzpf vQifum; Ówdy0g&dw r[kwfolxHrSmyif awmif;pm;
aumif;\/
t*Fg (4) yg; - (1) t"d|mef 0duyÜemavmufaom ouFe;f jzpfjcif;?
(2) or, r[kwjf cif;? (3) aqGrsK;d rawmfou
l dk awmif;jcif;? (4) awmif;
í&jcif;? aygif; av;yg;wnf;/
(aqmif) "d|mef0duyfç avmuftyfav&m1 tcgravsmf2 aqGrawmf-
awmif;3 &jcif;aygif;í4 taMumif;av;vD t*FgnD oifNh yD 0dnwå/d
7/ wwkwå&d odu©myk'f
ck;d olv,k ufjcif;aMumifjh zpfapç a&ç rD;ç rif; ponfwYdk zsuq f ;D jcif;-
aMumifjh zpfap 0wfzoYdk uFe;f vk;H vk;H r&Sad omtcgü aqGrsK;d rawmf rzdw-f
Mum;aom olwu Ydk odí vSL'gef;aom ouFe;f wkrYd S oif;ykid Ef iS hf uk,d ½f u
Hk -dk
om cH,al umif;\/ xkx Yd ufyídk cH,v l Qif wwkw&å ed ó
d *¾yd gpdwt f mywf
oifh\/
(rSwfcsuf) 'GdpkHwpfpkHvkH; rysufpD;í wpfxnfwnf;usefao;rl vkdae-
aom oif;ykdifukdjzpfap? ukd,f½kHukdomjzpfap? cH,l&\/
ESpfxnf&SdvQif 0wfvkdYjzpfí rawmif;oifhNyD/
t*Fg (4) yg; - (1) oif;ykid f uk,
d ½f x
Hk uf ykv
d eG jf cif;? (2)tpäEd çé e|-
pD0& jzpfjcif;? (3) Ówdy0g&dw r[kwfolxH awmif;jcif;? (4) awmif;
í&jcif; - [lí t*Fgav;yg; jzpf\/
(aqmif) oif;ykid f uk,
d ½f çHk 'Gw
d pfpx
Hk ufç ykv f ufom;1 aysmufysuv
d eG w f ck 2H
aqGrqHawmif;3 &jcif;aygif;4 taMumif;av;vD t*FgnD oifhNyD
wwkwå&d/
8/ yxrOyu©# odu©myk'f
aqGrsK;d rawmfaom 'g,umjzpfap 'g,dumrjzpfap þrnfaom
&[ef;ukd &nfrSef;í ouFef;vSLtHh[k ouFef;zkd; (aiG)ukd pD&ifxm;\/
xktd aMumif;ukd xk&d [ef; Mum;od\/ xk'd um&nfp;l xm;aom ouFe;f -
xuf ykíd aumif;aom ouFe;f ukd vkcd siaf omaMumifh a&S;ü rzdwMf um;-
bJvsuf xkd&[ef;onf xkdolxHokdY oGm;í rlv&nf&G,fonfxuf
tvsm;&Snfatmifç teHjyefYatmifç tom;uspfatmifç acsmatmif
jyKap\/ xkd&[ef; pDrHonfhtwkdif; xkdol jyKvkyfvSLí &vQif xkdoltm;
rlv &nfpl;xm;aom wefzkd; (aiG)xuf ykdí ukefjim;tHh? xkd&[ef;tm;
Oyu©#edó*¾dygpdwftmywf oifh\/
(rSwfcsuf) ausmif;paom tjcm;ypönf;rsm;ukd &nfpl;xm;&m0,f
oGm;a&mufprD &H müvnf; rlv&nfp;l xm;onfxuf wefz;dk
yko
d mG ;vQif xkyd pön;f rsm;vnf; rtyfonfom? Ówdy0g&dw
wkdYxHüum; wefzkd;ykdaomfvnf; tyf\/
t*Fg (3) yg; - (1) tykt d vGeu f dk tvk&d jdS cif;? (2) aqGrsK;d rawmfol
xH awmif;jcif;? 3/ awmif;í&jcif;tm;jzifh okH;yg;wnf;/
d adk rQm1f aqGrawmfawmif;2 &jcif;aygif;í3 taMumif; ok;H vD
(aqmif) tyku
t*FgnD? oifhNyD Oyu©#/
Ä 'kw,
d Oyu©# txl;l r&S?d 'g,umtvSL&Sif ESpOf ;D xH pDryH kH jzpf\/
yxruxdeodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,frsm;
þodu©myk'fü 1/ pD0&yvdaAm"jywfjcif;? 2/ tm0goyvdaAm"
jywfjcif;? 3/ t"d|mefwifjcif;? 4/ 0duyÜemjyKjcif;? 5/ 'om[mwduEú mÅ
jzpfjcif;wdkYudk odxm;oifhygonf/
1/ pD0&yvdaAm"jywfjcif;
ouFe;f ü csKyq f ;kd OD;tH[
h k pdwpf u
kd af erIonf tjcm;udpuö kd aESmif,
h u
S f
wm;jrpfwwfaomaMumifh yvdaAm" rnf\/ ouFe;f wdk ouFe;f p ydww f kd
zsifpwdkYudk csKyfí NyD;aomfvnf;aumif; wpfenf;enf;jzifh aysmufqHk;
ysufpD;aomfvnf; &zdkY&ef arQmfvifhae&mrS r&awmhyg[k tmomjy,f-
aomfvnf;aumif; xdo k uFe;f ESiphf yfí udpNö y;D jywfav&um; ed|w d pD0&
jzpf&avawmh\? (0g) pD0&yvdaAm" jywfawmh\/ ,©Kumvü e*du k yif
csKyNf y;D qd;k Ny;D aom ouFe;f rsm;udk tvSLcH&avh&aSd omaMumifh trsm;tm;-
jzifh pD0&yvdaAm"jywfNyD; jzpfavNyD/ tm0goyvdaAm" &dSao;aom
aMumifhom ouFef;xm;cGifh &Muonf/
2/ tm0goyvdaAm"jywfjcif;
ausmif;wdu k t
f m0goü wG,w f mrIonf tjcm;ü aejcif;udk aESmif-h
,Suf wm;jrpfwwfaomaMumifh yvdaAm" rnf\/ uxdefEkwfenf;
wpfrsK;d rsK;d jzifh uxdeEf w
k &f mü tm0goyvdaAm" jywfpaJ vawmhonf/
uxdefEkwfjcif;
uxdecf if;xm;ojzifh &&daS eaom t&deS tf 0g tusK;d tmedoifrsm;udk
½kyfodrf;vdkufjcif;wnf;/ xkdEkwfjcif;wdkYonf ---
1/ waygif;vjynfhrwdkifrD twGif;ü ur®0gpmjzifh Ekwfjcif;?
2/ waygif;vjynfhojzifh tvdkvdk Ekwfjcif;?
3/ uxdecf if;&m ausmif;wdu k üf qufvufraeawmhbJ tjcm;ausmif;-
wdkufodkY a&TUajymif;aexdkifaomtm;jzifh Ekwfjcif;/
4/ tjcm;ausmif;wku d of Ydk acwåomG ;&mrS oabmusí rjyefawmht[
Hh k
qkH;jzwfaomtm;jzifhEkwfjcif;[k trsKd;rsKd; &Sdonf/
(bmom#Dum?129/)
uxdefEkwfjcif; (9) yg;

1/ yuúreEÅduEkwfjcif;?
2/ ed|meEÅduEkwfjcif;?
3/ oEéd|meEÅduEkwfjcif;?
4/ emoeEÅduEkwfjcif;?
5/ o0eEÅduEkwfjcif;?
6/ tmom0apä'duEkwfjcif;?
7/ oDrmwduúrEÅduEkwfjcif;?
8/ o[kAÇm&Ekwfjcif;?
9/ tEÅ½kAÇm&Ekwfjcif;? (bdu©KeD0dbif;?)
(aqmif) yufç edXfç oefç em? oç tmom? oDrmç o[kAf&Spf? tEÅ½ kAÇm&
xnfhoGif;u? ukd;0 o½kyfjzpf/ (ygwdarmu©ar'deD?173/)
(aqmif) jyKNy;D ck;d oGm;? jcpm; rD;pm? tmom uif;jywf? aygif;ig;&yf? Ny;D jywf
ouFef;rSm/
pD0&mç 0go? yvdaAm"? ESpf0jym;onfom/
ouFef;NyD;u? pD0&? aAm"jywfonfom/
uxdefEkwf? tm0go? aAm"jywfonfom/
yvdaAm"? ,if;ESpf0wGif? wpfyg;yg;vQif&Sd? ig;tifed? &\
rSwfavyg/
uxdefcif;NyD;aom &[ef;tm; cif;NyD;onfrS waygif;vjynfhaeY
txd yvdaAm"ESprf sK;d vk;H jzpfapç wpfrsK;d rsK;d jzpfap rjywft?Hh twda&u
ouFe;f ukd aqmifxm;aumif;onf/ q,f&ufveG af omfvnf; tjypfr&Sd
temrEÅpm& paom tmedoifig;yg;ukdvnf; &onf[k rSwf/
uxdeftmedoif ig;yg;
1/ temrEÅpm& = ig;yg;aom abmZOfww Ydk iG f wpfyg;yg;aom abmZOf-
jzifh zdwftyfaom bwf&Sdaom &[ef;tm; xif&Sm;&Sdaom &[ef;udk
ryefMum;rlí'g,umwk\ Yd tdrof Ydk oGm;vmEkid jf cif;/ (pm&dwo
å u
d m© yk')f
2/ torm'gepm& = trnftm;jzifh t"d|mefwiftyfaom wdpD0&duf
ouFef;ukd r,lrlí [w¬ygofuif;í oGm;vmEkdifjcif;/
(Oa'godwodu©myk'f)
3/ ,m0'w¬p0D & = t"d|mefrwif 0duyÜemrjyKbJ tvk&d w
dS idk ;f ouFe;f ukd
xm;Ekdifjcif;/ (yxruxde)
4/ *PabmZe = av;yg;av;yg;xuf tvGefjzpfaom &[ef;wkdY\
0dnwfaMumifhvnf;aumif; tuyÜd,a0g[m&jzifh yifhzdwfjcif;
aMumifhvnf;aumif; &tyfaom abmZOfig;yg;wkdYwGif wpfyg;yg;ukd
cH,ljcif;/ (*PabmZeodu©myk'f)
5/ a,m p ww¬ pD0½kyÜg' = uxdefcif;aom ausmif;wkdufü trSwfr&Sd
wpfpkHwpfckaom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh oHCduouFef; jzpfay:vm-
aomf uxdeftmedoif&aom &[ef;tm;om jzpfjcif;ç qkdifjcif;ç
&xkdufjcif;/
(aqmif) temrEÅ? tor'g? ,m0g ? *P? a,mww¬? yÍötmedoif/
odu©myk'fESifh tmedoif wGJrSwf&ef
(aqmif) temrEÅ pm&dwårSef? ,m0'w¬ 'owduúef? *PabmZ *P-
abmZH? torm xm;yg t0dyÜH/
(rSwfcsuf) uxdefrcif; uxdeftmedoif r&aom &[ef;wkdYonf
ig;yg;aom tmedoifww
Ydk iG f torm'gepm&ukd z,fxm;í
usefav;yg;aom tmedoifwkdYukd pD0&umv (wpfv)ü
&tyf &xkduf\[k od/ (ygwdarmu©ar'deD?172/)

t"d|mefwifjcif;
t"d|meo'´gonf ]]pGjJ rpJ mG wnfjcif;ç aqmufwnfjcif;}}[k teuf-
xGu\f / xkt
d "d|mefwifjcif;onf wdp0D &duf t"d|mefwifjcif; y&dum© &-
apmV t"d|mefwifjcif;[k ESpfrsKd; &Sd\/
wdpD0&duft"d|mef ESpfrsKd;
ouFef;ukd vufjzifhukdifí ouFef;tm;avsmfpGm ]]£rH oHCm#ð
t"d|mrd}}}ponfjzifh pdwjf zifh tmabm*xm;í wifaom um,t"d|mefç
EIwfjzifh >rufíwifaom 0gpmt"d|meftm;jzifh ESpfrsKd;&Sdjyef\/ xkdwGif
0gpmt"d|mefonf teD;ç ta0; ESpfrsKd;jym;\/ teD;jzpfthH ]£rH}[k qkd?
ta0;jzpftHh ]{wH}[k qdk? ESpfawmifhxGm[w¬ygoftwGif;onf teD;?
[w¬ygof\ tjyifonf ta0;[k cGJjcm;odyg/
(aqmif) um, 0gpm t"d|m? ESpfjzmjym;ownf;/
0gpmürSm? eD;ç a0;om? ESpfjzm jym;ownf;/
ouFef; (3) xnf wdpD0&duf t"d|mefwifykH
1/ £rH tEÅ&0gouH t"d|mrd? (oif;ydkif)
2/ £rH Owå&mo*ø t"d|mrd? ({uoD)
3/ £rH oHCm#ð t"d|mrd? ('kuk#f)
£r
£rH = þouFef;udk/ tEÅ&0gouH = oif;ydkif[lí/ t"d|mrd =
pdwüf jrpJ mG aqmufwnfyg\ (0g) t"d|mefyg\/ ]]Owå&mo*ø = {uoD
[lí/ oHCm#ð = ESpfxyfouFef;BuD;[lí}} [k teufay;yg/
EIwjf zifh r&Gwq
f Ekd ikd v
f Qif ud,
k jf zifo
h uFe;f udk udik í
f þtqdt
k wdik ;f
pdwfrSef;vsufvnf; t"d|mefwifaumif;\/
ouFef;udk apmifha&SmufyHk
qdkif&memrnfwyfí t"d|mef wifxm;tyfaom wdpD0&dufudk
(q&mrSwfrSwf wynfhrSwfrSwf qkdouJhodkY) oif;ydkifrSwfrSwf {uoD
rSwrf wS f *½kpu
kd &f vdrrhf nf/ *½kpukd yf u
kH m; - 0wfíaomfvnf; xm;&rnf?
r0wfvQif t½kPw f ufcsed rf mS rdr\d ESpaf wmifx h mG twGi;f ü &Sad p&rnf?
xdkodkY rapmifha&SmufvQif aemuf odu©myk'ft& edó*d¾jzpfí ygpdwf-
tmywf oifhonf/ þodkY t"d|mefwifxm;oludk ]]0denf;wdpD0&duf
aqmifol}}[k ac:\/
0denf;wdpD0&dufaqmif&mü tEÅ&0gouç Owå&mo*Fç oHCm#d
[laom emrnfjzifh wpfxnfpo D m wif E d k i fonf/ useaf om ouFe;f rsm;
&Sad eygu 0duyÜemjyKxm;&rnf/ odrYk [kwf t|uxmenf;t& ]y&dum© &
apmVt"d|mef }aomfvnf; wifxm;Edkif\/
okwåefwdpD0&duf "kwifum; ouFef;tydk xm;cGifhr&? xyfrHí
aqmufwnfrI jyK&ao;\/ aqmufwnfyHkrSm -
pwkw¬upD0&H y#du©dygrd? awpD0&du*ø orm'd,mrd/
pwkwu ¬ pD0&H = 0wfavmuf½akH vmuf av;xnfajrmuf ouFe;f ud/k
y#dud©ygrd = y,fyg\/ awpD0&du*ø = ouFef;oHk;xnf aqmifavh-
&Sad om yk*K¾d v\f jzpfaMumif; ukov
kd f apwemud/k orm'd,mrd = pdwüf
jrpJ mG aqmufwnfyg\[k qdí k aqmufwnf&\/ teH wpfxmG ? tvsm;
oHk;awmif? yuwdtm;jzifh teH wpfxGmcGJ tvsm;av;awmifxGm&Sd
ycHk;wifacR;cHp&m tHoudk#fukd tydk xm;Edkif\/ tdyf&mcif; tHoudk#f
þESpfxnfonf wdpD0&duf"kwifudk rysufapEdkif/ bdu©KeDrwdkYtm;
a&oEkyf &ifvTrf;obufESifh ig;xnfonf wdpD0&duf rnf\/
(0dok'd¨r*ft&om?88/)
ypöK'd̈K&f jyKjcif;
jrefrmvkd ]½kyfodrf;jcif;}[k teufxGuf\/ ouFef;topf &ojzifh
olUemrnfEiS o
hf l t"d|mefwifvv dk Qif t"d|mefwifNy;D aom ,cif ouFe;f
ta[mif;ukd ]ypöK'¨dK&f}[laom 0denf;uHwpfckukd jyKNyD;rSom topfukd
t"d|mefwif&onf/
£rH tEÅ&0gouH ypöK'¨&mrd? £rH = þouFef;ukd/ tEÅ&0gouH
= oif;ykid u
f dk (0g)oif;ykid t
f jzpfr?S ypöK'&¨ mrd = ½kyo
f rd ;f yg\/ Owå&moH*ç
oHCm#dwkdYukdvnf; þenf;twkdif; jyKyg/ ta0;jzpfvQif ]{wH}[k qkd&-
onf/ þokYd ta[mif;ukd ½kyo f rd ;f Ny;D rS topfoif;ykid f ponfudk a&S;u
qkdcJhonfhtwkdif; t"d|mefwif&rnf/ ypöK'¨dK&f jyKxm;aom oif;ykdifukd
olwpfyg;tm; vSLvkdvQifvSL rvSLvkdvQif 0duyÜemaomfvnf;jyK?
y&du©m&apmVt"d|mefaomfvnf; wifxm;&rnf/
y&du©m&apmV t"d|mefwifykH
]]£rH pD0&H y&du©m&apmVH t"d|mrd/}}
£rH pD0&H = þouFef;ukd/ y&du©m&apmVH = y&du©&mt0wf[lí/
t"d|mrd = pdwüf jrpJ mG aqmufwnfyg\/ trsm;jzpfvQif ]]£rmed pD0&med
y&du©m&apmVmed t"d|mrd}}}[k qkd? ta0;jzpfu {u0kpfjzpfvQif- ]{wH
{wH}ç
A[k0kpfjzpfvQif - ]{wmed} [k jyifqkd&rnf/
þy&dum© &apmV t"d|mefwifaumif;aom ouFe;f (9)xnfv;Hk ü
rdrdESifh nOhfruif;atmif apmifha&SmufzG,f rvkd/ t"d|mefwifavmuf-
aom ydww f zdk sipf rS pí tjcm;txnfrsm;ukv
d nf; ]y&du©m&apmV}jzifh
t"d|mefwifaumif;\/ (bkHvQKd = zkHç apmifç acgif;tkH;ç aumfaZmrsm;-
ukdum; t"d|mefwifzG,f rvkd/) (bmom#Dum-133/)
oydwftdyfç zdeyftdyf tvsm; - wpfawmifxGmç teH - wpfxGm
vufajcmufopfrS pí ouFef; (9)xnfç t0wftxnfrsm; y&du©m&-
apmV t"d|mefwif&rnf? 0duyÜemaomfvnf; jyK&rnf/ jrwfpGmbk&m;
vufopfawmftm;jzifh tvsm; vuf&Spfopfç teH vufav;opf
(ygVdawmf)? tvsm;ESpfxGmç teH wpfxGm[k t|uxmü jy\/
tEkZmemrd bdu©a0 tm,mare t|*FkvH ok*w*Fkave pwk-
&*Fkv0dw¬wH ypädrH pD0&H 0duayÜwkEÅd/ (yg&mZduPf t|uxm?222/)
ouFe;f yrmPxuf ykv d eG af omfvnf;aumif;ç ,kwaf vsmah eaomf-
vnf;aumif; xkt d 0wftxnfwu Ydk dk y&dum© &apmVt"d|mefwif&rnf[k
t|uxm qkdygonf/ (yg&mZduPf t|uxm?226/)ü qkd\/
0kwyå rmPawm ye twda&uHç ODeuÍö ]]y&dum© &apmVEÅd t"d|m-
wAÁH/
ouFef; (9) xnf
oif;ykid çf {uoDç 'ku#k çf tdy&f mcif;ç rsuEf mS okwyf 0k gç y&dum© &apmV
(ydwfwkd zsifp paom ouFef;rcsKyf&ao;aom txnfrsm;) edoD'dkefç
rkd;a&cHouFef;ç trmvTrf;ouFef;wkdYwnf;/
(aqmif) oif;ç ukd,fç 'kç tdyf? rsufç y&dufç edod'fç rkd;ç trm/
xkdouFef; (9)xnfwGif wdpD0&duf (3)xnfç rkd;a&cHç edoD'dkefç
trmvTr;f þ (6)xnfaom ouFe;f wkuYd dk (1)xnfpo
D m t"d|mefwif-
aumif;onf/
(aqmif) wdpD0&m? rkd; ed rm? "d|m wpfxnfpD/
tdy&f mcif;ç rsuEf mS okwyf 0k gç y&dum© &apmVt"d|mef wifxm;aom
ouFef; þ (3)rsKd;aom ouFef;wkdYukd (1)xnfxuf ykdvGefí t"d|mef-
wifxm;cGifh &Sd\/
(aqmif) y rsuf tdyf&m? okH;rsKd;om? rsm;pGm wifEkdifonf/
t"d|mefrwif&aom y&du©&mrsm;
anmifapmif;ç bkHvQKdç tifysOfbkHvQKdç acgif;tkH;ç pkvsm;ç aumfaZm
þ (5)rsK;d aom y&du&© mwku
Yd u
dk m; t"d|mef rwif&[k qk\ d / aoemoe
tok;H taqmifjzpfu t"d|mefrwif&[k #Dumqk\ d / aoemoetusK;d -
iSm vSLaom tcif;jzpfrl t"d|mefrwif&[k odyg/
(aqmif) bkHvQKd pjzm? ig;rsKd;rSm? "d|m rwif&? aoemoe? okH;aqmifrQ?
,l& #Dumjy? ausmif; tusKd;iSm? vSL tdyf&m? "d|m rwif&/
(ygwdarmu©ar'deD?178/)
t"d|mefusaMumif; (8) &Spfyg;
(1) olwpfyg;tm; ay;pGejYf cif;? (2) ck;d ,lomG ;jcif;? (3) tuRr;f 0ifí
]0dómo*¾g[,lenf;}jzifh ,lomG ;jcif;? (4) (ouFe;f &Siu f bduK© ejD zpfvQi)f
odu©mrcsbJ vl0wfvJjcif;? (5) bdu©KjzpfvQif odu©mcsjcif;? (6) ao-
qkH;jcif;? (7) vdifazmufjyefjcif;? (8) ypöK'¨dK&fjyKjcif;? þ taMumif;&Spf-
yg;um; (y&dum© &apmVjzpfap t"d|mefwifxm;aom t0wfrsm;twGu)f
t"d|mefusaMumif; ysufaMumif;wnf;/
wdpD0&dufouFef;rsm;rSmrl vufoef;\ vufonf;cGHavmuf
tayguf aygufvQifyif t"d|mefusojzifh t"d|mefusaMumif; (9)yg;
&Sdonf[k rSwfyg/ ]tayguf}[l&mü tem;ywfvnf ayguf½kHrQjzifh rus?
ok;H xnfv;Hk twGuf tvsm;pGe;f wpfxmG (12-vufopf)? teHpeG ;f {u-
oDESifh ouFef;BuD;twGuf vuf&Spfopf? oif;ykdiftwGuf vufav;opf
xkwcf si;f aygufrS t"d|mefusonf/ taygufudk zmNy;D u xyfí t"d|mef
wifEkdif\/
(aqmif) ay; pGefY ckd;0Suf? 0dóopfç vlxGuf csodu©m/ aoqkH;vdifjyefç
ypöK'¨Hç &Spfwef us"d|m/ vufoef;onf;rQç aygufvwfuç okH;0
pD0&dufrSm/ (bmom#Dum?134/)
rkdCf;a&cHouFef;jzpfrl rkdCf;av;v vGefu t"d|mefpGefY\/ trm-
vTrf;ouFef; jzpfrl a&m*gaysmufuif;u t"d|mefpGefY\/ oydwfjzpfrl
rsufESm&pfrS vufESpfopfatmuf qwfxrif;vkH;avmuf aygufu
t"d|mefpGefY\[k odyg/
(aqmif) rkC d ;f v vGejf yef? rkC
d ;f a&cH? xnfjh yef uk;d yg;wnf;? a&m*g cefu
Y se;f
trmvTrf;? xnfhpGrf; ukd;yg;wnf;/ qwfxrif;avmuf? oydwf
ayguf? xnfhavSmuf ukd;yg;wnf;/ (ygwdarmu©ar'deD?179/)
edó*¾douFef;pGefYykH
ouFef;&NyD;aemuf (10)&uftwGif; t"d|mef0duyÜem rjyKrdvQif
xkdouFef;onf edó*¾dxkdufí ygpdwftmywf oifh½kHru xkdouFef;ukd
ukdifwkdif;ukdifwkdif; 'kuú#ftmywfvnf; xyfíxyfí oifhao;onf/
xkdYaMumifh edó*¾dxkdufaeaom ouFef;ukd oHCmtxHü jzpfapç ESpfyg;
okH;yg; *kdPf;txHü jzpfapç wpfyg;txHü jzpfap pGefY&rnf/ vuf0J-
wpfzuf yckH;xufü tay:½kH{uoDukd prÜ,fwifNyD;vQif BuD;ukefaom
&[ef;wkdY\ ajcukd &Sdckd;í aqmifhaMumifhxkdif vuftkyfcsDvsuf -
£'H ar baEÅ pD0&H 'om[mwduEú HÅ edó*¾,
d /H £rm[H (oHCó)
(tm,o®EÅmeH) (tm,o®mawm) edóZÆmrd/
baEÅ = t&Sib
f &k m;/ ar = wynfah wmf\/ £'H pD0&H = þouFe;f
ukd/ 'om[mwduúEÅH = q,f&ufvGefonf (jzpfí)/ edó*¾d,H = pGefYtyf
pGefYxkdufyg\/ t[H = wynfhawmfonf/ £rH = þouFef;ukd/ tm,-
o®awm = t&Sifbk&m;tm;/ (oHCó = oHCmtm;) (tm,o®EÅmeH =
t&Sifbk&m;wkdYtm;/) edóZÆmrd = pGefYyg\/
(rSwfcsuf - rdrd pGefYrnfh oHCmç *kdPf;ç yk*¾dKvf wpfckukdom qkd&rnf/)
ESpxf nfrS pí trsm;jzpfvQif £'Hç edó*¾,d çH £rm[H yk'rf sm;tpm;
]£rmedç edó*¾,d medç £rmem[H}[k jyifyg/ edó*¾o d uFe;f ukd vufco
H u
l
ti,fjzpfvQif ]baEÅ} ae&mü ]tm0kaom}? ]tm,o®awm} ae&mü

]wk,SH}? ]tm,o®EÅmeH} ae&mü ]wkrSmuH}[k jyifí qkd&rnf/
(jrefrmvdk) - ]]t&Sifbk&m; ...bk&m;wynfhawmf\ þ ouFef;-
onf (10)&uf vGeo f jzifh edó*¾x
d u
dk af eygonf/ þouFe;f ukd (oHCm-
tm;) (t&Sifbk&m;wkdYtm;) t&Sifbk&m;tm; wynfhawmf pGefYyg\-
bk&m;}}[k jrefrmvkd qkdí pGefYEkdif\/ ouFef;cHolu oDwif;i,fjzpfvQif
]igY&Sif}[kvnf;aumif;ç ]oifhtm;}[kvnf;aumif; qkd½kHom xl;\/
þodkY pGefYNyD;aomtcg ,ckumv xkH;pHtwkdif; ygpdwftmywfukd
pdwfxJu &nfrSef;í a'oemajymMum;&rnf/ þokdY pGefYNyD;aemufrS
a'oemajymMum;&aom ygpdwftmywfjzpfí ]pGefYjcif;0denf;uH}a&S;-
&Sdaom ]ygpdwftmywf}[k qkd&onf/
xkdaemuf edó*¾douFef;ukd cH&aom &[ef;u -
]]£rH pD0&H tm,o®awm 'r®d/}}
]]þouFef;ukd t&Sifbk&m;tm; jyefay;yg\}}[k ygVdvkd jzpfap?
jrefrmvkd jzpfap qkdí jyefay;&rnf/ (trsm;jzpfvQif - £rmed pD0&med?
þouFe;f wku Yd ?dk ) xku
d o
hJ Ydk jyefay;í &Ny;D aemuf tvk&d &dS m t"d|mefaomf-
vnf; wif? okrYd [kwf 0duyÜemaomfvnf; jyKxm;&rnf/ ta0;okYd vSr;f í
{wH}? ]{wmed}[k jyifqkd&rnf/
pGefY&ygu ]{wH
ouFef;cHaom &[ef;u ouonmjzifh jyefray;bJaeu 'kuú#f?
t>rufaxmifí ray;bJaeu b@mpm;xkdufwwfonf/
ta0;ü &Sdaeaom ouFef;ukd pGefYykH
]]{wH ar baEÅ pD0&H 'om[mwduúEÅH edó*¾d,H? {wm[H
tm,o®awm edóZÆmrd/}}
]{wH pD0&H = xkdouFef;ukd}[k teufay;yg/ trsm;jzpfu {wmed?
{wmem[H-[k ajymif;qkdyg/
(jrefrmvk)d - ]]t&Sib
f &k m; ..bk&m;wynfah wmf\ xko d uFe;f onf
q,f&uf vGeo f jzifh edó*¾xd u dk af eygonf/ xko
d uFe;f ukd t&Sib
f &k m;-
tm; wynfhawmf pGefYyg\bk&m;/}}
a'oemMum;NyD; edó*¾douFef;ukd cHaom &[ef;u ]]{wH pD0&H
tm,o®awm 'r®d}}[k qkdí jyefay;yg/ trsm;jzpfvQif ]{wmed}[k jyif-
qkd&rnf/ jrefrmvkd - ]]xdkouFef;ukd (xkdouFef;wkdYukd) t&Sifbk&m;tm;
jyefay;yg\}}[k qkdí jyefay;ygav/
oHCmxH pGefU&mü jyefay;ykH
oHCmxH pGev
Yf Qif oHCmxJrS ]Aswyå #dAv} uRr;f usiv
f rd m® pGr;f &nf-
&Sdaom&[ef;u tmywfukd a'oemMum;apí pGefYaom ouFef;ukd
atmufygtwkdif; qkdí jyefay;&rnf/
okPmwk ar baEÅ oHaCm? £'H pD0&H (£w¬Eémró) bdu©Kaem
edó*¾d,H oHCó edó|H? ,'d oHCó ywåuv’H? oHaCm £rH
pD0&H (£w¬Emé ró) bduK© aem 'a',s/ (uGi;f twGi;f bGUJ trnf xnfzh wf&ef)
]]t&Sib f &k m;wkYd ... oHCmonf bk&m;wynfah wmf\ (pum;uk)d
emawmfrlavmh? (þrnfaom) &[ef;\ pGefYjcif; (0denf;uH)&Sdaom
þouFef;ukd oHCmtm; pGefYtyfNyD? oHCmtm; avsmufywfaom
tcg&Sad om uHonf jzpfjim;tH?h oHCmonf þouFe;f ukd (þrnfaom)
&[ef;tm; ay;&m\}}[k (odapí jyefay;&rnf)/
*kP
d ;f xHpeG v
Yf Qif uRr;f usiv
f rd m® pGr;f &nf&adS om Aswyå #dAv&[ef;-
onf tmywfudk a'oemajymcH,í l pGeNYf y;D ouFe;f ukd atmufygtwkid ;f
qkdí jyefay;&rnf/
*kdPf;xH pGefY&mü jyefay;ykH

okPEÅK ar tm,o®EÅm? £'H pD0&H (£w¬Eémró) bdu©Kaem
edó*¾d,H? tm,o®EÅmeH edó|H? ,'g,o®EÅmeH ywåuv’H? tm,o®EÅm
£rH pD0&H (£w¬Eémró) bdu©Kaem 'a',sKEÅd/
]]t&Sibf &k m;wdYk ... bk&m;wynfah wmf\ (pum;ud)k emukeaf vmh/
(þrnfaom) &[ef;\ pGefYjcif;0denf;uH&Sdaom þouFef;udk t&Sif-
bk&m;wdkYtm; pGefYtyfNyD? t&SifwdkYtm; avsmufywfaom tcg&Sdaom
uHonf jzpfjim;tH?h t&Siw f o
Ykd nf þouFe;f udk (þrnfaom) &[ef;tm;
ay;ukef&m\}}[k (odapí jyefay;&rnf??)
0duyÜemodu©myk'f
oDwif;oHk;azmf ig;a,mufwdkYwGif wpfa,mufa,muf\ txHü
ouFef;udk udk,fwdkif 0duyÜemjyKí xkdolu ypöK'¨dK&frjyKay;bJvsuf (0g)
0duyÜemrjyefbJvsuf xdkouFef;udk 0wf½kHoHk;pGJvQif 0duyÜemok'ÿgpdwf
tmywf oifh\/
0duyÜemjyKyHkrsm;
þae&mü ok&myge0*f e0rodu©myk'fvm 0duyÜemtpDt&ifrsm;
odxm;oifhygonf/ 0denf;wdpD0&dufaqmifolonf usef&Sdaeaom
ouFe;f rsm;udk 0duyÜemaomfvnf;jyK y&dum© &apmVt"d|mefaomfvnf;
wifxm;&rnf jzpfaomaMumifhwnf;/
0d = rdrdOpömtjzpfrS uif;atmif? uyÜe = jyKjcif;? rdrdouFef; rdrd
oydw[ f k trSwrf xm;awmhbJ oDwif;oH;k azmfwpfyg;yg;tm; ay;vdu k -f
aomtcg udk,fhOpömtrSwfrS uif;oGm;awmhojzifh oDwif;oHk;azmftm;
ay;jcif;udkyif 0duyÜemjyKjcif;[k ac:\/ xkdodkY 0duyÜemjyKNyD;aomtcg
rdrOd pöm r[kwaf wmh&um; (10)&uf vGeaf omfvnf; edó*¾rd xdu k af wmhay/
þodum© yk'üf vmonfh 0duyÜemjyKykH ypöK'Kd¨ &jf yKyrkH sm;udk uGu
J jJG ym;jym;
em;vnfoifhygonf/
0duyÜemESpfrsKd;
1/ or®Kc0duyÜem? 2/ y&Hrkc0duyÜem-[k 0duyÜem ESpfrsKd; &Sd\/
xdkwGif ]]oHrkace = rdrdEIwfjzifh? 0duyÜem = 0duyÜemjyKjcif;onf
or®Kc0duyÜemrnf\}}[laom #DumESifhtnD ouFef;&Sifudk,fwdkif rdrd-
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or®Kc0duyÜem (2) rsKd;
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d / (y&Hrck 0duyÜemrSm
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ouFef;wpfxnfudk udkifí jzpfapç teD;ü csíjzpfap ]]£rH pD0&H wk,SH
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ouFef;u teD;rSm r&SdvQif ta0;&Sd&mudk ajymjyí (Oyrm-rEÅav;
aecdkuf ouFef;u ppfudkif;rSm &SdvQif ppfudkif;NrdKU rnfonfhae&mrSm
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qdkyg/ trsm;jzpfu - ]]{wmed pD0&med wk,SH 0duayÜrd}}[k ajymif;í
qdkyg/
£rH pD0&H = þ ouFef;udk/ {wH pD0&H = (ppfudkif;ü &Sdaom) xdk

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ypöK'¨K&fjyKykH (0g) 0duyÜemjyefykH
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ta0;&Sdoltm; or®Kc0duyÜemjyKykH
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tm;) 0duyÜem jyKay;vkdygonf[k avQmufxm;NyD;aemuf -
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(wpft½kPf) uif;apumrl edó*¾dxkdufonf/
wdpD0&dufouFef;xm;&m t&yfrsm;
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d f (b@mwku
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aumufe,fç opfyif? vGifç tm&mrfç ausmif;? wefaqmif;
q,fhig;? ouFef;xm;? rSwfom; t&yfwnf;/
wdpD0&dufESifh uif;í rae&onfh Xmersm;
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&Sd\/
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vnf; rpGefY&/ (ygVdawmfjrefrmjyef?316/ Munfh?) wjcm;aom tdrf
b@mwkduf ponfwkdYüvnf; enf;wl odyg/
ausmif;wkdufü xm;jcif;
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xm;Edik \
f / (xko
d uFe;f ESihf wpfvvk;H nOfu h if;aeaomfvnf; teD;tem;
qGrf;cH&GmrSmyif ouFef;&SdaeaomaMumifh nOfhuif;&m ra&muf? edó*¾d
rxkduf[lvkd) xkdYjyif xkdaejrJaom ausmif;ü tjcm;ausmif;okdY udpö&Sdí
oGm;&onft h wGuf xkod uFe;f ESihf vk;H vk;H uif;aecGihf MuKH jyefvQif (6)nOf-h
txd uif;aecGifh &Sd\/ or®Kwd&ol r[kwfbJ xkd (6)nOfhxuf ykdí
nOfhuif; rae&? nOfhuif;aevQif edó*¾dxkdufonf/
ouFef;xm;cGifh t*Fg (4) yg;
1/ Oy0óH-t& yk&dr0guRwfol jzpfjcif;? 2/ uwåduykPÖrH-t&
wefaqmifrkef;vjzpfjcif;? 3/ t&numed-t& av;tjyefig;&m a0;-
aom awmausmif;jzpfjcif;? 4/ omouFor®wmed oyÜ#db,med-t&
ckd;olwkdY oGm;vmaexkdif&mrsm;awGUí xkdckd;olwkdY ouFef;ukd ckd;,ljcif;?
ckd;,lvdrfhrnf[k ,kHrSm;oHo, jzpfzG,f &Sdjcif;? ckd;olwkdY vk,uf½kdufESuf
ykwfcwfowfjzwfxm;onfukd awGU&ojzifh ab;tEÅ&m,f&Sdaeaom
ausmif; jzpfjcif;? þt*Fgav;yg;pkHrS qGrf;cH&GmwGif;ü ouFef;xm;í
xkdouFef;ESifh nOfhuif;aecGifh &onf/
(aqmif) 0gyk&dr uRwfNyD;rSvQif1 vwefaqmifrkef;2 enf;xkH;use awm&
ausmif;wGi3f omoif oyÜ#4d av;tif jynfrh ?l rdrq
d rG ;f cH &yf&mG xH?
xm;&efcGifhjyKonf/
(rSwfcsuf) wefaqmifrek ;f [lonf jrefrmjyu©'ed v
f ESihf rwlyg/ oDwif;-
uRwv f jynfah usmf (1)&ufrS wefaqmifrek ;f vjynfah eYtxd-
wnf;/ rZÑrd a'oxk;H pHrmS aumif;uifu v0ef;Bu;D jynf-h
vQif ac:a0:aeus a0g[m& rmovnf; jynfah wmhonf/
wefaqmifrkef;vjynfhausmf wpf&ufrSpí ouFef;xm;cGifh
r&awmhNyD/
jrefrmEkid if H tcsKUd t&yfa'oü ]yef;xk;d umv}ac:aom wefaqmif-
rkef;vjynfh0,f taysmfwrf; upm;MuouJhokdY xkdYtwl oDwif;uRwf-
vjynfah usmw f pf&ufrS wefaqmifrek ;f vjynft h wGi;f 0,f uwåu d apm&
ac:aom taysmfwrf;olckd;awG tvGef aygrsm;wwf\/ xdkYaMumifh
xdkwpfvtwGif;ü ouFef;udk qGrf;cH&GmwGif;ü xm;í nOfhuif;cGifh
ay;awmfro l nf/ xdo k Ykd nOfu
h if;aeaomfvnf; rdro d uFe;f aysmufysuf
raysmufysuu f u kd m; aeYpOfozd Ykd ta&;Bu;D aomaMumifh rdrqd rG ;f cHaeus
&Gmüom xm;cGifhjyKawmfrIonf/ xdkYaMumifh xdkouFef;xm;cGifh&aom
&Gmonf awmausmif;yDyD av;tjyef ig;&matmufvnf; reD;ap&? qGr;f cH
oGm;Ekid f jyefEidk af vmufatmif wpf*g0kwx f ufvnf; ra0;ap&[k qdMk u-
onf/
av;q&mwdkYav;um; nd§KUrwifbJxm;vQif av;awmifxGm &dS\/

nd§KUwifxm;vQifum; av;awmif &Sd\/ nd§KUwifxm;NyD;aom av;jzifh
tjyefig;&m? tawmiftm;jzifh (2000) a0;onf[k rSwf? t&H&dSaom
&GmjzpfthH jcpH nf;½drk S pí? t&Hr&daS om &GmjzpftH ]C½lypm&u} cJwpfusrS
pí wdkif;wm&rnf jzpfonf/
(aqmif) ukvav;wm? jyefig;&m? a0;uGm &num/
(rSwfcsuf) oDwif;uRwfvjynfhausmf (1)&ufaeYrS wefaqmifrkef;v
jynfah eYtxdonf ouFe;f umv jzpf\/ xdk ouFe;f umv-
üyif ouFe;f ESihf nOfu h if;aecGiu
hf kd awmausmif;bke;f Bu;D -
rsm;twGuf oD;jcm; cGifhjyKawmfrlcsufudk axmufí tjcm;
yk*K¾d vrf sm;rSm uxdet
f medoif r&vQif ouFe;f umv jzpfap
umrl wdpD0&duft"d|mefwiftyfaom ouFef;ESifh nOfh
ruif;aumif;[k odomxif&Sm;onf/
edó*¾dxdkufyHk
qdkcJhNyD;onfhtwdkif; (6)nOfhxufum; tjcm;rSm aeaomtm;jzifh
nOfhruif;&awmhacs/ rdrd tjrJae&m awmausmif;odkY jyefEdkifvQif jyef-
vmcJ&h rnf/ awmausmif;onf ouFe;f xm;&m&Gm\ ta&SUbufü &d\ S ?
udpö&dSí oGm;aomt&yfum; &Gmtaemufbufü&dS&m udpövnf; rNyD;-
ao;ojzifh rlvausmif;a&mufatmif rjyefEdkifao;aomf ouFef;-
xm;&m&GmodkY a&muf&dSvmí oifhavsmfaom ae&mü aevsuf (7)&uf-
ajrmuft½kPfudk wufapum rdrdouFef;\ owif;udk em;axmifNyD;rS
ouFe;f \ tajctaeukd odNy;D rS rdru d pd ö rNy;D ao;&mt&yfoYkd jyefomG ;-
&rnf/ xdu k ohJ Ykd rwwfEikd v
f Qif ouFe;f udk ypöK'Kd¨ &jf yKí t"d|mefcsívnf;
tmywfroifhatmif pDrHEdkifao;\/ xdkodkY rjyKbJ or®Kwd&olvnf;
r[kwfbJ (7)&ufajrmuft½kPfudk wjcm;t&yfrSm wufapvQif xdk
ouFef; edó*¾dxkduf\/
t*Fg (4) yg; - 1/ wdp0D &duf t"d|mefwifxm;tyfNy;D aomouFe;f
jzpfjcif;? 2/ uxderf cif;jcif; (cif;aomfvnf; EkwNf y;D jcif;)? 3/ t0dy0Ü go-
or®Kwd r&jcif;? 4/ ajcmufnOfhxufydkí nOfhuif;jcif;? þt*Fg (4)yg;
nDvQif edó*¾dxdkuf\/
(aqmif) "d|mefwifvpf? ouFe;f jzpfom;1? pifppfuxdef cif;rBurd w f nf;2?
emcsed o S 1J ? ajcmufnOft
f r®Kwd r&&db H 4k ? aMumif;
h ½kPf uif;aewk[
pHk av;vD? t*FgnD? oifhNyD omouF/
y&dPwodu©myk'f
oHCmü ñTwaf ptyfNy;D [k odaom oHCu d vmbfukd rdro d Ykd ñTw-f
apvQif edó*dy¾ gpdwo h / oHCó oEÅaum oHCad um = oHCm\
f if\
Opömjzpfaom ouFef;paom ypönf;av;yg;wnf;/ t,kwfqHk;tm;jzifh
'efyl rdpäm csnfrQifpaom ypönf;rsm;wnf;/ vbdwaAÁmwd vmabm =
&tyf&xdu k af om ouFe;f paom vmbfwnf;/ xdyk pön;f rsK;d udk rnfonfh
ausmif;wdkuf oHCmtm; vSLrnfç oHCmtwGuf aqmufvkyfrnf
ponfjzifh tvSL&Sifu EIwf>rufajymzl;vQif odkYr[kwf vuf&dyfjzifh
jyzl;vQif ]y&dPw}rnf\/ xdo k Ykd EIw>f ruf ajymqdzk ;l onfrpS í oHCm-
vufodkY ra&mufao;aomfvnf; oHCdu[k qdk&awmhonf/
twåaem y&dPmar,s - ]]þouFe;f paom 0w¬Kukd ightm; vSLMu-
ukefavmh}} ponfjzifh ajymqdkjcif;udk qdkonf/ txl;um; oHCmtm;
vSLxm;NyD;aom 0w¬Kudkum; ,ljcif;iSm rtyf? oHCmtm;om jyefay;-
tyf\? jyefray;u b@mpm;xdkuf\[k od/
oHCmtm; rvSL&ao; ñTw½f ñ kH w
T Nf y;D aom vmbfukd oDwif;oH;k -
azmfig;a,mufwdkY\ Opömjzpfapç vlwdkY\ Opömyifjzpfapç t,kwfqHk;
rdcif\ Opömyifjzpfap rdrdodkY ñTwfaptHhç ya,m*wdkif; 'kuú#f? &aomf
edó*d¾xdkuf\/
ñTwfjcif; (9) rsKd;

þrnfaom oHCmtm; ñTwx f m;aom 0w¬Kukd tjcm;wpfyg;aom
oHCmtm;ç apwDtm;ç yk*d¾Kvftm; ñTwfapjcif;[k (3)rsKd;? þrnfaom
apwDtm; ñTwfxm;aom 0w¬Kudk wjcm;wpfyg;aom apwDç oHCmç
yk*d¾Kvftm; ñTwfapjcif;[k (3)rsKd;? þrnfaom yk*¾dKvftm; ñTwfxm;
aom 0w¬Kukd wjcm;wpfyg;aom yk*k K¾d vçf oHCmç apwDtm; ñTwaf pjcif;
(3)rsK;d [k aygif; (9)rsK;d jym;\/ xdw
k iG f oHCmtm; &nfí ñTwx f m;onf-
udk rdrt d m; ñTwaf ptHh edó*dy¾ gpdw?f yk*K¾d vtf m; ñTwaf ptHh ok'y¨ gpdwf
(odu©myk'f oD;jcm;&dSonf)? <uif;&Spfyg; ñTwfap&mü 'kuú#f? vSLolESifh
cH,o l l tjypfr&d?S cdik ;f olom tjypf&o Sd nf/ rnfonfah e&mü vSLoifyh g-
oenf;[k wdkifyifvmvQifum; rdrdoabmtwdkif; ñTefjyaumif;\/
(aqmif) apwDç oHCmç yk*¾vm? þrSm vSLrnfñTwf/
ñTwf&mrSm jcm;? vSLcdkif;jim;? udk;yg; jym;[krSwf/
oHCmñTwfxm; rdrdtm;? ñTwfjim; edó*¾wf/
wpfyg;yk*¾v ñTwfapu? ok'ÿgpdwfrSwf/
t<uif; &Spfyg;? 'kuú#fMum;? cGJjcm; odaptyf/
vSLolcHol? jypfrrl? cdkif;oll tjypfuyf/
ywåodu©myk'f
t"d|mef 0duyÜemavmufaom udk,fydkifajroydwf oHoydwfudk
t"d|mefrwif 0duyÜemrjyKbJ q,f&ufxuf ydv
k eG í
f rxm;&? xm;vQif
ywåedó*d¾ygpdwftmywf oifh\/
ODeyÍöAEëodu©myk'f
rdrüd ig;zGUJ jynfah tmif rtufuJG raygufao;aom oydw&f adS evsuf
aqGrsK;d rawmf rzdwMf um;xm;aom olwx Ykd rH S oydwo
f pfukd rawmif;&?
awmif;í&vQif ODeyÍöAEë edó*d¾ygpdwftmywfoifh\/
t"d|mefç 0duyÜemavmufaom oydwf
t&G,fyrmPESifh tqif;ta&mifrnf;arSmifí vHkavmufaom
ajroydwf oHoydwf ESpfrsKd;om oydwftppfjzpfí t"d|mef 0duyÜem
avmufonf/ xdkESpfrsKd;wGif ajroydwfjzpfvQif (2)Budrfç oHoydwf
jzpfvQif (5)Budrf rD;zkwf&rnf[k t|uxmü qdk\/ oydwf (9)vHk;wGif
Ouú|Ku|ú tBu;D qH;k oydwEf iS hf Moraumru ti,fq;kH oydwf (2)vH;k -
wdkYudk y,fí usef(7)vHk;wdkYonf t"d|mef 0duyÜemjyK&ef oydwft&m-
0ifrsm;[k rSwfyg/
oydwf (9) vHk;
Ouú|oydwçf rZÑrd oydwçf Moruoydw[
f k rlvoydwf (3)rsK;d jym;-
\/ xkdwGif Ouú|üvnf; Ouú|Kuú| (Ouú|xuf BuD;aom)oydwf?
Ouú|oydwf? Ouúa|mru (Ouú|atmuf i,faom) oydwf - tm;jzifh
(3)vHk; jym;jyef\/ Moruoydwfüvnf; MoruOuú|ç Moruç Mor-
aumru[k (3)vHk; jym;\/ þodkY oydwf (9)vHk; jym;onf/
Moruoydwf
Moraum emr yawåm yaw¬m'eH pwkbm*H cg'eH w'kyd,H AsÍÆeH
*PSmwd/
Moraum emr yawåm = Moru oydwfrnfonf/ yaw¬m'eH =
qefwpfpv,fcsuf xuf0ufwufaom xrif;udkvnf;aumif;/ pwk-
bm*
bm*H = av;zdwYk pfzYkd jzpfaom/ cg'eH = rusrJ jypf vufaumfíjzpfaom
k nf;aumif;/ w'ky,
yJ[if;udv d H = xdx
k rif;ESihf tvkww
f ikd ;f ygavmuf-
atmif oifah wmfaom/ AsÍeÆ H = trJom;ç ig; wpfyg;yg;aom [if;vsm-
udkvnf;aumif;/ *PSmwd = ,lEkdif\/ (0g) qHh\/
qefwpfpv,fudk csufvQif qefxuf xrif;u ESpfqyGm;aom-

aMumifh xrif;ESppf v,f (wpfcu
G )f jzpf\/ xd\
k av;zdwYk pfzYkd yJ[if;u
wpfvr,f? [if;vsm vufow k f trJ om;ig;u wpfvr,f xnf&h rnf-
jzpfaomaMumifh csufNyD;xrif;[if;tpHk oHk;pv,fqHhaom oydwfonf
Moruoydwfrnf\/
xdkoHk;pv,fudk oydwfxJodkY xnfhaomtcg a[mufaevQif
Moruoydwx f uf tenf;i,fBu;D aom Moruku|ú oydww f nf;/ oH;k p-
v,f xnfah omtcg oydwt f ay: armufwufvmvQif Moruatmuf
i,faom Moraumruoydwfrnf\/ jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sifonf wpf-
a,mufpm aumif;aumif;qHhonfh Moruoydwfudk cGifhjyKawmfrlaom
aMumifh þti,fq;kH aemufq;kH Moraumruoydwo f nf oydwt f &m
r0if? t"d|mef 0duyÜem jyKp&m r[kwf? omrefpm;cGuftjzpfjzifhom
toHk;jyK&rnf/
rZÑdroydwf
Moruoydwfxuf ESpfq0ifaom rZÑdroydwfonf qefwpfcGuf
(av;Al;)udk csuf&aom xrif;wpfjynf yJ[if;wpfpv,f [if;vsm
wpfpv,f aygif; wpfjynfwpfcu G f (oH;k cGu)f 0if\/ xdk wpfjynfwpfcu G f
f J xnfah omtcg a[mufaevQif rZÑrd u
(oH;k cGu)f oydwx k |ú ç armufae-
vQif rZÑdarmru
rmruoydwfjzpfonf
Ouú|oydwf
rZÑrd oydwx
f uf ESpq
f 0ifaom Ouú|oydwo f nf qefwpfjynfudk
csu&f aom xrif;ESpjf ynf yJ[if;wpfcu
G of m; (av;Al;)? [if;vsmwpf-
cGufom; (av;Al;)? aygif; okH;jynfqefYaom oydwfwnf;/ xkdokH;jynf
xnfah omtcg a[mufaevQif Ouú|Ku|ú oydwf? armufaevQif Ouú-
a|mruoydwf jzpfonf/ jrwfpmG bk&m;&Siu f Ouú|oydwx f o
d m cGijhf yK-
aomaMumifh Ouú|oydwfxufBuD;aom Ouú|Kuú|oydwfonfvnf;
oydwft&m r0if? t"d|mef 0duyÜem rjyK&/ pm;cGufomref tjzpfjzifh-
om okH;pGJtyfonf/
(aqmif) okH;jynf okH;cGuf? okH;pv,fwGuf? qGrf;usuf[if;pkHcwf? Ouú|ç
rZÑdrç Moruç 0ifMu pOfwkdif;rSwf/
oydwft"d|mefwifykH
]]£rH ywåH t"d|mrd}}}[k qkdí oydwfukd t"d|mefwif/ £rH = þ
cGufukd/ ywåH = oydwf[lí/ t"d|mrd = pdwfüjrJpGm aqmufwnfyg\/
ta0;rSm&Sv d Qi f ]]{wH
]]{wH ywåH t"d|mrd}}}[k qk/d wpfv;Hk om t"d|mefwifxm;
aumif;\/ tjcm;oydwfrsm;&Sdao;vQif 0duyÜemcsnf; jyKxm;&rnf/
t"d|mefrwifbJ oydwt f m;vk;H ukyd if (ouFe;f uJo
h )Ydk 0duyÜemcsn;f vnf;
jyKxm;Ekdif\/
ypöK'd̈K&fjyKykH
oydwfa[mif;ukd t"d|mefwifí aqmifxm;aom &[ef;onf
oydwfopf&ojzifh xkdtopfukd t"d|mefwifvkdvQif t"d|mefwifí
wpfvkH;om xm;aumif;aomaMumifh oydwfta[mif;ukd ypöK'¨dK&f jyK&-
rnf/ ]]£rH ywåH ypöK'¨&mrd}}}[k qkd/ £rH = þcGufukd/ ywåH = oydwfukd/
(0g) oydwftjzpfrS/ ypöK'¨&mrd = ½kyfodrf;yg\/ þokdY ypöK'¨dK&fjyKNyD;aom
oydwfukdvnf; q,f&uftwGif;rSmyif 0duyÜemjyKxm;&rnf/
edó*¾doydwf pGefYykH
t"d|mefrwif 0duyÜemvnf;rjyKbJ q,f&ufveG o f mG ;vQif edó*¾-d
ouFef;ukd pGefYonfhtwkdif; pGefY&rnf/ ykv’difjzpfí - t,H ar baEÅ
yawåm 'o[mwduaú EÅm edó*¾ad ,m? £rm[H tm,o®awm edóZÆmrd
[k qd½k o
Hk m/ a'oemajymNy;D aemuf xdok ydwu f kd vufco
H u l (ouFe;f -
uJo
h )Ykd jyefay;í &aomtcg t"d|mefaomfvnf;wif odrYk [kwf 0duyÜem-
aomfvnf; jyK&rnf/
ODeyÍöAEëoydwfpGefYykH tpDtpOf
oydwfta[mif;u ig;zGJUrjynfhao;bJ oydwftopfudk awmif;-
vQif xdkoydwfukd &[ef;y&dowftv,frSm pGefY&rnf/ (&[ef;rsm;u-
vnf; ud,k pf u
D ,
kd if rdro
d ;Hk aeus oydwu
f ,
kd í
l vmMu&ef pnf;a0;Mu-
&rnf/)
oHCmtpnf;ta0;rSm ajymykH
xdkpGefYtyfaom oydwfudk ywå*¾g[or®Kwd&aom &[ef;u ¤if;-
oydwfudk ,lí oydwf\ aumif;aMumif;*kPfaus;Zl;udk ajymNyD;
]]t&Sib f &k m; ...þoydwuf kd ,lawmfryl g}}[k tBu;D qk;H rax&fBu;D udk
avQmuf&rnf/ rax&fBuD;u xdkoydwfudk rESpfoufíjzpfapç tydpä-
*kPf&Sdíjzpfap r,lrl tyf\/ xdkoydwfpGefY&[ef;tm; oem;í r,lrl
'kuú#f? tu,fí rax&fBuD;u ,ltHh? rax&fBuD;\ oydwfudk or®Kwd
&aom &[ef;u ,lí oydwf\ *kPfaus;Zl;udk ajymí 'kwd,rax&f-
tm; ,l&ef avQmufxm;&rnf/ þenf;twdkif; aemufqkH;oydwfudk
&[ef;i,fuav;wdkifatmif ,l&ef ajymMum;&rnf/
ti,fqkH; &[ef;uav;u ,lí <uif;usefaom oydwfum;
]ywåy&d,EÅ = tqk;H pGeaf omoydw}f rnf\/ xdt
k qk;H pGeaf om oydwu
f kd
ywå*g¾ [or®Kw&d aom &[ef;uyif xdo k ydwo
f pfukd tvSLcHaom &[ef;
tm; ]]igh&Sif&[ef; ..þoydwfudk uGJonfhwdkifatmif udkifaqmif-
&rnf}}[k qdkí ay;&rnf/
oydwfawmif;rdaom &[ef;onf xdk&aom t,kwfqkH;oydwfudk
awmif;í&aom oydwfuJhodkY ½dk½dkaoao udkif&rnf/ tu,fí xdk
oydwfudk pufqkyfí t&yfwpfyg;odkY ypfvdkuftHhç r½dkrao udkiftHhç
olwpfyg;tm; pGefYtHh 'kuú#ftmywfoifh\/
usifh0wf
þoHCmhtv,fü pGejYf cif;ç rax&fBu;D rSpí ,lapjcif;ç t,kwq f ;Hk
oydwu f kd xd&k [ef;tm; ay;jcif;ç uGo
J nfw
h ikd af tmif udik af pjcif;wdu
Yk m;
ig;zGJUrjynfhrD oydwfudk awmif;rd&mü usifh0wfjzpfonf[k oddyg/
AEë t& zGJUwkyfjcif;[lonf ..
zGJUwkyfjcif;[lonf uGJtufaeaom oydwfta&;\ 0Jbuf,m-
bufudk pl;jzifh azmufí BudK;jzifh zGJUwkyf&jcif;wnf;/ EIwfcrf;rS atmuf
vufav;opfavmuf tufaMumif;&Sv d Qif (vufEpS of pf wpfzUJG ude;f jzif)h
ESpfzGJUwkyf? vufajcmufopf &SnfvQif okH;zGJUwkyf? vuf&Spfopf&SnfvQif
av;zGUJ wky?f tufaMumif;u wpfae&mwnf; r[kwb f J (3)ae&m &Sv d Qi-f
vnf; ae&mtvdkuf ESpfzGJUç okH;zGJUç av;zGJU zGJUwkyfEkdifonf/ xdkodkY av;zGJU
zGUJ wkyNf y;D aemuf ESpv
f ufravmuf ta&;taMumif; &Sad evQif ig;ckajrmuf
tzGUJ udk zGUJ wkyof nfjzpfapç rwkyo f nfjzpfap t"d|mef 0duyÜemavmuf-
aom oydwf r[kwaf wmhNy/D yxr tufuu JG wnf;u ig;zGUJ zGUJ avmuf-
atmif &Sn&f n S f (odrYk [kw)f ig;ae&m tufaMumif; xifaevQif vk;H vk;H
rzGJUwkyfapumrl oydwft&m r0ifawmhNyD/ þum; ajroydwftwGuf
wnf;/
tu,fí oHoydwfü tufaMumif;r&Sdç taygufom&SdvQif xdk
taygufukd oHrjdI zifjh zpfapç pd½Yk u
kd í
f jzpfapç oHjym;t0dik ;f uav;jzifh jzpfap
zmax;&rnf/ xdo k zYkd max;í nufanmojzihf tmrdo ruyfNiEd idk v f Qif
oydwft&m 0ifygao;onf/ taygufu BuD;aeaomaMumifh jzpfapç
rsm;aomaMumifhjzpfap zmax;í rnufanmvQif oydwft&m r0if-
awmhNyD/
ajroydwüf ig;zG?YJ oHoydwüf zmax;í rajyjypfawmht?Hh tmrdo

uyfNit d ?Hh rtyfaom oydwf jzpf\/ t"d|mef ravmufawmhjy?D wpfyg;
aom oydwu f kd awmif;aumif;Ny?D oydw[
f al om a&wGujf cif;odaYk &muf
aom oHoydwf? ig;zGJYatmuf ,kwfaom (ig;zGJUrjynfhaom) ajroydwf
&Sad eygvsuf oydwo f pfukd tnmwuç ty0g&dwxH awmif;thH 'ku#ú ?f
&aomf edó*d¾xdkuf\/
tmywfwpf&m oifhykH
tzGJUtwkyf r&SdbJvsuf tyAEëoydwfç {uAEëoydwfç 'GdAEëç
wdAEëç pwkAEëç tAEäemumoç {uAEäemumoç 'dAG Eäemumoç
wdAEäemumoç pwkAEäemumo þodYk tAEë tzGUJ twkyrf &Sad o;-
bJvsuf oydwf (10)rsKd;? wpfrsKd;udk awmif;vQif tmywf (10)csufpD
oifhEdkifí (10Œ 10 = 100) tmywf (100) oifhEkdifonf[k odygav/
edó*¾doydwf pGefYykH
]]t,H ar baEÅ yawåm ODeyÍöAEäee yawåe apwmydawm
edó*¾da,m? £rm[H oHCó edóZÆmrd/}}
]]t&Sifbk&m;wdkY ... wynfhawmfonf ,kwfaom ig;zGJU&Sdaom
oydwfjzifh þoydwfudk awmif;tyfrdonfjzpfí edó*¾dxkdufaeyg\/
(pGex
Yf u dk af eyg\/) wynfah wmfonf þoydwu
f dk oHCmtm; pGeyYf g\}}[k
qkdí oHCmtpnf;ta0;ü pGefYNyD; pDpOfygav/
t*Fgav;yg; - 1/ t"d|mefavmufaom oydwfjzpfjcif;? 2/ rdrdzkdY
jzpfjcif;? 3/ rzdwfzl;olxH awmif;jcif;? 4/ awmif;í&jcif; - [lí
t*Fgav;yg;wkdYwnf;/
(aqmif) "d|mefavmufi?Jh oydwu Jh Qi?f ig;zGUJ rjynfh1 rdrzd [
f v Ydk k &nf&,
G jf yK-
2 3 4
om; rzdwfolUxH? awmif;cHrdvQif; &&Sdjcif;[k aMumif;&if;
av;vD? t*FgnD? oifhNyD OKeAEë/
ck'ódu©mvm oydwfESifhpyfí rSwfzG,frsm;
65/ ywåH eyÜ#domar,s? aom'uH e p Moway?
OaPS e ed'a[ blrsH? e Xay aem p v*¾a,/
(ck'ódu©mbmom#Dum?108/)
aom'uH = a&ESiwhf uGjzpfaom (0g)a&rpifaom/ ywåH = oydw-f
ukd/ eyÜ#domar,s = rokdrSD; rodrf;qnf;&m/ (aom'uH = a&ESifhwuG
jzpfaom (0g) a&rpifaom// ywåH = oydwu f /dk ) e p Moway = aevnf;
rvSef;&m/ OaPS = aeylü/ e ed'a[ = MumjrifhpGm rxm;&m/ blrsH =
ajray:ü/ e Xay = tcif;ryg oydwfajc rygbJ rxm;&m/ aem p
v*¾a, = qifpG,faumuf ponfü csdwfvnf; rcsdwf&m/
66/ rd¹aEÅ y&db@aEÅ? tauF 0g tmwywåau?
yga'ok rÍöyDaX 0g? xaywkH e p uyÜwd/
rd¹aEÅ = twGif;buf tusnfpGef;üvnf;aumif;/ y&dba@aEÅ
= tjyifbuf tMunfpGef;üvnf;aumif;/ tauF 0g = &ifcGifç wif-
yv’ifacGay:üvnf;aumif;/ tmwywåau = xD;ay:üvnf;aumif;/
yga'ok = ajcwküYd vnf;aumif;/ rÍöyaD X 0g = anmifapmif;ç tif;ysOüf -
vnf;aumif;? (0g) ukwifç xkid cf üHk vnf;aumif;/ xaywkH = xm;jcif;iSm/
e p uyÜwd = rtyfonfom/
67/ e ed[a&,s Opäda|m-'uÍö pvu|duH?
yawåe ywå[aw¬m 0g? u0g#H eyÜPmra,/
Opäad |m'uÍö = vkwaf q;a&ukv d nf;aumif;/ pvu|duH = cJpm;-
d nf;aumif;/ yawåe
Ny;D í pGeyYf pftyfaom tmrdoç ig;½k;d ç tom;½k;d ukv
= oydwfjzifh (0g) oydwfü xnfhí/ e eD[a&,s = rxkwfaqmif&m/
ywå[aw¬m = vufü oydwf&Sdonf/ ([kwGm 0g) jzpfívnf;aumif;/

u0g#H = wHcg;&Gufukd/ eyÜPmra, = rwGef;rzGifh&m/
68/ blrdtm"m&au 'g½k-'@m"ma& okoZÆdaw?
'ka0 yawå xaya,suH? eduúKZÆdwGm0 blrd,H/
blrtd m"m&au = ajrü uyfí qufpyfaeaom u&Gwaf cGüvnf;-
aumif;/ okoZÆdaw = aumif;pGm jyifqiftyfaom/ 'g½k'@m"ma& =
wkwaf csmif;jzifh jyKvyk t
f yfaom vSw
H çH oydwaf jc? 0g;jcrf;rsm; pkaygif;í
jyKvkyftyfaom oydwfajcüvnf;aumif;/ 'ka0 = ESpfvkH;ukefaom/
yawå = oydwfwkdYukd/ xay,s = qifhí xm;Ekdif\/ blrd,H = tcif;-
&Sdaomajray:ü/ {uH = oydwfwpfvkH;ukd/ eduúKZÆdwGm0 = arSmufí-
omvQif/ xay,s = xm;Ekdif\/
oydwfqkdif&m usifh0wfrsm;
1/ a&rpifaom oydwfukd odrf;í rxm;&? xm;vQif a&rpifaom-
aMumifh oydwfysufpD;vdrfhrnf/
2/ oydwfokwfyk0gjzifh a&pifMu,fatmif rokwftyfaom oydwfukd
aeylrvSe;f &? vSe;f vQif qGr;f [if;teHY eHaomaMumifh teHrY aumif;
jzpfwwf\/
3/ oydwu f dk aeylü Mum&Snpf mG rxm;&? xm;vQif tqif;ysuw f wf-
onf/ wcPavmufom aevSef;&onf/
4/ zsmç om;a&paom tcif;rygbJ zkçH ausmufp&pf&adS om ajray:ü
oydwfukd rxm;&/ xm;vQif zkHayvdrfhrnf? oydwfemvdrfhrnf?
xkaYd Mumifh oydwaf jcjzpfapç tcif;jzpfap &Sad omajrü oydwx f m;-
&onf/
5/ eH&Hü pkdufESufxm;tyfaom ikwfüvnf;aumif;ç qifpG,faumuf
ponfüvnf;aumif;ç (tdwfrygbJ) oydwfrsufESm0ukd csdwfí
rxm;&? xm;vQif atmufokdY uswwfonf/
6/ a&S;u eH&t H ajcckid af tmif (ok)Yd xkid &f atmif eH&\H twGi;f tjyifü
ajrckçH tkwcf Hk tyd&k w
dS wf\/ xkad jrckH tkwcf u
Hk dk tusn[
f ak c:onf/
xkdtusnfpGef;ü xm;vQif oydwfonf vdrfhusí uGJEkdifç emEkdif-
aomaMumifh xkdtusnfpGef;ü rxm;&? tusnfu wpfawmif
avmuf us,f0ef;vQif xm;aumif;\/ oydwfajcygvQifvnf;
xkdtusnfrSm xm;aumif;\[k aw&ouPf#Dum qkdonf/
7/ &ifciG wf ifyv’iaf cGay:ü oydwrf xm;&? trSwrf hJ xvdu k af omtcg
oydwfuJGwwfonf? oydwfudk vG,fxm;vQifum; xvdkufaomf-
vnf; oydwfrusEdkifaomaMumifh xm;aumif;yg\/
8/ zGix
hf m;aom xD;ay:ü oydwrf xm;&? qGr;f jzifjh ynfah eaomoydwçf
ycHk;üvG,fxm;aom oydwfudkvnf; rxm;&? ava0SYaomtcg
tay:odYk xD;ajrmufomG ;&m oydwv f nf; uJaG omaMumifh xD;ay:ü
rxm;&[k ynwfawmfrlonf/
9/ ajcaxmufay:ü tjrifrawmfaomaMumifv h nf;aumif;ç trSw-f
wrJh vdrfhuszG,f&dSaomaMumifhvnf;aumif; oydwfrxm;&/
10/ anmifapmif;ç tif;ysOf (ukwifç xdkifcHk)wdkYü trSwfwrJh xdkifrIç
tdyrf aI Mumifh oydwu f w
GJ wfonft h wGuf rxm;zd&Yk ef ynwfawmf-
rlonf/
11/ yg;pyfaq;a& vkwfaq;a&udk oydwfxJ xnfhí rxkwfaqmif&/
om;ç ig;ç opfoD;wdkYrS tom;wdkYudk Ekwf,lpm;NyD;í usefaom
pm;zwf (pm;NyD;í raumif;aom tzwf) opfoD;\ taphç tcHG-
ponf udkvnf;aumif;? ig;\t½dk;ç tom;\ t½dk;wdkYudkvnf;-
aumif; oydwfü xnfhí rxkwfaqmifaumif;? oydwfjzifh ,lí
rpGefYypfaumif;[k rSwfyg/
12/ vufüjzpfapç ajczrdk;üjzpfap udk,f\tpdwftydkif; wpfae&mü

oydw&f aSd evQif wHcg;&Guu f kd vufjzifjh zpfapç ud, k tf *Fg wpfcck jk zifh
jzpfap rwGe;f rzGiahf umif;? rif;wkwu f v kd nf; rajrm§ ufrzGiahf umif;?
xdo
k Ykd zGiv
hf Qif wHcg;yGiahf omtcg oydwu f kd ½du
k rf wd wfaomaMumif-h
wnf;/ oydwu f kd ycH;k ü vG,x f m;vQiu f m; wHcg;&Guu f kd vufwpf-
zufjzifh wGef;xm;EkdifaomaMumifh zGifhaumif;\/
13/ oydww f nf&m u&Gwaf cGay:ü oydwv f rd rhf usEikd af tmif aumif;-
pGm jyKvyk t
f yfNy;D jzpfvQif xkd u&Gwaf cGü a&S;OD;pGm oydwu f dk xm;í
xdok ydwaf y:ü aemufxyf oydww f pfv;kH qifah omtm;jzifh oydwf
ESpfvHk; xm;aumif;\/
14/ ajrBuD;ay:ü zsmç oifjzL; paomtcif;&dSvQif xdktcif;ay:ü
arSmufíomvQif oydwfwpfvHk; xm;aumif; \/ oydwfwpfvHk;
xyfí arSmufxm;vdkrlum; ajrBuD;tcif;ay:ü tem;wpfzufudk
xm;í tjcm; tem;wpfzufukd xdyk xroydwaf y:ü ar;wifovdk
rDSí arSmufxm;aumif;\[k qdkMuonf/
tuyÜd,oydwf (14) vHk;
69/ 'g½k½lyd,aom0PÖ-rPda0VK&d,mr,m?
uHo umpwdykoDozvdumwrÁavm[Zm/
70/ q0oDora,m pmyd? C#dwkrÁu#m[Zm?
ywåm tuyÜd,m oaAÁ? 0kwåm 'kuú#0w¬Kumwd/
'g½k ½lyd, aom0PÖ rPd a0VK&d,mr,m = opfom;jzifh
jyKvyk t
f yfuek çf aiGjzifh jyKvyk t
f yfuek çf a&Tjzifh jyKvyk t
f yfuek çf ywåjrm;jzifh
jyKvyk tf yfuek çf aMumifrsu½f jGJ zifh jyKvyk t
f yfuek af om/ (ywåm = oydw-f
wdkYonfvnf;aumif;/) uHo ump wdyk oDo zvdum wrÁavm[Zm
= aMu;jzLrS jzpfukefç pOfhrS jzpfukefç ovJGjzLrS jzpfukefç ovGJrnf;rS
jzpfuek çf zvfrS jzpfuek çf aMu;eDrS jzpfuek af om/ (ywåm = oydww
f oYkd nf
vnf;aumif;/) q0oDora,m = vl\ OD;acgif;cHGjzifh jyKvkyftyfaom?
(0g) vlOD;acgif;cHGjzpfaom/ yawåm pmyd = oydwfonfvnf;aumif;?
C#DwkrÁu#m[Zm = tdk;wnf;[laom cGufrS jzpfukefç Al;wnf;[l-
aom (tvmAk = AloD;) cGufrS jzpfukefaom/ (ywå ywåm = oydwfwdkYonf-
vnf;aumif;/) tuyÜd,m = rtyfukef/ oaAÁ = tvHk;pHk (14)vHk;aom
oydwfwdkYudk/ 'kuú#0w¬Kum = 'kuú#ftmywf\ wnf&mtaMumif;-
wdkY[lí/ 0kwåm = a[mawmfrltyfukefNyD/ £wd = oydwfESifhpyfí
rSwfzG,ftNyD;wnf;/
&Sif;vif;csuf
opfom;cGufonf xnfhíom rpm;aumif;ç raomufaumif;ç
udkif½Hkum; udkifaumif;\/ a&TcGufç aiGcGufç ywåjrm;cGufç aMumifrsuf&GJ
cGufwdkYonf xd½Hk udkif½HkrQyif rtyf/ ,ckumv uGrf;tpfponfü
aiGx;kH Al;ç aiGzvm; ponfwrYkd mS vlUOpömyif jzpfapumrl udik ½f rkH Q rudik -f
aumif;&um; tb,frSm xnfhí pm;aumif;ygawmhthHenf;/ ESD;cGufç
ES;D uGr;f tpfwu Ykd ykd if opfom;cGuEf iS hf tvm;wl[k oabmxm;í vuf-
zufç uGrf;ponf xnfhpm;rIudk a&SmifMuOfMuonf/ tu,fí ESD;uGrf;-
tpfjzifh uyfvmvQif vufay:okYd wpfqifh ajymif;xnfí h uGr;f pm;Mu\/
ESD;cGufjzifhvnf; tazsmf&nfponfudk raomufMuukef/
72/ tuyÜm zvdum umpuHoZm *d[doEÅum/
oHCdum uyÜd,m wkrÁC#dZm wm0umvdum/
zvdum p = zefcGufonfvnf;aumif;/ umpuHoZm = csuf-
ausmufcGufESifh pOfhcGufç aMu;jzLç aMu;0gcGufwdkYonfvnf;aumif;/
*d[od EÅum = vlUOpöm jzpfuek af omfvnf;aumif;/ oHCu

d m = oHCu
d
jzpfukefaomfvnf;aumif;/ uyÜd,m = tyfukef\/
zvdu--t& zefppfcGuf r[kwf&m? oJudk csufí jyKvkyftyfaom
,ckumv zefcGufom jzpfwef&m\/ (zefppf = wGif;xGufzefum;
ywåjrm;ESifhtvm;wl roHk;oyfaumif;? rudkifaumif;/)
þpum;t& csufzefcGufç csufausmufcGufç pOfhcGufç aMu;jzLç
aMu;0gcGuw
f rYkd mS yk*v
¾ u
d tjzpfjzifh roH;k pJt
G yf? oHCu
d odrYk [kwf vlUOpöm
jzpfrl xnfhpm;aumif;\/ ,ckumv aMu;0gZGef;ESifh zefcGuf zefcsKdifh
ponfwdkY yk*¾vdu rtyfaMumif;udk owdjyKyg/
wkrÁC#dZm = Al;oD;cGuf tdk;cGufwdkYonf/ wm0umvdum = wpf-
cPrQ xnfhí pm;aomufaumif;ukef\/ (oGm;av&m,lí oydwf-
uJhodkYum; tjrJroHk;pJGaumif;? cPavmuf xnfhpm;í pGefYypfxm;cJh-
&rnf[lvdk/) zuf&Gufç opf&Gufjzifh vkyftyfaom zufcGufrsm;vnf;
xdkYtwl wcPrQom xnfhpm;aumif;\[k #DumwdkY qdk\/
tyfpyfaom cGuf (3) rsKd;
uyÜd,m xmvum wdaóm? wrÁma,m rwådumr,m?
wrÁma,m rwådumr,m = aMu;eDç oHç ajrjzifh jyKtyfukefaom/
wdaóm = okH;rsKd;ukefaom/ xmvum = pm;cGufaomufcGufwkdYonf/
uyÜd,m = tyfukef\/
aMu;eDcGufç ajrcGufç oHcGuf (3)rsKd;wkdYonf &[ef;omraPwkdY
ukd,fwkdif (yk*¾vdu)tjzpf okH;pGJaumif;\/ ¤if;wkdYü umvduav;yg;
xnfhí pm;aumif; aomufaumif;\[k rSwf/
(ygwdarmufbmom#Dum?195/)
edó*¾dtmywf (30) txl;rSwfcsuf
{Vuavmr0*f tpodum© yk'f tcif;ok;H ckç ywå0*f aboZÆou d m© -
yk'wf pfcçk þav;ckjzifh tmywfoifí h pGeNYf y;D aom0w¬Kudk jyefay;aomf-
vnf; rok;H pG&J / (tcif;tjzpfom rok;H &? Adwmef rsuEf mS Muuf ok;H Ekid \ f -
[k qkd\/ aq;üvnf; &ufrvGefrD ckepf&uftwGif;ü e,fqDç vdrf;qD
ponfwkdY\ tusKd;iSm pdwfjzifh ykdif;jzwfí t"d|mefí xm;tyfaom
axmywfponfwYdk ckepf&ufveG af omfvnf; tmywfroif/h xYjdk yif iJu h u G -f
jcif;r&Sd tmv,jywf pGefYNyD;í jyef&aom axmywfç qDponfwkdYum;
okH;aqmif pm;aomufjcif;iSmvnf; tyfonf[l\/
a&TaiGudk cH,laom ½lyd,y#d*¾[Podu©myk'fç ½lyd,oHa0g[m&
odum© yk'f ¤if;ESpcf jk zihf tmywfoifí h pGeNYf y;D aom 0w¬KwuYkd kd jyefray;&/
t<uif; (24)yg;aom odum© yk'w f jYkd zifh tmywfoifí h pGeNYf y;D aom 0w¬K-
wdkYudk jyefay;u okH;pGJaumif;\/ oHCmhtv,füom pGefYaumif;aom
odum© yk'w f u
Ykd m; ODeyÍöAEëodum© yk'çf ½ly, d y#d*[¾ Podum© yk'çf ½ly, d -
oHa0g[m&odu©myk'f okH;ckwdkYwnf;/ (ygwdarmu©ar'deD?256/)
(aqmif) oE¦w aw;? &ufukefaq;? jyefay; rokH;&/
a&TaiGcHç vJ? ESpfckwGJ? jyefbJ ray;&/
t<uif;ppfaq;? ESpfq,fhav;? jyefay; okH;pGJ&/
oHCmhv,fom? pGefY&yg? okH;jzm awGUygp/
ODeyÍöç ½lyd,? vJx okH;rsKd;y/ (ygwdarmu©ar'deD?256/)
ab'euygpdwf
olpdC&odu©myk'fü EGm;½kd; uRJ½dk;paom t½dk;wpfrsKd;rsKd;jzifhjzpfapç
qifpG,fjzifhjzpfapç EGm;ç orif ponfwdkY\ OD;csKdjzifhjzpfap tyfusnf
(tyfA;l ) jyKvyk &f m0,f ud,
k w
f ikd pf íjyKjcif; odrYk [kwf tjyKcikd ;f jcif;aMumifh
'ku#ú t f mywfoifí
h ud,k w
f ikd jf yKNy;D onft
h cg (odrYk [kw)f olwpfyg;tm;
cdkif;NyD;í &onfhtcg ab'euygpdwftmywf oifh\/
ygpdwftmywfudk a'oemrMum;rD tyfAl;udk cGJypf&rnfjzpfaom-
aMumihf cGJjcif;a&S;&Sdaomygpdwf (0g) ab'euygpdwf[k ac:onf/
tyfAl;rSwpfyg; rsufpOf;usnfç rsufpOf;wHç yJcGyf½kd;ç tem;ywfoD;ç
cg;yef;oD;wku
Yd kd t½d;k ponfjzifh jyKaumif;\/ tyfA;l udu
k m; 0g;ç opfom;
ponfjzifhom jyKaumif;onf/
pwkuúygpdwfjzpfykH
1/ rdrjd yKí rNy;D ao;aom tyfusnuf kd ud,
k wf ikd Nf y;D apí &aom&[ef;
ygpdw?f
2/ rdrdjyKí rNyD;aom tyfusnfudk olwpfyg;udk NyD;apí &aom&[ef;-
vnf; ygpdwf?
3/ olwpfyg;jyKí rNy;D ao;aom tyfusnu f kd ud,k w f idk Nf y;D apí &aom
&[ef;vnf; ygpdwf?
4/ olwpfyg;jyKí rNyD;ao;aom tyfusnfudk olwpfyg;udk NyD;apí
&aom &[ef;vnf; ygpdw[ f k pwkuyú gpdwf jzpfonf/ enf;,l rSwyf g?
tcif;rsm; jyKvkyf&müvnf; pwkuúygpdwf jzpfykHukd odygav/
wlavme'ödu©myk'f
anmifapmif; ukwifudkjzpfap tif;ysOf xdkifckHudkjzpfap tay:ü
vJtqmoGwfaom tcif;&Sdatmif udk,fwdkifjyKjyK olwpfyg;udk cdkif;í
&&ç vJtqmudk xkwNf y;D aemufrS a'oemMum;&aom O'¨gveuygpdwf
tmywfoifh\/
vJtqm oGwx f m;aom arGU&mrsm;udk anmifapmif; tif;ysOaf y:ü
rcif;&? xdkYjyif om;arG; aumfaZmrsm;vnf; rcif;&[k odyg/
vJokH;rsKd;
vufyHyifpaom opfyifrSjzpfaom ½ku©wlvvJwpfrsKd;ç EG,fyifrS
jzpfaom vwmwlvvJwpfrsKd;ç &SifarG;vGef;paom jrufrsKd;rS jzpfaom
ayg#uDwlvvJwpfrsKd; þodkYtm;jzifh opfyifvJç EG,fvJç jrufvJ[k vJ
(3)rsKd; &Sd\/ 0g*Grf;udkvnf; ½ku©wlv (= opfyifvJ)ü oGif;í ,lav/
(aqmif) ½ku© vwm ayg#um? wlvm okH;rsKd;od/
opfyifç jrufç EG,f? vJokH;oG,f? rSwfzG,f usrf;*ef&Sd/
,cktcg 0g*Grf;rsm;vnf; vJtrsKd;tpm;yifjzpfí vJrIdUoGwfxm;-
aom tcif;rsm;udk *dvmer[kwfvQif rtdyfaumif;ç rxdkifaumif;?
temaygufjcif;paom rusef;rmrIaMumifh ½dk;½dk;tcif;ay:ü rxdkifEdkif
rtdyEf ikd af om *dvmewdu
Yk m; xdv
k rJ UdI tcif; arGU&mrsm;ESihf acgif;tk;H rsm;udk
cif;í tdyfaumif;\/
usr;f *efü *dvme r[kwv f Qif acgif;tk;H ESihf ajctk;H ESprf sK;d om tyf-
aMumif; vm\/ xdkYaMumifh 0denf;"dk&f yk*¾dKvfrsm;um; acgif;tkH;udk
wHawmifjzifh axmufjcif;ç &ifbwfatmufü xm;jcif;rsm;udk rjyKMubJ
a&SmifMuOfMu\/ tcsKUd um; wHawmifjzifh axmufjcif;ç vufjzifh axmuf-
jcif;rsm;udk oHo, r&SMd u/ tb,fah Mumifq h akd omf tdyaf om tcgrsm;ü
acgif;tk;H ay:vufwifum vufay:acgif;csí tdyjf cif;udk 0denf;t&m
oHo,ukuKú pBö u;D awmfral om rax&fBu;D wdaYk omfrv S nf; jyKMuonfukd
jrif&aomaMumif[ h k taMumif;jyMu\/ tcsKUd um; rSt D ;Hk Bu;D udyk if tok;H -
jyKvsuf &SdMu\/ rSDtkH;um; rtyfonfom[k rSwf/
acgif;tkH;yrmP
acgif;tk;H um; OD;acgif;yrmP &Sad omfom tyf\/ OD;acgif;yrmP
acgif;tk;H [lonf axmifo h ;Hk axmifw
h w
Ykd iG f ESpaf xmif\
h tMum; teHtm;-
jzifh wpfxGmav;opf? tv,f awmifqkyf? tvsm; wpfaxmifhxGm?
ESpfawmifom tyfonf/ teH awmifqkyf? tvsm; ESpfawmif[l\/

xkdYxufBuD;rl rtyf? ti,fyrmPudk usrf;*efrjy/
tma,m*ywfcg;yef;ç tHouk#d çf oydwt f wd çf a&ppfç acgif;tk;H wküYd
xnfah umif;\[k qkad omaMumifh 0g*Gr;f rsm;udk twGi;f üoGi;f í csKyv
f yk -f
xm;aom apmifrsm;udk udk,fatmufrSmxm;í rtdyfoifh[k rSwfyg/
rÍöyD|odu©myk'f
anmifapmif;ç tif;ysOfç ukwifç ukvm;xdkifwdkYudk udk,fwdkifjzpfap
cdkfif;íjzpfap topfjyKvkyfapvdkvQif bk&m;&Sif\ vufopfawmfjzifh
(tvGeq f ;Hk ) &Spv
f ufopf tajc &Sad p&rnf/ xdx
k uf &Snv f m; ]jzwf-
f Qiu
jcif;} a&S;&Sdaom aq'euygpdwftmywf oifh\/
tajcudk wkdif;&müum; abmif[k ac:aom taygifudk xnfhí
wdkif;zG,f rvdk/ olwpfyg;xHrS tajc&Snfaom anmifapmif;udk&vQif
jzwfí odkYr[kwf tydkudk ajrwGif jr§Kyfí okH;pGJ&rnf/
anmifapmif; (4) rsKd;
1/ tajcü taygifpGyfaom rom&u anmifapmif;?
2/ tajcESifh wpyfwnf; taygif&Sdaom AkE´dumA'¨ anmifapmif;?
3/ ykZGefajcoP²mef aumufaom tajc&dSaom ukVd&yg'u anmif-
apmif;?
4/ taygifü tajcpGyaf om tm[pöyg'u anmifapmif;tm;jzifh av;rsK;d
jym;\/
tif;ysOfvnf; anmif;apmif;enf;wl av;rsKd;yif &Sd\/ txl;um;
av;awmif tvsm;&Sdonfum; anmifapmif;? av;awmifatmuf
wdkaom tvsm;&Sdonfum; tif;ysOfrnfonf[k qdkMu\/
(aqmif) rom&u AkE´duESifh? ukVD&yg' tm[pö? av;0 anmifapmif;
jym;/ tif;ysOfüvnf; xdkav;wnf;? jym;enf; odapom;/
av;awmif&Sdonfç anmifapmif;rnfç wkdonf tif;ysOfMum;/
tóE´Dyv’ifum; av;axmifhtajc&Snfaomfvnf; tyf\/
bdod (= bkHvQKd zkH)
bdo[ d ol nf tjyifu t0wfjzifjh zpfapç orifa&paom tyfaom
om;a&jzifhjzpfap tcGHjyKí vlarG;ESifh yef;ndK&Gufudk z,fxm;í tarG;ç
opf&Gufç jrufç avQmft0wfwdkYudk tqmoGwfí jyKtyfaom arGU&m
bkHvQKdudk qdkonf/
xdb
k v
Hk QKo
d nf om;arT;bkv H QKçd opf&u
G b
f v
Hk QKçd t0wfbv
Hk QKçd jrufb-Hk
vQKdç avQmfbkHvQKd[k ig;rsKd; jym;\/ yrmPtwdkif;txGm r&Sd/ xdkifjcif;
tdyfjcif; tvkH;pkHtyfonf/
(aqmif) om;arG;ç opf&Guf? t0wfç jruf? avQmfpGuf bkHvQKdig;/
anmifapmif; tif;ysOw
f o Ykd nf jrwfpmG bk&m;&Si\
f vufopfawmf-
jzifh (8)vufopf (= wpfrdkuf) jzpfonf/ (wpfxGmrSm q,fhESpfvufopf
&Sd\/) bk&m;&Sif wpfxGm = (13)vufrcGJ? wpfawmif = (27)vufr?
&Spfvufopf = wpfrdkuf? okH;rdkuf = wpfawmifjzpfí (27)udk (3)jzifh
pm;aomf (9)vufr&Sí d wpfru kd rf mS (9)vufr jzpfoifo h nf/ rZÑrd yk&o
d
wpfawmif (= yuwdyk&do wpfaxmifhxGm)tajc&Sd\[k qdkMuonfrSm
jrifhvGef;rnf xif\/
xkdt&m0,f pOf;pm;zG,f&Sdonf[k bmom#Dum uk#dum&odu©m-
yk'fü qdkxm;\/ oD[kdVfç ,dk;',m;ç uarÇm'D;,m;paom ax&0g'
Edik if w
H üYkd bk&m;&Siw
f pfxmG udk (13)vufrcG&J o
dS nf[k ,lMuonf/ bk&m;
&Sif\ (8)vufopfonf (9)vufr jzpfoifhí anmifapmif; tif;ysOf
tajc (9)vufr xm;oifo h nf[k ,lqoifyh gonf/ 0denf;Oya'awmf-
BuD; pmrsufESm (234)ü bk&m;&Sif (8)vufopfonf (24) vufr (=2-

ay) &Sdonf[k wGufjyxm;onf/
taygif (abmif)udk rwdkif;&? atmuftajcukdom wdkif;&rnf
jzpfonf/ aus;Zl;awmf&iS f zm;atmufawm&q&mawmfonf uk#ifjyK-
vky&f mwGif (9)vufr tajcxm;onfukd ESpof ufawmfro l nf/ edrv
hf eG ;f -
í tmywfroifh? jrifhvQifom aq'euygpdwftmywf oifhonf/
jzwfjcif;a&S;&Sdaom ygpdwftmywfjzpfonf/ jzwfNyD;rS a'oemMum;&-
aom tmywfwnf;/ rjzwfrcsi;f a'oem rnfrQyifMum;Mum; tmywf-
u rxajrmufEdkif[k rSwfyg/
edoD'eodu©myk'f
edoD'dkefudk udk,fwdkifjzpfapç cdkif;íjzpfap csKyfvdkaom &[ef;onf
bk&m;&Si\ f txGmawmfjzifh tvsm; (2)xGm? teH (1)xGmcG?J tNrw d af c:-
aom tqm (1)xGm? þtwdkif;t&Snf&Sdaom (i,fomvQif i,fap
onfx h uf ryd&k aom) edo'D ekd u f o
kd m csKyEf ikd o
f nf/ xkt
d wdik ;f t&Snx f uf
ydv
k eG vf Qiuf m; vGeo f rQukd jzwfypf&jcif;&Sad om ]aq'euygpdw}f tmywf
oifh\/
oE¦wtcif;ESifhwlpGm cif;í rdrd tvdk&Sd&mbuf tpGef;wpfckü
jrwfpmG bk&m;&Si\ f wpfxmG yrmP &Sad om tqmudw k yfí ESpaf e&mü-
um; cGJxm;&onf/ þuJhodkY jyKvkyfxm;aomf tNrdwftqm (3)ck
uGv J suf &S\
d / yrmPESi, hf OS af omç tNrw
d t
f qmok;H ck&adS om y&du&© m-
rsKd;udk edoD'dkefac:onf[k odyg/
edoD'dkef ynwfawmfrljcif;
pD0&u©Eu¨ yPDwabmZe0w¬Kü &[ef;rsm; rGejf rwfaom tpm-
tm[m&wduYk kd pm;MuNy;D aemuf w&m;vufvw
G v
f suf tdyaf ysmMf uaom-
tcg tdyfrufrufí okwfvGwfMuojzifh ouFef;ç ausmif;ç tdyf&mç
ae&mç cE¨mudk,frsm; aya&aejcif;aMumifh ouFef;udk apmifha&Smufjcif;
(= pD0&*kw)då ausmif;ç tdy&f mç ae&mudk apmifah &Smufjcif; (= aoemoe-
*kw)då cE¨mud,k u
f kd apmifah &Smufjcif; (= um,*kw)då tusK;d iSm ynwfawmf-
rlonf/ xdkYaMumifh edoD'dkefudk okufESD;ouFef;[k ac:Muonf/
tokH;jyKykH
þedo'D ekd u
f kd ,ckumv ae&mxdik cf if;rsm;uJo
h Ykd cif;ívnf; tok;H -
jyKMuonf/ qGrf;pm;onfhtcg wpfydkif;udk atmufucif;í tNrdwf-
tqmudk wifyv’ifay:ü wifum qGrf;ç [if;pufrsm;ukd umuG,fjcif;
tusKd;iSmvnf; tokH;jyKMuonf/
txl;tm;jzifhum; oif;ydkif\twGif;ü cHí 0wfzkdY&ef jzpfonf/
a&SUbufu tqmxm;cH0wfvQif tv,fu tpudk aemufoYkd aygifMum;-
rS cg;awmif;usKu
d yf pHk u
H o
Jh jYdk zpfNy;D ç aemufbufu tqmxm;í cH0wfvQif
¤if;tv,fu tpudk aygifMum;rS a&SUodkY,lí BudK;i,fjzifh odkYr[kwf
wG,ftyfwdkYjzifh csdwfqGJxm;&rnf/
þtcif;ü tqmonf bk&m;&Siw f pfxmG jzpfí rZÑrd ok;H qwuf-
aomf okH;xGmç yuwdyk&do wpfxGmcGJ a&maomf av;xGmcJG (odkYr[kwf)
ESpaf wmifx
h mG &S&d rnf jzpfonf/ pdwuf ;l jzifh 0wfqifMunfyh g? &Snv
f eG ;f -
aernf xifygonf/ bk&m;&Siw f pfxmG ü (13)vufrcGJ ,lqaom 0g'ESihf
qdvk Qif wpfayomom&Sí d taeawmfjzpfrnf[k xifygonf/ þae&m-
üvnf; pOf;pm;a0zefMu&ef jzpfonf/
u@KyÜ#dpäm'd odu©myk'f
trmvTrf; (odkY) temvTrf;ouFef;udk jyKvkyfvdkaom &[ef;onf
twdkif;t&Snf yrmPESifh ,SOfaom trmvTrf;ouFef;udk jyKvkyf&rnf/
xdt
k rmvTr;f ouFe;f ü þqdv
k wåUH onfum; yrmPwnf;/ jrwfpmG bk&m;
txGmawmfjzifh tvsm; (4)xGm? teH (2)xGmwkdYwnf;/ xdkyrmPudk
vGefapaom &[ef;tm; jzwfjcif;a&S;&Sdaom aq'euygpdwftmywf
oifh\/
Oyvu©Penf; = tpdwfudk rSwfí qdkaomenf;
]u@K}o'´gonf ,m;emudkom a[maomfvnf; þodu©myk'fü
,m;emudk Oyvu©Penf;tm;jzifh owfrw S í
f qdx
k m;onf/ xdaYk Mumifh
u@Ko'´gjzifh ,m;emç 0Jemç aoG;pkemç t&nfxGufaom b*E´dKvfemç
jynfxGufaom temç tdkif;temç 'lvmç vdyfacgif;ç jrif;o½kdufemç
qD;csKda&m*gpaom BuD;us,faom t&nfxGufaom tem[lorQudk
,l&rnf/
xdt
k emrsm;onf csurf aS tmufyikd ;f ç 'l;yqpfrt
S xuf aygufvQif
oif;ydkifudk ayrnfpdk;aomaMumifh xdktemrsm;udk zkH;vTrf;umuG,fzkdY&m
temvTrf;ouFef;wpfrsKd;udk bk&m;&Sif cGifhjyKawmfrlonf/
«0óduom#du (rd;k a&cHouFe;f )taMumif; a&S;ü a&;cJNh y;D jzpfonf?
jyefMunfhyg/»
eEáw¬&odu©myk'f (ac:) ok*wpD0&odu©myk'f

jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif\ ouFef;awmfyrmPESifh tnDjzpfap ydkvGefí
jzpfap rdrdzdkY ouFef;rvkyf&? rvkyfap&? jyKvkyfcJhvQif eEáw¬& (ac:)
ok*wpD0&ab'euygpdwftmywf oifh\/
jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif\ ouFef;awmfyrmPum; jrwfpGmbk&m;\
txGmawmftm;jzifh tvsm; (9)xGm? teH (6)xGmwnf;/ tawmiftm;-
jzifh tvsm; (4)awmifxmG ? teH (3)awmifwnf;/ yuwdy&k o
d tvsm;-
(20)awmif (6)vufopf? teH (13)awmif (1)xGm jzpf\/ 0denf;Oya'-
awmfBuD;ü rZÑdr0¹uDwGufenf;t& aytm;jzifh tvsm; (27)ay? teH
(18)ay jzpfonf[k jyxm;onf/
jyKvyk çf jyKvyk af pthH ya,m*wdik ;f ya,m*wdik ;f 'ku#ú ?f &jcif;aMumifh
ygpdw?f olwpfyg;twGuf jyKvyk çf jyKvyk af ptHh 'ku#ú ?f olwpfyg; jyKvyk Nf y;D -
onfudk okH;aqmifthH 'kuú#ftmywf oifh\/
bmom#DumrSwfcsuf
bk&m;&Sif\ 0wf½kHawmfjrJouFef;onf bk&m;&Sif\txGmawmfjzihf
tvsm; (9)xGm (= 4 awmifxGm)? teH (6)xGm (= 3 awmif)&Sd&um;
,ckumvyk*Kd¾ vrf sm;onfvnf; rdrtd xGmjzifh tvsm; (4)awmifxmG ? teH
(3)awmif&adS om {uoDouFe;f Bu;D udo
k m 0wf½x Hk u
kd o
f nf/ xkrd Qavmuf
ouFef;jzifh okyÜ#dpäEé y&dr@vjzpfatmif 0wfEdkifonfom/
yxruxdeodum© yk'üf ucFgt|uxmtqdk wdp0D &du\ f yrmP-
onf {uoDEiS ohf uFe;f Bu;D twGuf tvsm; (5)awmif awmifqyk ?f teH
(3)awmif awmifqkyf[kvnf;aumif;? oif;ydkiftwGuf tvsm; (5)
awmif awmifqyk ?f teH (2)awmif[v k nf;aumif; t"d|mefavmufaom
ouFe;f \ twdq
k ;Hk yrmPudk jyxm;\/ tBu;D qk;H yrmPrSm bk&m;&Si\
f
ouFef;awmfatmuf enf;enf; yg;yg; avsmhap&rnf[k qdk\/
awmifqkyf[laompum; pOf;pm;&ef
]awmifqyk }f [l&mü tawmiftm;vk;H udk vufo;D qkyí f awmifvQif
tvsm; (4)awmifxmG ? teH (3)awmif &S&d um; twdq k ;Hk yrmP[laom
ucFgt|uxmpum;ESifh oifhwifhnDñGwfayonf/ (4)awmiftjynfh
awmifí aemufq;Hk wpfawmifuo kd m awmifqyk xf m; awmifvQiu f m;
(4)awmifxmG ruojzifv h nf;aumif;? ]rk|yd Íöru} (ig;ckajrmuf awmif-
qky&f odS nf)[k rqdbk J ]rk|dyÍöu} (awmifqyk f ig;cktaygif;)[k qkad om
pum;jzifhvnf;aumif; pOf;pm;oifhavonf/
ygwdarmufbmom#Dum rSwfcsuf
,cktcgüum; ]ok*w0d'w¬}d vmorQü ]]&Siaf pmwpfxmG rZfo;Hk xGm
wkdYrSm acgufcsKd;wuf}}[laom pum;udk vufudkifxm;Muvsuf bk&m;-
&Sif\ wpfxGmonf ,ck vlwdkYtxGmjzifh (okH;qwuf xuf0ufwdk;)
(4)xGmcJG &So
d nf[k MuqH um wdp0D &dupf aom ouFe;f wdEYk iS hf anmifapmif;
tif;ysOfrsm;udk tawmfBuD;rm;&Snfvsm;pGm okH;pGJaeMuavNyD/
bk&m;&Sif\ ouFef;awmf
xkdokdY okH;pGJMu&mü bk&m;&Sif\ouFef;awmfudk (okH;qwuf xuf-
0uf wd;k txd) wGuMf unfu h ,ckvw l t
Ykd xGmjzifh tvsm;-tawmif (20)
ESihf vuf (8)opf &Sí d teHvnf; (13)awmifEiS hf wpfxmG &Sad omaMumifh
xdok uFe;f atmuf enf;enf;avsmah om ouFe;f onf ,ckacwf yk*Kd¾ v-f
rsm; 0wf½kHzkdY&ef rjzpfEkdifavmufatmif tvGefBuD;rm;aom ouFef;
jzpfav&m\/
xdkYaMumifh ]&SifapmwpfxGm..}
..}[laom pum;ukd xyfríH pOf;pm;-
oifhMuayonf/ odkY&mwGif q&mjrwftpOftqufwdkY t,ltwkdif;
aumif;aom pdwfxm;jzifh okH;pGJaeMuaomaMumifh tjypf&Sdonf[kum;
rrSwfoifhyg/
&SifapmwpfxGm rZfokH;xGm &Sif;csuf
bk&m;&SifwpfxGmESifh rZÑdryk&do (3)xGmonf nDrQ\[k qdkaom
pum;rSm t|uxmpum;yifwnf;/ xdrk ZÑrd yk&o d yrmPudk acgufcsK;d -
wufrS igwdkYwpfxGmESifh nDrQonf[laom pum;um; t|uxmpum;
r[kw/f jrefrmEkid if u
H srS 0de,mvuFm&#DumponfwYdk rSe;f qtyfaom
pum; jzpfavonf/
xdq
k &mwdYk rSe;f qcsuu f m; bk&m;&Sit
f &yfawmfukd (18)awmif rSe;f -
xm;í bk&m;&Sit f &yfawmfonf bk&m;&Sit f awmifawmfjzifh (4) awmif
om &Sd&rnf/ rZÑdryk&dotawmifESifh (3)qwufvQif (4_3=12) jzpfí
(12)awmif &So d if\ h / þ (12)awmifukd xyfí acgufcsK;d (= 6 awmif)
xnfjh yefvQif igwdvYk rl sm;\ ta&twGujf zifh (18)awmif jzpfoifo h nf[k
MuHqjcif; jzpfonf/
"""
ok'ÿgpdwf
ab'euygpdwftmywftcef; NyD;cJhavNyD/ ok'ÿgpdwfrSwfzG,fESifh
odp&mrsm; qdik &f modum© yk'rf sm;ü Munf½h MI uygav/ odum© yk'jf refrmjyef-
rsm;ukd 0denf;Oya'awmfBu;D pmrsuEf mS (58)ü qufvufí avhvmEkid -f
Muygonf/
'kuú#ftmywfrsm;ukd þusrf;pm pmrsufESm ( )ü a&;om;cJhNyD/
tus,f rSwfzG,frSwf&mrsm;udk qkdif&m0denf; usrf;pmtkyfwdkYü Munfh½I
rSwfom;Muygukef/
þae&mrSpí &[ef;awmfrsm;ESihf trsm;qk;H xdawGUae&aom t&m
rsm;jzpfonfh edó,nf;ç OyZÑm,fç 0wåcEüç qGrf; ouFe;f ausmif;
aq; ypönf;av;yg;? ,m0umvdupaom umvduav;yg;? tyavm
ueuH paom uHav;yg;? y&du©&m &Spfyg;? xD; zdeyf ,yf awmifa0S;
paom tok;H taqmifypön;f rsm;? aeYpOf tawGUtxdrsm;aom t&mrsm;
udk tusO;f csK;H í odom½kH rSwv
f ,
G ½f Hk oifMum;ykcYd somG ;rnf jzpfygonf/
ouFef;
pD,wd oÍöD,wDwd pD0&H = &ufvkyftyf pD&iftyfaomaMumifh
ouFef;rnfygonf/ umoma0e &wåH 0w¬H umom0H = zef&nfjzifh
qdk;tyfaomaMumifh ouFef;rnfygonf/
ZmwdouFef;t0wftxnf (6) rsKd;
1/ acgr = ckrfcsnfjzifh &uftyfaom t0wf? (wpfenf;) acgr-
wkdif;üjzpfaom t0wf?
2/ uyÜgodu = 0gcsnfjzifh &uftyfaom ydwf zsif Zift0wf?
3/ aumao,s = ydk;csnfjzifh &uftyfaom ydk;t0wf?
4/ urÁv = om;arG;jzifh &uftyfaom urÁvm(ouúvyf)?
5/ omP = ydkufqHavQmfcsnfjzifh &uftyfaom t0wf?
6/ b*F = befcsnjf zifh &uftyfaom (wpfenf;) a&SUü jycJah om
csnfig;rsKd;jzifh a&mí &uftyfaom t0wf/
þodkY ouFef;csKyfzdkY&m t0wf (6)rsKd;udk rSwfyg/
(aqmif) acgr aumao,s uyÜgo? omP b*Fged urÁvH/
þouFef; (6)xnfudk ZmwdouFef; (6)xnf[kvnf; ac:qdkyg-
onf/ xdjYk yif tEkavmrouFe;f (6)xnf? yrmPouFe;f (9)xnfwu
Ykd -kd
vnf; rSwfom;yg/
tEkavmrouFef; (6) xnf
1/ 'kulv = ydkufqHavQmfjzifh jyKtyfaom bGJUjzLouFef;?
2/ y¥KPÖ = y¥KPÖt&yfüjzpfaom ydk;ouFef;?
3/ aomrm&y¥ = aomrm&t&yfüjzpfaom ydk;ouFef;?
4/ pdey¥ = pdet&yfüjzpfaom ydk;ouFef;?
5/ £'d̈Z = wefcdk;jzifhjzpfaom ouFef;?
6/ a'0'dEé = ewfu ay;vSLaom ouFef;/
xdk (6)xnfwdkYwGif 'kulvouFef;onf omPouFef;ü avsmf\/
y¥KPÖ aomrm&y¥ pdey¥ þokH;xnfonf aumao,souFef;tm;
avsm\f / £'¨Zd a'0'dEoé uFe;f wkoYd nf acgrouFe;f ponf ajcmufxnf-
wkw
Yd iG f wpfyg;yg;jzpfaomaMumifh acgrouFe;f ponfwt
Ykd m; avsm\
f /
(aqmif) bGJUjzL y¥KPÖ aomr&? pde wefcdk;ewf?
Zmwftm;avsmfrI þajcmufck? tEkavmrrSwf/
yrmPouFef; (9) xnf
oif; udk,f 'k tdyf? rsuf y&duf? edod'f rdk; trm? (0de,oHcdyf)
1/ oif; = oif;ydkif (cg;0wf)?
2/ udk,f = udk,f½kH ({uoD)?
3/ 'k = 'kuk#f (ESpfxyfouFef;)?
4/ tdyf = tdyf&mcif; tay:vTrf;?
5/ rsuf = rsufESmokwfyk0g?
6/ y&duf = y&du©m&apmV (vufokwfyk0g a&ppfyk0g oydwftdwf-
paom twdktxGmrsm;)?
7/ edod'f = edod'kdef (aeuxdkif? tcif;)?
8/ rdk; = rd;k a&cHouFe;f (rd;k &moDwiG f rd;k a&csK;d aomtcg 0wf½í Hk -
csKd;&aom ouFef;)?
9/ trm = trmvTr;f ouFe;f (temaygufonft h cg oif;ydik u
f kd aoG;
jynf rayap&ef twGif;cH tjzpf 0wf&onf/)
yg#da'oeDtmywf
tmywf (6)rsK;d tusO;f csK;H Ny;D oifMum;Ny;D cJah vNy/D ,ck yg#da'oeD
tmywf (4)rsKd;ukd qufvufjyqdkygrnf/ yg#da'oeDtmywfrsm;udk
tjcm;tmywfrsm; a'oemajymMum;ouJo h Ykd rajymMum;&bJ odum© yk'f
ygVdü yg&Sdonfhtwdkif; oD;jcm; a'oemMum;&\/
]]*g&,SH tm0kaom (baEÅ) "r®H tmyZÆð toyÜg,H yg#da'oeD,H?
wH y#da'aord}}}[k qdkí a'oemajymMum;&\/ xdkYaMumifh yg#d-
a'oeD,[k ac:onf/
tm0kaom = igh&iS f (baEÅ
baEÅ = t&Sib
f &k m;)/ t[H = igonf (wynf-h
awmfonf)/ *g&,SH = uJh&JUxdkufaom/ toyÜg,H = ewfjynfedAÁmeftm;
ravsmufywfaom/ yg#da'oeD,H = yg#da'oeDrnfaom/ "r®H = tmywf-
odkY? tmyZÆð = a&mufygNyD/ wH = xdkyg#da'oeDtmywfukd/ y#da'aord
= oD;jcm; ajymyg\? (0g) oD;jcm; a'oemMum;yg\/
(rSwfcsuf) þ yg#da'oeDtmywfudk tjcm;tmywfrsm; a'oemMum;-
ouJoh Ykd ½k;d &mtwdik ;f a'oemMum;vQiv
f nf; tmywfrrS x-
[k rqdo
k macs/ xdaYk Mumifh þa'oemMum;enf;jzifh Mum;ol
enf;yg;aeonf/
1/ yxr yg#da'oeD
&GmwGif;odkY qGrf;cH0ifaom aqGrsKd;rawmfpyfaom &[ef;rdef;r\
vufrS cJz,
G uf jkd zpfap abmZOfujkd zpfap rdrv
d ufjzifh (ud,
k w
f ikd )f cH,í
l
rpm;&/ pm;vQif rsKdwdkif;rsKdwdkif; yxryg#da'oeDtmywf oifh\/
2/ 'kwd,yg#da'oeD
'g,umwdYk qGr;f pm;yifzh w
d í f tdrüf &[ef;wdYk qGr;f bkO;f ay;aepOf
&[ef;rde;f ru ]]þt&Si\ f oydwüf [if;xnfah y;avmh xrif;xnfah y;-
avmh}}[k pD&if ajymqdjk im;tH?h xd&k [ef;rde;f rudk wpfO;D wpfa,mufaom
&[ef;urQ ]]ESr ..&[ef;awmfwYkd qGr;f bkO;f ay;aewke;f oif wjcm;odYk
oGm;aeavmh}}[k rarmif;rJbJvsuf qufvufcH,lí rpm;&/ pm;vQif
rsKdwdkif;rsKdwdkif; 'kwd,yg#da'oeDtmywf oifh\/
(rSwfcsuf) þyxrESi'hf wk ,d yg#da'oeDou d m© yk'Ef pS yf 'k w

f o
Ykd nf ,ck
tcgü bduK© erD rsm; r&Sad wmhí tmywfoifzh &Ykd mtaMumif;
r&Sdawmhyg/
3/ wwd,yg#da'oeD
]aou©}[k orkwftyfukefaom tMuiftrsKd;wdkYonf &Sdukef\/
xdok Ykd oabm&Su d ek af om aou©[o k rkwt f yfuek af om trsK;d wdüYk tdr\f
OypmodYk ra&mufrD a&SUtzdu Yk yifv
h nf; ryifth yf? *dvmevnf; r[kwb f J
cJz,G u f jkd zpfap abmZOfujkd zpfap rdrud ,
kd wf ikd f cH,í
l cJrv
l nf; cJjim;tH?h
pm;rlvnf; pm;jim;tHh? xdk&[ef;onf ]]*g&,SH tm0kaom "r®H tmyZÆð
toyÜg,H yg#da'oeD,H? wH y#da'aord}}}[k qdkí oD;jcm; a'oem
ajym&rnf/
(rSwfcsu)f aou©[k orkw&f avmufatmif o'¨gw&m;aumif;aomf-
vnf; ypön;f Opöm qkw, f wk af eaomaMumifh tvSLcHvmo-
rQ qGr;f cHvmorQukd vSLaevQif xdo k w
l Ykd ykí
d yifyef;oGm;-
rnf pdk;aomaMumifh a&S;OD;pGm odrfxJü oHCmpnf;a0;í
Úwfur®0gpmjzifh ]aou©}[k orkwfxm;&onf/ xdktdrfü
oHCmawmfwYkd qGr;f cHjcif;paom tvSLcHrI rjyK&[k ynwf-
awmfrlí olwdkY wwfEdkiforQ yifhzdwfaomtcgüomvQif
olwYkd o'¨gw&m;rysuaf tmif tvSLcH&ef cGijhf yKawmfrjl cif;
jzpfonf/
þodu©myk'fawmfü bk&m;&Sif\ u½kPmawmf arwåmawmfESifh
ajrmfjrifawmfryl rHk sm;udk pOf;pm;qifjcif MunfnKd Ny;D vQif rdrw
d EYkd iS hf pyfqikd -f
&m 'g,um'g,dumrwdt Yk m;vnf; olwYkd vSLvdw
k ikd ;f vufrcHbJ t&m&m
axmufxm;í tvSLcHoifhrS cHapvdkaom bk&m;&Sif\ tvdkawmfudk
em;vnfMuygav/
aou©yk*¾dKvfESifh aou©[korkwfykH
aomwmyef ou'g*grf tem*grf (t&d,m)jzpfNy;D olrsm;udk ]aou©}
[k ac:\/ xko d w Ykd m; ]aou©tppftrSe}f rsm;wnf;/ (aou© = usiq
l u hf J
yk*Kd¾ v)f xdo
k Ykd t&d,mjzpfNy;D olrsm;onf tvSL'geü vGepf mG arGUavsmMf u
\/ tppftrSef tvSLcHyk*¾dKvfu olwdkYESifhxdkufwefaom ypönf;udk
tvSLcHvmvQif rdrdrSm &Sdaeaomypönf;udk ray;rvSLbJ raeEdkifMu?
þum; aou©yk*¾dKvfwdkY\ xkH;pHwnf;/
tdrw
f pftrd üf um; orD;cifyeG ;f ZeD;armifEEHS pS af ,mufv;Hk yif aou©
(t&d,m) rjzpfao;aomfvnf; o'¨gw&m;rSm aou© (t&d,m)wdu Yk o
hJ -Ykd
yif xufoefMu\/ ypön;f OpömrSm qkw, f w
k af etH?h (vSL&vGe;f íjzpfap
ta&mif;t0,f raumif;íjzpfap wpfenf;enf;jzifh qkwf,kwfaetHh?)
oHCmtrsm;tm; odrftwGif;ü pka0;um Úwåd'kwd,ur®0gpmjzifh
xdktdrfoltdrfom;rsm;ukd ]aou©}[k orkwfxm;&avonf/
orkwfykH
a&S;OD;pGm ausmif;wdkufwGif;ü &[ef;awmfrsm;udk odrftwGif;ü
tcsif;csif; ESpfawmifhxGmtwGif; &Sdatmif pka0;ap&\/ oHCmpkHnD-
aomtcg oGuo f uG v
f ufvuf xufxufjrufjruf&adS om &[ef;awmf
wpfyg;onf ]ur®0gpm uHjyKaompum;}[kac:aom ygVdpum;jzifh
atmufygtaMumif;t&mudk oHCmawmftm; ajymjy&onf/ xkdodkY
ajymjyjcif;udkyif ]ur®0gzwfjcif;}}[k ac:onf/ trSefrSm pmrMunfhbJ
&Gwqf &kd rnfom jzpfonf/ pmMunfzh wfjcif;um; t&usurf xm;Edik í
f ç
&aomfvnf; rawmfwq ur®0gpm wpfv;Hk wpfav rSm;rnfp;kd í Munfh
zwfjcif; jzpfonf/
ur®0gpmzwfykH
Úwfpum; --- okPmwk ar baEÅ oHaCm (£w¬EémrH) ukvH
o'¨g, 0¹wd? abma*e [m,wd? ,'d oHCó ywåuv’H? oHaCm
(£w¬Eémró) ukvó aou©or®Kwð 'a',s? {om Úwåd/
ur®0gpm ------ okPmwk ar baEÅ oHaCm (£w¬Emé rH) ukvH o'¨g,
0¹wd ? abma*e [m,wd ? oH a Cm (£w¬ E é m ró) uk v ó
aou©or®Kwð a'wd? ,óm,o®awm crwd (£w¬Emé ró) ukvó
aou©or®Kwd,m 'geH? aom wkPSó/ ,ó eu©rwd? aom
bmao,s/
xkd t&Sio
f nf ]igoabmrwl}[k ajymEkid f uefu
Y u
G Ef ikd o
f nf/ (þodYk
ar;aomtcg rnfolrQ ruefYuGufbJ qdwfqdwfaeMuvQif xdkaou©-
orkwfrI txajrmufawmh\/)
ed*;Hk pum; ------ 'dEmé oHaCe (£w¬Emé ró) ukvó aou©or®Kw?d
crwd oHCó? wo®m wkPSD? {0arwH "m&,mrd/
þtcsed u
f srS orkwrf uI pd ö Ny;D pD;\/ þodYk orkwx
f m;aom tdrrf S
cJzG,f abmZOfrsm;udk qGrf;cHovdk udk,fwdkif rcH,l&awmhacs/
rSwfom;zG,f A[kokw
þae&m0,f ]abmZOf rwånKwm} (tvdkufodrI)[k a[mawmf-
rlonfEiS phf yfí usr;f pmwdüYk zGiahf vh&adS om tvdu k o
f yd rHk sm;udk odxm;-
oifhonf/ &[ef; omraPrsm;onf aqGrsKd;rawmfaom tvSL&Sif
(odrYk [kw)f ]]tvd&k &dS m awmif;cHyg}}[k zdwrf efavQmufxm;jcif; r&Szd ;l aom
tvSL&SifwdkYxHrS rnfonfhypönf;udkrQç t,kwfqkH; a&udkrQ rawmif;-
aumif;aMumif; aocd, olayg'e0dÚwådodu©myk'fç ouFef; ponfrSm
tnmwu0dnwådodu©myk'fwdkYjzifh odyg/
tvSL&Sif (3) rsKd;
þae&mü tvSLcHaumif;aom (1) Ówd = aqGrsKd;tvSL&Sif? (2)
y0g&dw = zdwfrefxm;aom tvSL&Sif? (3) qGrf;cHovdk&yfí bmrQ
rajymbJ tvSLcH&aom tvSL&Sif[k (3)rsKd; &Sd\/ þ (3)rsKd;wdkYtay:ü
tvSLcHyk*¾dKvfu tvdkufod&aom tcsuf (3) csuf &Sd\/
tcsuf (3) csuf
xkod ;Hk csuu
f m; - 1/ tvSL&Si\
f tvkq
d E´ 2/ vSLzG,0f w¬K\yrmP
(tenf;trsm;) 3/ tvSLcHyk*¾dKvf\ twkdif;t&SnfodrI - þokH;yg;wkdY-
wnf;/ xkdwGif ---
1/ tvSL&SifrSm ypönf;Opöm aygrsm;ygaomfvnf; olYqEú enf;enf;-
om vSLvkdvQif (olYrSm ypönf;Opöm rnfrQyifaygayg rdrdrSm rnfrQyif
tokH;vkdvdk) ol\qE´ç ol\o'¨gw&m;ukdvkdufí enf;enf;om
tvSLcHyg/ rsm;rsm;tvSLcHaevQif ol\ o'¨gç qEÉSifh rukdufnDí
tvkdufrod&m a&mufvdrfhrnf/
2/ tvSL&Sifonf o'¨gw&m; aumif;vS\? rdrdtwGufqkdvQif ukefukef
crf;crf; vSL'gef;rnfom/ okdYaomf olYrSm ypönf;Opömum; aygrsm;-
vSonf r[kwf? (vSLzG,f0w¬Kum; enf;enf;om &Sdae\?) xkduJhokdY-
aom tvSL&Sirf sK;d xH (olo
Y '¨gw&m; b,favmufyif aumif;aumif;ç
rdrrd mS rnfrQyif tok;H vkv
d )dk ol\ vSLzG,0f w¬Ktajctaeukd axmuf
xm;í enf;enf;yg;yg;om tvSLcHyg/
rsm;rsm;tvSLcHaevQif olrY mS &Sad om ypön;f ESihf ruku
d n
f í
D tvku
d -f
rod&m a&mufvrd rhf nf [lv?dk þodum© yk't f & aou©rsK;d [k ur®0gpmjzifh
orkwf&jcif;rSmvnf; þtvSL&SifrsKd;ukd n§mwmjcif;yifwnf;/
3/ tvSL&SifwpfOD;um; ypönf;OpömawGvnf; aygrsm;\? o'¨gw&m;-
vnf; aumif;vS\? okdYaomf (olu wpf&mwef vSLEkdifaomfvnf;
rdrdrSm wpfq,fwefom tokH;vkdvQif) rdrd tokH;vkdoavmufom

tvSLcHyg/ tvSL&Sifu ypönf;aygoavmuf o'¨gw&m; aumif;-
oavmuf tvSLcHaevQif rdrdokH;í ykdaeorQ tcsnf;ESD;jzpfp&m-
&SdaomaMumifh (bkef;BuD;awG tvkdufrodwwfbl;[k) ab;vlrsm;\
tuJt h &JU'Pfudk wpfomoemvk;H cH&rnf[v l /dk xkad Mumifh tvSLcH-
yk*¾dKvfwdkYrSm tbufbufu tvkdufodwwfrSom vltrsm;ESifh
qufqH&m0,f ajyajyjypfjypf jzpfEkdifzG,f&m &Sdygonf/
({uedygw t*Fkwå&t|uxm 0D&d,m&rÇm'd0*f? bk&m;Oya'awmfBuD;?275??)
owåm[umvdu ,mrumvdu ,m0ZD0u d wku
Yd dk tm[m&tvk-Yd
iSm tvSLcHvQif 'kuú#ftmywf oifh\/
4/ pwkw¬yg#da'oeD
ckd;olç olykefwkdYjzifh &GH&SmzG,f ,kHrSm;zG,f&Sd\[k orkwftyfaom
ab;bsrf;ESifhwuGjzpfaom awm&ausmif;üaeaom &[ef;onf rdrd-
tm; ]cJz, G çf abmZOfwu Ydk dk vmvSLygrnf[}k a&S;OD;pGm BuKd wifíravQmuf
xm;bJ ykdYvSLvmaom cJzG,fukdjzpfapç abmZOfukdjzpfap tm&mrf
twGif;ü remrzsm;bJvsuf rdrdvufjzifh (ukd,fwkdif) cH,lí rpm;&/
pm;vQif rsKdwkdif;rsKdwkdif; pwkw¬yg#da'oeDtmywf oifhí ]]*g&,SH
tm0kaom (baEÅ) "r®H tmyZÆð toyÜg,H yg#da'oeD,?H wH y#da'aord}}
[kqídk a'oemMum;&rnf/ (cH,t l hH 'ku#ú ?f rsKw
d idk ;f rsKw
d idk ;f yg#da'oeD-
tmywfoifh\/)
ykaAÁ tyÜ#o d 0H 'd w
d H - ]ykA}Á t& a&S;OD;pGm[lonf tm&mrf\ OypmokYd
ra&mufrD a&S;a&S;tcsdeftcgrsm;wnf;? eufjzef abmZOfukd awm-
ausmif;okYkd oGm;í ykv Yd vdk Qif ,aeYvu dk jzpfapç tm&mrfOypmokYd ra&muf-
rD tcsdefuyfíjzpfap rnfolu cJzG,fukd (okdY) abmZOfukd (okdY) ESpfrsKd;-
vk;H ukd ykv
Yd LS vmygvdrrhf nfb&k m;}}[k a&S;OD;pGm BuKd wifí ravQmuftyf-
aom tmrdoukd ]tyÜ#doH0d'dw}[k ac:onf/ eufjzef rnfolu
qGrf;uyfvmygvdrfhrnf[k ravQmuftyf [lvkd/
BudKwifíodapjcif; tusKd;
wifBuKd í avQmufxm;vmaomtcg ]]teD;tyg;rSm ck;d olab;&ef-
awG&SdaMumif;}}ukd ajymjy&ojzifh tvSL&SifwkdYrSm ab;tEÅ&m,fawG
vGwu f if;atmif tapmift h a&Smufrsm;pGmESihf vmEkid cf iG &hf jcif; tusK;d &S\
d /
xkdYjyif ckd;ol olykefrsm;ukdvnf; ]]eufjzef qGrf;ykdYvmol vlawGvmMu-
vdrrhf nf oifwu Ydk dk rzrf;rdatmif rodatmif vGw&f mokYd a&SmifaeMu}}[k
owday;&jcif; tusKd;&Sdonf/
xkod Ydk ajymrxm;vQif ]]&[ef;rsm;onf igwku
Yd rdk Q owdray;Mu}}[k
tvSL&Sifbufç ckd;olbuf ESpfbufvkH;uyif tjypfwifp&m &Sdonf/
0denf;a'oemawmfvm omoemaqGrsKd;pyfykH
omoemwGif;aqGrsKd; avmuOyrmaqGrsKd;
q&m wynfh txuf txuf atmuf
1 Mo0g'gp&d, Mo0g'aEÅ0godu tzk;d tzGm; ajr;ç jrpf
2 OyZÑmp&d, o'd̈0[ d m&du taz tar om;ôrD;
3 yAÁZmÆ p&d, yAÁZaÆ EÅ0godu OD;av; a':av; wl^wlr
4 OyorÜ'gp&d, OyorÜ'aEÅ0godu OD;BuD; a':BuD; wl^wlr
5 "r®mp&d, "r®aEÅ0godu baxG; t&D;av; wl^wlr
6 edó,mp&d, edó,aEÅ0godu bBuD; t&D;BuD; wl^wlr
tpfrÊSr
7 orElyZÑm,u orElyZÑm,u tBuD;tukd ti,fnD
armif^nDr
tpfrÊSr
8 oremp&d,u oremp&d,u tpfudk nD
armifÊSr
(rSwfcsuf) aemufq;Hk uGuZf ,m;onf bduK© erD ESihf oDv&Sirf sm;twGuf

&nf&G,fonf/
r[m0gygVdawmfü q&mav;yg; wynfhav;yg;wkdYukd tztrSwf-
om;trSwftaejzifh pdwfxm;&ef a[mawmfrlonf/ ck'ódu©mbm-
om#Dum (pmrsufESm-208 ü tmp&d,onf OD;BuD; OD;av;? bBuD;

baxG;ESifh wl\? taEÅ0goduwynfhum; wlESifh wlonf[k qkdxm;yg
onf/)
OyZÑm,fç edó,nf;q&mt*Fg
(aqmif) q,f0g&vQif;ç 0dbif;ESpfjzmç EIwfwufpGmç ur®mur®od/
0wfcEü? ausyGefvS? ajrmufx OyZÆd/
OyZÑm,fq&m? edó,nf;q&m? t*Fg xl;r&Sd/
edó,rkpöu = edó,nf;vGwf aeEkdifol
(aqmif) ig;0gjynfhajrmufç ygwdarmufEIwfç Oykofy0g&Pmç ur®mur®
ausvnfuç vGwfx edó,nf;/
wpfenf; edó,rkpöu t*Fg (7) yg;
(aqmif) a'Grmwdumç ur®mur® ig;0g&[kç vkd&if;pkESifh trÁ|wkç 0w¬K
pom; w&m;okH;yk'fç okwfESpft*Fgç bm0emç rSD&mvGwfaMumif;
ckepfwnf;/
trÁ|ESiw
hf al om wpfcak om 0w¬Kpum; tEü0dEo
´ w
k çf r[m&m[k-
avm0g'okwf ponf ---
1/ 'getusKd; paomw&m;? 2/ r*Fvmw&m;? 3/ tr*Fvm tok
bw&m; ok;H yk'çf bm0em[lonf orx 0dyóem t&[wåzv dk af yguf
ur®|mef;w&m; tm;xkwfzkdY&ef oifxm;jcif;/
ausmif;xkdifç y&dowftvkyftauGs;cH t*Fg (5) yg;
1/ q,f0g&NyD;jcif;? 2/ bdu©K0dbif; bdu©KeD0dbif;ukd &jcif;? 3/uH
BuD; uHi,fwkdYukd odjcif;? 4/ r[m0gcEü plV0gcEüvm pk'ócEü-
0wfudk oif&jcif;? 5/ emrf ½kyt f ykid ;f tjcm;udk odapjcif;iSm rlvyPÖmo
jzpfapç okwrf [m0gjzpfapç o*gxm0*¾ ed'ge0*¾o, H w
k jf zpfapç t*kw F Kdå &f
xuf0uf (ig;0*f)rQjzpfapç t|uxmESifhwuGaom Zmwfç 0w¬KESifh-
wuGaom "r®y'wkdYukd oif&jcif;? þt*FgwkdYESifh jynfhpkHvQif 'domyg-
armu©q&m? ausmif;xkid íf &Siif ,f &[ef;i,f y&dowfarG;Ekid Nf y;D q&m-
wpfqlvkyfí y&dowftvkyftauGs; cHxkdufNyD[k od/ (r[m0g?90/)
oa'¨g [d&drm MowåyÜd tm&'¨0D&da,m Oy|dwówd a[mwd/
ygVdawmfü taou© oDvcE©ç taou© orm"duE© ç¨ ynmu©Eç¨ 0drw
k cdå E¨ç
0drkwådÓP'óecE¨ ponfh t*Fgrsm; a[mMum;xm;ygonf/
(aqmif) q,f0gjynfhwif;ç 0dbif;ESpfjzmç ur®mur®ç cEüyk'fç emrf½kyf
ykdifykdifç a[mjyEkdifrIç okwåefpkç oifjyK ausmif;xkdif ig;/
(aqmif) q,f0g jynfhwif;ç 0dbif; ESpfjzmç ur®mur®ç cEüyk'fç emrf½kyf
ykdifykdifç a[mjyEkdifíç yef;&ef vuform;ç ckdif;wwfjim;ç rSwf-
om; ausmif;xkdif ckepfwnf;/ (yJcl;Mucwf0kdif;q&mawmf)
edó,nf;Nidrf;ysufaMumif;t*Fg (6) yg;
1/ edó,nf;q&mujzpfap? rdrdujzpfap t&yfwpfyg;yg;okdY zJcGm-
oGm;jcif;?2/ wdw¬dwkdYabmif ul;ajymif;oGm;jcif;? 3/ vlxGufjcif;? 4/
aoqkH;ysHvGefjcif;? 5/ ESifxkwfcH&jcif;? 6/ OyZÑm,fq&mESifh awGU-
qkHjcif; - þt*Fgajcmufyg; wpfyg;yg; jzpfvQif edó,nf; Nidrf;ysuf
\/ xyfrHí edó,nf;,l&rnf/
(aqmif) zJç ajymif;ç vlç ao? ESiçf awGUay? ysuaf v edó,nf; ajcmufyg;
wnf;/
0wf rausyGefaom wynfhukd ESifxkwfykH
1/ oifhukd ESifyg\/
2/ oifonf þae&mokdY r0ifygvifh/
3/ oif\ oydwf ouFef;ukd xkwfaqmifygavmh/

4/ oifonf ighukd rvkyfauR;oifh rvkyfauR;xkduf[k qkdí ESif&rnf/
rESifxkwfxkdufaom t*Fgig;yg;
1/ tmp&d,rSd t"drwåm ayrH a[mwd = q&mOyZÑm,fü tvGef
cspfjcif;/
2/ t"drawåm yoma'g a[mwd = tvGef MunfndK\/
3/ t"drwåm [d&D a[mwd = tvGef &Suf\/
4/ t"drawåm *g&a0g a[mwd = tvGef ½kdao\/
5/ t"drwåm bm0em a[mwd = tvGef arwåmyGm;tyf\/
þt*Fgig;yg;ESifh jynfhpkHaom wynfhwkdYukd rESifxkwf&? þt*Fg
ig;yg;ESifh rjynfhpkHvQif ESifxkwf&rnf/
(aqmif) tvGew f &m? cspuf mMunfay? ½kad o &Suu
f m? arwåmrQ? wynfu
h s
rESif&m? xkdrSjyefu ajymif;jyefy? wynfhus ESifypf&m/
usefaom t"dyÜm,frsm; r[m0gygVdawmfü rsm;pGm&Sdygao;onf?
Munfh½IMuygav? pk'ócEü0wfukd tusOf;tm;jzifh rSwfom;Ekdif&ef
wifjyygrnf/ ygVdawmfukd tukerf a&;bJ teufqNJG y;D ay;um t&usu-f
rSwf&ef jzpfonf/
pk'ócEü0wf ygVdawmftusOf;
pk'ó cEü0wåmed emr cEäu 0kwåmed? uxH¿
1/ tm*EÅKu0wåH? 2/ tm0godu0wåH? 3/ *rdu0wåH? 4/ tEkarm-
'em0wåH? 5/ bwå*¾0wåH? 6/ yd@pm&du0wåH? 7/ tm&nu0wåH? 8/
aoemoe0wåH? 9/ ZEÅmC&0wåH? 10/ 0pöuk#d0wåH? 11/ OyZÑm,0wåH?
12/ o'¨0d [
d m&du0wå?H 13/ tmp&d,0wå?H 14/ taEÅ0godu0wåÍmö wd
£rmed pk'ó cEü0wåmed? {wmed p oaAÁoH oAÁ'g p ,xm&[H
p&dwAÁmed/
cEü0wfteuf jyefqkdykH
pk'o
´ = wpfq,fah v;yg;ukeaf om/ cEü0wåmed emr = cEü0wf
rnfonfwkdYukd/ cEäu = r[m0gcEü plV0gcEüü/ b*0wm =
jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sifonf/ 0kwåmed = a[mMum;awmfrltyfukef\/ uxH
0kwåmed = tb,fokdY a[mMum;awmfrltyfukefoenf; [lrlum; ---
1/ tm*EÅKu0wåÍö = ausmif;wku d tf m&mrfwiG ;f okYd r0ifrD zdeyfcRw-f
jcif; (,mOfay:rSqif;jcif;) xD;½kyjf cif;? OD;acgif;jcKH udk zGijhf cif;? OD;acgif;ü
wifxm;aom ouFe;f ukd yck;H okYd csjcif;? ajcaq;a&ukd vufwpfzufjzifh
avmif;í vufwpfzufjzifh yGwfjcif;? a&ukd pifMu,fatmif okwfjcif;?
zdeyfudk pifMu,fatmif okwjf cif;? oDwif;Bu;D ukd &Scd ;dk jcif;? oDwif;i,fudk
&Sdckd;cHjcif;? aexkdif&rnfh ausmif;tdyf&mae&mukd ar;jcif;? qGrf;cH&Gmukd
ar;jcif;? ]aou©}[k orkwt f yfuek af om 'g,umukd ar;jcif;? usiBf u;D -
pGefY&m usifi,fpGefY&m Xmeukd ar;jcif;? aomufa& okH;a&ukd ar;jcif;?
oHCm\ uwdu0wfudk ar;jcif;? aexkid &f rnfh ausmif;onf trIu d t
f pk
>yrf;aomf pGrf;Ekdifrl okwfoif&jcif;? ykd;tdrfyifhulrQif &SdtHh? Adwmefrsuf-
ESmusurf pS í y,f&mS ;&jcif;? uk#if anmifapmif; tif;ysOf bkv H QKd axG;cH
ponfukd aevSef;yGwfwkdufí xm;jrJae&mü xm;&jcif;? anmifapmif;-
atmuf tcif;&Sad om ae&mü oydwu f dk xm;&jcif;? at;aom tcgjzpfrl
aeYtcgü avoGefwHcg;wkdYukd zGifh&jcif;? nOfhtcgü ydwf&jcif;? yltkduf-
aomtcgjzpfrl aeYtcgü ydwf&jcif;? nOfhtcgü zGifh&jcif;? jrLESifhwuG-
aom avvmvQif wHcg;ukd ydwf&jcif;? ausmif;wkdufy&d0kPf wHcg;rkcf
rD;wif;ukyf usifBuD;tdrf usifi,ftdrfponfwkdYü trIduf&SdtHh wHjruf-
vSnf;&jcif;? aomufa&okH;a& oefYoufa& r&Sdu wnfxm; avmif;-
xnfhxm;&jcif;paom tm*EÅKu&[ef; omraPwkdY jyK&maom 0wf
vnf; aumif;/
2/ tm0godu0wåÍö = tm*EÅKu oDwif;BuD;&[ef;ukd jrifvQif

ae&mcif;&jcif;? c&D;OD;BudKqkd&jcif;? oydwfouFef;ukd vSrf;,l&jcif;?
ajcaq;a& ajcaq;tif;ysOf ponfwu Ydk dk teD;ü xm;&jcif;? aomufa&-
jzifh ar;&jcif;? pGrf;Ekdifrl zdeyfukd okwf&jcif;? tm*EÅKu&[ef;BuD;ukd
&Scd ;dk &jcif;? oDwif;i,fudk &Scd ;dk ap&jcif;? ausmif;tdy&f mae&mukd cif;ay;-
&jcif;? aezl;onf raezl;onfukd ajym&jcif;? qGrf;cH&Gmukd ajym&jcif;?
aou©[k orkwt f yfuek af om 'g,umwku Yd dk ajymMum;&jcif;? aomufa&
ok;H aqmifa&ukd ajymMum;&jcif;? usiBf u;D pGe&Yf m usiif ,fpeG &Yf m t&yfudk
ajymMum;&jcif;? þtcsed üf 0if&rnf þtcsed üf xGu&f rnf[k oHCm\
uwdu0wfudk ajym&jcif; paom tm0godu&[ef; omraPwkYd jyK&m-
aom0wfvnf;aumif;/
3/ *rdu0wåÍö = opfb@m ajrb@mponfwu Ydk dk okrd ;DS jcif;? wHcg;
r avomwHcg;wku Yd dk ydwjf cif;? &[ef;jzpfapç omraPjzpfapç tm&mrf-
apmifhjzpfapç Oygoumukdjzpfap yefajymí oGm;&jcif;? xkdolwkdY r&Sdrl
rk;d rpkad om ae&maxmifüh ausmufcaJ v;vk;H wküYd anmifapmif;ukd cif;í
anmif;apmif;tqifhqifh tif;ysOftqifhqifh jyifí tdyf&mae&mwkdYukd
tay:ü ykí H opfb@m ajrb@mwku Yd dk odr;f qnf;í wHcg;r avom-
wHcg;wku Yd dk ydwv
f suf zJomG ;&jcif;? ausmif;tvk;H pkH rk;d ,kcd ahJ omf pGr;f Ekid rf l
rkd;cJh&rnf? aMumifhMupkduf&rnf? r&ukefrl vGifwD;acgifü ,ciftwkdif;
anmifapmif;tqifhqifh tif;ysOftqifhqifh wifí opfb@m ajr-
b@m ypön;f tm;vk;H wifí jrufopf&u G f xef;&Gupf onfjzifh zk;H tkyí f
jzpfap eD;&m&GmokYd ykaYd qmifíjzpfap zJomG ;&jcif;? þokpYd aom c&D;oGm;-
tyfaom &[ef;omraPwkdY jyK&maom 0wfvnf;aumif;/
4/ tEkarm'em0wåúÍö = rax&fBuD;w&m;a[mjcif;? rax&fBuD;u
wku
d w
f eG ;f rS a[mjcif;? rax&fBu;D tm; yefavQmufía[mjcif;? qGr;f pm;-
Z&yfü rax&fBu;D rax&fi,fig;yg; rax&ftyg;rSm qkid ;f iHh ae&pfc&hJ jcif;?
(tukejf yefr<u&[k qkv
d o
dk nf) paom w&m;a[m&mü jyK&maom0wf-
vnf;aumif;/
(rSwfcsuf) qGrf;w&m;a[m&mü yxr rax&fBuD;\ cGifhjyKcsuft&
w&m;a[maepOf aemufxyf 0gykdBuD;aom rax&fBuD;
a&mufvmvQif cGifhyefMum;zG,f rvkd/
cGifhryefbJ a[mMum;Ekdifjcif;
w&m;pum;a[majym&mü ---
1/ OyedodEéuxm teD;ü xkdifaeolwkdYtm; a[m&aom w&m;pum;?
2/ tEkarm'euxm qGrf;tvSL&SifwkdYtm; a[m&aom w&m;pum;
ponfjzifh ESpfrsKd; &Sd\/
OyedodEéuxmüom rax&fBuD; ykdif\? tEkarm'emuxmüum;
rax&fBu;D rykid ?f xkaYd Mumifh tvSL&Siw
f u
Ydk rdrw
d Ydk MunfnKd aom &[ef;ukd
w&m;a[m (a&pufcs) awmif;yefvQif rax&fBu;D xH cGirhf yefbJ a[mrI-
aMumifh tmywfroifhyg/ (ck'ódu©m pmrsufESm?227/)
rEkóm twåaem Zmeeubdu©KH tmykpäEÅd? awe ax&H
tmykpädwGm uaxwAÁH-[k t|uxm rdefYqkdaomaMumifh rax&fBuD;xH
cGifhyefíom xkd&[ef;u w&m;pum; a[majymcGifh&onf/
(ck'ódu©m bmom#Dum?226/)
5/ bwå*¾0wåÍö = tcsufay;aom wkH;ç tkH;armif;ç aMu;pnfç
oHacsmif;acgufoMH um;rl xuf0ef;usirf S t0ef;nDpmG oif;ykid u f dk 0wfí
cg;yef;ukd zGJUí {uoDouFef;BuD;wkdYukd ESpfxyfjyKum ½kHí (ausmif;u
vkHjcHKrl ESpfxyfouFef; xm;cJhEkdif\/ t½kPfwufcsdefjzpfrl ouFef;BuD;
rxm;cJh&?) urÜwfoD;ukd wyfí oydwfukd a&usif; aq;aMumNyD;vQif
oydwu f dk ½kad opGm ayGUvG,í
f raES;rvsif &GmwGi;f okYd aumif;pGm 0if&-
jcif;? rax&fBuD; &[ef;BuD;wkdYukd ausmfwufí rax&fBuD;&[ef;wkdY\

a&SUrS roGm;&jcif;? qGr;f pm;Z&yfonf &GmwGi;f üjzpfrl aumif;pGm zk;H vTr;f -
vsuf oGm;&jcif;? rsufvTmcsvsuf oGm;&jcif;? aumif;pGm £aÈúkd
apmifhpnf;vsuf oGm;&jcif;? ouFef;ukd yifhvsuf roGm;&jcif;? jyif;pGm
&,farmvsuf roGm;&jcif;? &GmwGi;f ü i,faomtoH &So d nfjzpfí oGm;&-
jcif;? aocd,vm om½kyÜodu©myk'frsm;twkdif; usifhjcif;? rax&fBuD;-
&[ef;wku Yd dk wk;d a0SUvsuf raexkid jf cif;? &[ef;i,f wu Ydk dk ae&mjzifv h nf;
rwm;jrpf&jcif;? &GmwGif;ü ouFef;BuD;ukd zdvsufvnf; raexkdif&jcif;?
qGr;f avmif;vSLvwfaomf vufEpS zf ufwjYdk zifh oydwu f dk ukid í
f cH&jcif;?
axmywf qD vufokwf ponf avmif;rl &[ef;tm;vkH;wkdYtm; tnD-
trQjynfph yHk gap[k rax&fBu;D u ajym&jcif;? oydwüf trSw&f o dS nfjzpfí
oydwftwGif; tem;a&;ESifhnDaom qGrf;ukd cH&jcif;? &[ef;tm;vkH;wkdY
twGuf qGrf;ra&mufrD rax&fBuD;onf qGrf;rpm;&jcif;? aocd,vm
abmZeoH,w k å odum© yk'rf sm;ESit
hf nD qGr;f pm;&jcif;? oydwu f kd a&aq;-
aomtcg wjcm;okdY rzdwfap&ef ESdrfhcsí axG;cHponfü avmif;xnfh-
&jcif;? tmrdo ayusHaom vufjzifh aomufa&cGufukd rukdif&jcif;?
vkwaf q;a& vufaq;a&ponfudk tjcm;ae&mrsm;okYd rpifygapvif[ h k
tm½kjH yKí EdrS chf sum axG;cHponfü axG;pGeYf avmif;xnf&h jcif;? jyef<u-
aomtcg rax&fi,frsm;u a&S;OD;pGm jyef<u&jcif;? rax&fBuD;u
aemufrS jyef<u&jcif;? (wcsKUd aom ausmif;wku d rf sm;ü rax&fi,fwo Ydk nf
qGr;f pm;tdrrf S a&S;OD;pGm qif;Muí vrf;ay:ü wef;pDapmifah eNy;D rax&f-
BuD;u aemufrS qif;vmum rax&fBuD;u OD;aqmifíyif wef;pDum
nDnDnmnm jyef<uonfukd awGU&ygonf/) jyef<uaomtcgüvnf;
aocd,om½kyÜodu©myk'frsm;twkdif;yif jyef<u&jcif;? þokdY paom
qGrf;pm;Z&yfü jyK&aom0wfvnf;aumif;/
(rSwfcsuf) qGr;f pm;Z&yfonf NrKd U&GmwGi;f ü&Sad om Z&yf? ausmif;wku d -f
twGif;ü&Sdaom qGrf;pm;Z&yf[lí ESpfrsKd; &Sdonf/ 'um
'umrwkYd vma&mufavmif;vSLMuaom ausmif;wGi;f qGr;f -
pm;Z&yfüvnf; &GmwGi;f Z&yfuo hJ yYdk if usiahf qmif&rnf[k
]zm;atmufawm& q&mawmfb&k m;} rdeMYf um;awmfro l nf/
6/ yd@pm&du0wåÍö = opfb@m ajrb@mponfwu Ydk dk okrd ;DS jcif;?
oydwu f dk a&usi;f jcif;? cg;yef;ukd zGUJ jcif;? oif;ykid o
f uFe;f wku
Yd dk t0ef;nDpmG
0wf½kHjcif;? {uoDouFef;BuD;wkdYukd ESpfxyfjyKvsuf ½kH&jcif;? urÜwfoD;-
ukd wyfvsufç oydwfukd ,lvsuf raES;rvsif &GmwGif;okdY 0if&jcif;?
aocd,odu©myk'frsm;ESifhtnD oGm;vm&jcif;? r&SnfrMum &yf&jcif;?
tvGef vsifjrefpGm rjyef&jcif;? qGrf;ukd vSLvkdoavmç [if;ukd vSLvkd
oavm[lonfudk &yfvsuf rSwfom;&jcif;? (rsufpdxuf0ufjzifh vSrf;-
Munfh&rnf[k t|uxm qdk\??) tvkyfukd csjcif;ç ae&mrS xjcif;ç
a,mufr tk;d cGuf yef;uef ok;H oyfjcif;aomfvnf;aumif;ç &yfapaomf-
vnf;aumif; vSLvkd&m\[k ESvkH;jyKí &yf&jcif;? oydwfukd ESdrfhí
vufEpS b f ufwjYdk zifh oydwu f dk ayGUukid uf m qGr;f ukd cH&jcif;? qGr;f vSLaom
rde;f r\ rsuEf mS ponfudk rMunf&h jcif;? qGr;f vSLNy;D aomf ouFe;f Bu;D jzifh
oydwfukdzkH;í aumif;pGm raES;rvsif jyef&jcif;? (a&S;u oydwftzkH;
rygí ouFef;BuD;ESifh zkH;Mu&onf/) aocd,vm om½kyÜodu©myk'f
ESit hf nD jyef<u&jcif;? qGr;f cH&mG rS a&S;OD;pGm zJcahJ om jyefcahJ om &[ef;-
onf ae&mcif;&jcif;? ajcaq;a& ajcaq; tif;ysOf ajcyGwt f ;dk jcrf;wku Yd dk
teD;ü xm;&jcif;? qGrf;OD;xnfh&ef cGufukd (ZvkHBuD;ponfukd) aq;í
teD;ü xm;&jcif;? rdrd rpm;vkad om qGr;f qGr;f [if; ponfwu Ydk dk xkcd uG üf
xnf&h jcif;? aomufa&ok;H a& teD;ü xm;&jcif;? aemufrS zJcahJ om &[ef;
onf pm;<uif;&Sdí pm;vkdrl pm;&jcif;? aemufqkH;jzpfaom &[ef;onf
<uif;usefaom qGrf;ç qGrf;[if;wkdYukd rpm;vkdrl jrufç opfyif r&Sd&m
t&yfüaomfvnf; pGe&Yf jcif;? yk;d rTm;r&Sad om a&üaomfvnf; oGe&f jcif;?

ae&mwkdYukd ½kyfodrf;&jcif;? ajcaq;a&ç ajcaq;tif;ysOf ponfwkdYudk
odr;f &jcif;? qGr;f OD;xnf&h mcGuf (ZvkBH u;D )ukd aq;í odr;f &jcif;? aomuf-
a&okH;a&cGuf odrf;&jcif;? qGrf;pm;ausmif;ukd wHjrufvSnf;&jcif;?
aomufa&tdk; okH;a&tkd; oefYoufa&tkd;wkdYü a&tcsnf;ESD;ç a&r&Sd-
onfukd jrifaomf xnfhxm;&jcif; a&tkd;ponfukd rcsDr<uEkdifaom
&[ef;onf tazmfudk vuf,yfac:í (atmf[pfrac:&[k qkv d o
dk nf??)
vufcsif;,Sufum wnfxm;&jcif;? rcsDr<uEkdifjcif; taMumif;aMumifh-
aomfrQvnf; pum;rajym&jcif;? (owdjyKrSwfom;cJhyg) þodkYpaom
qGr;f cHvnS v hf nfaom &[ef;omraPwkYd jyK&maom 0wfvnf;aumif;/
7/ t&nu0wåÍö = awmae&[ef;onf apmapmxí oydwfukd
tdwüf xnfNh y;D vQif yck;H üvG,v f suf ouFe;f ukd yck;H üwifí zdeyfp;D um
opfb@m ajrb@m ponfwu Ydk dk odr;f qnf;í wHcg;r avomjyLwif;-
wkdYukd ydwfqdkYNyD;vQif ausmif;rS qif;cJh&jcif;? &Gmt0if0okdYa&mufvQif
zdeyfukd cRwfí atmufokdYESdrfhum cgNyD;vQif tdwfüxnfhvsuf yckH;ü
csdwfí t0ef;okH;yg;ukd zkH;vTrf;ojzifh t0ef;nDpGm 0wfvsuf cg;yef;ukd
zGJUvsuf txyf&SdonfukdjyKí ouFef;BuD;ukd ½kHvsuf urÜwfoD;ukd wyf-
vsuf a&aq;í oydwfukd ,lvsuf raES;rvsif aumif;pGm &GmwGif;okdY
0if&jcif;?
rSwfcsuf - xm;p&m wnfp&m oydwftdwfukd cGifhjyKonf/ qGrf;cH
tdwf cGifhjyKjcif;vnf; r&Sd? y,fjcif;vnf; r&Sd? tcsKdUu y,fMuonf/
(a&S;u tjiif;tckH jzpfz;l \/) oydwt f wd jf zifh vG,v
f suf qGr;f rcHaumif;
[k t,l&Sdaom rax&fwkdYum; awmae&[ef;wkdYtm; &Gmyüom cGifhjyK
onf/ &Gm0ifcgeD; cRwf&onf[k t&n0wfukd ukd;um;í oydwftdwf
rtyf[k qkdukef\/ omoemykdif *kPfxl;aqmif rax&fBuD;rsm;uyif
qkMd uojzifh tqufqufvu dk í
f qku
d ek \
f / ,ck oydwt f wd o f nf uGe-f
csm jzpf\? qkid ;f ESihf wl\? xkaYd Mumifh rtyf[k qku d ek \
f ? cEüü rtyf[k
qkvd Qif 'ku#ú yf ifwnf;[k tqk&d \ dS / Aef;armfq&mawmfBu;D um; t&n-
u0wfvm oydwftdwfum; oydwfryGef;½kH xnfh&aom olawmif;pm;
vG,t f wd Bf u;D rsK;d jzpfí tdwEf iS w
hf uG qGr;f cHí rjzpfaomaMumifh cRw&f -
onf/ rtyfí tmywfoifhí cRwf&onf r[kwf? ,ckumv oydwf-
tdwfrsm;um; qGrf;cHívnf; jzpfonf/ £aÈ´&í orPom½kyÜvnf;
jzpfvo S nf/ vufanmif; oufom uk, d cf sr;f omí vGepf mG aus;Zl;rsm;-
onf[k rdefYqkdawmfrlowwf/
o*FZmq&mawmfBuD;uvnf; ]igYwynfhrsm; t&[wåzkdvfokdY
a&mufonfhwkdifatmif oydwftdwfvG,fí qGrf;cHMuav? yd#uwf-
xk;d xGi;f ÓPfacgifcsO;f aom igwkaYd us;Zl;&Sif oD;vk;H q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D -
\ enf;vrf;awmf jzpfayonf}[k rdefYqkdawmfrlowwf/ (plV0gt&om?
129/) uGefcsmqkdif;ukd or®Kwdr&bJ xrf;ykd;ü rqGJtyf[k qkdvQif oifh-
awmf&m\/ yckH;ü qkdif;vG,fvsuf qGrf;rcHaumif;[k qkdvQif obif-
pum;yrm &,fzG,f&mom jzpf&m\/ tcsKdUvnf; *½kuv[kauokjzifh
t&mr[kwfbJvsuf rdrdpum; ckdifvkdckdifjim; tqkdrSm;ukef\/
(plV0gt&om?130/) r*FvmpHausmif;q&mawmf\ tqkH;tjzwf
t&n0goD *gr0goD&[ef;ESpfa,mufwkdYtm;yif &GmwGif;&Gmy
ESpfXmewkdYü oydwftdwfvG,fí qGrf;cHjcif;iSm rtyf? oydwftdwfrS
oydwfukd xkwfvsuf vufjzifh ukdifvsufom t&n0goD *gr0goD
&[ef;ESpfa,mufwkdY qGrf;cHtyfonf/ (plV0gygVdawmfedó,opf? 91/)
t"d|mefravmufaom oydwftdwfrsm;onf t"d|mef 0duyÜem
ravmufaomaMumifh ]ywåw¬0du} oydwftdwfa0g[m&udkum; r&?
tkyqf idk ;f ç a&waumif;qkid ;f ponfwu
Ydk o
hJ Ydk qkid ;f [laom a0g[m&udo
k m
&cJhonf&Sdaomf a&S;OD;tp yxrü -
]]e bdu©a0 '@oduúm "ma&wAÁm? a,m "ma&,s? tmywåd-

'ku#ú ó/}} - [k y,fawmfrNl y;D rS qkid ;f ESihf uif;í oydwu
f adk qmifjcif;iSm
rpGrf;Ekdifaom *dvmeyk*¾dKvftm; -
]]tEkZmemrd bdu©a0 *dvmeó oduúmorkwð 'gwkH}} - [k
tEkynwf xyfqifh cGijhf yKawmfral omaMumifh xkt
d "d|mef ravmufaom
oydwftdwf qkdif;onf or®Kwd&aom *dvmeyk*¾dKvftm; tyf&m\/
or®Kwd r&aom *dvme (rusef;rmol) t*dvme (usef;rmol) yk*¾dKvf
ESpfa,mufwkdYtm; xkdoydwftdwfqkdif;onf rtyf&m/
(plV0gygVdawmfedó,opf? 93/)
oydwu f dk yck;H ü vG,x
f m;vQiu
f m; wHcg;&Guu
f kd vufwpfzufjzifh
wGef;xm;EkdifaomaMumifh zGifhaumif;\/ &ifcGifü oydwfrxm;aumif;ç
wifyv’ifacGü rxm;aumif;[k qkd&müvnf; oydwfukd vG,fxm;vQif
xvkdufaomfvnf; oydwfrusEkdifaomaMumifh xm;aumif;yg\/ (ck'´-
odu©mbmom#Dum) wcsKdUum; uGefcsmoydwftdwfü taygufygaom-
aMumifh y&dum© &apmV t"d|mefwifí r&? xkaYd Mumifh rtyf[k qkMd u\/
&GmwGif;ü aumif;pGm zkH;vTrf;vsuf oGm;&jcif;
&GmrSxGufaomf oydwfukd tdwfü xnfhNyD;vQif yckH;üvG,fvsuf
ouFef;udkacgufí OD;acgif;üwifum zdeyfpD;í oGm;&jcif;? (þüvnf;
zdeyfrpD;olç ouFe;f ½krH <uolwYdk pmESihf rnDí tmywfoifo h nf[k rqk&d ?)
awmae&[ef;onf aomufa& ok;H a& wnfxm;&jcif;? rD;yGwcf Hk rD;yGw-f
usnf (,ckacwfrD;jcpf)awmifa0S;ukd teD;ü xm;&jcif;? eu©wfwm&m-
taMumif; tm;vk;H wku Yd v
kd nf;aumif; tcsKUd wku
Yd v
dk nf;aumif; oif,&l
jcif;? t&yfav;rsuEf mS wküYd vdrm® &jcif; paom awmae&[ef;wkYd usi-hf
&maom 0wfvnf;aumif;/ (<uif;yd@pm&du0wftwkdif; odyg)
8/ aoemoe0wåÍö = anmifapmif; tif;ysOf ukvm;xkdif tdyf&m
ae&mwdu Yk dk okwo
f ifjcif;? aevSe;f jcif;? ausmif;ü yk;d tdrf yifuh rl Qi&f t
dS ?hH
AdwmefrsuEf mS MuufrpS í y,f&mS ;&jcif;? avoGew f cH g; wku
d af v;axmifh
eH&HwkdYukd okH;oyfyGwfwkduf&jcif;? tajytjypfrjyKtyfaom ajrjzpftHh?
a&jzef;í ausmif;ukd jrLrIerf wufapvif[ h k (ESv;Hk xm;í) wHjrufvn S ;f -
&jcif;? trIdufwHjrufacs;ukd usKH;í oifh&mt&yfü pGefYypf&jcif;?
&[ef;\teD; ausmif;\teD; aomufa&ok;H a&wk\ Yd teD;ü tdy&f m
ae&mwdkYukd rcg&jcif;? avnmt&yfü tdyf&mae&mwkdYukd rcgtyf?
avatmuft&yfüom cg&jcif;? anmif;apmif;ç tif;ysOfç bkHvQdKç
acgif;tkH;ç edoD'kdefç tdyf&mcif;ç ajrtcif;ç axG;cHç rSD&mwHuJysOfwkdYukd
aevSef;okwfoifNyD;vQif cgí yGwfwkdufí cif;xm;jrJtwkdif; wpfzef
jyefcif;xm;&jcif;? oydwfukd anmif;apmif;atmuf tif;ysOfatmuf
tcif;&Sdaom ae&mü xm;&jcif;? ouFef;ukd ukdifí vufwpfzufjzifh
ouFef;wef; (0g) ouFef;BudK;ukd yGwfwkdufí xkdrSmbufu tpGef;ukd
þrSmbufrS tacGjyKvsuf ouFef;ukd xm;&jcif;? jrLESifhwuGaom
avwkdYonf vmukeftHh? wHcg;wkYdukd ydwf&jcif;? at;aomtcgjzpfrl
aeYtcgü avoGefwHcg;wkdYukd zGifhxm;&í nOfhtcgü ydwfxm;&jcif;?
yltudk af omtcgjzpfrl aeYtcgü avoGew f cH g;wku Yd kd ydwx f m;í nOft
h cg
ü zGixhf m;&jcif;? ausmif;y&d0P k çf wHcg;rkcçf pnf;a0;&m Z&yfç rD;wif;ukyçf
usiBf u;D tdrçf usiif ,ftrd f ponfü trIu d &f o
dS nfjzpft?hH wHjrufvn S ;f -
&jcif;? aomufa&okH;a& oefYoufa& r&SdonfjzpftHh? oGef;avmif;
cyfxnfh wnfxm;&jcif;? oDwif;Bu;D &[ef;ESit hf wl wpfausmif;wnf;ü-
aerl oDwif;BuD;&[ef;udk ryefMum;bJ oif,ljcif;? ar;jref;jcif;?
o&ZÑm,fjcif;wku Yd dk rjyK&jcif;? w&m;ra[m&jcif;? qDr;D rxGe;f n§&d jcif;?
qDrD;ukd rNidrf;aptyfjcif;? (vQyfppfrD; zGifhjcif;ydwfjcif; yg0ifonf/)
avomwHcg;wkdYukd rzGifhtyf rydwftyfjcif;? oDwif;BuD;&[ef;ESifhtwl
pBuwø pfcwk nf;ü pBuaø vQmufrl oDwif;Bu;D &[ef;&S&d mokYd rsuEf mS rlvsuf
oGm;&jcif;? oDwif;Bu;D &[ef;ukd ouFe;f Bu;D pGe;f jzifh rwku
d cf u
dk rf ad p&jcif;
paom ausmif;tdyf&mae&mü jyK&maom0wfvnf;aumif;/
9/ ZEÅmC&0wåÍö = Z½kH;tdrfokdY a&S;OD;pGm oGm;aom&[ef;onf
jymrsm;rl jymukd pGefY&jcif;? trIduf&Sdrl wHjrufvSnf;&jcif;? uo,frIefYukd
pk½;Hk xm;&jcif;? ajrnufudk a&qGw&f jcif;? a&csK;d usi;f a&csK;d uefü a&ukd
avmif;xnf&h jcif;? ajrnufjzifh rsuEf mS ukd vdr;f usí H a&SUrSvnf;aumif;ç
aemufrv S nf;aumif; zk;H vTr;f í Z½k;H tdro
f Ydk 0if&jcif;? rax&fBu;D &[ef;-
wkuYd dk wk;d a0SíY raexkid &f jcif;? &[ef;i,fwu Ydk dk ae&mjzifh rwm;jrpf&jcif;?
pGr;f Ekid rf l rax&fBu;D &[ef;wkt Yd m; acs;yGw&f jcif;? rax&fBu;D &[ef;wk\ Yd
a&SUü a&rcsKd;tyf? txufrS a&rcsKd;tyfjcif;? a&csKd;NyD;í wufaom
&[ef;onf qif;aom&[ef;wkt Yd m; vrf;ay;&jcif;? Z½k;H tdrrf S aemufq;Hk
xGufaom &[ef;onf Z½kH;tdrfü ñGefAGufxrl aq;aMum&jcif;? Z½kH;-
tif;ysOfukd ,lí a&SUrSvnf;aumif;ç aemufrSvnf;aumif; zkH;vTrf;í
xGuf&jcif;? ajrnufcGufukd aq;í Z½kH;tif;ysOfukd odrf;í rD;ukdNidrf;í
wHcg;ukyd w d íf zJomG ;&jcif; paom acR;Z½k;H tdrüf jyK&maom0wfvnf;-
aumif;/
(rSwfcsuf) acR;Z½k;H tdr[
f o
l nf acR;xGuef nf;ol acR;ikwo f w
l Ydk acR;&-
ap&ef acR;atmif;&aom taqmufttkH jzpfonf/ a&csK;d -
cef;ESihf rwlonfudk owdjyKyg/ rax&fBu;D &[ef;wku Yd dk r½k-d
aojcif;ukd pGJí Z½kH;tdrfü rsm;pGmaom xif;wkdYukd wifí
rD;½IdUaom &[ef;tm; 'kuú#f? rD;½IdUí wHcg;ukd ydwfvsuf
wHcg;teD;ü ydwx f idk af om &[ef;tm; 'ku#ú t
f mywfoif\ h /
10/ 0pöu#k 0d wåÍö = usiBf u;D tdr\
f tjyifü &Sad om&[ef; twGi;f ü
&Sdaeaom &[ef;wkdYonf tjyeftvSef acsmif;[efYjcif;? ouFef;wef;ü
ouFe;f ukd wifí raES;rvsif 0ifjcif;? oif;ykid u
f ydk ifí
h r0ifjcif;? eif;cküH
eif;rdrS oif;ykdifukdyifhjcif;? nD;wGm;vsuf usifBuD;ukd rpGefY&jcif;? 'efyl-
cJvsuf usifBuD;ukd rpGefY&jcif;? usifBuD;wGif;jyify usifi,fcGufjyifyü
rpGe&Yf jcif;? usiif ,fcu G üf wHawG;raxG;&jcif;? Murf;aom uEkwH ponf-
jzifh rokwjf cif;? oefo Y ufa&aq;jcif;? uEkwu H dk usiBf u;D cGuüf rcsjcif;?
ajceif;cküH eif;vsuf oif;ykid u f dk zk;H vTr;f jcif;? oif;ykid uf dk yifrh í rxGu-f
jcif;? oefoY ufa&aq;&m ajceif;cküH &yfvsuf oif;ykid u f dk rç&jcif;? ]pyfpyf}
toHjyKvsuf raq;jcif;? oefo Y ufa& aq;&efcu G üf a&ukd cserf xm;jcif;?
oefYoufa&aq;&m ajceif;ckHü &yfvsuf zkH;vTrf;&jcif;? usifBuD;tdrfü
usifBuD;vdrf;usHrl aq;aMum&jcif;? usifBuD;tdrf y&d0kPf wHcg;rkcfwkdYü
trIduf&Sdrl wHjrufvSnf;&jcif;? oefYoufa&tkd;ü a&r&Sdrl a&avmif;
xnfh&jcif; paom usifBuD;tdrfü jyK&maom0wfvnf;aumif;/
11/ OyZÑm,0wåÍö = eHeufapmapmxí zdeyfukd cRwfNyD;vQif
ukd,f0wfukd vufuawmhprÜ,fwifí rsufESmopfa& 'efyluyfjcif;?
,m*kqGrf;uyfjcif;? oydwfç cGufaq;jcif;? OyZÑm,fq&monf ae&mrS
xcJhaomf ae&macgufodrf;jcif;? trIduf&Sdrl wHjrufvSnf;jcif;? ausmif;
tdy&f mae&mwku Yd dk okwo f ifjcif;ç aevSe;f jcif;? OyZÑm,fq&monf &GmokYd
0ifvkdjim;tHh? oif;ykdif cg;yef;BudK; ay;&jcif;? ukd,f0wfESifh'kuk#f xyfí
ay;&jcif;? aq;aMumí a&ESiw hf uGaom oydwu f dk ay;&jcif;? q&monf
aemufvu dk u
f dk tvk&d t dS ?hH t0ef;ok;H yg;nDpmG oif;ykid o f uFe;f wdu Yk dk 0wf½í
Hk
cg;yef;ukdzGJUí urÜwfoD;ukdwyfvsuf oydwfukd aq;aMum ,liifum
q&m&[ef;\ aemufrS reD;ra0;vku d &f jcif;? oydwv f v J , S jf cif;ukd vSr;f -
,l&jcif;? q&mpum;ajymqkdaepOf tMum;tMum;ü 0ifí pum;rajym
&jcif;? q&monf tmywfESifh eD;pyfaompum;ukd ajymqkdcJhrl wm;jrpf-
&jcif;? qGrf;cH&mrS jyefvmaomf a&S;OD;pGm vmESifhí ae&mcif;&jcif;?
ajcaq;a&ç ajcaq;tif;ysOfç ajcyGwftkd;jcrf;wkdYukd teD;ü xm;&jcif;?
c&D;OD;BudKqkdí oydwfouFef;ukd vSrf;,l&jcif;? ausmif;0wfouFef;ukd
ay;&jcif;? qGrf;cH0wf ouFef;onf acR;pGwftHh? wpfcPrQ aeylvSef;-
xm;&jcif;? aeylüouFe;f ukd Mumjrifph mG rxm;&jcif;? ouFe;f ukd tv,fü

acguf½;dk rusK;d ygapvif[ h k ESv;Hk oGi;f vsuf vufav;opf tem;ukd avQm-h
í a&GU&Sm;í ouFe;f ukd acguf&jcif;? ouFe;f acguftwGi;f ü cg;yef;BuKd ;ukd
xm;&jcif;/
OyZÑm,fq&monf qGr;f pm;vko d nfjzpft?hH a&ukad y;í qGr;f ukd
qufuyf&jcif;? aomufa&jzifh yefMum;&jcif;? a&ukday;í oydwfukd
vSr;f ,lNy;D vQif ½kad oaumif;rGepf mG rxdcu dk rf ad pbJ aq;aMumokwo f if-
vsuf a&r&Sad tmifjyKNy;D wpfcPrQ aeylveS ;f xm;&jcif;? aeylü oydwu f dk
MumjrifhpGm rxm;&jcif;? oydwfukd anmifapmif;ç tif;ysOfatmufwkdYü
tcif;&Sad omae&mü odr;f xm;&jcif;? ouFe;f ukd ouFe;f wef; (0g) ouFe;f -
wef;BuKd ;wku Yd dk yGww
f u
dk íf [krd mS bufutpGe;f ukd þrSmbufu tacGjyK-
vsuf xm;&jcif;? OyZÑm,fq&monf xonf&adS omf ae&macgufxm;-
&jcif; a&csKd;vkdonfjzpftHh? a&yla&at; tvkd&Sdaomf csKd;a&ukd pD&if
&jcif;? q&monf Z½kH;tdrfokdY 0ifvkdonfjzpftHh? uo,frIefYukd a&jzifh
vkH;&jcif; ajrnufukd a&jzifhqGwf&jcif;? Z½kH;tdrftif;ysOfukd ay;NyD;vQif
ouFe;f ukv d rS ;f ,lí oif&h mt&yfü xm;&jcif;? uo,freI Yf ajrnufreI -Yf
wku Yd dk ay;&jcif;? tu,fí pGr;f Ekid v f Qif Z½k;H tdro f Ydk 0if&jcif;? Z½k;H tdro
f Ydk
0ifaom&[ef;onf a&SUrSvnf;aumif; aemufrSvnf;aumif; a&-
oEkyfjzifh zkH;vTrf;í Z½kH;tdrfokdY0if&jcif;? oDwif;BuD;ukd wkd;a0SUí rae
rxkdif&jcif;? oDwif;i,f&[ef;ukd ae&mjzifh rwm;jrpf&jcif;? rD;n§djcif;
paomtrIwkdYukd jyK&jcif;? Z½kH;tdrfrS xGufaom &[ef;onf Z½kH;tdrf
tif;ysOu f ,dk í l a&SUrSvnf;aumif;ç aemufrv S nf;aumif;? a&oEkyjf zifh
zkH;vTrf;í Z½kH;tdrfrS xGuf&jcif;/
a&csK;d aomtcgüvnf; q&mtm; acs;wGe;f jcif;paom trIcyford ;f
ukd jyK&jcif;? a&csKd;NyD;aom &[ef;onf q&m\a&S;OD;pGmwufí rdrd
ukd,fukd a&r&SdatmifjyKí oif;ykdifukd0wfvsuf q&m\ukd,frS a&ukd
okw&f jcif;? oif;ykid o
f uFe;f wku
Yd dk ay;&jcif;? ae&mcif;&jcif;? ajcaq;a&ç
ajcaq;tif;ysOfç ajcyGwftkd;jcrf;wkdYukd teD;üxm;&jcif;? q&mtm;
aomufa&jzifh ar;jref;&jcif;? tu,fí ygVdudk &Gwjf yoif,al pvko d nf
jzpftHh? oif,l&jcif;? t|uxmukd tzefzef ar;jref;apvkdonfjzpftHh?
tzefzef ar;jref;&jcif;/
OyZÑm,fq&maeaom ausmif;onf trIu d &f o dS nfjzpft?hH pGr;f Ekid rf l
okwfoif&Sif;vif; aevSef;&jcif;? (aoemoe0wfutwkdif; jyK&jcif;)
y&d0kPfwHcg;rkcfç pnf;a0;&mZ&yfç rD;wif;ukyfukd wHjrufvSnf;&jcif;?
aomufa& ok;H a& wnfxm;&jcif;? usiBf u;D tdrf usiif ,ftrd u f dk wHjruf-
vSn;f &jcif;? oefo Y ufa& r&Sud oGe;f avmif;xnf&h jcif;? OyZÑm,fq&m
rarGUavsmjf im;tH?h twlaewynfo h nf aysmufNird ;f ap&jcif;? olwpfyg;uk-d
aomfvnf; aysmufNird ;f ap&jcif;? q&mtm; awG;awmrI oHo,ukuKú pö
jzpfjim;tHh? twlaewynfhonf y,fazsmufay;&jcif;? olwpfyg;ukd
aomfvnf; y,fazsmufap&jcif;? w&m;pum;ukrd v l nf; a[majymay;-
&jcif;? q&monf rSm;aomt,lonf jzpfjim;tHh? ajz&Sif;ay;&jcif;?
ajz&Sif;ay;ap&jcif;? q&monf *½kutmywfokdY a&mufonfjzpfí
y&d0gofç rmewfç tAÇmefxu dk of nfjzpft?hH oHCmawmfonf aqmif&u G -f
ay;zkdY vkYHvjyK&jcif;? q&monf t&if;okdY jyefíiifjcif;iSm xkdufonf
jzpftHh? oHCmawmfonf t&if;okdY iifay;zkdY vkHYvjyK&jcif;/
oHCmawmfonf q&mtm; wZÆed,uHç ed,óuHç yAÁmZeD,uHç
y#dom&PD,uHç Oau©yeD,u uH jyKvkdonfjzpftHh? twlaewynfhonf
uHrjyKjzpfatmifç aygYaomuHjzpfatmif vkv YH jyK&jcif;? q&mtm; xku
d -H
rsm; jyKNyD;onfjzpftHh? tb,fokdYvQif q&monfaumif;pGm usifhygtHh-
enf;? rmefwnf;[laom tarG;ukdç trsufa'goukd csygtHhenf;? 'PfrS
xGufajrmuftyfaom tusifhukd usifhygtHhenf;? oHCmawmfonf
xdkuHwkdYukd Nidrf;apygtHhenf;[k vkHYvjyK&jcif;/
OyZÑm,fq&m\ouFe;f ukd zGyaf vQmo f ifçh csKyo f ifçh qk;d oifçh qk;d &nf-
udk usKod ifo
h nfjzpft?hH twlae wynfo h nf vkv YH jyK&jcif;? ouFe;f qk;d -
vkad om&[ef;onf aumif;pGm tjyefjyef tvSev f eS f qk;d &jcif;? qk;d &nf-
ayguf rjywfpJrD zJroGm;&jcif;? (qkd;&nfayguf usaeao;vQif okwfí
ay;zkdY&ef okdYr[kwf xyfí n§pfzkdY&ef rzJoGm;ao;bJ apmifhaeyg [lvkd/)
q&mukd ryefMum;bJ tcsKdUaom (0dobm*) oabmrwkdufqkdif-
aom &[ef;tm; oydwfouFef;y&du©&m tokH;taqmif ray;tyfç
r,ltyfjcif;? qHyif&wd jf zwfç acs;wGe;f jcif;paom trIcyford ;f ukd rjyKtyfç
rjyKaptyfjcif;? aemufvkduf&[ef; rjzpftyfç rac:tyfjcif;? qGrf;ukd
raqmiftyfç raqmifaptyfjcif;? q&mukd ryefMum;bJ &GmwGi;f okYd r0if
&jcif;? okomefoYdk roGm;&jcif;? t&yfwpfyg;okYd zJroGm;&jcif;? q&monf
tu,fí emzsm;onfjzpft?H h touf&n S o f rQumvywfv;Hk vkyaf uR;-
&jcif;? q&m\tem;rS xjcif;ç aysmufjcif;ukd iHhvifh&jcif;? apmifhqkdif;-
&jcif; ponfjzifh OyZÑm,fq&mü o'¨0d [ d m&du wynfwh u
Ydk jyK&maom
0wfvnf;aumif;/
12/ o'¨d0d[m&du0wåÍö = OyZÑm,fq&monf twlaewynfhukd
ygVdawmfoif,ljcif;? t|uxmar;jref;jcif;? oGefoifqkH;rjcif;wkdYjzifh
oN*KØ [cf s;D jri§ jhf cif;? q&mtm; oydwçf ouFe;f y&du&© m tok;H aqmif&t
dS ?hH
r&Sdaom twlaewynfhtm; ay;urf;jcif;&&Sdatmif vkHYvukdrlvnf;
jyK&jcif;/
tu,fí twlaewynfhonf emzsm;tHh? eHeufapmapm xí
rsufESmopfa&ç 'efylay;&jcif;? ae&mcif;í ay;&jcif;? ,m*kqGrf; ay;&
jcif;? ,m*kaomufNy;D aom twlaewynft h m; a&ay;í cGuu f dk vSr;f ,l-
Ny;D aemuf ½kad oaumif;rGepf mG rxdcu
dk af pbJ aq;aMumNy;D vQif okrd ;DS odr;f -
qnf;xm;&jcif;? twlaewynfo h nf ae&mrS xcJah omf ae&mukd acguf-
xm;&jcif;? trIduf&SdtHh? wHjrufvSnf;&jcif;/
twlaewynfo h nf tu,fí &GmokYd 0ifvjdk im;tH?h oif;ykid çf cg;yef;-
BuKd ;wku
Yd dk ay;&jcif;? uk,
d 0f wf'u k #k w
f u
Ydk dk xyfí ay;&jcif;? aq;aMumí
a&ESifhwuGaom oydwfukd ay;&jcif;? þrQ twkdif;t&Snf&Sdaomtcg
jyefvmtH[ h k (jyefvmcsed w
f efNy;D [k) ESv;Hk oGi;f í ae&mukcd if;xm;&jcif;?
ajcaq;a&ç ajcaq;tif;ysOfç ajcyGwf tkd;jcrf;wkdYudk teD;üxm;&jcif;?
c&D;OD;BudKqkdí oydwfouFef;ukd vSrf;,l&jcif;? ausmif;0wfoif;ykdifukd
ay;í &Gm0wfouFef;ukd vSrf;,lum acR;pGwftHh? wpfcPrQ aeylvSrf;-
xm;&jcif;? Mumjrifph mG aeylü rxm;tyf? ouFe;f ukd acguf&jcif;? tv,f
ü acguf½kd;usKd;onf rjzpfapvifh[k ESvkH;oGif;vsuf vufav;opf
tem;ukd avQmhí a&GUvsm;í ouFef;ukd acguf&jcif;? ouFef;acguf
twGif;ü cg;yef;BudK;ukd xm;&jcif;/
twlaewynfhonf qGrf;pm;vkdonfjzpftHh? a&ukday;í qGrf;ukd
ay;&jcif;? aomufa&jzifh ar;jref;&jcif;? aomufa&ukday;í oydwfukd
vSr;f ,lNy;D vQif ½kad oaumif;rGepf mG rxdcu
dk rf ad pbJ aq;aMumokwo f if-
vsuf a&r&SdatmifjyKí wpfcPrQ aeylvSef;xm;&jcif;? MumjrifhpGm
aeylü rxm;&jcif;? oydwu f dk odr;f xm;vkad omf anmifapmif;ç tif;ysO-f
atmufwüYdk tcif;&Sad om ae&mü oydwx f m;&jcif;? ouFe;f ukd ouFe;f -
wef; (0g) ouFef;wef;BudK;wkdYudk yGwfwkdufí xkdrSmbufu tpGef;ukd
þrSmbufrS tacGjyKvsuf xm;&jcif;? twlaewynfhonf xonf
&Sdaomf ae&mukd acgufxm;&jcif;/
twlaewynfo h nf a&csK;d vko d nfjzpftçhH a&yla&at; tvk&d adS omf
csKd;a&ukd pD&if&jcif;? twlaewynfhonf Z½kH;tdrfokdY 0ifvkdonfjzpftHh?
uo,freI u Yf dk a&jzifh vk;H &jcif;? ajrnufudk a&jzifh qGw&f jcif;? Z½k;H tdrf
tif;ysOfukd ay;NyD;vQif ouFef;ukd vSrf;,lí oifh&mt&yfü xm;&jcif;?
uo,freI çYf ajrnufreI w Yf u
Ydk dk ay;&jcif;? tu,fí pGr;f Ekid v
f Qif Z½k;H tdro
f Ydk
0if&jcif;? Z½k;H tdrof Ydk 0ifaom&[ef;onf a&SUrSvnf;aumif;ç aemufr-S
vnf;aumif; a&oEkyjf zifh zk;H vTr;f í Z½k;H tdro f Ydk 0if&jcif;? oDwif;Bu;D ukd
wkd;a0SUí raerxkdif&jcif;? oDwif;i,f&[ef;ukd ae&mjzifh rwm;jrpf-
&jcif;? rD;n§jd cif;paom trIwu Ydk dk jyK&jcif;? Z½k;H tdrrf S xGuaf om&[ef;-
onf Z½k;H tdrf tif;ysOuf dk ,lí a&SUrSvnf;aumif;ç aemufrv S nf;aumif;
a&oEkyfjzifh zkH;vTrf;í Z½kH;tdrfrS xGuf&jcif;/
a&csKd;aomtcgüvnf; twlaewynfhtm; acs;wGef;jcif; paom
trIcyfodrf;ukd jyK&jcif;? a&csKd;NyD;aom q&monf a&S;OD;pGm wufí
rdrdukd,fukd a&r&SdatmifjyKí oif;ykdifukd0wfvsuf twlaewynfh\
uk,d rf aS &ukd okw&f jcif;? oif;ykid çf ouFe;f wku
Yd dk ay;&jcif;? ae&mcif;&jcif;?
ajcaq;a&ç ajcaq;tif;ysOf ajcyGwftkd;Murf;wkdYukd teD;üxm;&jcif;?
twlaewynfhtm; aomufa&jzifh ay;&jcif;/
twlaewynfh aeaomausmif;onf trIu d &f odS nfjzpft?hH pGr;f Ekid rf l
okwfoif&Sif;vif;&jcif;? (aoemoe0wfutwkdif; jyK&jcif;) y&d0kPf
wHcg;rkcçf pnf;a0;&mZ&yfç rD;wif;ukyw f uYdk dk wHjrufvn S ;f &jcif;? aomuf
a&ç okH;a& wnfxm;&jcif;? usifBuD;tdrfç usifi,ftdrf wHjrufvSnf;-
&jcif;? oefoY ufa& r&Su d oGe;f avmif;wnfxm;&jcif;? twlae wynf-h
onf rarGUavsmo f nfjzpft?hH q&monf aysmufNird ;f ap&jcif;? olwpfyg;
ukdaomfvnf; aysmufNidrf;ap&jcif;? wynfhtm; awG;awmrI oHo,-
ukuKú pö jzpfjim;tH?h q&monf y,fazsmufay;&jcif;? olwpfyg;ukad omf-
vnf; y,fazsmufap&jcif;? wynft h m; w&m;pum;ukrd v l nf; a[majym
&jcif;? wynfhonf rSm;aomt,lonf jzpftHh? ajz&Sif;ay;&jcif;?
wynfo h nf *½kutmywfoYdk a&mufonfjzpfí y&d0gofç rmewfç tAÇmef
xku
d of nfjzpft?hH oHCmawmfonf aqmif&u G af y;zkYd vkv YH jyKjcif;? wynf-h
onf t&if;okdY jyefíiifjcif;iSm xkdufonfjzpftHh? oHCmawmfonf
t&if;okdY iifay;zkdY vkHYvjyK&jcif;/
oHCmawmfonf twlaewynfhtm; wZÆeD,uHç ed,óuHç
yAÁmZeD,uHç y#dom&PD,uHç Oau©yed,u H jyKvkdonfjzpftH?h
q&monf uHrjyKjzpfatmifç aygYaom uHjzpfatmif vkHYvjyK&jcif;?
wynfhtm; xkduHrsm; jyKNyD;onfjzpftHh? tb,fokdYvQif wynfhonf
aumif;pGm usiyhf gtHeh nf;? rmefwnf;[laom tarG;ukçd trsuaf 'goukd
csygtHhenf;? 'PfrS xGufajrmuftyfaom tusifhukd usifhygtHhenf;?
oHCmonf xkduHwkdYukd Nidrf;apygtHhenf;[k vkHYvjyK&jcif;/
wynfh\ ouFef;udk zGyfavQmfoifhonf jzpftHh? q&monf þokdY
zGyaf vm[k ajymMum;&jcif;? tb,fov Ydk Qif twlaewynf\ h ouFe;f ukd
zGyaf vQmaf p&ygtHeh nf;[k vkvYH jyK&jcif;? ouFe;f qk;d &müvnf; vkv YH jyK-
&jcif;? ouFe;f qk;d vkad om &[ef;onf aumif;pGm tjyefjyef tvSev f eS f
qkd;&jcif;? qkd;&nfayguf rjywfpJrD zJroGm;&jcif;? twlae wynfhonf
emzsm;onfjzpfthH? touf&SnforQumvywfvkH; vkyfauR;&jcif;?
twlae wynf\ h temrS xjcif; aysmufjcif;ukd iHv h if&h jcif;? apmifqh idk ;f -
&jcif; ponfjzifh o'¨d0d[m&du wynfhü OyZÑm,fq&mwkdYu jyK&aom
0wfvnf;aumif;/
13/ tmp&d,0wåÍö = eHeufapmapmxí /y/ q&m\ temrS
xjcif;? aysmufjcif;ukd ihHvifh&jcif;? apmifhqkdif;&jcif; ponfjzifh q&m
av;yg;wkdYü wynfhav;yg;wkdYu jyK&maom0wfvnf;aumif;/
14/ taEÅ0godu0wåÍö = q&monf teD;aewynfhukd ygVdawmf
oif,ljcif;? /y/ apmifhqkdif;&jcif;? ponfjzifh wynhfav;yg;wkdYü q&m-
av;yg;wkdYu jyK&maom0wfvnf;aumif;/
(rSwfcsuf) q&mav;yg;ç wynfhav;yg; aemufu jycJhaom Z,m;okdY
jyefí Munfyh g? ay,smvukv d nf; OyZÑm,f0wfç o'¨0d [d m-
&du0wfwiG f jyqkx d m;onfrh sm;ukd jyefí azmfaqmifMunf-h
Muygukef/
0wåcEüESifhwuG r[m0*¾ç plV0*¾cEüü rjyKrusifh&[k ]e}

tu©&mjzifh wm;jrpftyfaom 0g&dwt
å rIwu
Ydk jdk yKvQif 'ku#ú t
f mywfoif-h
onfcsnf;om jzpfonf/
]e}
]e}tu©&mjzifh rwm;jrpftyfaom jyKusizhf &Ydk ef wku
d w
f eG ;f tyfaom
pm&dwu å si0hf wfwtYdk wGuu
f m; xku
d si0hf wfudk rav;pm;aom tem'&d,
pdwfjzifh jyKvQif 0wåab''kuú#f tmywfoifhonfom jzpf\/
t*dvmaee [d o'¨d0d[m&daue o|d0aóeyd oAÁH OyZÑm,-
0wåH umwAÁH/ (t|uxm)
remzsm;aom twlaewynfo h nf 0gajcmufq,f&adS eNyD jzpfaomf-
vnf; OyZÑm,f0wftm;vkH; jyKoifh jyKxkdufonf[k qkdygonf/
q&muvnf; jyK&rnf
wynfhonf rusef;rrmaomtcg OyZÑm,tmp&d,jzpfaom
yk*Kd¾ vo
f nf tprSpí ouFe;f qk;d jcif;wkid af tmifaom 0wfrsm;ukd jyK&rnf-
om jzpfonf/ *dvme r[kwfaom tcgüum; pmoifay;jcif;? Mo0g'-
uxm tEkomoeDay;jcif;tm;jzifv h nf;aumif;? rdrrd mS &Sad evQif oydwf
ouFe;f ponfudk ay;jcif;tm;jzifv h nf;aumif; cs;D ajrm§ uf&onf/ xko d Ydk
rjyKvQif OyZÑm,tmp&d,wkrYd mS vnf; 0wåab'aMumifh 'ku#ú t f mywf
oifhonfom jzpf\/
q&m rusef;rmvQif
OyZÑm,ç tmp&d,wkdYonf rusef;rrmjzpfaevQif jyKpkvkyfauR;
&rnf/ xkda&m*grS xajrmufonfwkdifatmif a&m*gaysmufonfwkdif-
atmif wpfjcm;t&yfokdY roGm;bJ qkdif;iHhí jyKpk&rnf/ tjcm;jyKpkrnfh
yk*¾dKvf &SdvQif rdrdu vkdtyfaom aq;ukd &Smay;NyD;rS xkdyk*¾dKvfxHtyfí
zJoGm;aumif;\/
ed*kH;ygVd teuf
£wd = þokdY/ £rmed pk'ócEü0wåmed = þwpfq,fhav;yg;-
aom cEü0wfwkdYukd/ 0kwåmed = a[mawmfrltyfukef\/ {wmed p =
xk0d wfwu dk nf;/ oaAÁoH = cyford ;f ukeaf om &[ef;omraPwko
Ydk v Yd nf/
oAÁ'g p = tcgcyford ;f vQi/f ,xm&[H = usix hf u
dk o
f nft
h m;avsmpf mG /
p&dwAÁmed = usifhtyfukef\/
1/ 0wåH ty&dyla&aEÅm? e oDvH y&dyl&wd/
tok'öDavm 'kyÜanm? pdawåu*¾H e 0dE´wd/
2/ 0du©dwåpdawåm aeua*¾g? or®m "r®H e yówd/
tyórmaem o'¨r®H? 'ku©m e y&drkpöwd/
3/ ,H 0wåH y&dyla&aEÅm? oDvHyd y&dyl&wd/
0dok'öDavm oyanm? pdawåu*¾Hyd 0dE´wd/
4/ t0du©dwåpdawåm {ua*¾g? or®m "r®H 0dyówd/
orÜórmaem o'¨r®H? 'ku©m aom y&drkpöwd/
5/ wo®m [d 0wåH yla&,s? Zdeykawåm 0dpu©aPm/
Mo0g'H Ak'äo|ó? uwGm edAÁmear[Dwd/
jrefrmjyef
1/ 0wfukd rjznfhusifhaom &[ef;omraPonf oDvukd rjynfhapEkdif?
oDvrpifMu,faom &[ef;onf ynmr&Sdonfjzpfí pdwfwnf-
Munfjcif;ukd r&Ekdif/
2/ ysHUvGifhaompdwf&Sdaom &[ef;onf rsm;aomtm½kH&Sdí w&m;ukd
aumif;pGm rjrifEkdif? olawmfaumif;w&m;ukd aumif;pGm rjrifaom
&[ef;omraPonf qif;&JrS rvGwfajrmufEkdif/
3/ 0wfudk jznfu h siahf om &[ef;omraPonf oDvukv d nf; jynfah p-

Ekdif\? oDvpifMu,faom &[ef; omraPonf ynm&Sdonfjzpfí
pdwfwnfMunfrIukdvnf; &Ekdif\/
4/ pdwrf ysUH vGiahf om &[ef; omraPonf wpfcw k nf;aom tm½k&H í dS
w&m;ukd aumif;pGm jrifEkdif\? olawmfaumif;w&m;ukd aumif;pGm
jrifaom xkd&[ef;omraPonf qif;&JrS vGwfajrmufEkdif\?
5/ xkdYaMumifh ynm&Sdaom bk&m;om;awmf &[ef; omraPonf
jrwfpmG bk&m;\ tqk;H trjzpfaom usi0hf wfudk jznfu h si&hf m\? xko
d Ydk
jznfhusifhjcif;aMumifh edAÁmefokdY a&muf&vwåHU/
uH (5) rsKd;? wpfenf; (7) rsKd;
1/ wZÆeD,uH = Ncdrf;ajcmufrIjyKaom uH/ (y@Ku&[ef;?
avm[dwu&[ef;)
2/ ed,óuH = ukd,fpkd;ukd,fykdif aecGifhr&atmifjyKaom uH?
(oifonf rSDckdae&rnf) (toQifao,su
&[ef;)
3/ yAÁmZeD,uH = uD#m*d&dZeyk'frS ESifxkwfaomuH? (1) tó-
Zd&[ef;? (2) ykeAÁoku&[ef;?
4/ y#dom&PD,uH = pdwo å <l u,fudk onf;cHap&aom uH (awmif;-
yef0efcs&aom uH)? (ok"r®&[ef; - ]ESrf;yspf
rkefYwpfck ryg}[k ajymrI?)
5/ Oau©yeD,uH = oDvysufpD;jcif;?
6/ Oau©yeD,uuHH = tusifhysufpD;jcif;?
&/ Oau©yeD,uuHH = t,l0g' ysupf ;D jcif;? (1) qEé&[ef; tmywfudk
r½I? (2) qEé&[ef; tmywfukd rukpm;? (3)
t&d|&[ef; ,kwrf maom rdpmä t,ludk rpGerYf ?I
aomwmyefjzpfaMumif;t*Fg (4) yg;
(aqmif) olawmfoljrwf? jrJqnf;uyfvsuf? rSwfrSwfom;om;? w&m;ukd-
em? ol a wmf E S v k H ; ? wajzmif h o k H ; vsuf ? tm;wuf u sif h M uH ?
aomwmyef? jzpf&ef taMumif;av;/
aomwmywåd,*ø aomwmyef\ *kPft*Fg (4) yg;
(aqmif) Ak'ç¨ "r®ç oHCmhu,
dk ?Hk rwkv
H yI b
f ?d t&d,muEÅ? oDvig;jzm? pkn
H -D
nm? aomwmywådtif/
aomwmyeft&nftaoG; (7) yg;
(aqmif) jzpfaMumwkd? Nidrf;vkdpdwf? wGuf&dwfuif;? csufcsif;uk? ysufrIpkd;?
wkd;ípkduf? vIdufvIdufzkd? MunfndKckepfwef? aomwmyef/
rtyfaom ouFef;ta&mifrsm;
1/ atmufrJndKyGifhavmuf ndKaomouFef;/ (ESrf;MuyfyGifh)
2/ r[mavSum;yGifhavmuf 0ga&TaomouFef;/
3/ v,facgif&rf;yGifhavmuf eDaomouFef;/
4/ ykwD;eufaphavmuf eufawG;arSmifaomouFef;/
5/ a&pGwfaom usD;tawmifavmuf rnf;eufaomouFef;/
6/ uif;ajcrsm;ausmufukef;avmuf teD&ifhtqif;/
7/ y'kr®mMumyGifhtqif;&Sdí eDajzmhaomouFef;? xkd ouFef;a&mifrsKd;
r0wftyf? qkd;xm;NyD;jzpfvQifvnf; zGyfavQmfí tyfaomqkd;&nfukd
xyfqkd;í0wftyf\/ zGyfí tqif;rysufcJhvQif tdyf&mcif; ponf
jyKí okH;oifhokH;tyf\/
ouFef;a&miftqkH;tjzwf ygVdawmf
ck'u
´ edum,f bdo'g,uax&myg'gefygVdawmf b'´Zad x&myg'gef
ygVdawmfwkdYü rdefYqkdxm;onfrSm-
b*0gwrSd ora,? y'krkwå&o0Sa,m/
&wårÁ&"a&m Aka'¨g? *päaw tedvÍÆao/
&wår&Á "a&m = eDaomouFe;f ukd wifvrT ;f 0wf½aHk wmfral om/ Aka'¨g
= jrwfpGmbk&m;onf/ tedvÍÆao = aumif;uifc&D;ü/ *päaw =
<uoGm;awmfrl\?
t|uxmwkdYü teDa&mifjy tvGefrsm;\/
b*0EÅH t'ó Ak'öd&d,m aombrmeH &wåurÁvy&du©dwård0
Z*Frueu*d&dodc&H/ ('DCedum,f oDvu©E¨0*¾ t|uxm? 40/)
ww¬ [d {ubdu©Kóyd [w¬ukuúKpöH 0g yg'ukuúKpöH 0g ew¬d?
oaAÁ (y) &wå0vm[um 0d, odae½kul#H b*0EÅH y&d0ga&wGm
edoD'ðok/ (rZÑdryPÖmot|uxm?2/)
&wå0vm[um = eDaom rkdCf;wdrfwkdYonf/ odae½kul#H = jrif;rdk&f
awmifukd/ y&dyga&wGm = 0kdif;&Hí/ wd|EÅd 0d, = wnfaeukefouJhokdY/
edoD'ðok = xkdifaeMuavukefNyD?
rZÑdredum,f r[m&m[kavm0g'okwftzGifh
eDaom yHou k o
l uFe;f jzifh zk;H vTr;f 0wf½aHk wmfral om jrwfpmG bk&m;-
onf eDaom urÁvmjzifh 0kdif;&pfum&Htyfaom a&TawmifBuD;uJhokdY-
vnf;aumif;? oEÅmeDEG,fjzifh wefqmqiftyfaom a&Tpnf;ckHapwD-
awmfBu;D uJo
h v
Ydk nf;aumif;? qke;f rIejYf zifh ylaZmftyfaom a&TapwDuo hJ Ydk
vnf;aumif;? csdyf&nfjzifh vdrf;usHtyfaom a&Tjymom'fBuD;uJhokdY
vnf;aumif;? eDaom rkdCf;wdrftwGif;rS xkdcPü xGufay:vmaom
vjynf0h ef;Bu;D uJo h v Ydk nf;aumif;? (y) uk, d af wmf\ usuo f a&ESihf jynfph -Hk
ykHum; tHhMoavmufaypG[k &Sif&m[kvm MuHpnfavNyD[lí rdefYqkd\/
xkjYd yif oH,w k eå u d m,f t*kw F &å edum,fwüYdk vnf; jrwfpmG bk&m;&Si-f
onf csdyf&nfjzifh pkdpGwfaom eDaom uopfyGifha&mif&Sdaom eDaom
ESpxf yfoif;ykid u f .dk ç ponfjzifv h nf;aumif;? &[ef;wdo Yk nf jc&H t
H yfaom
jrwfpGmbk&m;onf eDaom urÁvmjzifh um&Htyfaom a&TykHBuD;uJhokdY
vnf;aumif;? eDaom y'krm® MumawmokYd a&mufaeaom a&TavSBu;D uJo h Ydk
vnf;aumif;? oEÅmeDyw G v
f ;Hk wkjYd zifh um&Hxm;tyfaom a&Tjymom'fBu;D -
uJhokdYvnf;aumif; wifhw,fawmfrlNyD? t&Sifom&dykwå&m t&Sifr[m-
arm*¾vmefpaom rax&fBuD;wkdYonfvnf; rkdCf;wdrfeDa&mif&Sdaom
yHou k ol uFe;f ukd wifvrT ;f ½kaH wmfrMl uí ywåjrm;eD pDjc,faom csyw f ef-
qmjzifh 0wfqifaom qifajymifBu;D wku Yd ohJ Ydk 0ef;0kid ;f jc&H aH eMuavukef
NyD[lí rdefYqkd\/
þokdYponfjzifh rkdCf;wdrfeDa&mifcsdyf&nfjzifh pGwfaom eDaom
uopfyGifha&mifç urÁvmeDa&mifç oEÅmeDa&mifç eDaom y'kr®mMumawm
ponfjzifh teDa&mif OyrmwkdYrsm;pGm qkdxm;aMumif; &efuif;awm&
(ebl;usi;f ) q&mawmf b'Éw Å ó d &r[max&f a&;om;pD&iftyfaom
pD0&0PÖ0dedpä, ouFef;a&miftqkH;tjzwfusrf;ü rsm;pGm jyqkdxm;-
ygonf/
xkdYjyifvnf; ck'ódu©m#Duma[mif;ç #DumopfwkdYvnf; eDaom
ouFef;onf v,facgif&rf;yGifha&mif &Sd\[lí rdefYqkd\/
ygVdawmfvm tndKa&mif
ax&*gxmygVdawmf zkóax&*gxm (*gxmeHygwf-959) ü ---
O'¨wm p b0dóEÅd? eDvpD0&yg½kwm/
uk[m x'¨g vyg o
odd *Ð*?Ð p&dóEEÅÅ s&d,m 0d,/
&[ef;wkdYonf pdwfwnfMunfrI uif;í ysHUvGifhjcif;&SdMuukefvsuf

tndKa&mifouFe;f ukd wifvrT ;f ½kMH uonf jzpfMuukev
f rd v
hf wåUH / tHzh ,
G u
f dk
jyKMuvsuf trsurf mefrmejzifh cufxefMurf;wrf;aom pdw&f MdS uNy;D vQif
ypönf;&aMumif;pum;ukd qkdMuí OD;csKduJhokdY xif&Sm;aom udavom
&SdaeMuygukefvsuf t&d,mwkdYuJhokdY oGm;vmukefvdrfhvwåHU[k qkd\/
þ*gxmvm tndKa&mifpum;onf tem*wfumvü t&Surf &S-d
aom ,kwfrmukefaom &[ef;wkdY\ rtyfaom ouFef;a&mifukdom
qkt
d yf\/ xkaYd Mumifh tndKa&mifouFe;f ukd r,loif?h (0g) r0wf½o
Hk if[
h k
rSwfom;tyf\/
0wf½kHoifhaom ta&mif (3) rsKd;
1/ teDa&mifqkd;&nf qkd;Budrfrsm;í tndKa&mifjzpfoGm;jcif;?
2/ teDa&mifqkd;&nf ,kwfavsmhoGm;í 0goGm;jcif;?
3/ yifukdteDa&mifç rlvteDa&mifjzpfjcif;? þta&mifokH;rsKd; vGefjcif;ç
,kwfjcif;ç nDrQjcif;[laom taMumif;wkdYaMumifh jzpfoGm;aom
ta&mifrsm;? aq;rIeEYf iS hf qk;d &nf txl;r&Sad om ta&mifrsm; tyfz,
G f
&Sdonf[k qkdygonf/
tusOf;csKyf rSwfom;&ef
0denf;w&m;awmfüvmaom tvGefndKç tvGefeD paom ta&mif
(7)rsKd;wkdYukd jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sifu y,fxm;NyD;jzpfonf/ okwåefygVdç
t|uxmç #DumwkdYü vm&Sdaom teDç t0gç tndKç tjzLysuftm;jzifh
ta&mifav;rsK;d wkw Yd iG v
f nf; t0ga&mifudk teDa&miftrsK;d EG,üf xnf-h
oGif;í ,lojzifh oD;jcm;r,l? tndKESifh tjzLysufa&mifwkdYum; &[ef;-
wkdYtm; ravsmfojzifh r,lbJ y,fonf/
xkdYaMumifh 0denf;usrf;vm rtyfaomta&mif (7)rsKd;rS vGwfvQif
tyfaomta&mifvnf; (7)rsKd;yif jzpfEkdifonf[k r,lrlí teDa&mif
wpfrsKd;wnf;ukdom ,ltyfç ,loifhawmhonf[k rSwf&m\/
þü teDa&mif[k qkcd yhJ gaomfvnf; tvGef &J&eJ aD om teDa&mif-
um; rjzpfoifh? tvkH;pkHndKac: tvGefndK paom rtyfaom ta&mif
(7)rsKd;vnf; rjzpfoifhyg/
qkH;jzwfcsuf
1/ rtyfaom ta&mifwkdYrS vGwfjcif;vnf;aumif;?
2/ jrwfpGmbk&m; cGifhjyKxm;aom qkd;&nfwkdYjzifh qkd;jcif;vnf;aumif;?
3/ &[ef;wk\ Yd ouFe;f a&miftjzpfjzifh oifah vsmaf vsmufywfjcif;vnf;-
aumif; -
þt*Fg (3) csuw f EYdk iS w
hf uG nDñwG jf ynfph aHk om teDa&mifç csyd &f nf-
ta&mifç y'kr®mMumeDa&mifç rkdCf;wdrfeDa&mifç v,facgif&rf;yGifha&mif-
wkdYuJhokdY eDaomta&mifukdom pifppf tyfaom ta&mif[líç {uef
tyfaom ta&mif[lí ,kHrSm;uif;aomtm;jzifh ,ltyf\/
þtqk;H tjzwfudk 0wf½zHk ;Hk vTr;f aom ouFe;f \ tyfaomta&mif-
ukd ESvkH;oGif;xm; pdwf0ifpm;Muukefaom olwkdYonf txl;odtyf\/
tvkdvnf;&Sdtyf\/ tusOf;tm;jzifhvnf; aumif;pGm rSwfom;xm;-
tyf\/ (pD0&0PÖ0dedpä,usrf;? ebl;usif;awm&q&mawmf b'ÉÅwdó&)
rtyfaom t0wfouFef;rsm;
1/ oref;jrufwkdYjzifh &uftyfaom t0wf?
2/ avQmfawwkdYjzifh &uftyfaom t0wf?
3/ ysOfcsyfoP²mef&Sdaom tjym;wkdYjzifh pDtyfaom t0wf?
4/ qHyifrSjzpfaom urÁvmç om;NrD;rSjzpfaom urÁvm?
5/ cifykwfawmifjzifh &uftyfaom t0wf?
6/ tarG;ESifhwuGç cGmESifhwuGaom orifa&?
tZde-ukd ]opfeuf}[k ay;Mu\? tbd"mefedó,opfüum;

orif[k ay;onf? cGmESifhwuG[k qkdaomaMumifh opfeufrjzpfEkdif?
(ck'ódu©mbmom#Dum?96/) qkdcJhNyD;aom t0wfukd 0wf½kHokH;aqmifaom
&[ef;tm; xkv’pöOf;tmywf oifh\/
'kuú#ftmywfoifhaom t0wfrsm;
1/ iSufaysmavQmfrQifjzifh &uftyfaom t0wf?
2/ NydwfavQmfrQifjzifh &uftyfaom t0wf?
3/ r½kd;avQmfrQifjzifh &uftyfaom t0wf?
4/ oifyef;avQmfjzifh &uftyfaom t0wf?
5/ tvkH;pkHndKaom t0wf?
6/ tvkH;pkHarmif;aom t0wf?
7/ tvkH;pkH a&Taom t0wf?
8/ tvkH;pkHeDaom t0wf?
9/ tvkH;pkHrnf;eufaom t0wf?
10/ uif;ajcrsm; ausmufuek ;f tqif; rsm;aom emrnf&adS om qk;d &nf-
wkdYjzifh qkd;tyfaomt0wf?
11/ opfcGHouFef;?
12/ rjzwftyfaom tNrdwftqm&SdaomouFef;?
13/ &Snfaom tNrdwftqm&SdaomouFef;?
14/ yef;yGifhyrm tNrdwftqm&SdaomouFef;?
15/ tusÐoifwkdif; (oifwkdif;[lonf rdef;rwkdY\ *g0ef ppfom;wkdY\
tay:u ppf0wftdwfrsKd; vl\ ukd,fvkH;ukd,f&yfESifh awmfatmif
wkid ;f í csKy&f aomaMumifh oifwidk ;f [k a&S;u ay;Muonf/) ,ck-
acwfü ]tHoudk#f}[k emrnfwyfí rdef;rabmfvDESifh cyfqifqif
wlaom twGi;f u acR;rpkad tmif cH0wfaomt0wfvnf; ]uÍöKu}
yifjzpfí rtyf[k qkH;jzwfawmfrlonf/ (ck'ódu©mbmom#Dum?99/)
(rSwfcsuf) ouFef;tvkcH&ç tckd;cH&í ouFef;r&Sdaom tpädEépD0&
&[ef;twGuf qkdcJhNyD;aom uko0gu oref;jrufç avQmf-
awouFef;paom t0wfrsm; 0wfaumif;\/
ouFe;f twkid ;f twm yrmPrsm; &we0*f eEáw¬&odum© yk'f ac:
ok*wpD0&odu©myk'fü jyqkdxm;onfrsm; jyefMunfh½Iyg/
jzwftyfaom ouFef;ukd cGifhjyKawmfrlykH
oAÁnKb&k m;ocifonf &mZN*Kd [jf ynfrS 'u©P d myxokYd a'opm&D
t<uwGif rm*"&mZfwidk ;f om;wk\ Yd v,fcif;v,fwmyku H dk enf;ñTejf yí
ouFe;f pD&ifvadk Mumif;ESihf trdeaYf wmfjrwf&í
dS t&Sitf meE´monf pD&if-
Ekid yf gaMumif; wm0ef,u
l m aumif;pGm ouFe;f csKyv f yk pf &D ifí jyvmonfh
umv jrwfpmG bk&m;&Sio f nf azmfjyyg pum;&yfwYdk rdeq Yf í dk t&Sit f meE´m
rax&ftm; csD;usL;rdefYMum;awmfrlonf/
y@dawm bdu©a0 tmeaE´m? r[myanm bdu©a0 tmeaE´m?
,Mw [d emr r,m oHcdawåe bmodwó tw¬H 0dw¬ma&e tmZm-
edówd ukodrÜd emr u&dówd? t¹ukodrÜd emr u&dówd? r@vrÜd
emr u&dówd? t¹r@vrÜd emr u&dówd? 0d0¥rÜd emr u&dówd?
tEk0d0¥rÜd emr u&dówd? *Da0,surÜd emr u&dówd? ZaCF,surÜd
emr u&dówd? Am[EÅrdÜ emr u&dówd? qdEu é H b0dówd? ow¬vcl ?H
orPom½kyÜH? ypöw¬dumeÍö tEkbdpädwH? tEkZmemrd bdu©a0 qdEéuH
oHCm#ð qdEéuH Owå&mo*ø qdEéuH tEÅ&0gouH/
teufay;ykH
bdu©a0 = &[ef;wkdY/ tmeaE´m = tmeE´monf/ y@dawm =
taMumif;tusKd;ukd xkd;xGif;í odwwfaom ÓPf&Sd\/ bdu©a0 =
&[ef;wkdY/ tmeaE´m = tmeE´monf/ r[myanm = BuD;us,faom
ynm&Sd\/ r,m = igbk&m;onf/ oHcdawåe = tusOf;tm;jzifh/

bmodwó = a[mtyfaom pum;\/ tw¬H = teufukd/ ,Mw [d
emr = a,m emr tmeaE´m = tMuif tmeE´monf/ 0dw¬ma&e =
tus,ftm;jzifh/ tmZmedówd = odEkdifbd\/ aom tmeaE´m = xkd
tmeE´monf/ ukord dÜ emr = tem;ywfvmT rnfonfudk (= ajrmif;&Sn-f
vTmrnfonfukd)vnf;? u&dówd = jyKbd\/ t¹ukodrÜd emr =
w½kwfajrmif;wkdvTmonfukdvnf;? u&dówd = jyKbd\/ r@vrÜd emr
= tdrf0ef;BuD; r[mr@vrnfonfukdvnf;? u&dówd = jyKbd\/
t¹r@vrÜd emr = tdrf0ef;i,f t¹r@vrnfonfukdvnf;/
u&dówd = jyKbd\/ 0d0¥rÜd = uGJtdrfESpfck wpfaygif;wnf;jyKí
csKytf yfaom tv,facgifpyf rnfonfuv dk nf;/ u&dówd = jyKb\ d /
tEk0d0¥rÜd emr = vuf0J vuf,m ab;ESpfbufwkdYü &Hpyfí csKyftyf-
aom tpyftykdif;tvTmrnfonfukdvnf;/ u&dówd = jyKbd\/
*Da0,surÜd emr = vnfxd&m t&yfü xyfícsKyftyfaom tm*EÅKu-
vTmrnfonfuv dk nf;? u&dówd = jyKb\ d / ZaCF,surÜd emr = ovk;H -
jrif;acgif; xd&mt&yfü xyfí csKyt f yfaom tm*EÅKuvTmrnfonfu-dk
vnf;/ u&dówd = jyKbd\/ Am[EÅrÜd emr = vufvdyfpyfrnf-
onfukdvnf;/ u&dówd = jyKbd\/ ow¬vlcH = "m;vSD;í/ qdEéuH =
jzwftyfonf/ b0dówd = jzpfbd\/ orPom½kyÜH = &[ef;tm;
avsmufywfaypG/ ypöw¬dumeÍö = &efolwkdYonfrlvnf;/ tebdpädwH =
vkdcsifzG,f r&SdbdpG/ bdu©a0 = &[ef;wkdY/ qdEéuH = jzwftyfaom/
oHCm#ð = 'ku#k u f /dk qdEu
é H = jzwftyfaom/ Owå&mo*ø = uk, d 0f wfu/dk
qdEéuH = jzwftyfaom/ tEÅ&0gouH = oif;ykdifukd/ tEkZmemrd =
igbk&m; cGifhjyKawmfrl\/
(0denf;r[m0gygVdawmf?400/ 0denf;Oya'awmfBuD;?330/)
ouFef;ESifhpyfaom tac:ta0:rsm;
1/ ukod = ajrmif;&SnfvTm? 2/ t¹ukod = w½kwfajrmif;wkdvTm?
3/ r[mr@v = tdrf0ef;BuD;? 4/t¹r@v t¹r@v = tdrf0ef;i,f? 5/ 0d0¥
= tv,facgifpyfBu;D ? 6/ tEk00d ¥ = vuf0v J uf,m ab;ESpb f uftpyf
tykdif;vTm? 7/ *Da0,su = vnfyif;xd&mt&yf xyfí csKyftyfaom
tem;ywfvTm? 8/ ZaCF,su = om;vkH;jrif;acgif;xd&mt&yf xyfí
csKyftyfaom tem;ywfvTmç tm*EÅKutvTm? 9/ Am[EÅ = vufvdyf
vdyfaomtcg xyfí csKyftyfaom tem;ywfvTm? 10/ ow¬u =
ouFe;f jzwfp&m "m;i,f? 11/ olpd = tyf? 12/ olped mVdu = tyfusn?f
13/ uxde = um;? 14/ uxde&ZÆK = um;ü csnfp&mBudK;? 15/ tEk-
0gw = tvsm;tem;ywf? 16/ y&db@ = teH tem;ywf? 17/ '@u-
xde = vSHwHzGJUaom um;i,f? 18/ 0deEú&ZÑK = um;zGJUp&mBudK;? 19/
uV
uVddrwÇ = yrmPrSwaf Mumif; xef;&Gu?f 20/ armCokwå = eEGi;f BuKd ;jzifh
wrsOf;ypfjcif;? 21/ *P²duH = urÜwfoD;? 22/ ygouH = urÜwfuGif;/
23/ *P²duzvuH = urÜwfoD;tdrf? 24/ ygouzvuH = urÜwf-
uGif;tdrf/
(rSwfcsuf) eEGi;f BuKd ;jzifh trSwjf yKjcif;[k qkad omaMumifh eEGi;f qk;d aom
csnfjzifh ouFef;csKyfjcif;iSmvnf; tyfonf[k xif&Sm;\/
tcsKUd u rtyf[k rSwx f ifwwfuek \ f / qk;d &nfü eEGi;f jrpf-
ukd t|uxm y,fjcif;aMumifhwnf;/ (plV0gt&om?138/)
tyfç rtyfaom urÜwfoD;rsm;
a&TurÜwo f ;D ç aiGurÜwo f ;D wkYd rtyfuek /f (1) t½k;d urÜwo
f ;D ? (2)
qifpG,furÜwfoD;? (3) OD;csKdurÜwfoD;? (4) usLurÜwfoD;? (5) 0g;-
urÜwfoD;? (6) opfom;urÜwfoD;? (7) csdwfurÜwfoD;? (8) opfoD;-
urÜwfoD;? (9) aMu;urÜwfoD;? (10) c½koif;urÜwfoD;? (11) csnf-
urÜwfoD;wkdYukd cGifhjyKawmfrlonf/
(rSwfcsuf) urÜwfoD;tdrfukd ouFef;tpGef;ü wyf&ef cGifhjyKawmfrl\?

urÜwuf iG ;f tdru
f dk tem;ywftpGe;f rS vufcek pfopf&pS o
f pf-
rQ avQmhí wyf&ef cGifhjyKawmfrlonf/
rtyfaom qdk;&nf (9) rsKd;
tjrpfww Ykd iG f - 1/ eEGi;f jrpf/ yifpnfq;kd &nfww
Ykd iG f - 2/ xef;usi?fh
3/ ydEéJEG,fyif/ t&Gufqkd;&nfwdkYwGif - 4/ rJ&Guf? 5/ 'ef;&Guf/ tacguf
qd;k &nfww Ykd iG f - 6/ Muydik af cguf? 7/ a'guf&yfacguf/ tyGiq hf ;dk &nfw-Ykd
wGif - 8/ 0wfyef;yGifh? 9/ aygufyGifh - [lí rtyfaom qkd;&nf (9)rsKd;
vm\/
(aqmif) eEGif;jrpfESifhç yifpnfqifhç xef;usifh ydEéJEG,f/
rJç'ef;&Guf avSmufç Muydkifacgufç tacguf a'guf&yfbG,f/
0wfyef;aygufyGifhç qdk;&nfESifhç roifhudk;yg; y,f/ (a&S;q&m)
jruf-yif-acguf-&Guf-yGifh-oD;-zuf ajcmufcsuf qdk;&nftyf/
ouFef;pD&ifyHk tqifh (7) qifh
1/ a"m0e = ouFef;vsm ydwfwdk zsifpt0wfwdkYudk zGyfavQmfjcif;?
2/ 0dpm&P = ig;cPf;ç ckepfcPf;ç ud;k cPf;ç q,fw
h pfcPf; pD&ifjcif;?
3/ aq'e = jzwfjcif;?
4/ AEë = wGJpyfzGJUjcif;?
5/ odyÜe = csKyfjcif;?
6/ &Ze = qdk;&nfqdk;jcif;?
7/ uyÜu&P = uyÜAdE´Kxdk;jcif;[lí tqifh(7)qifh jyqdkxm;onf/
xdck ek pfrsK;d udk uxderf cif;rD a&S;tzdüYk jyKtyfaomaMumifh ykAu
Á &P
[k ac:onf/
(aqmif) zGyf- pD&if- jzwfç wGJpyf- csKyf- qdk;ç AdE´Kxkd;ç ac:½kd; ykAÁod/
tcef;zGJUrIESifh pyfí rSwf&ef
r[m0g t|uxmq&monf oif;ydkifESifh {uoDwdkYü ig;cef;ç
'ku#k o
f uFe;f Bu;D ü ig;cef;rS wpfq,fwh pfcef;txdom ,lonf/ Aef;armf-
q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D uvnf; q,fw h pfcef;txuf vGeí
f usr;f *efrvm?
wpfq,fhwpfcef;txuf rydkap&[k taxmuftxm; ckdifvHkpGmjzifh
qkod nf/ anmifav;yif q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D onfvnf; ig;cef;rS q,f-h
wpfcef;txdom ,lonf/ t&SifMobmo(rk'Hk) uvnf; taMumif;-
okH;&yfwkdYjzifh xkdacwfü uxdefcif;aom ouFef;rSm (5)cef;ç (7)cef;ç
(9)cef;ç (11)cef;om jzpfonf[í l ol\ 0denf;Oya'awmfBu;D pmtkyf
(ESm-373)ü qkdcJhNyD? xkdYaMumifh xkdacwfü cif;aom uxdefrSm (5)cef;ç
(7)cef;ç (9)cef;ç (11)cef;om jzpfonf[lí qkdtyfygonf/ ,cktcgü
(15)cef;ç (25)cef;ç (35)cef;ç (75)cef;ç tcef; (120) ponfjzifh
rsm;avaumif;av xifí vSLolrsm;u vSLojzifh 0wfolrsm;uvnf;
0denf;usrf;*ef ravhvmawmhbJ 0wfqifokH;pGJaeMuavNyD/
"m;cGJ"m;jzwfouFef;ESifh pyfí rSwf&ef
jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif a&Tvufxufawmftcgü þodu©myk'fawmfjzpf-
vmaom umvrSpí þenf;twkid ;f omvQif "m;jzifh vS;D jzwf pD&if0wf-
½kHMuonf jzpfukef\/ xkdYaMumifh ---
awe acg ye ora,e tnw&ó bduK© aem wdp0D a& u&d,-
rmae oAHÁ qdEéuH eyÜa[mwd/ (0d?3?412/)
tcgwpfyg;ü &[ef;wpfyg;tm; wdpD0&dufouFef; (3)xnfukd
jyKvyk o
f nfç csKypf &D ifonf&adS omf tvk;H pko H uFe;f (3)xnfpvk;H jzwftyf-
aomf ravmuf/ okjYd zpfí qGq J jJG zefaY eonf\tjzpfonf jzpfay:vm\/
xkd0w¬Kukd taMumif;jyKí-
tEkZmemrd bdu©a0 a'G qdEéumed/ y / {uH qdEéuEÅd/ (0d?3?412)

[laom ygVdawmfygXfjzifh ESpfxnfwkdYukdjzwf wpfxnfukd rjzwfvifh[k
tEknmw cGifhjyKawmfrl\/ ,if;okdY ESpfxnf jzwfaomf ravmuf
jzpfjyef&m ]]tEkZmemrd bdu©a0 a'G tpädEéumed {uH qdEéuH}}}[laom
ygVdawmf (0d?3?412/) ygXfjzifh ESpfxnfukd rjzwfvifh? wpfxnfukdom
jzwf[k tEknmw cGifhjyKawmfrljyef\/ ,if;okdY wpfxnfyifjzwfí
ravmufjyef&m ]]tEkZmemrd bdu©a0 tEGm"durÜd tma&maywkH e p
bdu©a0 oAÁH tpädEéuH "ma&wAÁH? a,m "ma&,s tmywåd 'kuú#ó-
[k ygVdawmf (0d-3-412/) ygXfjzifh ovif;axmifwif[k cGifhjyKawmfrl\/
ydwfwkdzsifp aygaygrsm;rsm; &Sdí jzwfavmufrl tvkH;pkH rjzwfbJ
wdp0D &duof uFe;f ukd raqmiftyf? aqmifaom&[ef;tm; 'ku#ú t f mywf
oifhap[k ynwfawmfrl\/ (0denf;Oya'awmfBuD;?360/)
yuwd tjrJ0wf½kHaom wdpD0&dufouFef;omvQif ravmufaomf
tvkH;pkH rjzwftyf? uxdefouFef;rlum; rjzwfrl rtyf? jzwfrSom
tyf\/
]ovif;axmif}[laom pum; rSwf&ef
tEGm"durÜd tma&maywkH - tEGm"durrÜÜ d = ovif;axmifurdk v l nf;/
(0g) vsm;&SnfeHBuD; &NyD;avmufum ouFef;vsmukd vkd&mjzwfvsuf
¤if;xuf0,f jznfph u G f xyfcsKyf ajrmif;w½kw[
f k 'ku#k t
f wGi;f tvTm-
wifjcif;udk (0g) 'ku#k tf [ef oP²mefwrl Q tm*EÅKu[k xyfjyKcsKyaf jrm§ if
ovif;axmifukd/ tma&maywkH = wifpdrfhaomiSm/ tEkZmemrd =
cGifhjyKawmfrl\/
þazmfjyyg teuft& ouFef;csKyfaomtcg ydwfpu enf;aeí
rjzwfrawmufawmhbJ tay:uaeNy;D ajrmif;w½kwv f mT wku
Yd dk pDwifNy;D
xyfcsKyo f mG ;&aom tm*EÅKu tay:vTmwifonfudk ovif;axmifwif-
onf[k qkdygonf/
qkdvkd&if;t"dyÜm,frSm ouFef;okH;xnfvkH;ukdjzwfí csKyf&rnf/
jzwfí t0wfravmufri jzpfaevQif ovif;axmifukd wif&rnf/
jzwfjcif;omvQif t"dutcsuf jzpfonf/
xkaYd Mumifh ig;ykid ;f ig;pyfpaom tcef;wku dY o dk m jzwfí tdr0f ef;Bu;D
tdr0f ef;i,f ajrmif;w½kww f uYdk dk "m; ponfjzifh ykid ;f ykid ;f rjzwfbJ acgufí
csKyaf omouFe;f onf tvk;H pkH rjzwfaomouFe;f ü tusK;H 0ifonf[í l
,ltyf\/ tvk;H pkH rjzwfaomouFe;f ukd 0wf½o Hk ;Hk aqmifvQif 'ku#ú t f m-
ywfoifh\[k qkdxm;jcif;aMumifh tcef;wkdYukdomr[kwf tdrf0ef;BuD;
tdrf0ef;i,f ajrmif;w½kwfwkdYukdvnf; "m;ponfjzifh ykdif;ykdif;jzwfí
csKyaf om ouFe;f uko d mvQif 0wf½o Hk ;Hk aqmiftyf\[k ,laom 0g'buf-
okdY vkdufoifhayonf/ (0denf;Oya'awmfBuD;?345??)
{uoDtay:½kHouFef;ykHpH
teH 3-awmif urÜwfoD;tdrf
Am[EÅ = vufvdyftem;ywf
urÜwfuGif;tdrf
w½kwfajrmif;wkd
acgif&efpyf
tEk00d ¥
tdrf0ef;BuD; tdr0f ef;i,f
ukod = ajrmif;&Snf
w½kwaf jrmif;wkd
acgif&efpyf
oif;ykdifwGif teH ESpfawmifxm;í þykHpHtwkdif;yifjzpfonf/
tEk00d ¥
tdrf0ef;i,f tdrf0ef;BuD;
waCF,su = ovkH;jrif;acgif;tem;ywfvTm
*Da0,su - vnfyif;tem;ywfvTm
tvsm;(ti,fqkH;) 4-awmifxGm
ukod = ajrmif;&Snf
w½kwfajrmif;wkd
acgiffpyfBuD;
tEk00d ¥
ukod = ajrmif;&Snf
w½kwaf jrmif;wkd
acgif&efpyf
tEk00d ¥
ukod = ajrmif;&Snf
w½kwaf jrmif;wkd
acgif&efpyf
tEk00d ¥
Am[EÅ = vufvdyftem;ywf urÜwfuGif;tdrf
urÜwfoD;tdrf
'kuk#fouFef; ESpfxyfouFef;BuD; (7)cef;
*Da0,su = vnfyif;tem;ywfvTm
urÜwfuGif;tdrf
tEk00d ¥ tEk00d ¥ tEk00d ¥ tEk00d ¥ tEk00d ¥ tEk00d ¥
acgif&efpyf acgif&efpyf acgif&efpyf 0d0¥ acgifpyfBuD; acgif&efpyf acgif&efpyf acgif&efpyf
urÜwfoD;tdrf
tdrf0ef;i,f
tdrf0ef;i,f
tdrf0ef;i,f
tdrf0ef;i,f
Am[EÅ = vufvdyftem;ywfvTm
w½kwaf jrmif;wkd w½kwfajrmif;wkd w½kwfajrmif;wkd w½kwfajrmif;wkd
('kuk#f) ESpfxyfouFef;ykHpH
tdrf0ef;BuD;
tdrf0ef;BuD;
tdrf0ef;BuD;
ajrmif;&Snf
ajrmif;&Snf
ajrmif;&Snf
ajrmif;&Snf
ajrmif;&Snf
ajrmif;&Snf
w½kwfajrmif;wkd w½kwfajrmif;wkd w½kwfajrmif;wkd
urÜwfoD;tdrf
urÜwfuGif;tdrf
tdrf0ef;i,f
tdrf0ef;i,f
tdrf0ef;i,f
tdrf0ef;BuD;
tdrf0ef;BuD;
tdrf0ef;BuD;
tdrf0ef;BuD;
ZaCF,su = ovkH;jrif;acgif;tem;ywfvTm
(rSwfcsuf) tv,frS acgifpyfBuD;xm;í ab;rSacgif&efpyf (4) cef;pDxnfhvQif (9) cef;ouFef;jzpf\? acgif&efpyf (5) cef;pDxm;ícsKyfvQif (11)
cef;ouFef;jzpfonf/ þykHpHtwkdif; wkd;oGm;½kHomjzpf\/
bmom#Dumq&mawmf jyqkdaom ouFef;awmfyrmP

bk&m;&Sif 0wf½aHk wmfjro J uFe;f onf bk&m;txGmawmfjzifh tvsm;
9-xGm (4-awmifxmG ) teH-6 xGm (3-awmif)&S&d um; ,ckumv yk*Kd¾ v-f
rsm;onfvnf; rdrd tawmiftxGmjzifh tvsm;av;awmifxmG ? teHo;Hk -
awmif&adS om {uoDouFe;f Bu;D wku Yd o
dk m 0wf½x
Hk u
dk of nf/ xkrd Qavmuf
ouFe;f jzifh oky#Ü pd Eä é y&dr@v f nfom/ ]&Siaf pm-
@vjzpfatmif 0wf½EHk idk o
wpfxmG ? rZfo;Hk xGm? wkrYd mS xuf0ufaESm} [laom pum;&yfudk ok*wpD0&
odu©myk'fü &Sif;jycJhNyD? jyefí Munfhyg/
bk&m;&Sift&yfawmf A[kokwrSwf&ef
jrwfpmG bk&m;&Sif t&yfawmfudk wpfq,f&h pS af wmif[v k nf;aumif;ç
wpfq,fh&Spfrkduf[kvnf;aumif; ,lqajymqkdMuonf/ q&mawmf
t&SiZf eumbd0o H u bk&m;&Si\ f t&yfawmfonf wpfq,f&h pS af wmif
rjrihEf ikd af Mumif;? xkad cwfvrl sm;ESihf rsm;pGm ruGmjcm;aMumif; taxmuf-
txm; (15)ckrQ wifjyxm;awmfro l nf/ yuwdu, dk af wmfrmS t|m&o
[w¬KaAÁ" wpfq,hf&Spfrkduf tjrifhawmf&Sdí tawmiftm;jzifh ajcmuf-
awmifcefY&Sd\[k &wemh*kPf&nfpmtkyf (yxr½kduf)ü qkdxm;ygonf/
oD[Vdk u f Re;f &Sd tcsKUd rax&fwo
Ydk nf [w¬-o'´gukd rku d -f [laom teufudk
,lí wpfq,fh&Spfrkduf (ajcmufawmif) ,lMu\[k &wemh*kPf&nf
('kwd,½kduf pmrsufESm-73)ü qkdxm;ygonf/ ygwdarmu©ar'deDq&m-
awmfurl (18)awmifwdwd &SdaMumif; xif&Sm;\[k qkdxm;ygonf/
(ygwdarmu©ar'de?D 121/) r[m,mebke;f Bu;D rsm;ESihf w½kwçf uarÇm'D;,m;ç
,kd;',m;paom EkdifiHu &[ef;awmfrsm;onf okH;ukduf (ukd;ay)&Sd\[k
,lqMuonf/ jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sift&yfawmfonf ukd;ay[k qkdvQif
ajcmufawmif jzpfí wpfq,fh&SpfrkdufESifh avsmfnDonf/ bk&m;&Sif\
wpfxGmonf 13-vufrcGJ? wpfrkdufvQif 9-vufr? wpfawmifrSm 27-
vufr? av;awmifwGif 108-vufr? ¤if;ukd ayzGJUvQif 9-ay jzpf\/
ajcmufawmifyif jzpfonf/ okjYd zpfí jrwfpmG bk&m;&Si\
f t&yfawmfrmS
18-rku
d f (ok)Yd ajcmufawmif (9-ay)[k ,lqvQif tvHawmfEiS hf t&yf-
awmf nDrQrnf jzpfygonf/
ouFef;yrmP tqkH;tjzwfrsm;
þenf;jzifh wGuv
f Qif jrwfpmG bk&m;&Si\
f txGmawmfwpfxmG wGif
13-vufrcGJ jzpfonf/ jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif\ ouFef;awmfyrmPonf
ok*wpD0&odu©myk'ft& tvsm; - bk&m;&SiftxGmawmf 9-xGm? (10-
ay? 1-vufrcGJ? tawmiftm;jzifh 6-awmif 13-vufrcGJ) jzpfonf/
teH - 6-ay? 9-vufr? (4-awmif 9-vufr) jzpfonf/ 9-vufronf
(wpfxGm/) ,ckacwf csKyfvkyfMuaom ouFef;rsm;ukd wkdif;wmMunfh&m
tvsm; 5-awmifxGm? teH 4-awmifxGm&SdMuonfukd awGU&onf/
teHrSm bk&m;&SifouFef;yrmP &Sdaeonf/ yxruxdeodu©myk'f
ucFgt|uxmü-
ww¬ wdp0D &H t"d|[aEÅe &ZdwmG uyÜAEd K´ H 'wGm yrmP,kwaå r0
t"d|mwAÁH/ wó yrmPH Ouú|y&dapäa'e ok*wpD0&awm ODeuH
0¥wd? vmruy&dapäa'e oHCm#d,m wm0 Owå&mo*Fó p 'DCawm
rk|dyÍöuH wd&d,H rk|dwåduH? tEÅ&0goaum 'DCawm rk|d yÍöaum?
wd&d,H 'Gd[aw¬myd 0¥wd/ 0kwåyÜrmPawm ye twda&uÍö ODeuÍö
y&du©m&apmVEÅd t"d|mwAÁH/ (ucFg?153/)
wdp0D &duo
f uFe;f t"d|mefwifvadk om &[ef;onf qk;d í uyÜAEd K´
xkd;í yrmPESifh,SOfaom ouFef;ukd t"d|mefwif&rnf/ tBuD;qkH;
yrmPrSm jrwfpmG bk&m;&Si\f ouFe;f awmfyrmPatmuf ,kwaf vsmrh S
tyfonf/ t,kwfqkH; yrmPrSm 'kuk#fouFef;BuD;ESifh {uoDwkdY\
tvsm;rSm rk|yd ÍöuH awmifqyk if g;cktaygif;? teHrmS rk|w
d u
d H awmifqyk f
okH;cktaygif;[k qkdonf? oif;ykdifrSm tvsm; -rk|dyÍöaum awmifqkyf
ig;cktaygif;? teHrmS -'G'G[

d aw¬m ESpaf wmif jzpf\/ qkt
d yfaom yrmP-
xuf ykdvGefvQifaomfvnf;aumif; ,kwfavsmhvQifaomfvnf;aumif;
y&du©m& apmVt"d|mefwiftyf\/ (ucFg? 153/)
(rSwfcsuf) rk|yd ÍöuçH rk|w
d u
d H - [l&mü awmifqyk rf sm;ukd ayrDuu
dk rf D
olwkdY\ tawmifqkyfjzifh awmifvQif tvsm; - av;-
awmifxGm? teH - okH;awmif &Sd&um; twkdqkH;yrmP-
[laom ucFgpum;onf tvsm;ukd;xGm teHajcmufxGm-
[laom ok*wpD0&odu©myk'fvmpum;ESifh nDñGwfonf/
(aqmif) ig;awmif awmifqkyf? okH;awmifqkyf? 'kuk#f ukd,f½kHrSm/
tvsm; xkd[ef? ESpfawmifeH? rSwf&ef oif;ykdifrSm/
þü t,ltqwpfrsKd; &Sdao;\/ ig;awmifawmifqkyfü av;-
awmif tjynfah wmifí aemufq;Hk wpfawmifuo dk m awmifqyk af wmif-
vQif av;awmifxGm ruay? okH;awmifqkyfüvnf; ESpfawmiftjynhf
awmifí aemufq;Hk wpfawmifuo dk m awmifqyk af wmifvQif ok;H awmif
rjynfhawmhay/ rk|dyÍöru ig;ckajrmuf awmifqkyf&Sd\[k rqkdbJ rk|d-
yÍöu awmifqyk if g;cktaygif;[k qkxd m;onfudk qifjcifMunfMh uygav/
0kwaå O§wH ]]tEkZmemrd bdua© 0 tm,mrawm t|*kv
F H ok*w-
*kFave pwk&*Fkv0dw¬wH ypädrH pD0&H 0duayÜwkEÅd/
tvsm;-jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif vufopfawmfjzifh vuf&Spfopf teH-
vufav;opfwkdY&Sdygu 0duyÜemjyK&ef ti,fqkH;yrmPukd bk&m;&Sif
cGijhf yKawmfro
l nf/ jrwfpmG bk&m;&Sif vuf&pS o
f pf wpfru
dk o
f nf vufr-
tm;jzifh ukd;vufr jzpfonf/ teHrSm av;vufrcGJ jzpfonf/
anmifapmif; uk#ifrsm;\ tajcrSmvnf; bk&m;&Siv f ufopfawmf-
jzifh &Spv
f ufopfxm;&ef odum© yk'af wmf &So
d nf/ &Spv f ufopf wpfru dk -f
wGif uk;d vufrjzpfí ,k;d ',m;ç uarÇm'D;,m;Ekid if w
H wYdk iG f anmifapmif;
uk#iftajc ukd;vufrom xm;&SdtokH;jyKMuaMumif; od&Sd&ygonf/
zm;atmufawm&wGifvnf; uk#if anmifapmif;rsm;\ tajcukd ukd;-
vufrom tokH;jyKonfukd awGU&ygonf/
jrefrmEkid if w
H iG f anmifapmif;tajcukd wpfawmifxmG ,lMuonf/
okH;qwkd; acgufcsKd;wuf0g't& wpfawmifhxGm jzpfvmonf/
e bdua© 0 'DCH 'EÅu|H cg'dwAÁH a,m cga',s tmywåd 'ku#ú ó/
tEkZmemrd bdu©a0 t|*kFvy&rH 'EÅu|H/ (plV0gygVdawmf?279/)
þü 'efylukd vuf&Spfopf cGifhjyKawmfrlonf/ xkd'efylukd okH;qwkd;
acgufcsKd;wuf0g'jzifh wGufvQif wpfawmifhxGm jzpf&m\/ 'efyl wpf-
awmifx h mG rjzpfEidk af y/ bk&m;&Si\
f 'efyal wmfonf wpfawmifx
h mG &S&d -
rvkd jzpfaeygonf/
xkdYaMumifh bk&m;&Sif\ vufopfawmfwpfrkdufonf ukd;vufr
&Sdonf[laom wGufcsufrIt& t"d|mef 0duyÜemjyK&rnfh ti,fqkH;
ydwfwkdzsifpouFef;vsmonfvnf;aumif;ç anmifapmif;ç uk#iftajc-
onfvnf;aumif;ç 'efyo l nfvnf;aumif; uk;d vufr &S&d rnf[k ,lq-
vQif tqifajy rSefuefvdrfhrnf[k xifjrif,lqygonf/
ouFef;rSmvnf; tvsm; - av;awmifxGm teH - okH;awmif
ti,fqkH; yrmPxm;í tBuD;qkH;yrmPrSm bk&m;&Sif\ouFef;awmf
tvsm; - ajcmufawmif wpfay wpfvufr? teH av;awmif uk;d vufr
yrmPatmuf tenf;i,f avQmhí 0wf½kHoifhaMumif; xifjrif,lq-
ygonf/
jrwfpmG bk&m;&Si\
f vufoef;txGmawmfudk 9-vufrjzifh ,lygu
onmpdum,uk#dyrmPç edoD'kdeftcif;yrmPrsm; tvGefrBuD;rm;-
awmhbJ okH;aqmifavmuf½kHjzpfí obm0usayvdrfhonf/
]]&SifapmwpfxGm? rZfokH;xGm? 'kdYrSm xuf0ufaESm}} vuFmtwkdif;

wGucf suv f Qiu
f m; onmpdum,uk#rd mS vnf; Bu;D rm;aeonf? edo'D edk f
tcif;rSmvnf; BuD;rm;aeaMumif; awGUMu&rnfjzpfygonf/ pOf;pm;
a0zefí vufcH qkH;jzwf twnfjyKEkdifMuap&ef jynfhpkHatmif a&;om;
wifjyvkdufygonf/
ausmif;ESifhpyfí rSwfom;zG,frsm;
ausmif;[laom t"dyÜm,fukd ygVdü aoemoe[kvnf;aumif;ç
0d[m&[kvnf;aumif;ç uk#d[kvnf;aumif; ac:a0:okH;pGJMuonfukd
awGU&ygonf/
1/ aoemoe = (aoe+tmoe) &[ef;wkdY\ ]tdyf&mae&m}[laom
t"dyÜm,fukd qkdvkdygonf/
2/ 0d[m& = avsmif;xkid &f yfomG ; £&d,mykxaf v;yg;wkw
Yd iG f wpfyg;
\ emusifjcif;ukd wpfyg;jzifh y,fazsmuf&m ]Xme}[l
aom t"dyÜm,fukd qkdvkdygonf/
3/ uk#d = tyltat;'Pfukd jzwfawmuf&m ]Xme}[laom
t"dyÜm,fukd qkdygonf/
uk#dESifh 0d[m&txl;
aqmufvyk o f 'l g,um r&Sd rdrb
d mom uk,
d wf idk af qmufvyk &f aom
ausmif;ukd ]uk#}d [k ac:ygonf/ aqmufvyk o f l 'g,umu aqmufvyk f
NyD;rS vSL'gef;aom ausmif;ukd ]0d[m&}[k ac:ygonf/
(aqmif) ykdif&Sif r&Sd? uk#dac:&? &Sif&Sdu? ac:Mu 0d[m&m/
ausmif;ukd cGifhjyKawmfrljcif;
bkef;awmfBuD;awmfrlaom jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sifonf &mZN*dK[fjynf
a0VK0ef0g;awmü oDwif;ok;H aeawmfral omtcg &[ef;wkt
dY m; ausmif;-
ukd cGifhrjyKao;yg/
&[ef;wkdYonf awmopfyif&if;ç awmifacsmufç awmifacgif;ç
ocFsKdif;ç awmtkyfç vGifjyifç aumuf½kd;ykH xkdxkdt&yfü jzpfovkdaeMu-
&onf/
wpfaeYaomtcg &mZN*dK[fjynfrS olaX;wpfOD;onf &[ef;awmf-
wk\Yd MunfnKd z, G &f adS om a&SUokwYd ufjcif;ç aemufoq
Ydk w
k jf cif;ç Munf½h -I
jcif;ç auG;jcif;ç qefYjcif;ç rsufvTmcsvsuf £&d,mykxfwkdYjzifh oGm;vm
aexkdifMuonfukd awGU&SdMunfndKí ausmif;aqmifav;awG aqmuf-
vkyfvSLvkdaMumif; &[ef;wkdYtm; ajymMum;avQmufxm;&m &[ef;wkdYu
bk&m;&Sif cGirhf jyKao;aMumif; rdeMYf um;Mu&m jrwfpmG bk&m;&Sit f m; &[ef;-
wdkYu avQmufxm;í jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sifonf a&S;OD;pGm ausmif; (5)rsKd;
cGifhjyKawmfrlonf/
ausmif; (5) rsKd;
&[ef;wkdY ESpfzufrkd;ausmif;ukdvnf;aumif;ç wpfzufrkd;ausmif;ukd
vnf;aumif;ç jymom'f&Snfukdvnf;aumif;ç jymom'fOD;jynf;ukdvnf;
aumif;ç vkdPf*lukdvnf;aumif; þig;yg;aom ae&mausmif;wkdYudk
igbk&m; cGifhjyKawmfrl\[k rdefYawmfrl\/
&mZN*dK[folaX; od&Sdí wpf&ufwnf;üyif ajcmufq,faom
ausmif;wku
Yd dk wnfaqmufí bk&m;&Siu
f dk avQmufxm;&m jrwfpmG bk&m;-
&Siu
f vmNy;D çvmvwåUH aom t&yfav;rsuEf mS ü&Sad om oHCmtm; vSL-
avmh[k rdefYawmfrlonf/
&mZN*Kd [o
f al X;Bu;D onf xkad usmif;aygif;ajcmufq,fwu
Ydk dk tm*-
wmem*w pwk'o d´ moHCu d t&yfav;rsuEf mS &Sd oHCmtm; vSLav\/
xkdtcgrSpí ausmif;rsm; jzpfay:vmonf/ (plV0gygVdjrefrmjyef?295/)
0d[m& (3) rsKd;

1/ oHCdu0d[m& = tm*wmem*w pwk'´domoHCduausmif;?
2/ *PoEÅu0d[m& = £rH 0d[m&H tm,o®EÅmeH 'r®d? þausmif;ukd
t&SifjrwfwkdYtm; vSLyg\[k qkdí vSLtyf-
aomausmif;onf *kdPf;ykdifausmif;?
3/ yk*¾vdu0d[m& = £rH 0d[m&H tm,o®awm 'r®d[k qkí d t&Si-f
bk&m;tm; vSLyg\[k yk*¾dKvftm; vSLvQif
yk*¾vduausmif; wpfyg;wnf;ykdif yk*¾vdu
ausmif; jzpfonf/ (0de,mvuFm&#Dum?52/)
(rSwfcsuf) *kdPf;tm;vkH;jzpfapç yk*¾dKvfujzpfap ray;tyfbJ rvTJbJ
ysHawmfrlvQif rwoEÅuoHCduausmif;yif jzpfoGm;-
ygonf/ (0de,mvuFm&#Dum?75/)
uk#d (3) rsKd;
1/ Ov’dwåuk#d = t*Faw ajrnuf ESpfrsKd;wkdYjzifh eH&HESifh pyfí
trkd;twGif;u vdrf;usHtyfaom uk#d?
2/ t0vdwåuk#d = t*Faw ajrnufwkdYjzifh eH&HESifh trkd;tjyif-
bufu vdrf;usHtyfaom uk#d?
3/ Ov’dwåm0vdwåuk#d = xkdYtwl twGif;tjyif vdrf;usHtyfaom uk#d?
0d[m& (3) rsKd;
1/ Ov’w d 0å [
d m&? 2/ t0vdw0å [ d m&? 3/ Ov’w d må 0vdw0å [
d m&[k
uk#t
d wkid ;f yif twGi;f vdr;f usçH tjyifvrd ;f usçH twGi;f tjyifvrd ;f us[
H k
0d[m&(3)rsKd;yif jzpfonf/
(rSwfcsuf) twGif;bufü t*Fawajrnuf vdrf;usHaomtcg
atmufupNyD; txufokdY wufí vdrf;usHtyf\/ tjyif
bufu vdrf;usHaomtcg txufu pNyD; atmufokdY
oufí vdrf;usHtyf\/ (O = txuf? t0 = atmuf)
uk#Ed iS hf pyfí oEé"d o
d u
d m© yk'v
f m uyÜ,
d uk#d tuyÜ,
d uk#-d
wkdYukd rSwfom;oifhygonf/
uyÜd,uk#d (4) rsKd;
1/ Oóm0eEÅduuk#d? 2/ a*gedom'duuk#?d 3/ *[ywduk#d? 4/
or®Kwduk#d[k av;rsKd; &Sdonf/
1/ Oóm0eEÅduuk#d
oHCm\vnf;aumif;ç yk*¾dKvf\vnf;aumif; aep&mtusKd;iSm
&[ef;wkcYd sn;f oufouf jzpfap? vlomraPwkEYd iS hf a&míjzpfap? yxr
xlaomwkid f okrYd [kwf yxreH&aH jcjzpfaom tkwaf usmufudk csaD jrm§ ufí
]]uyÜ,d uk#ð ua&mr}}
ua&mr}}[k qkíd jzpfap? ]uyÜ,
d uk#}ð [k qkí
d jzpfap ajrESihf
wkdif? ajrESifh tkwfausmuf xdonfESifh ygVdajymMum; &Gwfqkdjcif;tqkH;
wpfNyKd ief ufjzpfatmifqí
dk jyKvyk af om ausmif;ukd Oóm0eEÅu d uk#[d k
ac:onf/ ausmif;a[mif;ukd zsufíjzpfap? topfjzpfap ausmif;-
aqmuf&mü þOóm0eEÅdumuk#djzpfatmif a&S;q&mwkdY pDrHavh
&SdMuonf/
2/ a*gedom'duuk#d
tm&mr (= t&Htum) r&Sdaomausmif;udk a*gedom'duuk#d[k
ac:onf/ xdk a*gedom'duuk#o d nf tm&mrvnf; t&H r&S?d ausmif;-
vnf; t&H r&SdtHh? tm&mra*gedom'duuk#d[k ac:\/ ausmif;onf
tvH;k pHjk zpfapç wcsKUd jzpfap t&H &Sí
d tm&mronf t&H r&St
d ?hH 0d[m&-
a*gedom'duuk#d ac:onf/ t&H r&Sdonfom vkd&if; jzpfonf? EGm;-
wkdYonf 0ifa&mufEkdif&um; xkdausmif;wkdufukd a*gedom'duuk#d[k
ac:onf/
3/ *[ywduk#d
vl'g,umwkdY ausmif;aqmufí ]uyÜd,uk#ð a'r y&dbkÍÆx}
[lívnf;aumif;ç ]]uyÜd,uk#ð umwkH a'r}}[lívnf;aumif; qkdí
vSLtyfaom ausmif;rsKd;ukd *[ywduk#d [kac:onf/
(rSwfcsuf) oDwif;okH;azmf ig;a,mufwkdYwGif &[ef;ukd z,fxm;í
<uif;aom oDwif;okH;azmf av;a,mufESifh vlewfwkdY vSL-
aom ausmif;ukv d nf; *[ywdu#k d ac:ao;onf/ wpfzef
&[ef;oHCm\ ausmif;ukd z,fxm;í bdu©KeDrausmif;
tm&mrfapmifh wdw¬d ewf e*g; jA[®mwkdY\ Adrmefukdvnf;
*[ywduk#d ac:ao;onf[k tEüt|uxm qkd\/
,m0umvdu ,mrumvdu 0w¬Kudk odr;f xm;aumif;\?
taEÅm0kw¬tjypf r&Sd[lvkd/
4/ or®Kwduk#d
odrt
f wGi;f ü Úwå'd w
k ,
d ur®0gpmjzifjh zpfap? tyavmueuHjzifh
jzpfap orkwftyfaom ausmif;rsKd;ukd or®Kwduk#d[k ac:onf/
tuyÜd,uk#d jzpfykH
1/ Oóm0eEÅu d uk#d ysuyf Hk = tvk;H pkaH om wkid ef &H aH jcwku
Yd dk y,fzsu-f
tyfukefaomf Oóm0eEÅduuk#d ysufí tuyÜd,uk#d jzpfonf/
wkdifwpfvkH;jzpfapç eH&HajcrQjzpfap rysufao;vQif uyÜd,uk#d
rysufao;/
2/ a*gedom'duuk#d ysuyf Hk = wHwidk ;f ponfwjYdk zifh xuf0uf xuf0uf-
xuftvGef um&Hrdaomf a*gedom'duuk#d ysufí tuyÜd,uk#d
jzpfonf/ wpfzef wHwkdif;tum&Hponf ysufpD;jyefaomf uyÜd,-
uk#d jzpfjyefao;\/
3/ *[ywduk#d ysufykH = trkd;tm;vkH; ysufaomf uyÜd,uk#dysufí
tuyÜd,uk#d jzpfonf/
4/ or®Kwduk#d ysufykH = trkd;tm;vkH;ysufaomf uyÜd,uk#dysufí
tuyÜ, d uk#d jzpfonf/ jyefírk;d vQif uyÜ, d uk#d jyefíjzpfonf[k
,loifah omfvnf; xkod u
Ydk m; tqkrd &Syd g? xkaYd Mumifh 0denf;"k&d f q&m-
awmfBuD;rsm;onf ausmif;jyifrkd;aomtcg trkd;tm;vkH; zsufrcs
apbJ trkd;tenf;i,f csefxm;cJhNyD; aemufrS jyefrkd;apMuonf/
(rSwfcsuf) a*gedom'duuk#d ponfwkdYysufí or®Kwduk#d jyKvkyfjyef-
aomf tyfonf? jyKaumif;onf/ 0gom*g& aep&mausmif;
r[kwfaom qGrf;pm;ausmif; Oykoftdrf ponfwkdYum;
b,ftcgrS rysuaf umif;aom uyÜ,d uk#d rnf\/ t|u-
xmBuD; aboZÆcEüü tus,fvmNyD/ (ygwdarmu©ar'deD?
336/) tmywfoifhykHrsm; umvduav;yg;ü jyqkdtHh/
(aqmif) *[ywd? or®Kwd? a*gedOó0eef/ Oóm0eef? wkdifajc&H?
ruseftm;vkH;ysuf/ a*gedom'd? um&Hrd? ysuf\&mrfxuf0uf/
*[ywd? or®Kw?d r&St
d rk;d ysu/f 0gom*g&? r[kwu
f ? yÍörD rysu/f
oHCud jzpfapç yk*v¾ u
d jzpfap aezk&Yd efaqmufvyk t
f yfaom o[-
ao,stmywfvnf; oifah vmufatmif trk;d tum&Sad om ausmif;0,f
uyÜd,uk#dukd &Sdxkduf &xkduf\/ uyÜd,uk#d r&SdvQif ,m0umvduç
,mrumvdu0w¬K ESpfrsKd;wkdYukd nOfhtcgü t½kPfwufatmif rxm;-
aumif;? rokdrDS;aumif;? xm;rdvQifvnf; rpm;aumif;? pm;vQif 'kuú#f
tmywfoifh\/ xkdokdY tmywfroifhatmif uyÜd,uk#d &Sdxkduf jzpf-
xkdufonf [lvkd/ þtcsufukd owdjyKvkdufemolrsm; tawmf&Sm;aeNyD
jzpfonf/
qGrf;ESifhpyfí rSwfom;zG,frsm;
yd@ygw = oydwfüuswwfaomaMumifh yd@ygw = qGrf;[k
ac:onf/
(aqmif) oydwfüus? jzpfavx? yd@ygw ac:/ (opf)
yd@ygwt& - qGrf;onfom yd@ygwrnfonf r[kwf?
tm[m&tusK;d iSm cJtyfç vsut
f yfç aomuftyforQaom trSwrf &S-d
aom cJz,
G f abmZOf[ol rQonf yd@ygw rnfygonf/ qGr;f tp&Sad om
,m0umvdu 0w¬KrSeforQ yd@ygwt& ,l&ygonf/
(aqmif) cJzG,fabmZOfrsm;jzifh tm[m&[lorQ yd@ygwyg? yd@ygw
xkdt&? ,m0umvdum/ (opf)
]bdu©}o'´gonfvnf; qGrf;[laom teufukd a[m\/ Mo'eç
bwå o'´gwkdYonf xrif;[laom teufukd ,l&onf/
qGrf;ç cJzG,fç abmZOf - pyg; (7)rsKd;rSjzpfaom qefukd csufvQif
xrif;[kac:ouJhokdY xkdxrif;ukd &[ef;awmfwkdY tokH;wGif qGrf;[k
ac:qkd&onf/
pyg; (7) rsKd; -
1/omvd
omvd = oav; (aumufBuD;)pyg;rsKd;?
2/ 0D[d = aumufvsifç aumufvwfpyg;rsKd;?
3/ ,0 = rka,mpyg;rsKd; (0g) tcGHMurf;aom*sKH (bmvDaphvnf;
[l\?)
4/ a*g"kr = ewfaumufpyg;rsKd;? (tcGHMurf;aom *sKHpyg;tBuD;rsKd;)?
5/ 0&u = ajymif;rsKd;?
6/ ukj'Kou = vl;pyg;rsKd;?
7/ u*Fk = qyfpyg;rsKd; pkpkaygif; = pyg; (7)rsKd; &Sd\/
(aqmif) oav;ç aumufvl;ç ewfç ajymif;zl;ç txl; rka,mç qyf/
cJzG,f (12) rsKd;
1/ rlvcg'eD, = tjrpfcJzG,f (uefZGef;Oç pdrf;pm;O ponf)
2/ uEćg'eD, = tOcJzG,f (MumOç 0ufajrO ponf)
3/ rkVmvcg'eD, = tpG,fcJzG,f (MumpG,f ponf)
4/ rw¬ucg'eD, = tan§mufcJzG,f (Budrfan§mufç xef;an§mufç
rQpf ponf)
5/ cE¨cg'eD, = yifpnfcJzG,f (MuHç Mum½kd; ponf)
6/ wpcg'eD, = tcGHcJzG,f (MuHcGHç uGrf;oD;cGH ponf)
7/ ywåcg'eD, = t&GufcJzG,f (a*:zDç qvwfç rkefvm&Guf)
8/ ykyæcg'eD, = tyGifhcJzG,f (a*:zDyGifhç rkefvmyGifhç ocGwfyGifh
ponf)
9/ zvcg'eD, = toD;cJzG,f (tkef;oD;ç xef;ç wnif;ç ydEéJoD;)
10/ t|dcg'eD, = taphcJzG,f (Mumaph ydEéJaph ponf)
11/ yd|cg'eD, = trIefYcJzG,f (qefrIefY *sKHrIefY ponf)
12/ ed,smocg'eD, = tap;cJzG,f (MuH&nf aq;ukvm;r ponf)
(aqmif) jrpfç Oç pG,fç an§muf? yifç acgufç &Gufç yGifh? oD;ç aphqifh?
rIefYESifhap;q,fhESpf/ (q&mawmf OD;Ak"f??)
(rSwfcsuf) acguf-rSm wpcg'eD, tcGHcJzG,fyif jzpf\/
MuHcGHESifh MuH&nf umvducGJjcm;ykH
MuHcGHrSm t&nf&Sdu ,m0umvduç t&nfvkH;0r&Sdu ,m0ZD0du
jzpfonf/ Mu&H nfü tzwfygu ,m0umvduç tzwfrygvQif owåm[
umvdu? MuH&nfukd a&ESifha&mvQif (qmavmifrGwfodyfjcif; ydygo-
taMumif;&Sv
d Qif aomufaumif;\[k qkad omaMumif)h ,mrumvdu[k
,loifhonf/
MuH&nfonf a&ESifha&monfjzpfapç ra&monfjzpfap owåm[
umvdujzpf\[k ygwdarmu©ar'deD pmrsufESm (234)ü qkd\/
abmZOf (5) yg;
1/ Mo'e = xrif;? 2/ rpä = ig;? 3/ rHo = trJ (tom;)?
4/ ukr®mo = rka,mrkefY? 5/ owåK = rkefYvkH;? aygif;u abmZOfig;yg;
wnf;/
(aqmif) xrif;ç om;ç ig;? rkefYESpfyg;? ig;yg;abmZOfwnf;/
ygwdarmufvm abmZOfrsm;
1/ tm0oxyd@abmZOf? 2/ *PabmZOf? 3/ y&rÜ& abmZOf?
4/ yPDwabmZOf[k cGJjcm;rSwfom;oifhao;\/
1/ tm0oxyd@abmZOf
þrnfaom þrQaom yk*¾dKvf[lívnf;aumif;ç þrQaom
abmZOf[í l vnf;aumif; yk*Kd¾ vaf bmZOf ESpyf g;udk r&nfp;l rykid ;f jcm;bJ
Z&yfç r@yfç opfyif&if; ponfwkdYwGif trSwfr&Sd wpfckckaom t&yfü
aumif;rIukd tvkd&Sdukefaom olwkdYonf c&D;oGm;ç *dvmeç ukd,f0ef-
aqmifred ;f rç &[ef;wk\
Yd tusK;d iSm 0wfwnfxm;tyfaom abmZOfudk
tm0oxyd@abmZOf[k ac:onf/
2/ *PabmZOf
*kP
d ;f [lonf *POyko[
f &l müuJo
h Ydk ESpyf g;ç ok;H yg;r[kwf av;yg;rS
pí txuf&maxmifpaom &[ef;rsm;ukd *kdPf;[kac:\/ xkd*kdPf;\
Opömjzpfaom *PabmZOf[lonf 'g,umwkdYu rtyfaomenf;jzifh
zdwrf efyifah vQmufjcif;aMumifjh zpfapç &[ef;rsm;uk,
d w
f idk f 'um 'umr-
wkdYxH awmif;jcif;aMumifhjzpfap &tyfaom abmZOfjzpfonf/
(aqmif) *P t&? av;yg;rS? tp xufukd,l/
rtyfaom yifhzdwfenf;
tyifhtzdwf ruRrf;usifaom 'umrkdufwpfa,mufonf &[ef;-
trsm; wuGpka0;íjzpfapç wpfyg;pDjzpfap aeaom &[ef;av;yg;ç
ig;yg;xH csOf;uyfí abmZOfig;yg;wkdY\ trnfukd,lum ]]Mo'aee
edraEÅrd? bawåe edraEÅrd}} þokdY ponfjzifhjzpfap? Mo'eo'´g
bwåo'´gwk\ Yd teufjzpfaom xrif;ukd tvSLcHyguke[ f k xrif;trnf-
jzifjh zpfap zdwjf cif;rsK;d ukd rtyfaom zdwjf cif;[k qko
d nf/ þenf;twkid ;f
]owåKç ukrm® oç rpäç rHo}[k qkt d yfaom ygVdbmomjzifh jzpfap? ]rkev
Yf ;Hk ç
rka,mç ig;[if;ç trJom;[if; bkO;f ay;<uyg}[k jrefrmbmomjzifh jzpfap
yifhzdwfjcif;rsKd;ukd rtyfaom yifhzdwfjcif;[k qdkonf/
rtyfaom awmif;enf;
&[ef;av;yg;ç ig;yg;ponfwkdYonf twlwuGjzpfapç toD;oD;
jzpfap aeí 'um 'umrukd jrifaomf ]]trSmuH bwåH a'[d - igwkt Yd m;
xrif;vSLMuyg/}} þokdY ponfjzifh awmif;jcif;ukd rtyfaom awmif;-
jcif;[k qkdonf/ þenf;twkdif; ]owåKç ukr®moç rpäç rHo}[k qkdum
ygVdbmomjzifjh zpfap? rkev
Yf ;Hk vSLygç rka,mrkev
Yf LS ygç trJom;[if;vSLyg[k
jrefrmbmomjzifh jzpfap awmif;jcif;rsK;d ukd rtyfaom awmif;jcif;rsK;d [k-
qkdonf/
tmywfoifhç roifh tqkH;tjzwf
*PabmZOfjzifh yifhzdwf&mç awmif;&mokdY &[ef;av;yg;ç ig;yg;
ponf wpfaygif;wnf;jzpfap? wpfyg;pDç ESpyf g;pDç oH;k yg;pDjzpfap oGm;í
pm;aomtcgvnf; wpfaygif;wnf;jzpfap? toD;toD; wpfjcm;pDjzpfap?

pm;jcif;onf yrmPr[kwf tmywfroifhao;? wpfq,fhESpfawmif
OypmtwGif;üwnfí twlwuG cH,ljcif;onfom yrmPvkd&if;-
jzpfonf/ *PabmZOfjzpfí tmywfoifhonf/
(aqmif) oGm;pm;rvkd? cHonfukd? qkdvkd yrmP?
tyfaom yifhzdwfenf;
tyifhtzdwfuRrf;usifaom 'umonf }bdu©H bkÍÆx? yd@ygwH
bkÍÆx}-}-[k ygVdbmomjzifhjzpfapç qGrf;bkOf;ay;<uyg[k jrefrmokH;jzifh
jzpfap yifzh w
d jf cif;rsK;d um; tyfaom yifzh w
d jf cif;rsK;d jzpfonf/ *Pabm-
ZOf rjzpf? rkefY[if;cg;qGrf;ç rkefYwDqGrf;ç MumZHBuD;qGrf;ç acgufqGJqGrf;
ponfjzifh qGrf;[laomtrnf aemufu wyfí zdwfvQifvnf; tyf-
aom zdwjf cif;rsK;d yif jzpfonf/ ig;qGr;f ç trJqrG ;f ponfüvnf; enf;wl
tyfonf[o k ?d qGr;f [laom pum;vk;H xnfo h iG ;f yifzh w
d &f rnf jzpfonf/
t&Sifbk&m;rsm; ig;aMumfbkOf;ay;<uyg? igwkdYtm; ig;aMumfvSLyg?
ig;ajcmufvSLyg? rkefY[if;cg;pm;<uyg/ rkefYwDpm;<uyg? rkefYbkOf;ay;<uyg?
acgufqpJG m;<uyg ponfjzifh qGr;f [laom pum;vk;H rygbJ zdwjf cif;rsK;d ukd
rtyf[k ,lMuonf/
3/ y&rÜ&abmZOf
*PabmZOfü jycJhonfhtwkdif; rtyfaom zdwfenf;jzifh zdwfref-
xm;aom abmZOf&v dS Qif (zdwof w l pfO;D wnf;jzpfu tjcm;enf;tm;jzifh
&aom qGrf;ukd rpm;ao;bJ) xkdol\ abmZOfukdom yxrqkH; pm;&-
rnf/ pm;[l&müvnf; wpfvw k af vmuf pm;rdvQif pm;jcif;jzpfawmh\/
rtyfaom enf;jzifh ESpOf ;D ok;H OD;ponf zdwx
f m;vQiv
f nf; tpOf-
twkid ;f pm;&rnf/ *dvmeor, paomtcg &olvnf; r[kw?f 0duyÜ-
emvnf; rjyKbJ a&SUzdwx
f m;ol\ abmZOfudk aemufrS pm;? aemufzw
d f
ol\ abmZOfudk tvsifpm;vQif tmywfoifh\/ y&rÜ&abmZOf jzpf-
onf/
0duyÜemjyKykH
'kw,d 'um\ abmZOfudk pm;vkad omf yxryifzh w d af om 'um\
abmZOfukd rpm;cif yxrabmZOfudk teD;tyg;&Sd rdrEd pS o f uf&m oDwif;
okH;azmfig;OD;wkdYwGif wpfOD;OD;tm; ]]r,SH bwåypömoH wk,SH 'r®d}}}[k qkdí
ay;&rnf/ rdrday;vkdolu ta0;rSm&SdvQif ]]r,SH bwåypömoH £w¬Eém-
ró (þrnfaomoltm;) 'r®d}}}[k rdrdbmomqkdí ay;yg? jrefrmvkd
qkdívnf; ay;Ekdif\/ þokdY 0duyÜemjyKvkdufvQif 'kwd,abmZOfukd
pm;aumif;\/ wwd,abmZOfukd tvsifpm;vkd&müvnf; þenf;
twkdif; yxrç 'kwd,abmZOfrsm;ukd 0duyÜemjyKí pm;Ekdif\/
4/ yPDwabmZOf
axmywfponfESifY a&mtyfaom axmywfxrif;ç qDOD;xrif;ç
EGm;EkdYxrif; ponfrsm;ukd yPDwabmZOf[k ac:onf/
axmywfç qDOD;ç qDç ysm;&nfç wifvJç ig;ç tom;ç EkdY&nfç EkdY"rf;
rGejf rwfaom þuk;d yg;wdEYk iS hf a&maESmaom pyg;rsK;d (7)yg;rS jzpfuek af om
abmZOfonf yPDwabmZOf rnf\/ axmywfpaom ukd;yg;ukd
yPDw[kvnf;aumif;? axmywfponfwkdYESifh a&mtyfaom xrif;ukd
yPDwabmZOf[kvnf;aumif; cGJjcm;rSwfom;yg/
(aqmif) axmywf p a&m? ig;yg; abm? rSwfavm yPDwabmZOfwnf;/
*dvme rusef;rmoljzpfvQif xkdyPDwabmZOfrsm;ukd a&m*gESifh
oifah wmfí "mwfpmusvwfaomf Ówdy0g&dw r[kwo f xl yH if awmif;-
pm;aumif;onf tmywfroifh[k odyg/
tmywfESifh odu©myk'f
oufoufaom axmywfpaom a&SUig;yg;wkdYukd aq;tusKd;iSm
tvkd&Sdí 'g,umu owfrSwfxm;aom &ufç vç ESpftykdif;tjcm;
owfrwS xf m;aom aq;xuf ykí d awmif;pm;tH?h tapvu0*f r[m-
emrodu©myk'fjzifh ygpdwf? ig; paom aemufav;yg;wkdYukd remrzsm;bJ
awmif;pm;tH?h aocd, olayg'e0dnwåd odum© yk'jf zifh 'ku#ú ?f axmywf
ponfESifha&maom yPDwabmZOfukd remrzsm;bJ awmif;pm;tHh?
þyPDwabmZeodu©myk'fjzifh ygpdwftmywfoifh\/
(aqmif) axmywfpom;? aq;usKd;tm;? awmif;pm; r[memrf/
rpäm'Ded? pwåm&d? awmif;bd olayg'gef/
yPDw abmZef? awmif;pm;jyef? oifh&ef þodu©H/
umvdu av;yg;
umav = owfrw f yfaom tcgü/ bkÍw
S t dÆ AÁmed = pm;xku
d u
f ek -f
\-t& ykid ;f jcm;tyfaom olUumvtwGi;f ü pm;xku
d af om tpmrsm;ukd
umvdu[k ac:\/ xkdumvduum; ,m0umvduç ,mrumvduç
owåm[umvduç ,m0ZD0dutm;jzifh av;rsKd;&Sd\/
,m0umvdu
,m0umvH = rGe;f wnfuh mvwkid af tmif/ bkÍw dÆ AÁH = pm;aumif;\
t& t½kPw f ufNy;D onfrS pí rGe;f wnfwh idk af tmif pm;aomufaumif;-
aom abmZOfig;yg;ESifh cJzG,fq,fhESpfyg; EGm;EkdYpaom aomufzG,f-
rsm;onf ,m0umvursm; jzpfMuonf/
yd|H rlvH zvH cZÆH? a*g&aom "nabmZeH/
,m*kolyyÜblwa,m? a[maEÅaw ,m0umvdum/
yd|H = trIefYcJzG,fvnf;aumif;/ rlvH = tjrpfcJzG,fvnf;aumif;/
zvH = toD;cJz, G v f nf;aumif;/ cZÆH = rkecYf zJ , f nf;aumif;/ a*g&aom
G v
= EkdY&nfç EkdY"rf;ç &ufwuf[laom EGm;rrSjzpfaom t&om okH;yg;-
vnf;aumif;/ "nabmZeH = pyg;rsK;d rSjzpfaom abmZOfo;kH yg; vnf;-
aumif;/ ,m*koyl yÜbw l a,m = ,m*kç [if;&nfpaom aomufz, G u
f -dk
vnf;aumif;/ £wd = þokdY/ {aw = þtm[m&wkdYonf/ ,m0-
umvdum = ,m0umvduwkdYwnf;/
,m0umvdu toD;BuD;ukd;vkH;
1/ xef;oD;? 2/ tkef;oD;? 3/ tdrfydEéJoD;? 4/ awmifydEéJoD;? 5/
ocGm;iqpfoD;? 6/ ocGm;ijyKyfoD;? 7/ ocGm;iaMumifoD;? 8/ Al;oD;?
9/ z½kHoD;?
(aqmif) xef;tkef; ESpfuGJ? ydEéJ ESpfpkH? Al; z½kH? rSwfwkH okH;ocGm;/
xkdYjyif toD;cJzG,fü o&ufoD;ç oajyoD;ç a0S;oD;ç refusnf;oD;ç
a&SmufoD; (a&SmufBuD; oHy½kdoD;)ç oD;oD;ç wnfoD; ponfjzifh azmfjy-
xm;onf/
a&SmufESifh oHyk&m
a&SmufoD;ukd [if;vsmtjzpfç "mwfpmtjzpf vufokwfvkyfpm;
Mu\/ oHy&k moD;ukd [if;vsmç vufow k f rvkyMf u? xkaYd Mumifh a&Smufo;D -
onf ,m0umvdu? oHyk&moD;um; ,m0ZD0du[k owfrSwfMuonf/
,m0umvdurSm abmZOfig;yg;ç cJz, G f wpfq,fEh pS yf g;ç pyg;rsK;d ckepf-
yg;ç yJtrsKd;rsKd;ç a*g&ookH;yg;wkdY jzpfonf/ tcsKyfrSwfzG,f vu©PmrSm
xrif;tjzpf [if;ç [if;vsmç vufow k tf jzpfjzifh pm;avh&adS om tpm;-
tpm? cJzG,fç vsufzG,fç aomufzG,frsm;ukd ,m0umvdu[k rSwfyg/
(aqmif) abmZOf cJzG,f? toG,foG,f? tus,f rsm;vSpGm/
t&yfwkdif;rSm? tm[m&udpö? pm;½kd;us? ,m0umvdum/
,mrumvdu
,mrumvH = aemufqkH; nOfh,Hwkdifatmif/ y&dbkÍÆdwAÁH = pm;-
aumif;\-t& rGef;wnfhNyD;aemuf t½kPfrwufrD rkd;aomuf,Hwkdif-
atmif aomufxu
dk af om tazsm&f nfrsm;onf ,mrumvduwkw Yd nf;/
tazsmf&nfvkyf&ef toD;&SpfrsKd;
1/ oajyoD;? 2/ o&ufoD;? 3/ rk'&ufoD;? 4/ zufoufoD;? 5/
opfrnfpnfo;D ? 6/ awmiSuaf ysmoD;? 7/ tdrif u
S af ysmoD;? 8/ MumpG,[
f k
&SpfrsKd; usrf;*efü vm\/
rk'&ufo;D [lonf oyspo f ;D wnf;? atmufjrefrmjynf tcsKUd t&yfü
&Sdaom jr&moD;ukdyif &ckdife,fü zufoufoD;ac:owJh? ykHoP²mefrSm
txufjrefrmjynfawmxJü aygufaeaom ]aygifyJhoD;}ESifh wlowwf/
(aqmif) oajy o&uf? rk'&uf? zufouf opfrnfpnf/
awmçtdrfiSufaysm? MumpG,faESm? rSwfavm &Spfazsmf&nf/
tEkavmrazsmf&nfrsm;
(aqmif) oD;oD; cHoD;? BudK;BudrfoD;? refusnf; a&SmufwvD/
tEkavmr? usrf;üjy? rSwfMu rsKd;azsmf&nf/
87/ omEkavmrmed "nmed? XaywGm zvaZm &aom?
r"kuykyærnMw? oaAÁm ykyæ&aomyd p/
88/ oAÁywå&aom ap0? XaywGm yuú!muZH/
oDawm'r'´dawm'dpöygaum 0g ,mrumvdaum/
omEkavmrmed = pyg;tm;avsmfaom oD;BuD;udk;vkH;ç yJwdkYESifhwuG
jzpfukefaom/ "nmed = pyg;oD;wkdYukd/ XaywGm = csefxm;í/ zvaZm
= toD;rSjzpfaom/ &aom = t&nfonfvnf;aumif;/ (,mrumvd-
aumü pyf) r"kuykyæH = opfrnfpnfyGifhukd/ tnMw = MuOfí/ oaAÁm
= tvk;H pkaH om/ yky&æ aomyd = tyGi&hf nfonfvnf;aumif;/ yuú!muZH
= usuaf om [if;&Gurf jS zpfaom [if;&nfu/dk (0g) [if;&Gujf yKw&f nfu/dk
XaywGm = csefxm;í/ oAÁywå&aom ap0 = tvkH;pkHt&Guf&nf-
onfvnf;aumif;/ oDawm'r'´dawm = a&at;ü e,ftyfç azsmftyf-
onf/ ormaem 0g = jzpfaomfvnf;aumif;/ tm'dpöygaum = aeylü
usufjcif;&Sdonf/ ormaem 0g = jzpfaomfvnf;aumif;/ ,mrum-
vdaum = ,mrumvduwnf;? (0g) aemufqkH;nOfh,Humv[laom
okH;aqmif&m umv&Sdaom aomufzG,fwnf;/ (0d?3?344/ 0d?|?3?383/)
jyqkcd NhJ y;D aom toD;Bu;D uk;d vk;H ? tvk;H pkaH om yJrsK;d ç pyg;rsK;d ckepfyg;?
Buw
d pf yg;tp&Sad om tEkavmrpyg;rsK;d ? þav;rsK;d ESihf opfrnfpnfyiG hf
t&nfç [if;&Gufusuf&nfrSeforQudk aevGJaomtcg aomufrsKd&ef
azsmf&nfjyKvkyfrIü a&SmifMuOftyfukef\/ <uif;aom toD;ç tyGifhç
t&GufrSeforQonf tazsmf&nf jyKvkyfaumif;\/ ,if;wkdYESifh jyKvkyf-
xm;aom tazsmf&nfrsm;onf tyfaomtazsmf&nfrsm; jzpf\/
(aqmif) oD;BuD; ukd;yg;? yJrsKd;rsm;? pyg; ckepfrnf/
tavsmf pyg;? av;rsKd;tm;? a&Smif&Sm; tazsmf&nf/
(0denf;Oya'?261/)
tazsmf& nf jyKvkyf&mü owd&Sd&ef

tazsm&f nfvyk &f mü a&pdr;f jzifh jyKvyk &f rnf? aeylveS ;f íaomfvnf;
jyKvkyfEkdif\/ refusnf;ç a&Smufç vdar®mfponfrsm;ukd rD;jzifhcsufí
vkyfxm;vQif trIefrygaomfvnf; ,mrumvdu r[kwf? ,m0um-
vduom jzpf\/ okdYjzpfí ,cktcg rD;jzifhcsufí Mum&SnfcHatmif
jyKvyk x
f m;aom Ekid if jH cm;jzpf refusn;f ç ZD;ç vdar®maf zsm&f nfç bdvyf&nf
ponfrsm;onf ,mrumvdu r[kwfí tyfaomazsmf& nf r[kwf[k
rSwfyg/
azsmf&nftuyfcH owdjyK&ef
ref;usnf;azsmf&nfponfü toD;rsm;ukd rGef;vGJvQif tuyfrcH-
aumif;awmhNyD? okdYjzpfí &[ef;awmfwkdY azsmf&nfaomufvkdonfhtcg
refusn;f oD;ponfudk uk, d w
f idk f tuyfcí
H rpdraf umif;ç ppfvnf; rppf-
aumif;? olwb Ydk mom tzwftrIef rygatmif ppfNy;D aom azsm&f nfom
rGe;f vGt
J cgü tuyfcí H ok;H aqmifaumif;aom ,mrumvdu jzpfonf/
xkaYd Mumifh tazsm&f nfrsm; uyfvmaomtcg tzwftrIef ygçryg tuyf-
rcHrD Munfh½Ií tuyfcHoifhonf/
tazsmf&nfaomufcGifh&aom taMumif;
xkdokdYppfNyD;aom tazsmf&nfukdom eHeufrGef;rvGJrDuwnf;u
tuyfcHxm;apumrl xkdaeYtzkdYü aemufqkH;nOfh\ t½kPfrwufrD-
wkdifatmif aomufaumif;\/ okdYaomf aevGJtcgjzpfrl taMumif;rJh-
oufouf rqmbJ raomufaumif; ]ydygo} ac: rGwo f yd q
f mavmif-
aerSom tqmajyatmif aomufaumif;onf/ ]]tazsmf&nfukd
aomuf&mü rGwfodyfqmavmifjcif;[laom ydygoonfyif aomuf-
aumif;jcif;\ taMumif;jzpfonf}}[k qkdvkdonf/
vufzuf&nfMurf;
vufzuf&u G [
f al om ywå (= t&Gu)f onf vufzufoyk f cg'eD,-
tjzpfjzifh pm;avh&Sdaom ,m0umvdut&Gufwnf;/ tajcmuf vSef;-
aomfvnf; a&aEG;ESifh azsmfvdkufaomtcg vufzufpkdESifh rxl;NyD?
xkaYkd Mumifh oDawm'r'´w d = a&jzifh e,fonfvnf; r[kw/f tm'dpyö gu
= aejzifh csuo f nfvnf; r[kw/f rD;jzifh usKcd sut
f yfaom vufzuf&nf-
ukd ygeutjzpfjzifh rtyf[lí rSwfyg/ (ck'ódu©mbmom#Dum?139/)
owåm[umvdu0w¬K
tuyfcH&maeY t½kPfwufrS ckepf&ufwkdifatmif okdrSD;xm;í
bkOf;ay;aumif;aom axmywfç qDOD;ç qDç ysm;&nfç wifvJç (oMum;ç
xef;vsuf) ESifh (axmywfç qDç wifvJç ysm;&nf þav;rsKd; a&mxm;-
aom) pwkr"lpaom aq;rsKd;onf owåm[umvdu 0w¬KrsKd;wnf;/
100/ owåm[umvdau owå? t[med twdemrdaw/
ygpdwåd ygVdem½kaV§? oyÜdtm'drSd 'kuú#H/
owåm[umvdau = axmywftp&Sdaom owåm[umvduwkdY-
ukd/ owåt[med = (7)&ufwkdYukd/ twdemrdaw = vGefaptyfNyD;aomf/
ygpdwåd = ygpdwftmywfonf/ (a[mwd = jzpf\/) ygVdem½kaV§ =
ygVdawmfü roufa&mufaom/ (0g) ygVdawmfü rygaom/ oyÜdtm'drSd
= vl jrif; ponfwkdY\ EkdY&nfrSjzpfaom axmywf tp&Sdonfukd/ owå
t[med = ckepf&ufwkdYudk/ twdemrdaw = vGefaptyfNyD;aomf/ 'kuú#H
= 'ku#ú f tmywfonf/ a[mwd = jzpf\/ (0d?1?163/ 0d?|?2?290/ ucFg?182??)
(rSwfcsuf) aboZÆodu©myk'fü ]]a,oH rHoH uyÜwd? awoH oyÜd}}}[k
tyfaom tom;&Sdaom owå0gwkdY\ axmywfponf-
ukdom ygVdawmfü wifawmfrlaomaMumifh rtyfaom
tom;&Sdaom vl jrif; paom owå0gwkdY\ oyÜdç e0eDwç
emVdau&awv (tke;f qD) r"kuzmedw = (opfrnfpnfudk
a&at;jzifh e,fí jyKtyfaom opfrnfpnf wifvJ)wkdY-
onf ygVdtem½kV§aq;wkdYwnf;/ ygVdawmfü rwiftyf-
aomfvnf; pm;aumif;aom owåm[umvduaq;rsm;
jzpf&um; tuyfcHí (7)&uf vGefvQif 'kuú#ftmywf
oifh\/
pGefYNyD;í jyef&aomtcg tokH;jyKykHESifh tmywfroifhapykH

101/ edó|v'¨H rau©,s? em*ø emaZÑm[a& p/
0duayÜaEÅó owåma[? omraP&ó"d|awm/
ru©em'dÍöemywåd? tnó ''awmyd p/
edó|v'¨H = pGefYtyfNyD;jzpfí jyef&tyfaom axmywfponfukd/
*a[wGm = ,lí?) t*ø = ukd,ft*Fgukd/ e rau©,s = rokwfvdrf;&m/
(*a[wG
e p taZÑm[a&,s = pm;rsKdvnf; rpm;rsKd&m/ owåma[ = (7)&uf
twGif;ü/ (0g) ckepf&uf rvGefrD/ omraP&ó =omraPtm;/
0duayÜEóÅ = 0duyÜemjyKaom &[ef;\vnf;aumif;/ ru©em'ð = uk,d -f
t*Fgukd okwfvdrf;aMumif; qDtp&Sdonfukd/ t"d|awm p = t"d|mef-
aom &[ef;\vnf;aumif;/ tnó = tjcm;aom &[ef; omraP
vl0wfaMumiftm;/ ''awmyd p = ay;aom &[ef;tm;vnf;aumif;/
temywåd = temywfonf? (0g) tmywfroifhonf/ a[mwd = jzpf\/
0duyÜemjyKykH
]]£rH oyÜð wk,SH 0duayÜrd = þaxmywfukd oifhtm; 0duyÜem
jyKyg\}}[k qkdí omraPtm; 0duyÜemjyK&rnf/
xkdokdY 0duyÜemjyK&mü tjcm;&[ef;tm; 0duyÜemjyKvQif &[ef;-
tcsi;f csi;f jzpfí tuyfrysu&f maomaMumifh omraPtm; 0duyÜemjyK
rS ay;&ma&mufonft h wGuf tuyfysu&f maomaMumifh omraPtm;
0duyÜemjyKaom &[ef;rSm axmywf ponfwo Ydk nf ckepf&uf vGeaf omf-
vnf; edó*¾rd xku d f tmywfroif[h k qko
d nf/ (7) &ufrvGerf D t"d|mef
&\/
axmywfukd e,fqDç ysm;&nfukd temokwfvdrf;p&mç wifvJukd
ausmif;ü tckd;xkHzkdY&ef t"d|mefaom &[ef;tm; tmywfroifh/
t"d|mefykH
þaxmywfpaom aq;onf uk, d w
f iG ;f okYd pm;rsK&d ef r[kwaf wmh/
uk,
d \f tjyifbufponfü ok;H zk&Yd m jzpfonf[k pdwjf zifh t"d|mef&rnf/
EIwfjzifhvnf; &Gwfqkdí t"d|mefEkdifonf/
(aqmif) axmç qDç qDysm;? wifvJtm;? ig;yg; owå[m/
MuH&nf wifvJ&nf oumcJ oMum;cJ ponf
tEkZmemrd bdu©a0 Opäk K&oH/ tEkZmemrd bdu©a0 *dvmeó
*kVH t*dvmeó *kaVm'uH/
]]&[ef;wkYd ..Mu\
H t&omukd cGijhf yKawmfr\ l ? &[ef;wkYd ruse;f rm-
oltm; wifvJcJukdç usef;rmoltm; wifvJt&nfukd cGifhjyKawmfrl\}}
qko
d nfEiS t
hf nD tuyfcí H xkad eYreG ;f vGaJ omtcgrS pí Mu&H nfç wifv-J
&nfç oMum;cJç oumcJç xef;vsu&f nfç xef;vsucf çJ xef;vsuçf wifvçJ
xef;vsufç oumç ponfwkdYonf *dvmeyk*¾dKvftm; a&ra&mbJyif
tyfukef\/ usef;rmolwkdYtm; a&ESifha&mí tazsmfudpöü okH;aqmif-
tyf\? axmywfç ysm;&nfç qDwkdYüvnf; xkdYtwl a&a&mí azsmf&nf-
vkyfrS tyfonf[k od/
(aqmif) MuH&nfürl? a&pif ul? rmol tyfonfom/
,if;okq
Yd adk omf rD;ESichf sux
f m;aom tcsK&d nfç bdvyf&nf ponf-
wkdYü a&tenf;i,fa&maomufvQif tyfzG,f&Sdonf/
a&cJxnfhaom MuH&nf
MuH&nfudk a&ra&mbJ a&cJa&mí aomufjcif;onf MuH&nf\
t&omukd rysufjy,fapbJ ykdí t&om&Sdatmif jyKonfrnf&um;
MuH&nfü a&cJukdvnf; xnfhí yuwda&ukdvnf; tenf;i,fa&mí
aomuftyfayonf/ (0denf;Oya'?263/)
edó*¾dygpdwfç ok'ÿgpdwf
axmywfponfudk tuyfcNH y;D í tuyfEiS w hf uG rdrOd pömtjzpfjzifh
xm;&m (7)&ufveG cf v
hJ Qif xk0d w¬Kvnf; edó*¾jd zpf\/ rpm;onfjzpfap
vGefvQifyif tmywfoifh\/ oEéd"dum&u ok'ÿgpdwftmywfvnf;
oifh\/ (7)&uf rvGefrD vlç omraPwkdYtm; pGefY? omraPtm;
0duyÜemaomfvnf;jyK t"d|mefrIaomfvnf; jyK&m\/
(aqmif) tuyfESifhwuG? olUumv? vGefu oEéd"m/
jyefíokH;pGJcGifh r&aom edó*¾dypönf;rsm;
edó*¾yd gpdwEf iS phf yfí 0denf;uHjzifh pGeNYf y;D aomtcg edó*¾jd zpfaom
xkyd pön;f ukd um,uH&iS f tmywfusL;vGeo f w l Ydk ok;H pGcJ iG hf &ç r&ESihf pyfí
odu©myk'ftvkduf cGJjcm;rSwfom;oifhonf/
a&Tç aiGç '*Fg;ç yku
d q
f çH aiGpuúL edó*¾x
d u
dk í
f 0denf;uHjzifh pGeNYf y;D -
aomfvnf; tmywfusL;vGefol (0g)tvSLcHol ykdif&Sif&[ef;onf vkH;0
okH;pGJcGifhr& tNyD;tykdifpGefY&onf/
tjcm;enf; okH;pGJcGifh&aom ypönf;rsm;
{Vuavmr0*fvm--- 1/ yk;d csnaf &maESm jyKaomtcif;? 2/ trnf;
oufouf okd;arG;tcif;? 3/ tjzLç tndKç ta&Tta&mif&Sd okd;arG;ESifh
trnf;a&mifEpS q f ykjd yKaomtcif; xkt d cif;ok;H rsK;d wkYd 0denf;uHjzifh pGeNYf y;D
jyef&aomtcg cif;xkdifç cif;tdyf rjyK&? wjcm;aom Adwmefç rsufESm-
Muufç uefYvefYumç bkHvQKdç acgif;tkH;ponf tokH;jyKaumif;onf/
ODeyÍöAEë oydwüf vnf; ywåy&d,EÅ pGeNYf y;D vQif t,kwq f ;Hk oydwo f m
okH;pGJcGifh&onf/ (oydwfcef;ü Munfhyg/)
tmvsjywfpGefYNyD;u jyefíokH;cGifh&aom ypönf;rsm;
axmywfç qDç wifvçJ ysm;&nfpaom aq;ypön;f rsm; (7)&ufveG í f
0denf;uHjzifh pGefYNyD; jyef&aomtcg pm;aomufjcif;? temvdrf;jcif;?
okH;aqmifjcif; rjyK&? iJhuGufjcif;r&Sd tNyD;tykdif vlç omraPwkdYtm;
pGeNYf y;D í omraPwku Yd aemifwpfcsed f jyefuyfjyefvQif pm;aomufjcif;?
okH;aqmifjcif;iSmvnf; tyfonf[l\/ (ygwdarmu©ar'deD?215/)
wjcm;cJzG,f abmZOfrsm;
wjcm;pm;aomufz, G &f m cJz,
G çf abmZOf ,m0umvdu tpm;t-
pmrsm;onf tuyfcHNyD;vQif rGef;rwnfhrDom pm;aomufbkOf;ay;
aumif;onf/ rGe;f vGaJ omtcg bkO;f ay;vQif 0dumvabmZeok'y¨ gpdw?f
ukd,fwkdif okdrSD;odrf;qnf;xm;jyefvQif oEéd"dok'ÿgpdwf? ,mrumvdu
tazsmf&nfjzpfvQif aemufwpfaeY ra&mufrD t½kPfrwufrD vlç
omraPwkdYtm; tNyD;tykdif tmvsjywf pGefYay;vkduf&onf/ aemuf-
umvusrS omraPwku Yd jyifqifí uyfojzifh bkO;f ay;vQif tmywf
roif/h xkaYd Mumifh wjcm;umvduwku Yd vdk nf; owfrw S x
f m;aom tcsed f
rvGerf D vlç omraPwkt Yd m; tNy;D tykid f pGevYf u
dk &f onf/ vlç omraP-
wkdYu tvkdufodí jyefuyfvQif pm;aomuf bkOf;ay;aumif;onf[k
odyg/
aboZÆodu©myk'fESifh pyfí odrSwfzG,frsm;
axmywf qDO;D qD ysm;&nf wifvJ þaq;ig;rsK;d wku Yd kd tuyfcNH y;D -
aemuf (7)&uftxdom odr;f qnf;í aq;tjzpfjzifh pm;aomufEidk \ f /
(7)&uf vGefvQifum; xkdaxmywf ponfwkdY edó*¾dxkduf\/ &[ef;rSm
ygpdwftmywfoifh\/
xkd oifhaom tmywfukd a'oemMum; ukpm;vkdvQif xkdaxmywf
ponfudk a&S;OD;pGm pGeNYf y;D rS a'oemMum;&onf/ rpGeb
Yf J a'oemMum;-
vQifum; xkdtmywfrS rxEkdif/

xkad xmywf ponfudk tuyfco H nft
h cg (7)&ufpmavmuf rSe;f í
tuyfcHxm;oifhonf/ (7)&ufwkdifatmif ukefykHr&vQif (7)&uf
rvGefcif þaxmywfponf aq;wkdYukd ig rpm;awmhNyD? ajce,fqDç
ukd,fvdrf;qD ponf jyKvkyfí cE¨mukd,f\ tjyiftyüom okH;pGJawmh-
rnf[k t"d|mef (pdwuf ;l )vku
d &f rnf/ xkt
d jyiftyü ok;H zkjYd zpfvQiu
f m;
(7)&ufvGefaomfvnf; tjypfr&Sd/
(7) &uftwGif; owfrSwfcsuf
axmywf paom aq;ig;yg;wkdYukd tuyfcHNyD; (7)&uftwGif;om
pm;aumif;onf[k qkdaomfvnf; *dvme (= tema&m*g&Sdol)tm;om
cGijhf yKjcif;aMumifh qmavmifjcif; rGwo f yd jf cif; taMumif;&S½d rHk Qjzifh rpm;-
aumif;onfukd owdjyKyg/ tm;enf;aoma&m*gç taoG;tom; ydef-
ajcmufaoma&m*gç avema&m*gponf &SdolwkdYom xkda&m*gtwGuf
pm;aumif;onf/ qmavmifrw G of yd ½f Hk taMumif;jzifuh m; ,mrumvdu
tazsmf&nf ponfukdom aomufaumif;onf/
a&m*g &Sdygu aq;ig;yg;ESifh pwkr"lukd eHeufcif; tuyfcHNyD;vQif
þaeYtzkdY aevGJç rvGJ pm;aumif;onf/ okdYaomf reufjzefpaom
aemufaeY (6-&uf)wkdYüum; eHeufcif; pm;vkdvQif ,aeY tuyfcHxm;-
aom qGrf;ç cJzG,fç abmZOfrsm;ESifh a&maESmí rpm;&? xkdYjyif yg;pyfü
tmrdorsm; uyfNidaevQif xkdtmrdowkdYukd ajymifpifatmif aq;NyD;rS
pm;&onf/ aq;pm;NyD;vQifvnf; yg;pyfukd ajymifpifatmif aq;NyD;rS
wjcm; tmrdowkdYukd pm;aumif; onf/ a&S;a&S;aeYwkdYu tuyfcHxm;-
aom ,m0ZD0duaq;wkdYukd pm;&müvnf; yg;pyfukd pifMu,fatmif
aq;NyD;rSom pm;aumif;onf/ umvdu rwlvQifç uyfaomaeYvnf;
rwlvQif a&maESmí rpm;aumif;onfukdvnf; owdjyKoifhonf/
umvduav;yg;cGJykH aemufwGif jyqkdygrnf/
edó*¾dxkdufí pGefYjcif;
ckepf&uf vGeaf paom &[ef;tm; edó*¾yd gpdwt f mywfoif\ h [l-
onf (8)&ufajrmuf t½kPw f ufvwfaomf pGejYf cif;0denf;uH&\
dS / oHCmç
*kdPf;ç yk*¾dKvf wpfrsKd;rsKd;xH pGefY&rnf/
oHCmtm; pGeyYf çHk *kP
d ;f tm; pGeyYf w Hk uYdk dk ouFe;f pGeeYf nf; jyaomtcg
azmfjyygrnf/ ,ck yk*Kd¾ vx f pH eG yYf u
Hk dk jyqkrd nf jzpfygonf/ edó*¾x d u
dk af e-
aom axmywfpaom aq;ypön;f ukd pGev Yf vdk Qif &[ef;yk*Kd¾ vf wpfyg;yg;
a&SUü pGefY&rnf/
yk*¾dKvfxH pGefYykH
]]t&Sib f &k m; wynfah wmf\ þaq;onf ckepf&uf vGeo f nf jzpfí
pGex
Yf u dk af eygonfb&k m;? wynfah wmfonf þaq;ukd t&Sib f &k m;tm;
pGefYyg\}}
g\}}[k qkdí oDwif;okH;azmf wpfyg;yg;xH pGefY&rnf/ pGefYNyD;aemuf
tmywfukd &nf&G,fí a'oemMum;&rnf/ xkdpGefYNyD;aom aq;ukd
oDwif;okH;azmf&[ef;u ]]t&Sifbk&m;tm; jyefay;yg\}}[k qkdí jyef-
ay;&rnf/
(owd) ckepf&uf vGefí 0denf;uHjzifh pGefYNyD; jyef&aom axmywfç
qDç ysm;&nf ponfudk temvdr;f jcif; pm;aomufo;Hk aqmifjcif; rjyKtyf?
rjyKaumif;? okdY&mwGif iJhuGufjcif;r&Sd tmvsjywf vlç omraPwkdYtm;
pGefYNyD;í jyef&aom axmywfç qDç ysm;&nf ponfukd okH;aqmifjcif;
pm;aomufjcif;iSmvnf; tyfonf[k qkdygonf/
tEkyorÜEéó pawåe 0aEÅe rkawåe teayau©m 'wGm y#d-
vbdwGm y&dbkÍÆwd/ (temywåd) (yg&mZduPfygVdawmf?364/)
A[kokwtjzpf rSwf&ef
zmPdwH emr O päKrSm edAw Á Hå - ygVdawmfEiS t hf nD ]]MurH jS zpfaom 0w¬K-
wnf;}}[k qkdonfhtm;avsmfpGm tzwfrygatmif ppfNyD;aomMuH&nfrS
pí Mux H uG yf pön;f rSeo
f rQ BuKd csuNf y;D aom t&nfç tjypfç tcJ tm;vk;H -
ukd ]]zmPdw}}}}[k qkdonf/ ,cktcg MuHrS wpfyg;aom tjcm;aom
0w¬Krsm;rS xGufaom oMum;rsm;ç xef;&nfç oum&nfç xef;vsufç
MuHoum ponfrsm;ukdvnf; zmPdwü oGif;,lMu\/ (a&S;acwfu
xef;&nf tokH;r&Sdí usrf;*efwkdYü rygjcif; jzpfrnf/)
þjyqkdcJhNyD;aom pum;pOft& MuHr[kwfaom xef;&nfç xef;-
vsuf&nfrsm;onfvnf;aumif;ç oMum;trsKd;rsKd;onfvnf;aumif;
(,m0umvdutoD;rsm;ESifh pyg;ckepfrsKd;ç yJtrsKd;rsKd;wkdY\ t&nfukd
r,l&?) oHyk&mç a&Smufpaom toD;t&nfwkdYESifh a&mpyfxm;aom
azsm&f nfç vrepf&nf (bdvyf&nf) ponfwo Ydk nfvnf;aumif; owåm-
[umvduwkdYwnf;/
xkod wåm[umvdu t&nfç tcJwu Ydk dk qmavmifrw G o f yd ½f Hk ydygo
taMumif;rQjzifh aevGJaomtcg raomufaumif;yg? tema&m*g&SdrS
pm;aumif; aomufaumif;\/
aboZÆcEüü cGifhjyKcsuf
okdYaomf aboZÆcEüü ]]tEkZmemrd bdu©a0 *dvmeó *kVHç
t*dvmeó *kaVm'uH}}}[k *dvmetwGuf MuHoumç xef;vsufç
oMum;tcJukdvnf;aumif;? *dvmer[kwfol vlaumif;rsm;twGuf
a&at;ESifh azsmfpyfxm;aom MuH&nfç xef;vsuf&nfç oMum;&nfç
oumcJt&nfukdvnf;aumif; cGifhjyKawmfrl\[k rdefYqkdawmfrlaom-
aMumifh *dvmer[kwfol usef;rmolwkdYtm;vnf; xkdtazsmf&nfrsm;ukd
qmavmifrGwfodyfjcif; ydygo
gotaMumif;&SdvQif aomufaumif;\[k
odyg? rGef;vGJaomtcgjzpfvQif rqmbJ raomufaumif;[k rSwfyg/
rdrd\ xifjrifcsuf
rD;jzifh usKdcsufxm;aom oumcJç wifvJtcJukd a&ESifh azsmfpyfí
t&nfazsm&f nftjzpf aomufaumif;vQif ,ckumv rD;jzifh csux f m;-
aom vrepf&nfç bdvyf&nfponfh owåm[umvdu t&nfwkdYukd-
vnf; a&at;ESihf azsmpf yfí aomufvQif aomufaumif;zG,&f o dS nf[k
xifjrif,ql ygonf/ ,mrumvdutjzpf naeykid ;f aomufEidk rf nf[k
xifygonf/
,ckumv tcJyg pm;aeMuykH
þaboZÆcEüvm ynwfcsuft& xef;vsufcJç oumcJç
wifvJcJç MuHoumç Eke,fyGJ&ufç oMum;trIefY ponfwkdYonf ,aeY
tuyfcHí aevGJaomtcg ckepf&uftwGif; aemufaemuf&ufrsm;\
aevGJ rGef;vGJtcg avemjcif; tm;enf;jcif;paom a&m*g&Sdí olESifh
aq;zufjzpfrS pm;aumif;\/ ,ckumvüum; &[ef;ç omraPrsm;ESihf
Oykoo f nfrsm; tqkyd g xef;vsucf çJ Muo H umcJç oMum;vk;H wku Yd dk rGe;f vG-J
NyD; pm;aumif;onf xifí pm;avh&SdMu\/ 'um 'umrwkdUuvnf;
uyfavh &SMd u\/ trSet f m;jzifrh l xkt
d cJrsm;ukd aevGNJ y;D tcg rpm;aumif;
[k rSwfyg/ rD;ESifhusKdcsufxm;aom owåm[umvdu t&nfrsm;vnf;
qmavmif½kHrQjzifh raomufaumif;[k rSwfyg/
awv (= qD)ESifh pyfí rSwf&ef
awv (= qD)[l&mü ESrf;qDç yJqDç rkefnif;qDrsm;ESifh 0ufqDç 0HqDç
vykdifqDç jrnf;qDç ig;BuD;qDpaom om;ig;qD trsKd;rsKd;wkdY yg0if\/
opfrnfpnfqDç MuufqlqDwkdYvnf; yg0if\/
awvH emr wdvawvH omoyawvH r"kuawvH {&@-
awvH 0omawvH/ (yg&mZduPfygVdawmf?363/)
om;ç ig;qDrsm;ü t½kd;ç tom;ç tzwf rygatmif ppfNyD;om;

jzpf&rnf/ ,m0umvdutoD;ç tpm;tpmç rka,mpyg;rIefYç qefrIefY
ponf a&mxm;vQif ckepf&uf rtyf/ tm;enf;aom a&m*g&Sdaom
&[ef;ç omraPwkdYonf axmywfç ig;BuD;qD ponfrsm;ukd ntcg
a&aEG;ESifh pyfí okH;pGJaumif;\/ owåm[umvdujzpfí ckepf&ufom
xm;um ok;H aqmif&rnf jzpfonf/ xkad Mumifh Ekid if jH cm; tm;aq;awmif-h
rsm; om;ç ig;qDygvQif ,m0ZD0du r[kwf? owåm[umvdu jzpfí
ckepf&ufom xm;í pm;aumif;onf/ ,m0umvdutoD; pyg;rsKd;ç
yJrsK;d ygaom tazsm&f nfwo Ykd nfvnf; rGe;f rwnfrh o D m aomufaumif;-
onf [k odyg/
,m0ZD0du
,wåaum = tMuifrQavmufaom/ ZDa0g = toufwnf;/
,m0ZD0H = touf&SnforQ (toufxufqkH;)/
]],m0ZD0H y&dbÍk w
dÆ AÁH -----
--- touf&n
S o
f rQumvywfv;Hk ok;H aqmif-
tyf\}}t& - tuyfcHNyD;í wpfoufywfvkH; okH;aqmifaumif;aom
tjrpfç tOç tzkç qm;ç *sif; ponfwkdYukd ,m0ZD0du[k ac:onf/
jyNyD;aom umvduokH;rsKd;ESifh a&'efylwkdYrS <uif;aom tuyfcH-
aom aeYrS toufxufq;Hk tema&m*g[laom taMumif;&Sv d Qif xyfrH
tuyfrcH&bJ bkO;f ay;aumif;onf/ vlwYdk cJz, G çf pm;zG,t f jzpf tok;H -
rjyKaom tjrpfç tOç tzkç yifpnfç tayG;ç tacgufç tumç tESpfç
toD;ç tyGifhç t&Gufç tñGefYç (i½kwfaumif;ç ydwfcsif;ç csif;ç EG,fcsKdç
d Qm;)paom aq;ypön;f trsK;d rsK;d onf ,m0ZD0u
qD;jzLç zef;cg;ç oQo d 0w¬K
rnf\/
(aqmif) t&yfwkdif;rSm? tm[m&udpö? rpm;Mu? ,m0ZD0dum/
ZD;jzLç oQdoQm;? ozef;cg;? rsm;\ teEÅm/ (0denf;Oya'?263/)
,m0ZD0du tjrpfrsm;
92/ [vd'´d od*Ða0&Íö? 0pwåH vokPH 0pm/
OoD&H b'´rkwåÍömwd0dom u#Ka&m[DPd/
yÍörlvm'duÍömyd? rlvH wH ,m0ZD0duH/
[vd'´d = eEGif;onfvnf;aumif;/ od*Ða0&Íö = csif;onfvnf;-
aumif;/ 0pwåH = qdwfzl;onfvnf;aumif;/ vokPH = MuufoGefjzL-
onfvnf;aumif;/ 0pm = vif;avonfvnf;aumif;/ OoD&H = yef;-
&if;onfvnf;aumif;/ b'´rkwåÍö = EGm;ajr&if;onfvnf;aumif;/
twd0o d m = wd0o f nfvnf;aumif;/ u#Ka&m[dPD = ukvm;aqmif;-
k o
ar;cg;onfvnf;aumif;/ yÍörlvm'duH = yÍörlvtp&Sdaom/ rlvÍömyd
= tjrpfonfvnf;aumif;/ wH = xkt H nf/ ,m0ZD0u
d vk;H pko d H = ,m0ZD-
0duwnf;? (0g)touftykid ;f jcm;wkid af tmif ok;H aqmif&m umv&Sad om
tjrpfwnf;/
,m0ZD0dutoD;rsm;
93/ AdV*ø r&dpH a*g|-zvH ydyævd &mZdum/
wdzav-&@um'DeH? zvH wH ,m0ZD0duH/
AdV*ø = tdyaf rGUoD;onfvnf;aumif;/ r&dpH = i½kwo
f ;D onfvnf;-
aumif;/ a*g|zvH = orifpmoD;onfvnf;aumif;/ ydyævd = ydwfcsif;
oD;onfvnf;aumif;/ &mZdum = rkefnif;oD;onfvnf;aumif;/ wd-
zav&@um'DeH = ueckdç Muufqltp&SdonfwkdY\/ zvH = toD;onf
vnf;aumif;/ ,m0ZD0duH = ,m0ZD0duwnf;/ (0g) touftykdif;-
tjcm;wkdifatmif okH;aqmif&mumv&Sdaom toD;wnf;/
(0d?3?293/ 0d?|?3?102?)
,m0ZD0du t&Gufrsm;
94/ uyÜgoedrÁuk#Z-ya#mvokvom'deH/
olay,syPÖH 0aZÆwGm? yPÖH wH ,m0ZD0duH/
olay,syPÖH = [if;\ tpD;tyGm;jzpfaom [if;&Gufukd/ (0g)
[if;csufí pm;aumif;aom t&Gufukd/ 0aZÆwGm = MuOfí/ uyÜgo-
edrÁuk#Z-ya#mvokvom'deH = 0gç wrmç vufxkwfç jAL;wm;ç ½kH;
tp&Sdonf wkdY\/ ,H yPÖH = tMuift&Gufonf/ tw¬d = &Sd\? wH =
xkdt&Gufonf/ ,m0ZD0duH = ,m0ZD0duwnf;/ (0g) touftykdif;-
tjcm;wkdifatmif okH;aqmif&mumv&Sdaom t&Gufwnf;/
(0d?3?292/ 0d?|?3?100?372-373/)
tap;ç tcGHESifh qm; ponf
95/ XaywGm OpäkKed,smoH? o&oH OpäKZH wpH/
ed,smaom p wapm oaAÁm? avmPH avm[H odvm wxm
wxm//
96/ ok'ödw¬Íö ao0gavm? ,Íö udÍöd okpsmydwH/
0du#m'dyÜab'Íö? ÓwAÁH ,m0ZD0duH/
O pä Ke,
d smoH = Mut H ap;ukv d nf;aumif;/ o&oH = t&nfEiS whf uG
jzpfaom// OpäKZH = MurH S jzpfaom/ wpH = tcGu dk nf;aumif;/ XaywGm
H v
= xm;í/ oaAÁm = tvkH;pkHaom/ ed,smaom p = tap;ukdvnf;-
aumif;/ wapm = tcGHtacgufukdvnf;aumif;/ avmPH = qm;ukd-
vnf;aumif;/ avm[H = oHuv dk nf;aumif;/ (0g) aMu;ukv
d nf;aumif;/
odvm = ausmufukdvnf;aumif;/ wxm = xkdrSwpfyg;/ ok'ödw¬Íö =
ysm;&nfrzuf oufoufaom ysm;za,mif;ukdvnf;aumif;/ ao0g-
avm = arSmfukdvnf;aumif;/ okpsmydwH = aumif;pGm rD;avmifap-
tyfNyD;aom/ ,Íö udÍöd = trSwfrxm; wpfyg;yg;aom jymç rD;aoG;-
ukdvnf;aumif;/ 0du#m'dyÜab'Íö = r[m0du#aq; tp&Sdaom
tjym;&Sdaom/ ,Íö udÍöd = trSwfrxm; wpfyg;yg;aom opfO
ponfukdvnf;aumif;/ ,m0ZD0duH = ,m0ZD0du[lí/ ÓwAÁH = od
xkduf\/ (0d?3?292-293?295?298/ 0d?|?2?295/ 0d?|?3-101/)
csif;okyf qkH;jzwfcsuf
csif; (*sif;)ukd ,m0ZD0du[k qkd&mü vufokyfvkyfzkdY&ef tcsOfpdrf-
xm;aom csif; r[kwf? e*kdoabmtwkdif; i½kwfoD;uJhokdY ylpyfaom
t&om&Sdaom csif;ukd qkdvkdonf/ xkd,m0ZD0du tm[m&wkdYonf
ruse;f rrmí xkt d m[m&ESihf oifah wmfaom a&m*g&Srd o
S m aq;tjzpfjzifh
okH;aumif;aom tm[m&rsm; jzpfMuonf/
,ckacwfü oHCmawmfwkdYtm; tcsKdUt&yfü nbuf uyfavh-
&Sad om csi;f okyu
f m; MuufoeG çf qDç qm;ç csi;f rsm;ukd wpfcpk D Munfv h Qif
owåm[umvduESihf ,m0ZD0u d csn;f jzpfí ]]tyf\}}[k xifz, G f &S\
d /
okdYaomf csif;ukd (yifukd tMurf;twkdif; r[kwfbJ) pm;aumif;atmif
jyKjyifum vufokyfwpfrsKd;jzpfatmif pDrHxm;ojzifh ,m0umvdu
cJzG,fwGif yg0ifaeNyD[k q&mwkdY ,lMu\/
,m0umvdur[kwf[k jiif;apumrl xkdcsif;okyfaMumifh uif;-
aysmufrnfh a&m*g&SdrS pm;aumif;rnf/ taMumif;rJhjzpfap? rGwfodyf
qmavmifíjzpfap pm;vQifum; rnfonfhenf;ESifhrQ vGwfvyfcGifh
r&acs/ tuyfcHvQif 'kuú#f? rsKd;wkdif;rsKdwkdif; 'kuú#frsm;pGm rkcs oifh&-
awmhrnf/
refusnf;&GufMurf; jynfyef;csKd&Guf
[if;csupf m;aumif;aom t&Guu f dk MuOfí <uif;aom t&Gurf sm;-
ukd ,m0ZD0u d [k qkad omaMumifh refusn;f &Guçf uifyeG ;f &Guçf jynfyef;-
csKd&Guf tp&Sdaom t&GufwkdYü Ekaom (wcsKdU rEkr&ifh) t&Gufrsm;ukd
[if;csufí pm;avh&SdaomaMumifh &ifhaomt&Gufukd ,m0ZD0du[k
,l&onf/ xkaYd Mumifh naetcg oifjh rwfaom a&m*g&Sv

d Qif (acsmif;qk;d
toH0ifponf) xef;vsuf&nf ponfESifh xkdt&GufMurf;wkdY usKdum
aomufEkdifonf/ (ck'ódu©mbmom#Dum?147/)
aumufyJESifh tom;ç t½kd;rsm;
,Íö udÍöd okpsmydwH (ck'ódu©m*gxm?96/)ü qkdxm;onft& -
aumufyw J rYdk S jzpfaomtpmESihf tom;ç t½k;d yif jzpfapumrl aumif;-
aumif; rD;avmifaptyfNyD;jzpfí uRrf;aevQif (rD;aoG;cJ jzpfaevQifç
jymjzpfaevQif) ,m0ZD0duwnf;/
r[m0du#aq;
&[ef;wpfyg; a>ruku d o l yfaom r[m-
f jzifh bk&m;&Sif cGijhf yKawmfrt
0du#aq;
#aq;[k ac:a0:tyfaom usifBuD;ç usifi,fç ajrnufç jym
tp&Sdaom tvkH;pkHonfvnf; ,m0ZD0duwnf;/ tm'do'´gjzifh uE´
cg'eD, (tO cJz,G )f ponfü jytyfcahJ om [if;csuí f r&aumif;aom
opfOç opfjrpfç opfyGifhç trIefYwkdYukdyg ,m0ZD0du[k ,lyg/
tmywfoifhykH tcsKyfrSwf&ef
,m0umvdu cJz, G af bmZOfudk aevGt
J cg pm;aomufvQif ok'-¨
ygpdwf? ,mrumvdutazsmfESifh owåm[umvduwGif yg0ifaom
a&a&mxm;aom MuH&nfç xef;&nfcsKdç tcsKd&nfponfukd rGwfodyfjcif;
taMumif;&Sdí qmí aomufvQif temywåd? taMumif;rJhoufouf
aomufvQiu f m; tm[m&tusK;d iSm aomuf&ma&mufí 'ku#ú ?f owåm-
[umvduaq;rsm;ESihf ,m0ZD0u d vsuq f m;ponfudk xkt
d pmpm;vQif
aysmufuif;avmufaom avxjcif;ç avemjcif;ç tm;enf;jcif;paom
a&m*gaMumifh pm;vQif temywåd? tmywfroifh? taMumif;rJhjzpfapç
qmavmifrGwfodyfíjzpfap pm;vQif 'kuú#fwnf;/
umvduwkdY a&maESm&mü rSwf&ef
xkad eYtuyfct H yfaom ,m0umvdu0w¬KEiS hf xkad eY tuyfct H yf-
aom (0g) xkad eYrS &&Sad om ,mrç owåm[ç ,m0ZD0u d 0w¬KwYdk a&mvQif
xkad &m&m eHeufüom tyf\? xkn d aerS pí rtyf? a&S;aeYwu Ydk tuyfc-H
xm;aom owåm[ç ,m0ZD0duwkdYESifh a&m&müum; ,m0umvduç
,mrumvduwkdY rtyfMuawmh? rokH;aqmifaumif;awmhNyD? Oyrm--
a&S;aeYu tuyfcx H m;tyfaom axmywfç qDç qm;wkEYd iS hf xkad eY (,aeY)
tuyfcHtyfaom qGrf;ç azsmf&nfwkdYa&mí rpm;aumif;? a&S;aeYu
tuyfcx H m;aom qGr;f ç tazsm&f nfawG jzpfomG ;awmhonf[k oabm-
aygufyg/
owåm[umvdu axmywfponfESifh ,m0ZD0du qm;ponfwkdY
a&m&müum; owåm[umvdu\ oufwrf;&SdorQ qm;u vkdufEkdif
onf/ Oyrm-- owåm[umvdu0wåK axmywfukd tuyfcHí ESpf&uf-
vGerf S qm;ESihf okrYd [kwf ,m0ZD0ud aq; wpfcck Ek iS hf a&mvQif aemufxyf
ig;&ufom tyf\? ponfjzifh odav/ umvducsif; a&m&mü &ufwkd
umvdu\ oabmukd &uf&n S u
f mvduu tjrv J u kd &f onf/ qGr;f pm;-
Ny;D p tm;aq;jym;rsm; pm;vkv d Qif yg;pyfudk pifMu,fatmif aq;aMum-
NyD;rS pm;oifhonf/ ayusHaeaom tmrdoESifh a&maESmrdvQif tmywf
oifhEkdifonf/
(aqmif) umvdu av;jzm? a&maESm&m0,f? owåm[ESi?hf ,m0ZD0?D a&SUaeY
qDu? uyfNyD;rSukd? ,m0ç ,mrH? ,aeYcEH iS ?hf a&mjyefaomfvnf;?
rtyfcsn;f om? wpfenf;rSmrl? ,m0ZD0?H a&S;aeYcEH iS ?hf ckco
H wåm[?
a&mwku
H vQi?f owåm[ ouf? ckepf&ufn? tcGijhf yKonf? rSw½f I
aemifvm tcsKyfwnf;/
taEÅm0kw¬ç taEÅmyuúç omrHyuú 'kuú#frsm;

jyqkdcJhNyD;aom tuyÜd,uk#dav;rsKd; wpfrsKd;rsKd;ü o[ao,s-
avmufaom t&yfü rdr\ d umvvGeaf tmif okrd ;DS odr;f qnf;xm;tyf-
aom oHCu d ç yk*v¾ u
d jzpfaom ,m0umvduESihf ,mrumvdu ESpyf g;-
ukd taEÅm0kw¬ ac:onf/ xkd0w¬Kukd pm;aomufaom &[ef;tm;
taEÅm0kw¬'kuú#ftmywf oifh\/
tuyÜ, d uk#üd okrd ;DS tyfaom owåm[umvdu ,m0ZD0u d ESpyf g;-
ESifh ,aeY tuyfcHtyfaom <uif;umvduESpfyg; a&mpm;aomf rtyf?
rkcoEé"d d jzpfonf/ ¤if;rkcoEé"d u d ydk if r[mypö&üD taEÅm0kw[ ¬ k qk\ d /
rkcESihf taEÅmum; y&d,m,fjzpfí trnfrQom xl;onf/ 'ku#ú t f mywf
csi;f um; wl\/ <uif;umvdu ESpyf g;um; tuyÜ, d uk#üd okrd ;SD xm;aomf
vnf; tjypfr&Sd? oEéd"drjzpfaumif;[k odyg/
(aqmif) tuyÜduk? okdrSD;jyK? xm;rI taEÅm0kw¬wnf;/
,m0ç ,mr? umvdu? ESpf0 ,lavwnf;/
<uif; umvdu? a&mpm;u? rkcoEédwnf;/
<uif; umvdu? okdrSD;Mu? xm;u tyfownf;/
taEÅmyuú
tuyÜd,uk#dü o[ao,savmufaom t&yfü csuftyfaom
,m0umvduç ,mrumvduESpyf g;ukd taEÅmyuú[k ac:onf/ xk0d w¬K-
ukd pm;aomufaom &[ef;tm; taEÅmyuú'kuú#ftmywf oifh\/
xkdtaEÅmyuújzpfaeaom umvduESpfyg;ESifh ,aeY tuyfcHtyfaom
<uif;umvduESpfyg; (owåm[ç ,m0ZD0du)wkdY a&mpm;aomf rtyf?
rkcoEé"d jd zpfonf/ <uif;umvdu ESpyf g;ukd csuaf omfvnf; taEÅmyuú
rjzpf? csufaumif;ç pm;aumif;onf[k odyg/
(aqmif) tuyÜd,m? uk#DrSm? csufyg taEÅmyuúwnf;/
,m0-,mr? umvdu? ESpf0 ,lavwnf;/
<uif; umvdu? csufwkHu? taEÅmyuú rjzpfwnf;/
omrHyuú
trSwrf &Sd wpfpw Hk pfcak om t&yfü uk, d w f idk cf sut f yfaom umvd-
u av;yg;pvkH;ukd omrHyuú[k ac:onf/ xkdomrHyuújzpfaeaom
umvdursm;ESihf omrHyuú r[kwaf om umvdursm; a&mírpm;aumif;?
rkcoEé"d d jzpfonf/ 'ku#ú t f mywfrS rvGw?f ,m*k (qefjyKw)f ylyül Muuf-
oGerf w
d çf MuufoeG pf rd ;f ç qm;pdr;f ç EkpYd rd ;f rsm;ukd uk,
d w f idk f xnfíh raomuf-
aumif;? vufzuf&nfyyl ül vnf; EkpYd rd ;f ç qm;pdr;f xnfah rTí raomuf-
aumif;? vlç omraPrsm;ukd txnfhckdif;NyD;rS tuyfcHNyD; arTaomufrl-
um; omrHyuú rjzpf/ (ygwdarmu©ar'deD?336/)
(aqmif) rnfonfhae&m? rqkdomay? ukd,fwkdifav? csufay omrHyuú
wnf;/ av;umvdu? aumuf,l&? rSwfMuavukefwnf;/
ykeyuú
vlç omraPwkdY csufí usufNyD;aom ,m0umvduESpfrsKd;wdkYudk
wpfzefcsurf o I nf ykeyuúrnf\/ xkw d pfzefcsurf uI u dk m; &[ef;uk,
d -f
wkdif jyKaumif;\? tjypf r&Sd? usufNyD;aom xrif;at;ç [if;at;ukd
&[ef;ukd,fwkdifyif rD;ü aET;tyf\/ xkdYjyif usufNyD;aom xrif;ukd
,ufref; (qefjyKwf )jzpfatmif &[ef;uk, d w
f idk f usKt
d yfaom 0w¬Kurdk -l
um; a&SUumvdu0w¬KwkdYESifh ra&m,Sufapí oufouf pm;aomuf-
tyf\/ a&S;umvdu ESprf sK;d wkEYd iS hf a&maESmí pm;aomufcahJ omf tjypf-
&Sdjyef\? 'kuú#ftmywf oifhjyef\/
a&SUumvdu ESpfrsKd;wkdYü taEÅm0kw¬? taEÅmyuú? omrHyuú?
ykeyuú[k av;rsKd;&Sdonfukd rSwfyg/
tusOf;rSwf&ef
1/ taEÅm0kw¬ = tuyÜd,uk#dtwGif;ü t½kPfwufonfhwkdifatmif
xm;tyfaom 0w¬K (,m0ç ,mr)ukd taEÅm0kw¬
ac:onf/
2/ taEÅmyuú = tuyÜ, d uk#t d wGi;f ü csujf yKwaf MumfavSmf tyfaom
0w¬Kukd taEÅmyuúac:onf/
3/ omrHyuú = &[ef;uk, d w
f idk f csutf yfaom 0w¬Kudk omrHyuú ac:
onf/ ,if;okH;rsKd; pm;aomufvQif 'kuú#ftmywf
oifh\/
4/ ykeyuú = &[ef;ukd,fwkdif wpfzefcsufrI aET;rIukd ykeyuú[k
ac:onf? tjypfr&Sd? tmywfroifh/
(aqmif) 1/ t*FgrnD? ausmif;uk#D? tuyÜD,om/
2/ taEÅm0kw¬? taEÅmyuú? omrHyuú? þokH;0? ,m0ç ,mrrSm/
3/ okdrSD;onfukd? 0kw¬qkd? usKdcsuf yuúrSm/
4/ uk#DysufwGif;? okdrSD;jcif;? tvsif; rjyK&m/
5/ xkdü csuftyf? ,if;ESpf&yf? rtyfavonfom/
6/ b,fü rqkd? ,if;ESpfukd? ukd,fwkdif rcsuf&m/
7/ usufNyD;ukdvsuf? wpfzefcsuf? oufouftyfonfom/
8/ a&S;umvd ESpf? a&mjyefvpf? tjypf&Sdjyefvm/
9/ owåmçZD0d? ukd,fcsufrd? ok'¨dtyfonfom/
10/ tuyÜd,? ausmif;jzpfu? rsm;vS jypfemqm/
11/ 0denf;rwwf? ausmif;xkdifvwf? tmywfrqkH;&m/
uHBuD;uHi,f toG,foG,f
ausmif;xkid b
f ek ;f Bu;D t*Fgig;yg;wGif uHBu;D uHi,fwu Ydk dk wwfoed m;-
vnfxm;&rnf[k yg&So d nf/ xku d BH u;D uHi,fwu Ydk dk tusO;f csKyt
f m;jzifh
odom½kH a&;ygrnf/
uHav;rsKd;
u&D,wd = jyKtyf\/ £wd = xkdYaMumifh/ ur®H = uH rnf\/
xkduHonf oHCm tnDtñGwf jyKtyfaom --
1/ tyavmueuH? 2/ ÚwåduH? 3/ Úwåd'kwd,uH? 4/ Úwåd-
pwkw¬uH - [k av;rsKd; &Sd\/
xkdav;yg;wkdYwGif oHCmpnf;a0;NyD;aemuf nDñGwfaom oHCm-
awmf\ tvkt d m;jzifh uJ&h UJ jcif;paom qkid &f m0w¬KtaMumif;ukd ajymjyí
oHCmtm; ]]ESpfouf oabmwlyg\avm}}[k jrefrmvkdjzpfap? ]]½kpöwd
oHCó}} ó}}[k ygVdvjdk zpfap? ok;H Burd w f idk w
f idk f yefMum;ajymMum;í jyKtyf-
aom uHrsKd;ukd tyavmueu
tyavmueuH[k ac:onf/
xkn d ñD wG af om oHCm\ tvkq d E´twkid ;f ÚwfwpfBurd f &Gwq f í
dk
jyKtyfaom uHrsKd;ukd ÚwåduH[k ac:onf/ xkdnDñGwfaom oHCm\
tvkq d E´twkid ;f ÚwfwpfBurd f ur®0gpmwpfBurd f &Gwzf wfí þÚwf-
vQif ESpfBudrfajrmuf&Sdaom ur®0gpmjzifh jyKtyfaom uHrsKd;ukd Úwåd-
'kwd,uH[k ac:onf/
xknd ñD wG af om oHCm\ tvkq d E´twkid ;f ÚwfwpfBurd f ur®0gpm
ok;H Burd f aygif;av;Burd f ur®0gpm zwf&\/ þokYd ÚwfvQif av;Burd -f
ajrmuf&adS om ur®0gpmjzifh &Gwzf wfí jyKtyfaom uHrsK;d ukd Úwåpd wkw-å
uH[k ac:onf/
(aqmif) tyavmye? ur®Úwå?d 'kwçd pwkw?f uHorkw?f r,kwf rsK;d av;
wef/ (ygwdarmu©ar'deD?412/)
tyavmueuH ig;rsKd;
xkdav;rsKd;aom uHwkdYwGif tyavmueuHonf ---
1/ uP³uomraPudk aumif;pGm usifhonfukd jrifí jyefoGif;aom
Moom&PuH?
2/ uP³uomraPukd zsufqD;ouJhokdYaom ESifxkwfaom edóm-
&PuH?
3/ &Siaf vmif;&[ef;avmif;\ qHcsacgif;&dyOf ;D jynf;jcif;ukd yefMum;aom
b@KuH?
4/ EIwfMurf;aom &[ef;tm; qkdcsif&m qkdygap wpfpkHwpfa,muf-
aom &[ef;rQ qkq d ;Hk rjcif;ukd rjyK&[k yefMum;ajymMum;í jrpfxm;-
aomç 'Pfay;xm;aom jA[®'@uH?
5/ bdu©KeDrwkdY\ rMunfndKzG,fukd jyKaom &[ef;ukd bdu©KeDrwkdYu
&Sdrckd;&[k ajymaom ur®vu©PuH - þokdYjzifh tyavmueuH
(5)rsKd; jym;\/
(aqmif) oGif; xkwf jA[®'Pf? OD;jynf;uH? ur®Hvu©PH?
tyavmue? ig;Xme? a&mufx jrJ{uef/
ÚwåduH (9) rsKd;
1/ &[ef;avmif;ukd ac:oGif;aom Moom&PÚwåduH?
2/ OAÇm[dutqkH;tjzwfü "r®uxduyk*¾dKvfudk ESifxkwfaom edóm-
&PÚwåduH?
3/ OykofÚwf\ tpGrf;jzifh xm;tyfaom OaygoxÚwåduH?
4/ y0g&PmuH\ tpGrf;jzifh xm;tyfaom y0g&PmÚwåduH?
5/ rdrdukdvnf;aumif;ç olwpfyg;ukdvnf;aumif; orkwfjcif;iSm xm;-
tyfaom orkwdÚwåduH?
6/ pGefYtyfaom ouFef;ç oydwfponfwkdYukd jyefay;aom 'geÚwåduH?
7/ tmywfukd cHaom y#d*¾g[uÚwåduH?
8/ jyKtyfaom y0g&Pmukdiifaom ypöKuú¹eÚwåduH?
9/ wdP0w¬m&uorxü oAÁo*Fg[duÚwf wpfckckaom tzkdYü
wpfckckaomÚwf þokH;yg;aom Úwf[k qkdtyfaom ur®vu©-
PuHtm;jzifh ÚwåduH (9)rsKd; jym;\/
(aqmif) Moç edç Oç y? or®Kw? 'geç y#d*¾H/
ypöKuú¹e? uHvu©? e0 ÚwåduH/ (ygwdarmu©ar'deD?413/)
Úwåd'kwd,uH (7) rsKd;
1/ oydwfvSefaom Moom&PuH?
2/ oydwfarSmufaom edóm&PuH?
3/ odrforkwfjcif; paom wpfq,fhig;yg;aom orkwfjcif;wkdY\
tpGrf;jzifh jzpfaom or®KwduH?
4/ uxdefouFef;ay;jcif;? rwuouFef;ay;jcif;wkdY\ tpGrf;jzifh
jzpfaom 'geuH?
5/ uxdefEkwfonf\ tpGrf;jzifhjzpfaom O'¨g&uH?
6/ uk#d&mausmif;&m Mum;onf\ tpGrf;jzifh jzpfaom a'oemuH?
7/ wdP0w¬m&uorxü wpfckckaomtzkdYü Úwåd'kwd,ur®0gpm
wpfc?k wpfcak omtzküYd Úwå'd w
k ,
d ur®0gpmwpfc?k arm[ma&mye
ponfwkdYü a[mtyfaom Úwåd'kwd,ur®0gpmwkdY\ tpGrf;jzifh
jzpfaom ur®vu©PuH - þokdYtm;jzifh (7)rsKd; jym;\/
(aqmif) Moç edç oHç 'g? O'¨g a'o? uHvu©? owå Úwf'kuH/
Úwådpwkw¬uH (7) rsKd;

1/ wZÆeD, paom ckepfyg;aom uHwkdY\ tpGrf;jzifh jzpfaom Moom-
&PuH?
2/ xkduHwkdY\ Nidrf;onf\ tpGrf;jzifh jzpfaom edóm&PuH?
3/ bdu©Kaem0g'u orkwfonf\ tpGrf;jzifh jzpfaom or®KwduH?
4/ y&d0gofç rmewf ay;onf\ tpGrf;jzifh jzpfaom 'geuH?
5/ rlvm,y#duóe\ tpGrf;jzifh jzpfaom ed*¾[uH?
6/ Ou©dwåmEk0wåu&[ef; paom ,m0wwd,u wpfq,fhwpf-
a,mufaom orEkbmoe&[ef;wkdY\ tpGrf;jzifh jzpfaom orEk-
bmoeuH?
7/ OyorÜ'ç tAÇmeuHw\ Ydk tpGr;f jzifh jzpfaom ur®vu©PuH -þok-Yd
tm;jzihf (7)rsKd; jym;\/
(aqmif) Moç edç orfç 'g? ed*fç Ekç bm? ur®mvu©PH/
Úwådpwkw¬? cGef Xme? a&mufx jrJ{uef/
uHjyKykH owfrSwfcsufrsm;
þav;yg;aom uHww
Ydk iG f tyavmueuHudk yefMum;íom jyK&-
onf/ Úwfxm;onfh ÚwåduHponf tpGrf;jzifh rjyK&/
ÚwåduHukd ÚwfwpfBudrf xm;íom jyK&onf/ tyavmueuH
ponfjzifh rjyK&/
Úwåd'kwd,uHukdum; yefMum;ívnf; jyKaumif;onf/ Úwåd-
'kwd,uHjzifhvnf; jyKaumif;onf/ oDrmorkwduHç oDrmorl[euHç
uxdepD0&'geuHç uxdE'k g¨ &uHç uk#0d w¬Ka'oemuHç 0d[m&0w¬Ka'o-
emu
emuH þ (6)yg;um; *½kurH sm;jzpfí yefMum;í rjyKaumif;? Úwå'd w
k ,
d
uHjzifhom uHjyK&onf/
<uif;aom orkwduH (13)yg;ESifh aoemoe*¾g[uHç rwupD0&-
'geor®KwduHwkdYum; v[kuHjzpfí yefMum;íom jyKaumif;onf/
ÚwåduHponfjzifh rjyK&/
Úwåpd wkwu ¬ u
H u
dk m; rdrv
d u©Pmjzifo
h m uHjyK&onf/ <uif;aom
uHwkdYjzifh uHrjyK&[k odyg/
(aqmif) tyavmue? yefMum;&? jyKx{uefom/
Úwådur®m? Úwfjzifhom? jyKyg {uefom/
Úwåd'kwd,? yef;Mum;x? jyKu tyfonfom/
yefí r&? qçur®? azmfx odavyg/
Úwådpwkw¬? ,if;ur®? jyKMu ,if;jzifhom/
(wpfenf;) or®Kcu&PD,uHç tor®Kcu&PD,uH[k ESprf sK;d jym;oif-h
ao;\/
xkw
d iG f wrefjzifh &[ef;cHaom uHç oydwaf rSmufuçH oydwv
f eS u
f çH
Or®wåuor®KwduHç aou©or®KwduHç jA[®'@uHç yumoeD,uuHç
t0E´d,uH þ (8)yg;um; rsufuG,fü jyK&aom tor®Kcu&PD,uH
rnf\/ <uif;aom uHrsm;um; rsufarSmufüom jyK&aom or®Kc-
u&PD,uHwkdY rnf\/
(aqmif) tor®Kc? or®Kc? ESpf0 wpfenf;vSpf/
wref-arSmuf-vSef? Orfçaomufç jArf? um0ef-rsufuG,f&Spf/
t<uif;uHrSm? rsufarSmufom? jyKyg odzkdYjzpf/
"r®duuH
"ar®m {awok tw¬Dwd "r®dumed [lonfESifhtnD ---
"r®ç 0de,ç ow¬Komoe tm;avsmfpGm jyKtyfaomaMumifh [kwf-
rSefwkdif;aom oabm&Sdaom uHwkdYukd "r®duuHwkdY[k qkd&onf/
þü "r®[o l nf [kwrf eS w f idk ;f aom 0w¬Kudk qko
d nf? 0w¬K [kwrf eS -f
&rnf[\l / 0de,[lonf 0w¬Kuv dk nf;aumif;ç tmywfuv dk nf;aumif;
jyí apm'emjcif;? tjypfudk atmufarhapjcif; ESpyf g;ukd qko d nf/ ow¬K-
omoe[lonf jrwfpmG bk&m;\ tqk;H trjzpfaom Úwf\ jynfph jHk cif;
ur®0gpm\ jynfhpkHjcif; ESpfyg;ukd qkdonf/
t"r®duuH
"r®0ed , ow¬Komoetm;avsmpf mG rjyKtyfaomaMumifh [kwrf eS -f
wkid ;f aom oabmr&Sad om uHudk t"r®u d uH[k tjyeftm;jzifh odoif-h
onf/
OyorÜ'uH\ orÜwådig;yg;
Úwådpwkw¬uH\ rysufjcif;orÜwdåonf---
1/ 0w¬KorÜwåd?
2/ ÚwådorÜwåd?
3/ ur®0gpmorÜwåd?
4/ oDrmorÜwåd?
5/ y&domorÜwåd[k ig;rsKd; &Sd\/
(aqmif) 0wfç Úwfç ur®0g? odrfç y&dom? ig;jzm orÜwåd/
yÍöif;ajrmuf&ef? tifig;wef? jyefav 0dywåd/
(0denf;Oya'awmfBuD;?451/)
Oykoyf 0g&PmuHaqmifyrHk sm;ç OyorÜ'uHaqmifyrHk sm; tus,uf dk
qkid &f mtcef;wküYd qufvufMunf½h MI uyguke?f þum; uHav;rsK;d odom-
½kHukdom tusOf;csKH;í wifjyxm;jcif; jzpfygonf/
y&du©&m&Spfyg;
yawåm wdpD0&H um,-AEëH 0god olpd p?
y&dó0erdapöaw? y&du©m&| bmodwm/
(1) oydwf? (2) oif;ykdif? (3) {uoD? (4) 'kuk#f? (5) cg;yef;BudK;?
(6) yJcGyf (0g) "m;rwkd? (7) tyfESifh tyfcsnf? (8) a&ppf[lí y&du©&m
(8)yg; &Sd\/
þy&du©&m&Spfyg;wkdYwGif tyfpyfaom oydwfouFef;wkdYukd a&S;ü
a&;cJhNyD/
cg;yef;BudK;
BuKd ;trsm; aygif;í jyKtyfaom cg;yef;BuKd ;? a&a>rOD;acgif;oP²mef
jyKtyfaom cg;yef;BuKd ;? rk½;dk pnfoP²mefç aqmufv;Hk oP²mef cg;yef;BuKd ;-
wkdYukd aqmifvQif 'kuú#f? tjym;&ufaom cg;yef;BudK;? 0uftloP²mef
jyKtyfaom cg;yef;BudK;wkdYukd cGifhjyKawmfrl\/ rk½kd;pnfoP²mef jyKtyf-
aom tNrw d t
f qmç aqmufv;Hk oP²mef jyKtyfaom tNrw d t
f qmwkuYd dk
cGifhjyKawmfrlonf/ cg;yef;oD;ukdvnf; cGifhjyKawmfrl\/
(plV0gygVdawmfjrefrmjyef?279/)
0god (= yJcGyf^"m;rwkd)
yJcyG t
f & oif"ek ;f "m;[k ,lqaeMuí y&du&© m&Spyf g;wGif oif"ek ;f -
"m;tppf rxnfEh idk o
f w
l Ydk oHjzL"m; yvwfpwpf"m;ukd xnfah eMuygonf/
omrnzvokwt f |uxmü 'efyo l wfaomtcgç anmifapmif;tif;ysOf
taygif (abmif)jyKvyk af omtcgç ouFe;f jzifh wJx;dk &ef opfa&Gaomtcgç
MucH HG cGmaomtcgç tke;f oD;ponf cGaJ omtcg yJcyG u

f dk &[ef;wkYd tok;H -
jyKaMumif; qkdonf/ (0d?|?1?185/)
xkaYd Mumifh 0god-t& yJcyG [
f o
l nf oif"ek ;f "m; r[kwaf Mumif; "m;r-
wkdomjzpfaMumif; wdyd#uq&mawmf t&Sif0dpdwåom&mbd0Ho \
a[mpOfpmtkyf owårwGJ ed'gef;pmrsufESm (C)ü azmfjyxm;onf/
a&ppf
]]&[ef;wkdY ..c&D;&Sno
f mG ;aom &[ef;onf a&ppfudk awmif;vQif
ay;&rnf? ray;aom &[ef;tm; 'kuú#f? &[ef;wkdY ..a&ppfrygaom
&[ef;onf c&D;&Snf roGm;tyf? oGm;aom &[ef;tm; 'kuú#ftmywf
oifhap}}[k ynwfawmfrl\/ a&ppfyk0gç "r®u½kdPfç avpkyfç a&ppf
ponf r&Sdrl ESpfxyfouFef;pGef;ukdvnf; ]]þESpfxyfouFef;jzifh ppfí
a&aomuftHh}}[k aqmufwnf&rnf/
]]&[ef;wkdY av;wkdifpif pkdufí t0wfMuufaom a&ppfç ESpfí
ppfaom a&ppfwkdYukd cGifhjyKawmfrl\/}} (plV0gygVdawmfjrefrmjyef?255/)
tjcm;y&du©&mrsm;
xD;ç zdeyfç ,yfç awmifa0S;ç jcifaxmifç acgif;tkH;ç edoD'kdeftcif;-
wkdYukdvnf; cGifhjyKawmfrl\/
xD;ç - t0wfxD;ç zsmxD;ç opf&GufxD;wkdYukd cGifhjyKawmfrlonf/
ykd;csnfwkdYjzihf vSyatmif a&Tcsnfç aiGcsnf tvSqifxm;aom xD;rsm;
rtyf? remrzsm;aom &[ef;onf tm&mrftwGif;üvnf;aumif;ç
tm&mrfOypmüvnf;aumif; xD;ukad qmif;jcif;iSm cGijhf yKawmfr\
l / uk,
d -f
ylemç onf;ajcysufemç rsufpdtm;enf;jcif;ç xD;ESifhuif;vQif a0'em
wpfckckjzpfwwfaom &[ef;av;OD;wkdYtm; &Gmüvnf;aumif;ç awmü-
vnf;aumif; xD;aqmif;jcif;iSm tyf\/ rk;d &GmvQiv f nf; tyf\? opf-
&GufxD;ç xef;vufpvl ae&mtm;vkH; tyf\/
zdeyf - þzdeyft&mü om;a&rSwpfyg; &[ef;wkdYtm; rtyf?
om;a&zdeyfom tyfonf[k od/ (jcaoFo h m;a&ç usm;om;a&ç usm;opf-
a&ç aMumifom;a& ponfwu Ydk dk y,fonf/ r[m0g pr®c@u pmrsuEf mS
(274)wGif ½Iyg/ (ygwdarmu©ar'deD?469/)
(rSwfcsuf) &mbmjzifh jyKvyk x
f m;aom zaemifzh ;Hk zrk;d zk;H rygaom zdeyf
rsm;vnf; tyf\[k r[mya'oav;yg;ESifh nd§í a&S;-
q&mawmfBuD;rsm; ,lMuonf/
,yf - (1) av;axmifh,yf? (2) xef;&Guf,yf? (3) avQmfjzifh
NyD;aom ,yf? (4) yef;&if;jzifhNyD;aom ,yf? (5) Oa'gif;NrD;jzifhNyD;aom
,yfwu Ydk dk cGijhf yKawmfr\
l / pmr&Dom;Nr;D ,yfudk raqmiftyf? aqmifaom
&[ef; 'kuú#f/ (plV0gygVdawmfjrefrmjyef?271/)
awmifa0S; - *dvme (= emaom&[ef;)u '@or®Kwdukd (3)Budrf
awmif;yef&\/ oHCmrS Úwåd'kwd,uHjzifh '@or®Kwd ay;&\/
(plV0gt&om? 195/)
(rSwfcsuf) rZÑrd av;awmif yuwdajcmufawmif&adS om awmifa0S;uk-d
om orkwfí ay;&onf/ xkdxuf &Snfaomç wkdaom
awmifa0S;onfum; or®Kwu d if;aomfvnf; &[ef;tm;vk;H
tyf\/ (plV0gt&om?160/)
jcifaxmif = ruouk#çd umwdp0D &uk#çd um0kpw ö [
d k t|uxm-
qkdonf t0wfausmif;i,f jzpf\/
acgif;tkH; = acgif;tkH;um; OD;acgif;yrmP&Sdaomfom tyf\/
OD;acgif;yrmP acgif;tkH;[lonf axmifhokH;axmifhwkdYwGif ESpfaxmifh-
wk\Yd tMum; teHtm;jzifh wpfxmG av;opf tv,fawmifqyk f tvsm;
wpfawmifhxGm ESpfawmifom tyfonf/ teH - awmifqkyf? tvsm; -
ESpfawmif [l\? xkdxufBuD;rl rtyf? ti,fyrmP usrf;*efü rjy/

usrf;*efü *dvmer[kwfvQif acgif;tkH;ESifh ajctkH;ESpfrsKd;om
tyfaMumif; vm\? xkdaMumifh 0denf;"kd&fyk*¾dKvfrsm;um; acgif;tkH;ukd
wHawmifjzifh axmufjcif;? &ifbwfatmuf xm;jcif;rsm;ukd rjyKbJ
a&SmifMuOfMu\? tcsKUd um; wHawmifjzifh axmufjcif;ç vufjzifah xmuf-
jcif;rsm;ukd oHo,r&SdMu/ (ygwdarmu©ar'deD?430/)
ok'ÿgpdwf
pdwHå ygawwDwd ygpdw, då ?H ukov
dk pf w
d u
f dk usapwwfaomaMumifh
ygpdwåd,ac:onf/ pdwåESifh ygw ygwukd a&SUaemufjyef w- w-ukd acsí Ps
ypönf;ouf £tm*kHvm&um; ygpdw, då jzpfonf/ jrefrmjyefaomtcg
ygpdwf[k jyef\/ edó*¾doabm rygaomaMumifh ok'ÿgpdwf - ygpdwf-
oufouf[k qkdonf/ apwemESihfwuG oifhtyfaom ygpdwftmywf-
jzpfonfth cg ukov d rf sm; uG,af ysmufaomaMumifh ]]ukov
dk pf w dk pf w
d u
f dk
usapwwfaom tmywf}}[k qkdonf/
ok'ÿgpdwf (92) yg;

1/ rkom0g'0*f odu©myk'f (10)yg;?
2/ blw*gr0*f odu©myk'f (10)yg;?
3/ Mo0g'0*f (10)yg;?
4/ abmZe0*f (10)yg;?
5/ tapvu0*f (10)yg;?
6/ ol&myge0*f (10)yg;?
7/ oyÜgPu0*f (10)yg;?
8/ o["r®du0*f (12)yg;?
9/ &we0*f (10)yg;?
þokv
Yd Qif 0*ftm;jzifh (9)0*f? odum© yk't
f m;jzifh (92)yg; jzpfonf/
rkom0g'0*f odu©myk'f (10) yg;

1/ &[ef;\ odvsucf Rw, f iG ;f aompum;ukd ajymqkjd cif;aMumifh rkom-
0g'ygpdwftmywfoifh\/
2/ &[ef;ukd EIwfvSHxkd;jcif;ç qJa&;jcif;aMumifh Moro0g'ygpdwf-
tmywfoifh\/
3/ &[ef;wkdYukd acsmypfukef;wkdufjcif;aMumifh ayoknygpdwftmywf
oifh\/
4/ vl omraPtm; ygVdt|uxmukd yk'fNydKifoHNydKif pmcsay;tHh
y'aom"r®ygpdwftmywfoifh\/
5/ vlç omraPç wd&pämefEiS hf ESpn f Ofh ok;H nOfx
h uftvGef wpfr;dk wpf&-H
wnf;ausmif;ç tdrfç Z&yfü twl tdyftHh? yxr o[ao,s
ygpdwftmywfoifh\/
6/ rmwk*gr (trsKd;o®D;)ESifh wpfrkd;wpf&Hwnf;aom ausmif;ç tdrfç
Z&yfwkdYü twltdyftHh? 'kwd, o[ao,sygpdwftmywf oifh\/
7/ odMum;vdrm® aom a,mufsm;ukd MuOfxm;í rmwk*grtrsK;d o®;D tm;
ig;yk'af jcmufy'k x
f uf ykv
d eG af om ygVdawmft|uxm"r®udk a[m-
Mum;tHh? "r®a'oemygpdwftmywfoifh\/
8/ vlç omraPtm; psmefr*fzv dk wf &m;ukd ajymMum;tH?h [kwrf eS o
f nf-
&Sdaomf blwma&mpeygpdwftmywfoifh\/
9/ ajymMum;cGihf or®Kw&d ol r[kwb f J oHCm'daoof 'k|Kvt ’ mywfudk
vlç omraPtm; ajymMum;tHh 'k|Kv’ma&mpeygpdwftmywf
oifh\/
10/ ajrtppfjzpfaom Zmwyx0Dukd ukd,fwkdifwl;jcif;ç olwpfyg;ukd

wl;ckdif;jcif;ç a&;jcpfjcif;ç rD;wkdufjcif;ç zsufqD;jcif;aMumifh yx0D-
cPeygpdwftmywfoifh\/
1/ rkom0g'odu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f
orÜZme
rajymrD ajymcgeD;cPESihf ajymqJcPü tvGt J rSm;ukd rdru d vdr-f
ajymaeaMumif; odjcif; (trSm;ukd trSm;rSef;odjcif;)ukd ]orÜZme}
[kqodk nf/ wcsKUd aomt&mü tvGt J rSm;ukd ajymqkjd yKvyk af eaomfvnf;
ukd,fwkdifurl trSef xifaewwf\/ xkdae&mrsKd;ü apwem rygí
rkom0g'tjypf r&Sd/
rkom0g'
r[kwfrSefaom 0w¬Kukd ]rkom}[k ac:\? a&Ttppfukd ]a&Tr[kwf}
[k ajymqk&d mü ajymwkid ;f r[kwaf omaMumifh xkad &Ttppfonfyif ]rkom}
jzpf&avonf/ ]0g'} o'´gonf ]ajymjcif;} teuf&Sd\/ a,bk,senf;-
wnf;/ rkom;ajymonf[k qkx d m;aomfvnf; vufvyI çf ajcvIyçf OD;acgif;
ndwfç OD;acgif;&rf;ç pma&;om;í vdrfjcif;paom ukd,ft*Fgqkdif&mjzifh
vdrjf cif;ukyd g ]0g'}t& oGi;f ,l&rnf/ xkaYd Mumifh uk,
d Ef w
I w
f pfyg;yg;jzifh
vdrfvnfvSnfhpm;aMumif; apwemudk rkom0g'[k rSwfyg/
rkom;qkdaom&[ef;tjypf (7) yg;ESifh tmywf (5) csuf
1/ Owå&drEkó"r®ukd ajymMum;jcif;tusKd;iSm rkom;qkdaom&[ef;
yg&mZdu/
2/ trlvuyg&mZdujzifh pGyfpGJjcif;tusKd;iSm rkom;qkdaom&[ef;
oHCm'daoof/
3/ oHCm'daoofjzifh pGyfpGJjcif; rkom;qkdaom&[ef; ygpdwf/
4/ trlvuxkv’pöOf;paom atmuftmywfig;ykHjzifh pGyfpGJjcif;aMumifh
'kuú#f/
5/ ]]oif\ausmif;ü aeaom&[ef;um; &[EÅmjzpfonf}} paom
y&d,m,fjzifh olwpfyg;uJo h Ydk oG,0f u
dk í
f Owå&rd Ekó"r®udk ajymMum;
jcif;tusKd;iSm rkom;qkdaom &[ef;? em;axmifol odtHh xkv’pöOf;/
6/ xkdokdYajym&mü wpfzufom; em;rvnfvQif 'kuú#f/
7/ oufouf rkom;qkdaom&[ef; þodu©myk'fjzifh ygpdwfoifh\/
(aqmif) pwkw¬yg&mç oHCm'daoofç ygpdwfjzpfvwf?
'kuú#f xkv’pöOf;ç wpfcif;'kuú#fç ygpdwf xyfjym;?
ckepfyg; rkom;tjypfwnf;/ (bmom#D?222/)
rkom;qkduç tmyÍöç awG;q pDppf,l/ (ar'deD?158/)
2/ Moro0g'odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f
&[ef;ukd qJa&;jcif;aMumifh Moro0g' ygpdwt
f mywfoif\h / bduK©
eDrrsm;ESifh vlç omraPrsm;ukd qJa&;jcif;aMumifhum; 'kuú#ftmywf
oifh\/
qJa&;aMumif;pum; (qJqadk om pum;vk;H )rsm;ukd EIwvf HS (vSEH iS -hf
wlaom EIwf)[k ac:\/ xkdpum;vkH;rsm;ukd ajymqkdqJa&;jcif;onf
em;vnf;rcHom pdwfESvkH;vnf; rcHomatmif&Sdí vSHjzifh xkd;ouJhokdY
jzpf\/ xkdYaMumifh Moro0g' (= EIwfvSHxkd;jcif;)[k teufay;Muonf/
tauúmo0w¬K
trsK;d trnf ponfudk xdyg;ykwcf wfí qJjcif;ponfjzifh ukid w
f ,
G f
xdyg;zG,f t&m0w¬Krsm;ukd tauúmo0w¬K (= qJa&;aMumif;0w¬K)[k
ac:\/ xkdtauúmo0w¬KwkdYum; (10)rsKd; &Sd\/

1/ Zmwd = trsKd;Zmwf?
2/ emr = emrnf?
3/ a*gwå = tEG,f?
4/ ur® = ol\tvkyftukdif?
5/ odyÜ = twwfynm?
6/ tmAm" = olUrSm&Sdaeaom tema&m*g?
7/ vd*F = ol\ tcsKd;usç rus ykHoP²mef?
8/ udavo = olUrSmjzpfwwfaom avmbç a'goç rmeç £ómç
rpä&d, ponf...
9/ tmywåd = olwpfyg;ü oifha&mufaeaom tmywftjypf?
10/ tauúmo = arxkeEf iS hf pyfívnf;aumif;ç a,mufsm;t*FgZmwfç
rde;f rt*FgZmwfEiS hf pyfívnf;aumif;ç [Jah cG; [JEh mG ;
ponfjzifhvnf;aumif;ç qJa&;jcif;?
þokdYvQif Moro0g'ygpdwf tmywfoifhzkdY&m tauúmo0w¬K
(10)yg; &Sd\/
Zmwd emr a*gwå ur®H? odyÜH tmAm" vd*ØuH?
udavomywåd tauúmaom? 'o 0da"mwd 0kpöa&/
tmywftrsKd;rsKd;oifhykH
xkdtauúmo0w¬K wpfrsKd;rsKd;jzifh &[ef;ukd wkduf½kdufqJrl ygpdwf?
wkduf½kdufr[kwfbJ oG,f0kduf&nfñTef;í qJrl 'kuú#f? vlç omraPç
bdu©KeDrwkdYtm; qJrl 'kuú#fyif/ ygVdawmfrS tvGwfjzpfaom [Jholckd;
ponfjzifh qJrlvnf; 'kuú#f? qJa&;vkdí r[kwfbJ &,fjrL;aysmf&Tifvkdí
(atmifr,f rif;om;BuD; vmoukd;) ponfjzifh ajymjcif;? vlxGm;BuD;
vmNyaD [hç ynm&SBd u;D vmNyaD [h ponfjzifh ajymjcif;[lorQwüYkd 'kAmÇ oD-
tmywf[k rSwf/
(aqmif) rnfç EG,fç rIç Zmwf? emç oGifç wwf? udywfqJ q,fyg;/
wkduf½kdufqJrl? ygpdwf[l? &nfrl 'kuú#fMum;/
vl eD omraP? qJwkHay? axGaxG 'kuú#fjim;/
ygVdvGwfrI? qJjcif;jyK? rSwf½I 'kuú#fxm;/
3/ ayoknodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f
&[ef;wpfyg;u &[ef;wpfyg;tm; Zmwdpaom tauúmo0w¬Kjzifh
qJ&mü qJoHukd Mum;aom &[ef;u ukef;acsmaomtm;jzifh aqmifykdY-
jcif;ukd ]bdu©Kayokn}}[k ac:\/ ayoknygpdwfoifh\/ tauúmo
0w¬KrwS pfyg; tjcm;qJenf;jzifh qJonfudk ykv
Yd Qif 'ku#ú ?f vlç omç raPç
bdu©KeDrwkdYukd ukef;wkduf&müvnf; 'kuú#f/
ydowd = rdwfaqG ESpfOD;ukd uGJjym;atmif Budwfajcwwf\/ £w £wdd =
xkdYaMumifh/ ydokaem = ydokeyk*¾dKvf rnf\/ ydokeó = rdwfaqGESpfyg;
uGjJ ym;atmif Buw d af jcwwfo\ l / ur®H = trIvyk if ef;onf (uke;f acsmp-
um; ajymrIonf) ayoknrnf\/ ydokeaemif ur®teufü Psypönf;
}Es}ukd ]n}jyK ]yd}\ ]£}ukd ]{}jyKí ]ayokn}[k NyD;onf/
(wpfenf;) ydowd bdEHé ua&mwDwd ydoek m? (0gpm) uGjJ ym;atmif
jyKwwfaom pum;/ ydoek ar0 ayoknH ]Ps}ypön;f ]n}jyK? ¤if;pum;-
ukdyif &ap/
(wpfenf;) ydowd bdEéH ua&mwDwd ydokaem? (bdu©K) ydoke-
ó ur®H ayoknH? &[ef;\ ukef;acsmrI pum;ukd &ap/
(wpfenf;) yd,ó bma0g yda,m (bm0 aemufyk'faus)? yd,-
awm okanm yd,okanm? cspfonftjzpfrS qdwfjcif;ukd &ap/ yd,-
oknó u&PH ayoknH? ]yd,oknu&} [kqkdtyfvQuf ed½kwådenf;-

tm;jzifh ]yd,}ukd ]ay}? ]u&}ukd acsí ]ayokn}[k ½kyNf y;D onf? cspo
f nf-
tjzpfrS qdwfjcif;ukd jyKwwfaom pum;ukd &ap/ rkef;atmif jyKwwf-
aom pum;[l\/ ukef;acsmpum;ç uwkef;uwkduf jyKvkyfaom pum;
[lvkd/
4/ y'aom"r®odu©myk'f
vlç omraPç oDv&SifwkdYtm; oHNydKifpmcsay;vQif ygpdwftmywf
oifh\/ &[ef;csif;jzpfapç bdu©KeDrtm;jzpfap oHNydKifpmcs&müum;
tmywfroif?h ]"r®}t& o*Fg,emok;H wefwifaom ygVdawmf t|uxm-
"r®ç o*Fg,em rwifaom &maZm0g' paom "r®rsK;d ukd ,lyg/ wpfpw Hk pf-
a,mufu pDu;Hk a&;om;tyfaom ygVdrsm;ESihf ar@uyO§mç rdvEd y´ O§m-
wku
Yd o
hJ Ydk rdrÓ
d Pftm; xifonfudk a[maompum;rsK;d ukd r,l&/ wjcm;
bmom jrefrmedó,teufrsm;ukd oHNyKd icf saomfvnf; tmywf roif/h
]y'aom}ü rSwfom;zG,f
]y'}o'´gonf tpk[laom teufukd a[m\/ aom-ypönf;um;
0dpämteuf? xkdYaMumifh ]]y'H y'H = aum|moH aum|moH = tpktpk}}[k
zGifhMuonf/ y'aom = yk'fwkdif; yk'fwkdif;? (0g ) tzkdYwkdif; tzkdYwkdif;?
(0g) tpktpktm;jzifh teufay;/ a&S;u y'aom = yk'fNydKif[k teuf-
ay;ukd qifjcif pOf;pm;oifh\/
]y'}av;rsKd;
y'ç tEky'ç tEGu&© ç tEkAsÍeÆ -[k av;rsK;d jym;\/ xkw
d iG f *gxmü
a&SUyg'ukd y'y'ç aemufyg'ukd tEky'ç wpfv;Hk aom tu©&mukd tEGu&© ç
a&SUyk'fESifhwlaom aemufyk'fukd tEkAsÍÆe/
(wpfenf;) 0dbwftqk;H &Sad om a&SUyk'u
f dk y'ç 0dbwftqk;H &Sad om
aemufyk'fukd tEky'ç wpfvkH;aom tu©&mukd tEGu©&ç 0dbwfr&Sd-
aom tu©&mtaygif;ukd tEkAsÍÆe[k qkdonf/ (ar'deD?263/)
(aqmif) *gxmürSm? yxrm? yg'g y'qkd/
'kwd,[k? aemufyk'fpk? tEky'qkd/
wpfvkH;aom tuf? ,if;ukdvQuf? tEGu©&qkd/
a&SUyk'fwljyK? aemufyk'fpk? tEkAsÍÆeqkd/
(pkPÖd,) 0dbwfqkH;ae? a&SUyk'fay? rSwfav y'qkd/
0dbwfqkH;jyK? aemufyk'fpk? rSwfav y'qkd/
wpfenf;rSmpGuf? wpfvkH;tuf? tEGu©&qkd/
"duif;tufpk? taygif;jyK? tEkAsÍÆeqkd/
vlç omraPwkdYukd oHNydKifpmayykdYcs&mü ygVdawmf t|uxmrsm;
jzpfvQif tmywfrS vGwf&ef cJ,Of;aomaMumifh oHNydKifrjzpfrdatmif
owdjyKoifh\/
(aqmif) tcsDtcs? NydKifwlus? rSwfMu y'NydKif/
tcsD rrQ? NydKifwlcs? tEky'NydKif/
tpwpfck? NydKifwljyK? tEkEGu©&NydKif/
tedpöESpfck? NydKifwljyK? tEkAsÍÆeNydKif/
tmywfroifhykHrsm;
0gap,s - ykcYd st[
hH k qkad omaMumifh oHNyKd ipf mcsrS tmywfoifo
h nf/
pmcsaom t&mr[kwfvQif tmywfroifh? xkdYaMumifh omraPESifh
&[ef; wGJí NydKifwlqkd pmwufMu&müvnf;aumif;ç wGJí pmjyef&mü
vnf;aumif;ç omraPtxH &[ef;u pmwuf&müvnf;aumif;ç
y&dw&f w
G &f müvnf;aumif; oHNyKd iqf rdk ad omfvnf; tmywfroif[ h k rSw/f
5/ yxro[ao,s odu©myk'f
wpfrkd;wpf&Hwnf;aom ausmif;ü vlç omraPç wd& pämefwkdYESifh
twl (3)nOfhxufykdí tdyfvQif ygpdwftmywfoifh\/
tkwfç ausmufç t*Fawç jrufç opf&Guftrkd; ig;yg;wkdYwGif wpfrsKd;
rsKd;ESifh rkd;í tvkH;pkHtrdk; &Sdaomç rsm;aom trkd;&Sdí t,kwfqkH;
t0wfjzifh rkd;aom? tvkH;pHktum&Sdç rsm;aomtm;jzifh tum&Sdaom
ausmif; jzpfvQif tmywfoifhonf/ (t,kwfqkH;tm;jzifh vuform;
tawmiftm;jzifh wpfawmifhxGm jrifhvQif t&Htum jzpfonf/)
(aqmif) tkwfç ausmufç t*Fawç jrufç yaPÖ? ig;axG trkd;wnf;/
tmywfoifhykHrsm;
qkcd NhJ y;D aom ausmif;wküYd tEkyorÜEEé iS thf wl ok;H nOhyf wfv;Hk tdyNf y;D
í av;ckajrmufaom nOfüh ae0ifonfrpS í tEkyorÜEt é a&twGu-f
tm;jzifv h nf;aumif;ç xNy;D jyeftyd jf cif;ü tdyjf cif;ta&twGut f m;jzifh
vnf;aumif; nDrQaom ygpdwt f mywf oif\ h / vlç omraPç wd&pämef
ta&twGurf sm;oavmuf tdyaf omtBurd f rsm;oavmuf tmywfawG
wkd;yGm;onf/ (wd& pämef[l&müum; yg&mZduavmufaom wd&pämef
tBuD;pm;rsm;wnf;? tdrfajr§mif ykd;[yf ponfwkdYum; o[ao,s
ravmufMuí tmywfroifh/)
o[ao,s [if;av;tkd;
t½kPw f ufatmif ok;H nOht f jynfh tdyNf y;D vQiu
f m; av;&ufajrmuf
aeY ae0ifvQif vlç omraPç wd&pämef&&dS m (o[ao,savmufaom)
ausmif; tdrfponfü OD;acgif; rcs&? OD;acgif;csrdonfESifh wpfNydKifeuf
tmywfoif\ h / xkOd ;D acgif;csNy;D aemuf t½kPrf wufapumrl tmywfrS
rvGwfawmhNyD? ig;&ufajrmufaeY ae0ifvQif vl ponf&Sd&mausmif;ü
OD;acgif;cstdyfu o[ao,stmywf qufjyef\/ þenf;twkdif; vlç
omraP&Sd&mausmif;ü qufumqufum tdyfoGm;vQif (t½kPf
rwufcif xaomfvnf;) tmywf tqufrjywfacs/ þokdY tquf
rjywfoifhaeaom tmywfwkdYukd ]o[ao,s [if;av;tkd;}[k ac:½kd;
jyKMuonf/
o[ao,sjzwfenf;
tqufrjywfEidk af om o[ao,stmywfukd jzwfvv dk Qif ae0if-
NyD;aemuf vlponfwkdY &Sd&mausmif;ü OD;acgif; rcsrdapbJ vlponf
r&S&d m (&[ef;wkcYd sn;f &S&d m) ausmif;üjzpfapç vGijf yifüjzpfap tdy&f rnf/
þokdY tdyfvQif o[ao,s tqufjywf\/ aemufxyf okH;nOfh vl
ponfwdkYESifhtwl okH;nOfh t½kPfwufatmif tdyfcGifhwpfzef &jyef\/
tdrfç um;ç &xm; ponfwkdYü owdxm;zG,f
ESpx
f yfo;Hk xyfponf txyfrsm;pGm&Sad om tdraf usmif;wküYd twGi;f -
u avSum; wyfxm;vQif txyftm;vkH;yif o[ao,s jzpfEkdif\/
tjyifavSum; wyfxm;ojzifh tay:xyfESifh atmufxyf tquf-
toG,f r&SdvQifum; o[ao,s rjzpfEkdif/
tdrftwGif;cef;wkdYü toD;tjcm; umxm;NyD; wHcg;ydwfyif &Sdap-
umrl o[ao,s jzpfaumif;onf/ rD;oabFmü &Gux f nft0wf tum
csxm;vQivf nf; o[ao,s jzpfaumif;onf/ rD;&xm;ç armfawmfum;
ponfwkdYü wpfwGJwnf; wpfqufwnf;wkYdü o[ao,syif jzpf\/
o[ao,s vGwv f u dk yufvufuv k m;xkid af y:ü ajcESpb
f uf rwifbJ
atmufMurf;jyifay:rSm ajcukd xdvsuf tdyfvQifum; o[ao,s
vGwf\/ OD;acgif;rcsbJ xkdifí tdyfvQif eH&Hponf rSDí tdyfvQif
o[ao,sygpdwt f mywf roifh [l\/ xuf0uftrk;d xuf0uftum-
&Sdaom ausmif;rsKd;üum; 'kuú#f/
6/ 'kwd, o[ao,s
rmwk*grESifhtwl wpfrkd;wpf&Hwnf;aom ausmif;ç tdrfç Z&yf
ponfü tdyv f Qif ygpdwtf mywf oif\ h / a&SUodum© yk't
f & vla,mufsm;ç
wd& pämef (txD;)rsm;ESihf ok;H nOfh tdycf iG hf &ao;\/ þodum© yk'üf rmwk-
*grESifh twlwuG wpfnOhfrQ (ae0ifonfESifh wpfNydKifeuf) tdyfcGifh
(OD;acgif;cscGifh) r&awmhacs/ yg&mZduavmufaom tjcm;wd&pämefr-
rsm;ESifh twltdyf&müum; 'kuú#f tmywfoifh\/
tpdwåutmywf
vGeuf sL;vkad om apwem r&Sb d çJ rodbJ oifah &mufaom tmywf-
rsK;d ukd tpdwtå mywf[k ac:\/ þo[ao,s ESpyf 'k v f nf; tpdwu å -
yifwnf;/ xkdYaMumifh rmwk*grç vlç omraP ponfwkdY &SdrSef;rodí
0ifa&muftyd v f Qif vnf;aumif;ç rdrd tdyaf e&mt&yfoYdk rmwk*grpolwYdk
rdrd rodbJ 0ifa&muftdyfvQifvnf;aumif; tmywfrS rvGwf? o[-
ao,sygpdwftmywfrsm; oifh\/
'd0gao,s odu©myk'f
yxryg&mZdu 0deDw0w¬K ygVdawmfü aeYtcg tdyfaom &[ef;
onf rdrdESifh oufqkdifaom wHcg;ukd ydwf&rnf/ tcef;wGif; tdyfvQif
tcef;wHcg;ukdydwf ausmif;aqmifwGif; tdyfvQif ausmif;wHcg;ydwfí
tdyf&rnf/ rydwfbJ tdyfvQif 'd0gao,s odu©myk'ft& 'kuú#ftmywf
oifh\/
trsm;ESifhqkdifaom ausmif;tcef;rsm;üum; aemuf0ifrnfhyk*¾dKvf
ydwfvdrfhrnf[k ESvkH;oGif;í tdyf&rnf/ wHcg;apmifh&SdvQif rSmxm;í
jzpfapç olapmifhvdrfhrnf[k ESvkH;oGif;íjzpfap tdyfaumif;\/ xkdokdY
ESvkH;roGif;rdbJ tdyfvQif 'kuú#fyif jzpfonf/
ywåmwyfxm;aomç qkiH ,fwyfxm;aom wHcg;rsm;om ydw&f rnf?
qGJwHcg; uJvm;jywif;aygufrsm; ydwfzG,fvkdrnf rxif/
(bmom#Dum?231/)
tmywfoifhykHrsm;
rmwk*grt& t,kwfqkH; xkdaeYarG;zGm;aom touf&SifqJaom
vlred ;f rukd ,l/ uk, d x
f if&mS ;&Sad om bDv;l rç Nyw
d må rç arxkeaf vmufaom
0w¬Kjzpfaom wd& pämefrç y@Kuaf ,mufsm;ç ObawmAsn;f wku Yd m; 'ku#ú ?f
uk,
d x f if&mS ; r&Sad om bDv;l rç Nyw d må rç arxkerf avmufaom wd& pämefr
wkdYü temywåd/
rdef;rtavmif;aumif
aoNyD;aom rdef;ronf yg&mZdu0w¬Kyif jzpfaomfvnf; tEkyg-
'dEéutzkdYü wnfaomaMumifh o[ao,stmywf roifh[k qkdMu\/
um,oHo*¾&m*jzifh ukdifvQif tavmif;aumif rysufao;vQif
xkvp’ Oö ;f ç tavmif;aumif ysuv
f Qif 'ku#ú ?f rmwk*gr\ ok;H pG&J efjzpfaom
(vSLNyD;r[kwfaom) t0wfrsm;ukd ukdifvQifvnf; 'kuú#f/
(aqmif) xuf0uf rysufç pyf,Suf yg&m?
xuf0uf ysufuç xkv’pö,m?
ndKrnf;ykyfyGç jzpfx aumifrSm?
rSD0Jvwfç 'kuú#f tmywfom/ (yg&mZdu jyefMunfh?)
7/ "r®a'oemodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f
teD;tem;ü em;vnfola,mufsm; r&SdbJ rmwk*grtm; wpf-
a,mufvQif ajcmufcGef;usxuf ykdí ygVd t|uxm"r®ukd a[mvQif
ygpdw?f em;vnfaom a,mufsm;[lonf ]½k;d ½k;d om;om; ajymaom pum;}
]qef;qef;jym;jym;ajymaom pum;}[k cGjJ cm;Ekid af vmufow
l nf;/ ]0d*[
¾ }
o'´gESihf vmorQ ta,mifaqmifxm;oludk r,l&? vlpifppfa,mufsm;\

uk,
d u
f o dk m ,l&rnf/ rmwk*gr[lonfvnf; xku
d o
hJ aYdk om pum;rsK;d ukd
em;vnfavmufaom rdef;rwnf;/
jrefrmbmompum;jzifh w&m;pum;ajym&mü tem;ü a,mufsm;
r&SdbJ ajcmufcGef;xufykdí ajymaomfvnf; tmywfroifh? ,ckumv
oDvay;rsm;ü ]]Ak'H¨ o&PH *pämrd}} ponfjzifh ygVdawG ygaeaomfvnf;
"r®a'oemoabmw&m;a[m r[kwfaomaMumifh tmywfoifhzG,f
r&Sd[k qkdMu\/ (bmom#Dum?232/)
jrefrmvkd o&P*kaH y;jcif; oDvay;jcif;om ykí d aumif;rnf xifyg-
onf/ 0denf;"k&d f q&mawmfBu;D rsm; ygVdvdk oDvay;rIudk a&SmifMuOfawmf-
rlMuonf/ a,mufsm;wpfOD; teD;tem;rSm xm;í oDvay;awmfrlMu-
onfukdvnf; awGUzl;ygonf/
tmywfoifhykHrsm;
vla,mufsm;ç a,mifaqmifxm;aombDv;l ç wd& pämefç Nyw d må wkEYd iS hf
twlwuGwnf&adS om rde;f rtm; w&m;a[maomfvnf; ygpdwt f mywf?
bDv;l rç Nyw
d må rç wd& pämefrç y@Kuw
f t
Ydk m; w&m;a[maom &[ef;tm;
'kuú#f/
(aqmif) bDvl;ç NydwåHç wd& pämefrç y@uç a[mjy 'kuú#m/
tmywfroifhykHrsm;
xkid x
f £&d,mykxu f dk ajymif;í w&m;a[mvQif ajcmufceG ;f aygif;
rsm;pGm a[mEkdif\/ rmwk*grrsm; xkdifae&müvnf; wpfa,mufvQif
ajcmufcGef;pDus rSef;íjzpfapç ajcmufcGef;pDa[mrnf[k ajymíjzpfap
a[mEkdifonf/
ykpämar;u ajzcGifh&
rmwk*gru ]]'DCedum,fqw dk m b,fvt
dk aMumif;t&mukd jyaom
edum,fygvJbk&m;}} ponfjzifh ar;vmvQif 'DCedum,fygVdawmf
t|uxmtm;vkH;yif a[maumif;onf/ rar;bJ w&m;a[mvQifom
ajcmufcGef;xuf ykd&mü tmywfoifhonf/
t*Fg (5) yg; owdjyKoifh
1/ ygVdt|uxm"r®ukd ajcmufcGef;xuf ykdí a[mjcif;?
2/ wwfodem;vnfavmufaom rmwk*grjzpfjcif;?
3/ £&d,mykxf tajymif;tvGJ r&Sdjcif;?
4/ wwfodem;vnfol a,mufsm; r&Sdjcif;?
5/ jyóem ajzaomt&m r[kwfjcif; - aygif; 5-yg;wnf;/
(aqmif) "r®ajcmufck? ykdatmifjyKom;? rmwk*gr? em;vnfpGESifh?
,myx£&d? rajymif;rdbJ? wwfoda,mufsm;? eD;em; ryg?
jyóem ajzcif;? r[kwfjcif;[k? aMumif;&if; ig;vD? t*FgnD?
oifhNyD "r®a'oe/
tmywfqkH;jzwf&mü vG,fulap&ef t*Fgrsm;yg a&;vkdufonf/
8/ blwma&mpe odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f
blw = [kwfrSefonfukd/ tma&mpe = ajymMum;jcif;/
psmefç r*fç zkv
d u
f dk &Ny;D aom &[ef;onf rdrd psmefr*fzv dk &f aMumif;ukd
vlç omraPtm; trSet f wkid ;f ajymvQif ygpdw?f (rdrd r&bJ psmefr*fzvdk f
&onf[k vdrfajymvQifum; yg&mZdu? Owå&drEkó"r®odu©myk'f jyef
Munfh??) omoemawmf\ rGefjrwfykHukd olwkdYtm;vnf; tm;usapvkdç
tm;wufapvkdí bdu©Kç bdu©KeDwkdYtm; trSeftwkdif; ajymaumif;\?
tmywf roif?h em;axmifol vlç omraPu em;axmifqcJ P csucf si;f

odrS þblwma&mpeygpdwftmywfoifh\/ csufcsif;rodrl 'kuú#f?
y&d,m,ftm;jzifh oG,f0kduf ajymMum;&mü ododçrodod 'kuú#fom?
ajymoifhaom taMumif;&Sdí bdu©Kç bdu©KeDwkdYtm; ajymaom &[ef;ç
tm'dur®du&[ef; tmywfroifh/
temywådü Or®wåu r,l&
t&d,myk*Kd¾ vw
f t
Ydk m; Or®wu
å ponf r&Sad umif;/ psmevmbDy*k Kd¾ v-f
wkdYü ½l;jcif;ponf jzpfvwfaomf psmefrS avQmusukef\/ xkdYaMumifh
psmevmbDESifh t&d,myk*¾dKvfwkdYukd Or®wåuü r,l&/
(aqmif) psmefr*fzkdvf? Owåd&d&,fu? rdrdü &SdonfrSef?
oraPvlygaESm? ajymjyrdjyef?
csufcsif;vnf;od[ef? rñTef;jyef olrsm;?
tifav;jzm? tpkHuyfvQifv?
ygpdwåd blwmywf&,fu? qkH;jzwf rrSm;/
(txl;) þodum© yk'o
f nf ynwfawmfudk rodaomfvnf; tmywf
oif&h um; tpdwu å tmywfwnf;/ þt&mü t&d,mt&Sijf rwfwo Ydk nf
ynwfawmfukdodvsuf rvGefusL;ukef/ ykxkZefwkdYum; bk&m; tmPm-
awmfudk vGeuf sL;aom Av0tukov dk af pwemaMumifh psmefrS avQmus
uke\ f / ynwfawmfudk roduek af om psmevmbD ykxZk efwo Ydk nf 0w¬Kü
avmb\tpGrf;jzifh tukokdvfpdwfjzifhvnf; ajymMum;jcif; &SdEkdifukef-
ao;\/ (ar'deD?272/)
9/ 'k|Kv’ma&mpe odu©myk'f
&[ef;wpfyg; oHCm'daoof tmywfoifhonfukd rdrdu or®Kwd
&olr[kwfbJ vlç omraPtm; ajymvQif ygpdwftmywfoifh\/
'k|Kv’t& yg&mZdutmywfukdyg &oifhaomfvnf; aemif a&Smif-
MuOf&ef ajymqkdcGifh&aom or®Kwday;jcif;ukd axmufí þü oHCm'd-
aoofukdom ,l&rnf/
or®Kwday;ykH
oHCmpnf;a0;NyD;aemuf oHCmhtv,frSm ]]OK;wdó\ 'k|Kv’
tmywfukd vlç omraPtm; ajymEkdifzkdY&ef OK;"r®ukd orkwfygonf/}}
oabmwlvQif qdwfqdwfaeyg/ þokdY (3)Budrf ajymí or®Kwday;&-
onf/
yg&mZdutmywf oifhNyD;jzpfvQif aemifa&SmifMuOfzkdY rvkdawmh-
aomaMumifh or®Kw&d aom &[ef;u ajymaomfvnf; xk&d [ef;twGuf
tusKd;r&SdawmhNyD/
0w¬KESifh tmywf wGJajymrS
]]OK;wdóonf oHCm'daooftmywfoifh\}}[k tmywfukdom
ajymonf jzpfap? ]]OK;wdóonf oku0ú ó
d |dtrIudk jyK\}}[k 0w¬Kuo
dk m
ajymonfjzpfap tmywfroifah o;? ]]OK;wdóonf oku0dó|dtrIudk
jyKaomaMumifh oHCm'daooftmywfoifh\}}[k 0w¬KESifhtmywf wGJí
ajymrSom ygpdwftmywfoifhonf/
atmuftmywfig;yku H dk ajymMum;vQif 'ku#ú ?f omraPwk\
Yd vGe-f
usL;rIudk ajymvQi'f u
k #ú ?f omraPrsm;\ ygPmwdygwpaom a&SUig;yg;-
onf 'k|Kv?’ 0dumvabmZe ponfEiS hf oHCm'daoofvm oku0ú ó d |d
paom trIrsm;ukd vGefusL;jcif;onf t'k|Kv’ rMurf;aom tjypfrsm;
wnf;/ omraPwkdY\ 'k|Kv’ç t'k|Kv’ tZÑmpm&wkdYukd ajymMum;aom
&[ef;tm;vnf; 'kuú#ftmywfyif oifhonf/
10/ yx0DcPe odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f

ajrtppf Zmwyx0Dudk uk, d w
f idk w
f ;l vQiv
f nf;aumif;ç olwpfyg;ukd
wl;ckdif;vQifvnf;aumif; ygpdwf? wl;jcif;wpfrsKd;omru azmufcGJjcif;ç
jcpfjcif;ç rD;wkdufjcif; paom zsufqD;jcif; tm;vkH;ukd ,lyg/
yx0DtrsKd;rsKd;
Zmwyx0Dç tZmwyx0D[k ESpfrsKd; &Sdonf/ xkdwGif Zmwyx0D
[lonf ajrjzpfNyD;aom yx0D (ajrtrsKd;wGif yg0ifaom yx0D)wnf;/
tZmwyx0D[lonfum; ajrtrsKd;wGif ryg0ifaom yx0Dwnf;/
Zmwyx0D (3) rsKd;
Zmwyx0Dvnf;-1/ ok'ÿx0D 2/ rdóuyx0D 3/ ykÍÆyx0D-
tm;jzifh okH;rsKd; jym;\/
1/ ok'ÿx0D[lonf ausmufponfESifh ra&maom jrLrIef (zkH) ouf-
ouf (okrYd [kw)f ajrnuf oufouf yHork wdu å mwkw Yd nf;/(ajrrIeçYf
jrLrIefYç zkH[kac:aom tay:,Hajrukd ]yHok}[k ac:\/ jrLrIefwkdY\
atmufü&Sdaom ajrom;ukd rwådum[k ac:onf/)
2/ rdóuyx0D[lonf ausmufç ausmufp&pfç tkd;jcrf;uGJç ausmuf-
jyKwo f wJ wYdk iG f wpfcck Ek iS ahf jr (yHork wåu
d m)um; ESpzf Ydk ausmuf ponf
wkdYum; wpfzkdY þokYd okH;zkdYwpfzkdY a&maeaom ajrwnf;/
3/ ykÍÆyx0D[lonf rkdCf;av;vxuf tvGef rkdCf;pGwfNyD;aom ajrrIefYç
jrLrIHç ajrpkdifwkdYwnf;/
þü vufqkyfyrmPxuf vGefaom qifyrmPatmuf ,kwf
aom ausmufonf ygomP (= ausmuf) rnf\/ yJaemufaphyrmPrS
pí vufqkyfyrmP&Sdaom ausmufonf ou©& (= ausmufp&pf)
rnf\/ ausmufp&pfç oJwpYdk í k ausmufjzpfaeaom ausmufonf r½krÁ
(= ausmufjyKw)f rnf\/ ausmuftrIeaf v;rsm;um; r½k (=oJw)Ydk wnf;/
qifyrmPxufBuD;vQif yAÁw (= ausmufawmif)[k ac:\/ þokdY
yAÁwç ygomPç ou©&ç r½krÁç r½kwkdYukd rSwfav/
ykÍÆyx0DESifh pyfí vGifjyif&Sd jcawmifykdY jctdrfrsm;ESifh yeftkd;ü
xnfhxm;tyfaom ajrrsm;vnf; yxrwpfBudrf rkdCf;pGwfNyD;aemuf
av;vMumvQif Zmwyx0DwGif yg0ifMuonf/ rwl;aumif;ç rzsuf
aumif;[k rSwfyg/
qkdtyfNyD;aom ausmufponfwkdYESifh wpf0uf wpf0ufxuf rsm;-
vQif ajrnufursm;vQif rdóuyx0Donfvnf;aumif;? ausmufzsm-
ay:üaeaom odraf rGUaom jrLrIeof nfvnf;aumif;ç wpfBurd f rk;d pGw-f
Ny;D í av;vvGeaf om ykÍyÆ x0Donfvnf;aumif;ç rD;ravmifao;aom
ajronfvnf;aumif; Zmwyx0D ac:onf/ rtyfaom tuyÜd,ajr
[l\/
tZmwyx0D (3) rsKd;
1/ ok'ÿx0D = ausmufcJoufouf paom yx0Dwnf;/
2/ rdóuyx0D = ajrrIefYç ajrnuftenf;i,f ausmufcJponf
rsm;rsm;a&maeaom ajr/
3/ ykÍÆyx0D = av;vatmuf ,kwfavsmhí rkdCf;pGwfpkdaom
jrLrIefYç ajrnuf tpktykHwkdYwnf;/
rD;avmifxm;aomajr okH;zkdYwpfzdkYxuf tvGef ausmufponf
a&maomajrç av;vatmuf avsmhaom rkdCf;pGwfaom ajrokH;rsKd;udk
tZmwyx0D[k ac:onf/ tyfaom uyÜd,ajrwkdYwnf;/
tmywfoifh ç roifh
xkdZmwyx0DwGif yg0ifaom ok'ÿHokç ok'¨rwådumç rdóyHokç
rdórwådumrsm; wl;azmufcGJzsuf rD;wkdufjcif;ç ajcç vufç wkwfwkdYjzifh

jcpfjcif;ç a&;om;jcif;ç t,kwo f jzifh ajrysuaf tmif usiif ,fudk jyif;jyif;
pGejYf cif;wkw
Yd iG f wpfcck jk yKvQif ygpdw?f xkZd mwyx0Day:ü oydwzf w k &f efç
qkd;&nfusKd&ef rD;arT;vQif rD;wkduf&ma&mufí ygpdwfyif/
xkZd mwyx0Duydk if opfw;Hk vSrd &hf if;ç awmifa0S;axmuf&if;ç wHjruf
vSnf;&if; ysufapaomfvnf; zsufvkdaom pdwfr&SdvQif tmywfroifh?
Zmwyx0DwGif ryg0ifaom tkwfç ausmufponfwkdY rsm;pGmygaom
ajrç rD;avmifNyD;aom ajrç rkd;rpGwfao;aom ajrç rkdCf;pGwfaomfvnf;
av;vrjynfah o;aom ajrykH awmifyYdk jctdrrf sm;ukd zsuq f ;D aomfvnf;
tmywfroifh/
tyfaom ckdif;enf;
þwGif;ukdç þajrukd uyÜdprf; odprf;? þajrjzifh tvkd&Sdonf þ-
ajrukd ,lcphJ rf; paom ckid ;f jcif;rsm;onf tyfaom ckid ;f jcif;wnf;/ ae&m-
ukd rowfrSwfbJ ]ajraygufvkduf wGif;wl;vkduf} ponfjzihf ckdif;aomf-
vnf; tmywfroifh? okdY&mwGif ]]uyÜdprf;? odprf;}} paom tokH;rsm;ukd
okH;rdatmif tavhtusifhjzpfatmif okH;pGJoifhayonf/
rtyfaom ckdif;enf;
þajrukd wl;prf;ç þwGif;ukdk wl;prf;ç þajrukd cGJprf;ç azmufprf;ç
NzKd zsupf rf;ç rD;wku
d pf rf; ponfjzifh ajrukd wku
d ½f u
dk ñ
f eT jf yí ckid ;f jcif;onf
rtyfaom ckdif;jcif;wnf;? tmywfoifh\/
(aqmif) 1/ZmwçtZmw? ESpcf rk Q? jym;x yx0D/ 2/ ok'ç¨ rdó? yÍöo;Hk 0?
jym;ukefMu? Zmw yx0D/ 3/ oufoufajrukd? ok'¨ qkd&? oH
ausmuf pa&m? rdóaum? rSwfavm okH;zkdYwpfzkdYwnf;/ 4/
ausmufenf; ajrrsm;? a&mrlum;? a[mMum;Zmwwnf;/ 5/
rdkCf;av;vcH? ajrykHrSef? ac:&ef ykÍÆwnf;/ qkdNyD; yrmP?
vGefa&mxajr? rD;avmifajry? tZmw? ac:&avownf;/ 7/
Zmwyx0D? 8/ tuyÜD? uyÜDZmwwnf;/ (ar'deD?275/)
t*Fg (3) yg;
1/ Zmwyx0Djzpfjcif; 2/ Zmwyx0DrSef; odjcif;? (trSwfwrJh rodbJ
jcpfrdç wl;rd&mü temywåd/) 3/ wl;jcif;ç wl;apjcif;wkdYwnf;/
2/ blw*gr0*f
1/ BuD;yGm;qJ BuD;yGm;NyD;aom opfyiftaygif;ukd zsufqD;jcif;aMumifh
blw*grygwAs ygpdwftmywfoifh\/
2/ tn0g'u uHjyKNyD;aemuf tar;wjcm; tajzwvGJ ajymqkdrI-
aMumifh tn0g'u ygpdwfwpfcsuf oifh\/
3/ or®Kwd&xm;aom &[ef;ukd uJh&JUjcif;aMumifh OZÑmyeuygpdwf/
½Iwfcsjcif;aMumifh cd,seuygpdwf/
4/ oHCdujzpfaom anmifapmif;ç ukwifç xkdifckHç bkHvQKdç cwftcif;
wku
Yd dk uk,
d w
f idk cf if; olwpfyg;wku Yd dk cif;apNy;D í xko d C
H u
d anmif-
apmif; paom tcif;wku Yd dk uk,
d w f idk v
f nf; rodr;f qnf;? olwpfyg;-
ukv d nf; rodr;f qnf;ckid ;f ryefMum;bJ t&yfwpfyg;okYd zJomG ;jcif;-
aMumifh yxraoemoeygpdwf/
5/ oHCduausmif;ü tdyf&mae&m (10)rsKd;wkdYukd ukd,fwkdifcif;í
olwpfyg;ukd cif;ckid ;f í tjcm;t&yfoYdk nOft h yd o
f mG ;vQif uk,
d w
f idk f
jzpfap ckdif;íjzpfap odrf;xm;cJh&rnf/ xkduJhokdY rjyKaom&[ef;
'kwd,aoemoeygpdwf/
6/ oHCduausmif;ü ae&musOf;MuyfvQif rax&fBuD;xGufoGm;rSmyJ
[laom pdwf,kwfrmjzifh rax&fBuD; teD;tyg; wkd;a0SYaejcif;-
aMumifh tEkycZÆygpdwf/
7/ &[ef;wpfyg;ukd tjcm;&[ef;wpfyg;u oHCu d ausmif;rS uk, d w f idk f
jzpfapç olwpfyg;ukdjzpfap ESifxkwfvQif eduú¹eygpdwf/
8/ oHCdujzpfaom txufqifhwGif ysOfrcif;í [if;vif;tjyif
&Sad om uk#w D iG f taygifü tajcwyfaom anmifapmif; tif;ysOu f dk
zdíxkdif zdítdyftHh? a0[mouk#Dygpdwf/
9/ BuD;aomausmif;ukd aqmufapvkdaom &[ef;onf wHcg;aygif\
xuf0ef;usif ESpaf wmifx h mG t&yfwidk af tmif wHcg;&Guw f cH g;aygif-
wkdYukd rvIyf&Sm;atmif xm;jcif;iSmç txuf avomjyLwif;ukd
tajytjypf jyKjcif;iSm t*FawajrnufwjYdk zifh txyfxyfvrd ;f us-H
tyf vdr;f usaH pckid ;f tyf\/ trk;d ukv d nf; ESpxf yfo;Hk xyftxd pdr;f pk-d
aom aumufyo J ;D ESH r&S&d mt&yfü &yfvsuf ud, k w
f ikd f pDrEH ikd of nf/
xdEk pS x f yfo;Hk xyfxuf wd;k í pDrv H Qiu
f m; pdr;f pdak om aumufyo J ;D ESH
r&Sd&m t&yfü&yfvsuf pDrHapumrl r[v’u0d[m&ygpdwf/
10/ yk;d &Sad oma&[k odvsuf a&ukd jrufoçYdk ajrnufoYdk avmif;xnft h ?hH
avmif;xnfah ptH?h (wpfenf;) yk;d &Sad om a&xJoYdk jrufukd ajrnuf-
ukd avmif;xnfhthH? avmif;xnfhaptHh? oyÜgPuygpdwftmywf
oifh\/
1/ blw*grygwAs odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f
blw*grm b0EÅDwd blwm? tb0kEÅd blwm? jzpfukefqJ BuD;yGm;-
ukefqJukd blwm? jzpfukefNyD; BuD;yGm;ukefNyD;ukd blwm? blwmeH *garm
blw*garm = jzpfuek qf J Bu;D yGm;ukeq
f ?J jzpfuek Nf y;D ç Bu;D yGm;ukeNf y;D aom
jrufopfyifwkdY\ *garmtaygif;onf blw*garm = blw*grf rnf\/
ygwAsmeH bma0g ygwAswm/ ygwAsmeH = jzwfjcif;ç cGjJ cif;ç rD;wku d jf cif;
ponfjzifh tvkd&Sdwkdif; okH;pGJtyfaom opfyiftaygif;\/ bma0g =
jzpfaMumif;jzpf&m zsufqD;jcif; Bud,monf? ygwAswm = ygwAswm
rnf\/ qkdvkd&if;rSm opfyiftaygif;ukd zsufqD;jcif;[k qkdvkdonf/
ADZ*grç blw*gr
rsKd;aphtaygif;ukd ADZ*grfç opfyiftaygif;ukd blw*grf[k ac:Mu-
onf/ xkdwGif ADZ*grfonf rlv = tjrpfç cE¨ = yifpnf? zvk = tqpfç
t*¾ = tñGefYç ADZ = taphtm;jzifh ig;yg; jym;\/ xkdrsKd;aphtjzpfü
wnf&Sdaom ADZ*grfukd zsufqD;vQif 'kuú#ftmywf oifh\/
(aqmif) jrpfç qpfç yifpnf? ñGefYç aphrSD? ig;vD ADZ*grf?
zsufavorQ 'kuú#? rkcs oifh&rSef/
xkrd sK;d aphudk pku
d yf sK;d onft
h cg tjrpfom xGuí
f tñGerYf xGuaf o;-
vQifvnf;aumif;ç tñGefYom xGufí tjrpfrxGufao;vQifvnf;-
aumif;ç ADZ*grfyifwnf;/ tjrpfç tñGefY (2)rsKd;vkH; xGufvQifum;
blw*grfwGif yg0if\? zsufqD;vQif ygpdwftmywfwnf;/
owdxm;&ef
aomufa&tkd;ç aomufa&uefrsm;\ tjyifbufü a&n§d[k ac:-
tyfaom arSmaf o;uav;rsm;ukd awGU&wwf\/ xkad rSmaf o;uav;rsm;ü
t&GuftñGefYvnf; ryg&um; ADZ*grfwGif yg0ifavonf/ okdYjzpfí
xkad &n§rd sm;ukd &[ef;uk,
d w
f idk f yGww
f u
dk af q;u 'ku#ú t
f mywf oif\
h ?
owdjyKygav/
rtyfaom ckdif;enf;
þopfyifukd jzwfprf;ç csKdifprf;ç vSJprf;? þtoD;ukd qGwfprf;ç
i½kwfoD;axmif;prf;ç MuufoGefvSD;prf;ç c&rf;csOfoD; csufprf;ç tyif-
aygufrnfh MuHç 0g;ponfukd jzwfprf;paom ckdif;jcif;onf rtyfaom
ckdif;enf;jzpfí tmywfoifh\/ xkdwGif opfyif blw*grf? i½kwfoD;ç

c&rf;csOfoD;ponf tyifrS vGwfNyD; rsKd;aphum; ADZ*grfwnf;/
tyfaom ckdif;enf;
þopfyifudk odprf;ç uyÜpd rf; þi½kwo f ;D ukd uyÜpd rf;paom yx0D-
cPeodu©myk'fü jycJhaom ckdif;enf;um; tyfaom ckdif;enf;wnf;/
rnfonfo h pfyif rnfonfih ½kwo f ;D [k rñTeb
f J opfyifcw k vf u
dk çf i½kw-f
oD; axmif;vkdufpaom ckdif;jcif;ü tjypfr&Sdyg/ okdY&mwGif odprf;ç
uyÜdprf;[k ajymqkdaom tavhtx &Sdoifhayonf/
zsufqD;vdkaom pdwfr&SdbJ opfwkH;vSdrfh&m awmifa0S;axmufí
pBuo
ø mG ;&mtcg ponfwüYdk jrufç opfyifwYdk ysupf ;D aomfvnf; tmywf
roifh/
uyÜdjcif;
ADZ*grf tyifaygufO;D rnfh opfyifç opfaphç opfo;D ç MupH onfwu Ydk dk
&[ef;rsm; ok;H aqmifaumif;avmufatmif ADZ*grfudk zsuq f ;D &mra&muf
atmif vlç omraPwkt Yd m; uyÜcd idk ;f &onf/ uyÜyd rHk mS - tyifaygufEidk -f
aom opfo;D ç MuH ponfwu Ydk dk &[ef;u ]uyÜ, d H ua&m[d} qkNd y;D aemuf
vlç omraPu ]uyÜ, d H baEÅ}[k qkv d suf (qkw
d ek ;f jzpfapç qkNd y;D csu-f
csif;jzpfapç rD;jzifhaomfvnf;wkdYç "m;jzifhaomfvnf;ckwfç vufonf;jzifh
aomfvnf; qdwf&rnf? "m;&mç vufonf;&m tayguftjzpf xif&Sm;
vQif tyfNyD? xufykdif;jywfvQifum; qkdzG,f&m r&SdNyD/)
uyÜdjcif; (5) rsKd;
1/ rD;jzifh uyÜdjcif;? 2/ "m;jzifh uyÜdjcif;? 3/ xufaom rykyfaom
vufonf;jzifh uyÜdjcif;? 4/ taphEkjzpfjcif;? 5/ taphxkwfy,fí
pm;jcif;onfyif uyÜdjcif;[k - (5)rsKd; vm\/
(aqmif) rD;ç "m;ç vufonf;? uyÜdeJ? EkqJç y,fEkwfcGm/
ADZrsKd;rSm? uyÜdum? rSefpGm pm;&rSm/
(rSwfcsuf) taphEkjcif;ESifh xkwfy,fí&aom taphwkdYum; uyÜdzG,f
r&Sd? yifukduyif tyfjcif; uyÜdNyD;jzpfaeNyD[k od/
blw*grfudk uyÜjd cif; (5)rsK;d jzifh uyÜ&d rnf r[kw?f blw*grfrS vGw-f
aomç a<uusNyD;aomç aemiftcg tyifaygufOD;rnfjzpfaom ADZ*grf-
ukdom &[ef;awmfrsm; okH;aqmifaumif;atmif uyÜd&onf/
owdjyKzG,f
ajrüaygufaeaom tyifrsm;ç tyifü&Sad eaom toD;rsm;ukd uyÜ-d
aomfvnf; xkt d yif xktd oD;wku Yd dk rjzwfaumif; rckwaf umif; rcl;qGwf
aumif;[k odyg/ MuHacsmif;wkdYukd pnf;xm;aom BudK;EG,fukd uyÜdvQif
cGuft&mü wnfaomaMumifh uyÜd&mra&muf? MuHpnf;üygaom xif;
acsmif;ukd uyÜv d Qif tm;vk;H uyÜNd y;D om; jzpf\? tyf\/ uGr;f &Guüf wnf
aom prkpH yg;? tqHacsmifaeaom opfo;D ? wpyfwnf; rwnft?hH cGuf
t&mü wnfí rtyf/ taphrsm; wpyfwnf; wnfatmifjyKí wpfaphudk
uyÜvd Qif tyfonf/ qefjyKwçf ,m*küwnfaom i½kwo f ;D rSnhf taphrsm;
wpyfwnf; rwnftHh? wpfaphpD uyÜd&rnf? i½kwfoD;taphrsm;ESifh
a&maeaom qGrf;wkdYukd uyÜd&mü qGrf;ukdjzpfapç i½kwfaphukdjzpfap
uyÜt d ?hH tyfonf/ c&rf;csOo f ;D rSnhf tpdr;f twkid ;f okwxf m;&mü xdpyf-
aeu tzwfudk jzpfapç taphukdjzpfap uyÜd&rnf/ rD;zkwfxm; jyKwf-
xm;vQifum; uyÜd&ef rvkdacs/ a&macsxm;aom c&rf;csOfoD;rSnfhç
qD;oD;rSnrhf sm;ç xef;vsuEf iS hf a&macsxm;aom oD;oD;rSnrhf sm; vufjzifh
qdwfí r&ojzifh opf&Gufjzifh xduyfí xkdopf&Gufukd uyÜdonfukd
awGUjrif&zl;onf/
qufvufrSwfom;zG,f
"m;jzifch w
k -f [l&mü tyfjzifçh pl;jzifh xk;d jcif;rsm;vnf; yg0if\/ xko d Ydk
uyÜd&mü opfoD;paom 0w¬Ku &[ef;\ vufxJü &SdaerS ukdifxm;rS
r[kwf? axmifykH&mykH ykHxm;aom tuyfrcH&ao;aom opfoD;ykH MuHykH
ukdvnf; &[ef;u rxdrukdifbJ ]]uyÜd,H ua&m[d}} [k qkdvQif vlç
omraPu wpyfwnf; wqufwnf; pkykHaeaom opfoD;wpfvkH;
MuwH pfacsmif;ukd ]]uyÜ, d H baEÅ}}[k qkí d ckwv f udk x
f ;dk vku
d v
f Qif tm;vk;H -
yif uyÜNd y;D jzpfawmh\/ wpfBurd u f yÜNd y;D aom opfo;D rsm;udk (tuyfrcH-
&ao;vQi)f aemufaemuf&ufrsm;üyif xyfí ruyd&Ü awmhbJ tuyfcí H
pm;aomufEidk \ f / ygVdvdk rqkw
d wfvQif jrefrmvkd &[ef;u ]]uyÜpd rf;}}[k
qkdaomtcg vl omraPu ]]uyÜdyg\ bk&m;}}[k jyefqkdí "m;ponf
jzifh ckwfvQifvnf; uyÜdjcif;udpö NyD;ajrmufawmhonfom/ okH;aqmif
aumif;NyD/
uyÜd,H ua&m[d t"dyÜm,f
uyÜó = orPa0g[m&tm;/ tEk½lyH = avsmfaom trIwnf;/
uyÜ, d H = &[ef;wkt
Yd m; tyfpyfaMumif;jzpfaom tok;H tEIe;f tm; avsmf
aom trIukd (o'´geuf)? (0g) tyfonfukd (t"dyÜm,feuf) ? (0g) uyÜd-
jcif;ukd(a0g[m& okH;pGJ½kd;teuf)/ ua&m[d = jyKavm[k teufqkd? uyÜd,H
baEÅ-ü baEÅ = t&Sifbk&m;/ uyÜd,H = tyfonfukd/ ua&mrd =
jyKyg\[k teufay;av/
2/ tn0g'u odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f
tn0g'au = ar;tyfaomtaMumif;rS wpfyg;aomtaMumif;ukd
ajymqkdwwfol\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif;/ 0da[oau = oHCmukd
n§Of;qJwwfol\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif;/ ygpdwåd,H = ygpdwf
tmygwfonf/ a[mwd = jzpf\/ tn0g'uyk'f 0da[ouyk'fwkdYonf
bm0y"meyk'fwkdY jzpfonf/ tnH = ar;tyfaomtaMumif;rS wpfyg;-
aomtaMumif;ukd/ 0'wd = ajymqkdwwf\ - 0dN*dK[ft& ]tn0g'u}
o'´gonf ar;tyfaom teufrS wpfyg;aom teufudk ajymqdzk ;Hk vTr;f ol
&[ef;ukd &aomfvnf;ç bm0o'´g rygaomfvnf; bm0teufudk y"me
aumufí ar;tyfaomteufrS wpfyg;aom teufukd ajymqkdzkH;vTrf;
wwfol\ jzpfaMumif;jzpf&m (wpfyg;aom teufukd wpfyg;aom
teufjzifh zkH;vTrf;ypfjcif;) Bud,mukd &onf/
(aqmif) tn0g'uç yk'ft&üç rkcs ajymolç &\[lvnf;?
þrlbm0ç y"mejzifhç tn teufç ar;onfh csufukd?
teuf wpfvrf;ç zsufzkdY rSef;íç zkH;vTrf; ajymcg?
Bud,mç rSefpGm t&aumuf/
0da[ou-t&vnf; n§O;f qJwwfo&l [ef;ukd &aomfvnf; bm0-
yk'f t&ukd y"meaumufí n§O;f qJwwfo\ l jzpfaMumif;jzpf&m qdw-f
qdwfaeaomtm;jzifh n§Of;qJjcif; Bud,mukd &onf/
(aqmif
aqmif) 0da[ouç yk'ft&üç rkcs n§Of;olç &\[lvnf;?
þrlbm0ç y"mejzifhç oHCmh n§Of;&efç twGif;MuHí?
EIwfoH ra<uç qdwfqdwfaeç aumufav owdjyK/
ygpdwf 'kuú#f cGJjcm;csuf
tn0g'utrI 0da[outrI jyKaom&[ef;ukd oHCmu ur®-
0gpmjzifh tn0g'uuH 0da[ouuHokdY wifay;&onf/ ]uHjyK&onf}
[lvkd/ xkduHjyKNyD;aemuf tn0g'utrI okdYr[kwf 0da[outrIukd
xyfrHí jyKrS ygpdwftmywfoifhonf/ uHrjyKao;cif tn0g'utrI
0da[outrIudk jyKcu dk üf um; 'ku#ú t
f mywfom oif\
h / tn0g'uuH
0da[ouuHokdY uHjyKykHukd ygVdawmfrS xkwfaqmifjytHh/
jrwfpmG bk&m;&Sif aumorÁjD ynf aCmodwm½kaH usmif;ü oDwif;ok;H -

pOftcg t&Siq f Eérax&fonf rvGeu f sL;oifo
h nfudk vGeu
f sL;í oHCm-
tv,fü ar;pdppfaomtcg ar;jref;tyfaom taMumif;ukd rajzvkd-
ojzifh xkdpum;ukd tjcm;pum;jzifh zkH;vTrf;ypf\/ ar;pdppfykH jyefajzykH
ygVdawmfokdY Munfhyg/
qEé&[ef;tm; tn0g'uuH jyKykH
okPmwk ar baEÅ oHaCm? t,H qaEém bdu©K oHCraZÑ
tmywåd,m tEk,kÍÆD,rmaem tanenH y#dp&wd? ,'d oHCó
ywåuv’H? oHaCm qEéó bdu©Kaem tn0g'uH a&may,s? {om
Úwåd/
tmywåd,m tEk,kÍÆD,rmaem tanenH y#dp&wd? oHaCm qEéó
bdu©Kaem tn0g'uH a&maywd? ,óm,o®awm crwd qEéó
bdu©Kaem tn0g'uó a&myem? aom wkPSó? ,ó eu©rwd?
aom bmao,s/
a&mydwH oHaCe qEéó bduK© aem tn0g'uH? crwd oHCó?
wo®m wkPSD? {0arwH "m&,mrDwd/
0da[ouuH wifykH
xkt d cg t&Siqf Eéonf oHCmhtv,fü tmywfjzifh ar;jref;pdppf-
aomtcg taMumif;wpfyg;jzifh taMumif;wpfyg;ukd zk;H vTr;f ajymqkad omf
tmywfoifh\[k ESvkH;oGif;í qdwfqdwfaevsuf oHCmukd nOf;qJ-
\/ xkdtaMumif; ukd bk&m;&Siftm; avQmufxm;í 0da[ouuHokdY
wif&ef bk&m;&Sicf iG jhf yKawmfro
l nf/ ÚwfwpfBurd f ur®0gwpfBurd f aygif;
ESpfBudrfjyK&í Úwåd'kwd,uH[k ac:\/
tmywåd,m tEk,kÍÆD,rmaem wkPSDblawm oHCó 0da[aowd?
,'d oHCó ywåuv’H? oHaCm qEéó bdu©Kaem 0da[ouH
a&may,s? {om Úwåd/
tmywå, d m tEk,Ík ,
DÆ rmaem wkPb
DS al wm oHCH 0da[aowd? oHaCm
qEéó bdu©Kaem 0da[ouH a&maywd? ,óm,o®awm crwd
qEéó bdu©Kaem 0da[ouó a&myem? aom wkPSó ,ó
eu©wd? aom bmao,s/
a&mydwH oHaCe qEéó bdu©Kaem 0da[ouH crwd oHCó?
wo®m wkPSD? {0arwH "m&,mrD}wd/
t*Fg (3) yg;
1/ tn0g'u 0da[ou uHokdY "r®uHtjzpfjzifh wiftyfNyD;jzpfjcif;/
2/ tmywfjzifhjzpfapç 0w¬Kjzifhjzpfap tar;jref; tpdppfcH&jcif;?
3/ rdrdtjypfudk zkH;vTrf;vkdonfhtwGuf wpfyg;aomteufjzifh wpfyg;-
aomteufukd zkH;vTrf;ypfjcif; okdYr[kwf qdwfqdwfaejcif; aygif;
t*Fg 3-yg;wnf;/
3/ OZÑmyeu odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f
OZÑmyeu = uJh&JUjcif;
rdrrd ek ;f ol\ taMumif;ukd tjcm;&[ef;wkt
Yd xHomG ;í txifao;
tjrifao;jzpfatmif wkduf½kdufajym\/ xkdokdY tjcm;&[ef;wkdYu rdrd
rkef;oltay:ü txifao;tjrifao;apaMumif; pum;ukd OZÑmyeu
(= uJh&JUjcif;)[k qkdonf/
cd,seu = ½Iwfcsjcif;
&Si'f AÁonf qE´m*wdvu dk \
f paom pum;ukd wpfpw Hk pfa,muf-
xHoYdk wku
d ½f u
dk u
f m; oGm;írajym? okaYd omf xkx d &dk [ef;rsm; Mum;avmuf-
atmif (Mum;avmufonfh ae&mwküYd ) rdrw d Ydk taygif;tazmfcsi;f rke;f ol
\ tjypfukd twif;ajymjcif; raumif;owif;vTifhjcif;onf cd,seu
(= ½Iwfcsjcif;) rnf\/
xkduJhokdY wkduf½kdufoGm;ajymvQifvnf;aumif;ç rdrdwkdYtcsif;csif;
twif;ajymvQifvnf;aumif; toD;toD; ygpdwftmywfoifh\/
tmywfcGJjcm;csufrsm;
tjypfajym twif;ajymcH&aom &[ef;u ur®0gpmjzifh orkwt f yf-
ol (tdy&f mae&mukd tm*EÅKrsm;twGuf cif;ay;aom aoemoeynm-
yuç oHCmrsm;ukd qGr;f pm;vSnñ hf eT jf yaom bwåKa'óuç ,m*k ponf
a0zefaom ,m*kbmZuç zvbmZuç cZÆbmZu þokdY ponfjzifh
oHCmu orkwx f m;aom oHCmh0efaqmif) &[ef;jzpfrS ygpdwt f mywf
oifoh nf/ xkud o
hJ Ydk or®Kw&d ol r[kwv f Qiv
f nf;aumif;? ajym&myk*Kd¾ vf
u &[ef; r[kw?f vlç omraP jzpfvQiv f nf;aumif;? vlç omraP\
r[kwfrrSefaom tjypfukd ajymvQifvnf;aumif; 'kuú#f tmywfom?
trSef qE´m*wd paom t*wdvu dk f a0zefou l dk ajymvQiu
f m; tmywf
roifh/
(aqmif) &[ef;xHrlç ygpdwf[lç om vl 'kuú#fod?
or®Kwd r&ç &[ef;rQç ajymu 'kuú#fod?
vl omraPç jypfajymavç waxG 'kuú#fod/
4/ yxraoemoe odu©myk'f
oHCu
d jzpfaom anmifapmif;ç tif;ysOçf bkv
H QKd (zk)H cwftcif;wku
Yd dk
vGifwD;acgifü ukd,fwkdifcif;NyD;íjzpfapç vl omraPukd tcif;ckdif;í
jzpfapç xkad e&mrS wjcm;wpfae&mokYd ntdyn f ae oGm;vkvd Qiçf udp&ö í
dS
&GmwGi;f NrKd UwGi;f ponfojYdk zpfap oGm;vkv d Qiçf xkad nmifapmif; ponfudk
ukd,fwkdifaomfvnf; rodrf;qnf;ç wpfa,mufa,mufukdaomfvnf;
rodr;f qnf;ckid ;f ç rdryd pön;f uJo
h Ydk oabmxm;í apmifah &Smufrnfh &[ef;
omraP tm&mrfapmifhukdaomfvnf; Munfh½I&ef tyfESHyefajymjcif;
rjyKbJ oGm;vQif yxraoemoeygpdwftmywf oifh\/
anmifapmif; av;rsKd;
rÍöwd yk*v¾ H "ma&wDwd raÍöm? yk*Kd¾ vu
f dk aqmifwwfaom anmif
apmif;? rÍöwd o,em'dBu, d H ua&mwd {w¬mwd raÍöm? tdyjf cif;paom
Bud,mukdjyK&m anmifapmif;ukd &\/
1/ tajcü taygifpGyfaom rom&uanmifapmif;?
2/ taygifü tajcpGyfaom tm[pöyg'uanmifapmif;?
3/ tajcESifhwpyfwnf; taygif&Sdaom AkEdúmA'änmifapmif;?
4/ ykZeG af jcoP²mef aumufaom tajc&Sad om ukV&D yg'anmifapmif;-
[k av;rsKd; jym;\/ jrefrmu ukwif[k ac:\/
tif;ysOfav;rsKd;
yDXwd 'ku©H [ðowDwd yDXH? 'ku©ukd n§Of;qJwwfaom? tif;ysOfudk
&\/ ,ckumv pm;yGçJ ukvm;xdik çf xdik cf t
kH rsK;d rsK;d wnf;/ anmifapmif;-
enf;wl av;rsKd; jym;\/
txl;um; - av;awmiftvsm;&Sdonfum; anmifapmif;? av;-
awmifatmuf wdkaomtvsm;&Sdonfum; tif;ysOf[k qdkMu\/
(aqmif) rom&u? AkEdúESifh? ukVD&yg'? tm[pö? av;0 anmifapmif;-
jym;/tif;ysOfüvnf;? xdkav;wnf;? jym;enf; odapom;/
av;awmif&Sdonf? anmifapmif;rnf? wdkonf tif;ysOfxm;/
bdoð - bdod[lonf tjyifu t0wfjzpfapç orifa&paom

tyfaom om;a&jzifjh zpfap tcGjH yKí vlarG;ESihf yef;ndK&u
G u
f kd z,fxm;Ny;D
tarG;ç opf&Gufç jrufç avQmfç t0wfwdkYudk tqmoGwfí jyKtyfaom
arGU&m bHkvQKdudk qdkonf/
(aqmif) om;arG;ç opf&Guf? t0wfç jruf? avQmfpGuf bHkvQKd ig;/
aumpäH - ukpD,wd oauFmpD,wDwd aumapäm? tv,fü wGefY-
xm;aom (usKUH xm;aom) cwfcif;wnf;/ xdt k cif;um; avQmçf yef;&if;-
jrufç jzLqHjrufç Nydwfjruf wpfyg;yg;jzifh jyKxm;onf/ twGif;ü &pfí
zGUJ xm;onf/txufatmufus,í f tv,fusO;f Ny;D xufpnfoP²mef
&dSonf/ tv,fü jcaoFha& ponfwkdYjzifh 0ef;&Hxm;onf/ þ tcif;ü
rtyfaom om;a&rnfonf r&Sd/
taZÑmumao - vGifwD;acgif[lonf rdkCf;av;vom rdkCf;&Gm-
aomt&yfü rdkCf;av;vtwGif;? rdkCf;vç aqmif;v ESpfrsKd;vkH; rdkCf;-
&Gmaom t&yfü &Spv
f twGi;f yuwdaom vGiw f ;D acgift&yf? rdC
k ;f pGw-f
aom r@yfç opfyif&if;ç usD;ponfwdkY todkufjyKí tjrJaeaom
opfyifatmuf t&yfwdkYudk qdkonf/ rÍö paom oHCduypönf;rsm;
rxm;aumif;aom t&yfwdkYwnf;/
yefMum;tyfaom olrsm;
y&du©&m ysufpD;rSmaMumufaom vZÆDolawmfaumif;jzpfaom
omraPç tm&mrfapmifrh sK;d ukkd qdo k nf/ tvZÆjD zpfrl ryefMum;aumif;?
yefMum;aomfvnf; tmywfrS rvGwf? ryefMum;bJ odrf;xm;vdrfhrnf
[laom pdwrf sK;d r&Srd í
l oGm;tH?h cJwpfus vGeaf omf yxrajcvSr;f 'ku#ú ?f
'kw,d ajcvSr;f ygpdw?f yk*v
¾ ud ypön;f jzpfrl 'ku#ú ?f t,kwq
f ;kH oydwaf jc-
udkaomfvnf; xdkt&yfrsKd;ü xm;aomf 'kuú#ftmywf[k od/
(aqmif) oHCmhOpöm? ygpdwv
f mjim;? wpfyg;yk*v
¾ ? OpömrQ? rSwMf u 'ku#ú m/
t,kwfqHk;ay? oydwfajc? xm;av 'kuú#m/
5/ 'kwd,aoemoe odu©myk'f
aoemoe[laom o'´gonf ausmif;udkvnf;aumif;ç tdyf&m
ae&mtcif;rsm;udkvnf;aumif; a[mEdkif\/ þ yxr 'kwd,aoem-
oe odu©myk'fESpfckwdkYü aoemoeo'´gum; tdyf&mae&mrsm;udk
a[m\/ aoEdÅ {w¬mwd aoeH = tdyf&m (tdyfp&m) tcif;? tmoEÅd
Oy0doEÅd {w¬mwd tmoeH = uyf0ifaexdkif&m xdkifp&mtcif;? aoeH
p = tdyfp&mtcif;vnf;? tmoeH p = xdkifp&mtcif;vnf;? aoem-
oeme
oemed = tdyfp&mESifh xdkifp&m tcif;wdkYwnf;/
þ'kw, d aoemoeodum© yk'f qdv k &kd if;rSm oHCu
d ausmif;ay:0,f
tdypf &m aep&mtcif;rsm;ukd cif;í aexdik Nf y;D aemuf xdak e&mrS zJomG ;-
vdo
k nft h cg uk, d w
f ikd f ½kyo
f rd ;f jcif; odrYk [kwf olwpfyg;udk todr;f cdik ;f -
jcif; (odrYk [kw)f wpfa,mufa,mufxH tyfEHS yefMum;jcif; r&Sb d J zJomG ;-
aom &[ef;onf t&H&Sdaomf t&Hukd t&Hr&Sdaomf Oypmudk ajcvSrf;
vGeftHh 'kuú#f? 'kwd,ajcvSrf;vGeftHh ygpdwftmywfoifh\/
yefMum;yHkrsm;
oHCu d ausmif; oHCu d tcif; ESpyf g;pHjk zpfro
S m ygpdwçf wpfyg;yg;-
jzpfrl 'ku#ú ?f yefMum;[l&mü &[ef;ç omraPç tm&mrfapmifh wpfO;D OD;xH
yefMum;&rnf? r&SdvQif ausmif;'umukd yefMum;&rnf? ausmif;'umxH
tyfESHoGm;&rnf? vufrcHtHh? udk,fwdkif odrf;qnf;oGm;&rnf? jcrpm;-
Edik [
f k qH;k jzwfEikd t
f ?hH ryefMum;bJvnf; oGm;aumif;\/ tmywf roif?h
odkYaomf *rdu&[ef;usifh0wfü yefMum;tyfESH odrf;qnf;oGm;&rnf[k
a[mMum;xm;awmfrlonf/
ao,s (10) rsKd;

aoEÅd {w¬mwd ao,sm/ {w¬ = þae&mü? aoEÅd = tdyfMu
xdkifMuukef\/ £wd = þokdY tdyfMuxkdifMu&m ae&mtcif;onf?
aoa,sm = ao,s rnf\/ tdyfp&m xdkifp&m tcif;rsm;udk ao,s[k
ac:onf/ ao,s (10)rsKd; &Sd\/ 1/ bdod = bHkvQdK? 2/ pdrdvdu =
t0wfMurf;? 3/ Owå&w¬&P = tay:vTrf;tcif;? 4/ blrw¬&P =
ajrtcif;? 5/ w¥du = zsmMurf;? 6/ pr®c@ = om;a&ydkif;? 7/ edoD'e
= edo'D ekd t
f cif;? 8/ ypöw&¬ P = oD;jcm;tcif; (tarG;&daS om aumfaZm
tcif;)? 9/ wdPoE¦& = jruftcif;? 10/ yPÖoE¦m& = opf&u G t
f cif;
pojzifh ao,s (10)rsKd; a[mawmfrlonf/
(aqmif) bdodç pdrd? Owfç blrd? w¥d pr®cPf/
edodç ypö? jrufç yPÖ? ao,s q,fckrSef/
xdkao,swdkYudk rodrf;qnf;bJoGm;vQif jcwufí ausmif;a&m
tcif;yg ysufpD;wwfaomaMumifh ygpdwftmywfoifhonf/
6/ tEkycZÆodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f
oHCduausmif;0,f wpfckaom ae&mü rdrdtvsif aeESifhaom
&[ef;ukd xoGm;apxdkufol r[kwfrSef;odvsuf xdk&[ef;\ teD;odkY
]]usOf;Muyfí olxGufoGm;vdrfhrnf}}[k MuH&G,fcsuf pdwf,kwfrmjzifh
uyfa&mufxdkiftHh ygpdwftmywf oifhonf/
xoGm;apxdkufol r[kwfaom yk*d¾Kvf (3) a,muf
1/ rdrdxuf odu©m0gBuD;aom oDwif;BuD;&[ef;udk rdrdxuf odu©m0g
BuD;aomaMumifh xoGm;atmif rjyKvkyfaumif;?
2/ *dvme&[ef;udk a&m*gonfjzpfjcif;aMumifh xoGm;atmif rjyK-
aumif;?
3/ oHCmtm; aus;Zl;rsm;aomaMumifh A[kyum&*kPçf *kPx f ;l jzpfaom
*kP0dod|*kPfESpfyg;&Sdí oHCmonf oD;jcm;ausmif;ay;xm;tyf-
aom b@m*g&duç "r®uxduç 0denf;"dk&fç *P0gpu pmcsq&m-
jzpfaom &[ef;wdkYudk xdk*kPfawG&Sdjcif;aMumifh xoGm;atmif rjyK-
aumif;? xdyk *k K¾d vrf sm;udk oHCmay;aomol[k qd\
k / *kPxf ;l &So
d rl sm;
jzpfí oHCmu oD;jcm;ae&mukd oHCmxH yefajymvsuf ay;xm;-
avh&Sd\/
þodkY oDwif;BuD;ç olemç oHCmay;aomol yk*¾dKvf (3)rsKd;udk
xoGm;atmif rjyKaumif;rSef; odjcif;ukd ZmeH[k qdkonf/
(aqmif) oDwif;Bu;D ç olemç oHCmay;aomol? oH;k a,muf[l xrl rxap
tyf/
tEkycZÆ? tEk-a&S;ç Oy-a&S;&Sdaom cd-"mwf wGm-ypönf;? cd-"mwf
= [ðoe - n§O;f qJjcif;teufa[m? teD;odYk uyfa&mufjcif;jzifh n§O;f qJ
jcif;ç OypmtwGi;f odYk 0ifaejcif; [l\/ qdt k yfNy;D aom &[ef;oH;k rsK;d wd\
Yk
anmifapmif; tif;ysOw f \
Ykd Oypm xd&k [ef;wd\ Yk xGu&f m0if&m OypmodYk
0ifjcif;ç aexdik jf cif;ç 0iftyd jf cif;udk ]tEkycZÆ}[k ac:onf/ a&S;edó,ü
tEkycZÆ - ]wd;k a0Sí Y }[k teufay;onft h wGuf ]]yGwu f yfMuyfaeatmif
0ifxdkifaeonf}}[k xifrSm;wwfMuonf/
Oypmt& ,lyHk
Oypm-t& BuD;aomausmif;jzpftHh anmifapmif;ç tif;ysOf\
t&yfav;rsuEf mS rS wpfawmifx
h mG ,l? eH&b
H ufu Oypm r&vQiv f nf;
aumif;ç i,faomausmif; jzpfvQiv f nf;aumif; wpfcw
k pfcak om t&yf
rS wpfawmifhxGmukd ,l&onf/
0if&mt&yfOypm xGuf&mt&yfOypm
0if&mt&yfOypmum; ajcaq;&mae&mrSpí anmifapmif;ç tif;-
ysOw
f ikd af tmif wpfawmifxh mG vrf;c&D;uk, d ?l xGu&f mt&yf Oypmum;
anmifapmif;ç tif;ysOrf S usiif ,fpeG &Yf m t&yfwikd af tmif wpfawmifx
h mG
vrf;c&D;ukd ,l&onf/
tmywfoifhykHrsm;
xdk&[ef;\ usOf;ajrmif;jcif;ukd tvdk&Sdí Oypmü q,fyg;aom
tdyf&mwdkYwGif wpfckckaom tdyf&mudk cif;tHh cif;aptHh 'kuú#f? cif;NyD;-
aemuf xdik ½f o Hk mxdik tf hH ygpdww f pfcsu?f tdy½f o Hk m tdyt
f hH ygpdww
f pfcsu?f
xdik jf cif; tdyjf cif;ESpyf g;pHk jyKthH ygpdwEf pS cf su?f xíxí xdik jf cif; tdyjf cif;
tBudrfBudrfjyKtHh tBudrfwdkif; tBudrfwdkif; ygpdwftmywfoifh\/
zJoGm;apvdkjcif; pdwf,kwfrmjzifh uyf0ifaexdkifrS ygpdwftmywf
oifhonf/ rusef;rmjcif; ponfaMumifhvnf;aumif; ae&mtcuftcJ
rwwfomí uyf0ifaexdkifolrSm tmywfroifh/
7/ eduú¹e odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f
cdkuf&efa'goponf rjyKwwfaom &[ef;wpfyg;udk oHCdu-
ausmif;rS pdwq
f ;kd í ESix
f w
k v
f Qiv
f nf;aumif; ESix
f w
k cf ikd ;f vQiv
f nf;-
aumif; ygpdwftmywfoifh\/
]ESix
f w
k }f [l&mü w&m;ojzifh aeolukd ESix
f w
k rf o
S m tmywfoif-h
onf/ ckduf&efjyKwwfaom &[ef;? tvZÆD&[ef;? &efjzpfwwfç jiif;cHk-
wwfç qefYusifbufpum;ukd ajymwwfç pum;rsm;wwfç oHCmü
t"du½kP;f jyKapwwfaom &[ef;? q&mOyZÑm,f\ 0wfudk aumif;pGm
rjyKusifhaom teD;ae taEÅ0goduwynfhç twlae o'd¨0d[m&du
wynfh&[ef;wdkYudk ESifxkwfEdkifonf/
tmywfoifhyHkrsm;
ckduf&efjyKwwfaom &[ef;rsm;ESifh xdkolwdkY\ y&du©&mukdum;
oHCu d wpfwu kd v f ;kH rS ESix
f wk af omfvnf; tmywfroif?h tvZÆ&D [ef;
omraPESifh aumif;rGefpGm qHk;ronfukd rvdkufemaom &[ef; omr-
aPrsm;ukrd l rdrad e&m oHCu d ausmif; ausmif;wpfaqmifro S m ESixf wk -f
cGifh&Sd\/ wpfwdkufvHk;rSum; ESifxkwfcGifhr&Sd? rdrdESifh tuRrf;r0ifol
olrsm;ydik f yk*v ¾ u d ausmif;rS ESix f w
k &f müvnf;aumif;ç vl omraPukd
vnf;aumif;ç y&du©&mypönf;rsm;udkvnf;aumif;ç qGJxkwf&mü 'kuú#f?
rdrdESifh tuRrf;0ifol yk*¾vduausmif;rS pdwfqdk;í ESifxkwfvQifvnf;-
aumif;ç rdryd *k v ¾ u d ydik af usmif;rS oabmruso[ l o
l rQukd ESix
f w
k &f m-
üvnf;aumif; tmywfroifhay/
t*FgoHk;yg;
(1) oHCduausmif;jzpfjcif;? (2) cdkuf&efjiif;ckefponf rjyKwwf-
aom &[ef;jzpfjcif;? (3) pdwfqdk;í ESifxkwfjcif;ç tESifckdif;jcif;? aygif;
(3) yg;wnf;/
(aqmif) oHCmhausmif;rSefç cdkuf&efroef;ç &[ef;jzpfvsufç trsufxGuf
vQif;ç iifjcif;apvwfç tifoHk;&yfç eduú¹ewnf;/
8/ a0[mouk#d odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f
txufü Murf;ç ysOfcsyfwkdYjzifh rpDrcif;tyfao;aom rZÑdryk&do
OD;acgif;vGwaf tmif jrifah om oHCu d ausmif;\ qifah y:wGif wifxm;
tyfaomç taygifwiG f ajcpGyaf om pkYd y&pf rxk;d tyfao;aom anmif-
apmif; tifysOf[k ac:aom ckwif xkdifckHwkdYukd zdí rxkdif&? rtdyf&?
xkdokdY jyKvkyfvQif a0[mouk#dok'ÿgpdwftmywf oifh\/
þodum© yk'o
f nf anmifapmif;ç tif;ysOaf jcaxmufrsm; jyKwx
f u
G -f
í atmufxyfü oGm;vmaexdkifol\ tay:odkY ukwifajcaxmuf

jyKwfuszl;aomaMumifh ynwfawmfrltyfaom odu©myk'fwnf;/ ajc-
axmufudk xGif;í taygifwyfxm;vQifum; jyKwfxGufoGm;zG,f r&Sdí
þodu©myk'fESifh rqdkif/ xdkanmifapmif;ajcrsm;vnf; taygifü pGJae-
atmif (ruRwEf ikd af tmif) pdYk (oH)½ku
d x
f m;vQif uRwx
f u
G zf ,
G f r&Sad wmh-
&um; þodu©myk'fü xdkuJhodkY pdkY (oH) r½dkufbJ wyf½kHwyfxm;aom
anmifapmif;ajcrsm; jzpfonf[k rSwf/
t*Fgav;yg;
(1) oHCud ausmif;jzpfjcif;? (2) OD;acgif;ukd rwdu k rf ad vmufatmif
jrifah om a0[mouk#jd zpfjcif;? (OD;acgif;udk wdu k rf ad vmufatmif edrahf e-
vQif zdxdkifolrSm tmywfroifh? atmufu oGm;vmol\ wm0efom)?
(3) atmufxyfü oGm;vmoH;k pGaJ vh&jdS cif;? (atmufxyfü opfom;ponf
yHx
k m;í aexdik o f ;kH pGjJ cif; r&Sv
d Qif tay:xyfuwk ifay:ü xdik af eaomf-
vnf; tmywfroifh? aexdkif&m r[kwfaom atmufxyfü vma&muf
aexd k i f ol\ tjypfom? (4) pkdYç oH r½dkuftyfaom tm[pöyg'u
anmifapmif; tif;ysOfü xdkifjcif;ç tdyfjcif;? aygif; av;yg;wnf;/
(rSwfcsuf) rZÑdrç yk&d? acgif;rxd? uk#dukdom ,l/
(aqmif) oHCduausmif;? OD;acgif; rxd? uk#da0[m? atmufrSm okH;-
aqmif? pkaYd ygif rESu?f ajc&Sv
d suv
f Qi?f anmiftifüom? xkid t
f yd -f
yg? a0[m t*Fgav;/
9/ r[v’u0d[m& odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f
ausmif;'um&Sad om Bu;D aom Ov’w
d må ç 0vdwaå usmif;ukd aqmuf-
vkyfapvdkaom &[ef;onf wHcg;&Guf wHcg;abmifrsm;ukd cdkifjrJapzdkY&m
wHcg;abmif (usn;f acG)\ ywfywfvnf ESpaf wmifx h mG t&yfudk t*Faw
(odrYk [kw)f ajrnufwjYkd zifh (wHcg;&Gujf zifh ½ku
d rf w
d wfí uGmrusatmif)
txyfxyf vdrf;usHEdkifonf/ avomjyLwif; wHcg;&Gufrsm;udk cdkifjrJ-
atmif jyKzdkY&efvnf; xdkavomjyLwif;\ ywfywfvnfü txyfxyf
vdr;f usEH idk o
f nf/ tay:trd;k ukv d nf; ESpx f yf oH;k xyftxd aumufyifç
yJyifç Al;ç z½kyH if r&S&d mt&yfü &yfvsuf ud, k wf ikd f Muyfrwf pDrEH idk o
f nf/
xdEk pS x
f yf oH;k xyfxuf wd;k í pDrv H Qiuf m; aumufyo J ;D ESH r&S&d mt&yfü
&yfvsuf pDrHapumrl ygpdwftmywfoifh\/
(aqmif) Ov’dwåm 0v’dwm ausmif;rsKd;omç þrSm 0d[m,l/ (ar'deD?294/)
]'Gdwdåpä'eóy&d,m,H}yk'f t"dyÜm,f
'Gw
d Edå iS hf y&d,m,onf q'eóyk'jf cm;vsuf ormofpyfxm;onf
jzpfí t,kwåormofyk'fwnf;/ ]e0H ye bdu©Kem pD0&vmabe}uJhodkYç
]e0H ye bduK© em oE¦w}H uJo h Ykd ]e0H}ESihf ]pD0&}? ]e0H}ESihf ]oE¦w}H ausmpf yf-
teuf ay;&onf/ ]'dGwdå}ESifh ]y&d,m,H}udk wGJí teufay;&onf[k
rSwf/
ew¬d [&dwH {w¬mwd tyÜ[&dwH = pdrf;pdkaom aumufyJoD;ESH
r&Sdaom t&yfwnf;/ ]tyÜ}o'´gonf tydÜapämuJhodkY r&dSjcif; ]tbm0}
teufukd a[monf/ ][&dw}o'´gonf pdrf;pdkaom tzsm;ü oD;aom
aumufrsKd;ç tqpfüoD;aom Al; z½kHpaom yJrsKd;wdkYukd,l/ tMuifrsKd;aph
onf v,f,mwdkYü MuJxm;umrQjzpfí tyifraygufao;aomfvnf;
rdkCf;&Gmaomf tyifaygufvwåHU? xdkrsKd;aph MuJxm;&m t&yfrsKd;ukdvnf;
pdrf;pdkaom aumufyJ ][&dw}yif qdk&rnf/
wawm ap Owå&d tyÜ[&dawyd Xdawm t"d|a[,s/
pdrf;pdkaom aumufyJ&Sd&m t&yfrsKd;ü &yfí pD&ifaom &[ef;tm;
'ku#ú ?f aumufyyJ if r&Sad omfvnf; pkvpfreG ;f cRef rwifaom ausmif;jzpf-
tH?h acgif avsmuf eHyg; pkvpfreG ;f cRew
f ifaom ausmif;jzpft?hH xkyu
d m\
eHyg;ü &yfaomç trd;k ay:ü aeaom a,mufsm;onf trd;k pGe;f jcifNrw d -f

pGef;jzifh atmufodkY ikHYMunfhaomf ajrü&yfí pD&ifaom&[ef;udk jriftHh?
&[ef;uvnf; tay:odYk armfíMunfah omf xdt k rd;k üaeaom a,mufsm;-
ukd jrift?hH xdjk rif&mt&yfüom &yf&rnf/ jrif&mt&yftwGi;f ü aumufy-J
yif r&Sad omfvnf; NyKd usonf&adS omf xd&k [ef;ukd ydrnfp;kd í r&yftyf[k
od/
ESpfxyfoHk;xyf rdk;yHk
tajzmifhtm;jzifhrdk;aomf okH;xyfç tajzmifhrdk;jcif;xuftvGef
vnfírd;k aomf oH;k xyfvnfí rd;k jcif;xuftvGef rpD&if&? xdo k rYkd ;kd &mü
ESpxf yfr;kd yHu
k kd oabmrusao;vQif zsuu f mzsuu
f m oabmusonf-h
wdik af tmif pDrí H oH;k ckajrmuftxyfuu
kd m; þenf;twkid ;f rd;k &pfawmh-
[k rSmxm;í oGm;&rnf/ roGm;bJ MunfhaevQifvnf; xyfí rajym&?
xyfí ajymqdkpDrHvQif ygpdwftmywfoifh\/
oH;k xyfxuftvGef jrufopf&u
G w
f jYkd zifh rd;k tH?h jrufqyk f opf&u
G q
f yk f
ta&twGuftwkdif;ygpdwf? tkwfausmuf t*FawwdkYjzifhrdk;tHh? tkwfp-
onf ta&twGuftwkdif; ygpdwftmywf oifh\/
10/ oyÜgPuodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f
oyÜgPuH O'uH wdPH 0g rwåduH 0g yk'fwdkYukd ESpfenf;teuf-
ay;&mü yxrenf;tvdk ]]ydk;&Sdaom a&ukd ,lí jrufxJodkYaomfvnf;-
aumif;ç ajrnufay:odkYvnf;aumif;ç ukd,fwdkifjzpfap cdkif;íjzpfap
oGefypfavmif;xnfhonf[k qdkonf/ þenf;t& a&tdk; a&uef
a&wGi;f rsm;rS yd;k &Sad om a&ukd yd;k &Srd eS ;f odvsuf roGerf avmif;aumif;[k
rSwf/ 'kwd,enf; - ydk;&Sdaom a&xJodkY jruf (opf&Gufç opfcuf)wdkYudk-
aomfvnf;aumif;ç ajrnufudkaomfvnf;aumif;ç ukd,fwdkifjzpfap
cdkif;íjzpfap avmif;xnfhonf[k qdkvdkonf/ þenf;0,f ]ydk;&Sdaom
a&}[l&mü opf&Gufç opfcufç trIdufç ajrnufwdkYukd xnfhvdkufvQif
a& aemufoGm;ojzifh ydk;uav;rsm; aozG,f&Sdaom enf;enf;yg;yg;
usi;f tdik u
f av;rsm;&Sd a&uko
d m qdv
k o
kd nf/ jrpfacsmif; uefBu;D rsm;0,f
rsm;pGmaom a&üum; xdjk rufponf xnfí h yd;k raoEdik ?f þodum© yk'uf dk
odÍöeodu©myk'f[kvnf; tcsKdUae&mü emrnfay;onf/
txl;od&ef
aomufjcif; csKd;jcif;[k qdktyfaom twGif;oHk;aqmifjcif;ukd
txuf oyÜgPuodu©myk'f &SdNyD;jzpfaomaMumifh þodu©myk'fudk ty
oH;k aqmifjcif;ukd &nfí 0w¬Ktavsmuf a[mawmfro l nf/ þ odum© yk'f
ESpfcktaygif;ukd txl;jyKí (0g) oyÜgPucsnf;jyKí aoapvdkaom
apwemr&SdbJ oGef;avmif;jcif;ü ynwfawmfrljcif;aMumifh yPÖwdå0ZÆ
jzpfonf/ aoapvdak om apwem&Sv d wfaomf oÍöpd yö gP odum© yk'jf zifh
ygpdwftmywf oifh\/ þodu©myk'fjzifh ygpdwfroifh[k ]0drwd}qdk\/
qDrD;ü usí ykd;zvHponfwkdY aoukeftHh[k odvsuf qDrD;xGef;-
aom &[ef;tm; 0"uapwemESifh uif;í ygpdwftmywf oifhouJhokdY
þa&ukd ok;H aqmifjcif;jzifh yk;d wkYd aouketf [
hH k a&S;tzküYd odaom &[ef;
\ oGeaf vmif;jcif;? oGeaf vmif;apjcif;onf 0"uapwem (aoapvk-d
aom apwem)ESihf uif;ívnf; ygpdwt f mywf oifah umif;aomaMumifh
]yPÖwåd0ZÆ}[k om&w¬qkd\/ (ar'deD?298/)
t*Fg (4) yg; - 1/ ykd;&Sdaom a&jzpfjcif;? 2/ oGefavmif;ojzifh ykd;
aotHh[k odjcif;? 3/ ykd;aoavmufatmif a&ukefcef;jcif; ponfokdY
a&mufjcif;? 4/ aoapvkdaom apwem r&SdbJ jrufponfokdY oGef-
avmif;jcif;? aygif; (4)yg; wnf;/
(aqmif) yk;d &Sad oma&1? oGeaf vmif;avaomf? yk;d aornfo2d a&\ jzpfcsu?f
aoavmufvsuyf if3? jruf ajr cyif;? oGe;f xnfjh cif;[k4 aMumif;-
&if;av;jzm? tifnDnm oygPuoifh/
3/ bdu©Kaem0g'0*f odu©myk'f (10) yg; tusOf;csKyf

1/ orkwdr&bJ bdu©KeD&[ef;rwdkYudk *½k"H&Spfyg;&Gwfjyjcif;aMumifh
bdu©Kaem0g'uygpdwf/
2/ orkw&d Ny;D jzpfaom &[ef;onf ae0ifonfw h ikd af tmif w&m;rSe-f
orQjzifh qHk;rjcif;aMumifh tw¬*Fwol&d,ygpdwf/
3/ ruse;f rrmemzsm;aom &[ef;rudk MuOfxm;í bduK© erD ausmif;odYk
csOf;uyfí &[ef;rdef;rwdkYudk qHk;rjcif;aMumifh bdu©KEkyó,
ygpdwf/
4/ tmrdo[laom taMumif;aMumifh rax&fBu;D &[ef;wdo Yk nf &[ef;
rde;f rwduYk kd qH;k rMuuke\
f [k uJ&h UJ jcif;aMumifh tmrdoa[wkygpdw/f
5/ vJvS,fç zvS,fonfudk MuOfxm;í aqGrsKd;rawmfaom &[ef;-
rdef;rtm; ouFef;ay;jcif;aMumifh pD0&'geygpdwf/
6/ aqGrsK;d rawmfaom &[ef;r\ ouFe;f ukd csKyjf im;tH?h csKyaf pjim;t?hH
pD0&odAÁeygpdw/f
7/ ukefonftazmfwdkYESifhtwl oGm;xdkufaom c&D;ç ,HkrSm;zG,f&Sd\[k
orkwftyfaom c&D;ç ab;&efwdkYESifhwuGjzpfaom c&D;oHk;rsKd;wdkYukd
MuOfxm;í &[ef;rwdEYk iS t hf wl wdik yf ifnñ
D w
G í f &Gmr&Sv d Qif ,lZem-
0ufç &Gm&SdvQif wpf&Gmjcm; OypmodkYa&mufatmif t"GefY&Snfaom
c&D;okdY oGm;jcif;aMumifh oH0d"meygpdwf/
8/ &[ef;rESihf wdik yf ifnñ D wG í f [db k ufurf;ç onfbufurf;ç zDvm
jzwfu;l jcif;ukd MuOfxm;í qefavS pkeaf vS twlp;D jim;tH?h em0gbd-
½k[eygpdwf/
9/ &[ef;rwdYk pDpOfonfrS a&S;ü vlwYdk yxr pDpOftm;xkwt f yfaom
qGrf;rsKd;udk MuOfxm;í bdu©KeDr pDrHtyfaom qGrf;[k odvsuf
abmZOfig;yg; bkOf;ay;jcif;aMumifh y&dygpdwygpdwf/
10/ &[ef;rde;f rESihf wpfa,mufcsi;f csi;f em;\uG,&f mt&yfü xdik jf cif;-
aMumifh & a[medoZÆygpdwftmywf oifh\/
t"dyÜm,frsm;
,cktcg bduK© e&D [ef;rrsm; r&Sad wmhí bduK© aem0g'0*f t"dymÜ ,f
rsm; ra&;awmhyg/ oDv&Sirf sm;ESithf wl aexkid Mf uaom &[ef;awmfrsm;
enf;,lqHk;rEdkifMu&ef *½k"rf&Spfyg;ESifh bdu©Kaem0g' t*Fg&Spfyg;wdkYukd
odom½kH a&;jyygrnf/
*½k"r® (8) yg;
1/ 0gBuD;0gi,fra&G; &[ef;jzpfvQif &Sdcdk;&jcif;?
2/ &[ef;a,mufsm;&Sdaom ausmif;teD;üom 0guyf&jcif;?
3/ Mo0g'tvdkYiSm vcGJwdkif; &[ef;a,mufsm;xH csOf;uyf&jcif;?
4/ bdu©Kç bdu©KeDESpfOD;xH y0g&PmjyK&jcif;?
5/ odu©rmef (2)ESpf usifh&jcif;?
6/ oHCm'daooftmywf (17)yg; wpfyg;yg;odkY a&mufaomf yu©rm-
ewfom usifh&jcif;?
7/ &[ef;a,mufsm;rsm;ukd rqJ&jcif;?
8/ &[ef;a,mufsm;rsm; ajymqdkorQ iHkYcH&jcif;?
þ&Spfyg;wdkYukd &[ef;rrsm; tav;*½kjyKvdkufem&aom *½k"rf
&Spfyg;wdkY jzpfonf/
(aqmif) &Sdcdk;ç 0guyf? vcJG uyf? ESpf&yf y0g&PH/
ESpfESpf odu©? yuf rme? jyef[ rqJ&ef/
&[ef; qdkorQ? iHkYcH&? t| *½k"rf/
bdu©Kaem0g'u t*Fg (8) yg;

1/ oDv0EÅyk*¾dKvfjzpfjcif;?
2/ A[kokwyk*¾dKvfjzpfjcif;?
3/ ygwdarmufESpfapmiftus,f&í cEüy&d0gwdkYrS aqmifí ygVdjzifh
aumif;pGm qHk;jzwfEdkifjcif;?
4/ pum;aumif; toHaumif;jcif;?
5/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh bdu©KeDrwdkY cspfcifrI&Sdjcif;?
6/ ygVdudk taMumif;jyí 0#fqif;&Jab;rS Ncdrf;ajcmufí bdu©KeDrwdkYukd
oGefoifqHk;rjcif;iSm pGrf;Ekdifjcif;?
7/ rdrd vljzpfpOfu bduK© erD ü um,oHo*¾? odur© mefç omraPrwdüYk
arxkefrI rjyKzl;jcif;?
8/ odu©m0gESpfq,fç ESpfq,fxufvGefjcif; þodkY t*Fg&Spfyg;wnf;/
oDv0g A[kókawm p? oGm*awm p ok0gpaum/
yda,m y#dAavm pmyd? eZÑmyaEém p 0Dowd/
(aqmif) oDv okw? a'G;ukd &í? aumif;vS pum;oH? wwef cspfrsm;?
pGrf;jim; qHk;r? eDr o*¾g? odufom arxkef? jyKMuHK r&Sd?
0gjynfhESpfq,f? þ&SpfoG,f? rSwfzG,f Mo0g'g/
<uif;usefaom rSwfom;zG,f&m t"dyÜm,frsm;ukd qdkif&m0denf;-
pmtkyrf sm;rS bduK© aem0g'0*f vmonft h wdik ;f A[kow
k tjzpf Munf½h -I
Muyg/ þoifwef;ü vufawGUusifhzG,frsm;om a&;om;oifMum;rnf
jzpfí rwifjyawmhjcif; jzpfonf/
(4) abmZe0*f odu©myk'fq,fyg; tusOf;csKyf
1/ remrzsm; use;f rmaom&[ef;onf (wpfaeYpmjzpfaom) {nfoh nf-
wdYk wnf;ck&d mZ&yfponfü 0wfwnfxm;tyfaomqGr;f ukd pm;tyf
pm;Edkifonf/ xdkwpfaeYpmxuf tvGef pm;vQif tm0oxyd@
ygpdwf/
2/ ruse;f rm&mtcg ouFe;f vSL&mtcg ouFe;f csKyq f ;kd &mtcgç t"Ge-Yf
&Snaf om c&D;ukd oGm;&mtcgç avS oabFm pD;&mtcg &[ef;rsm;pGm
pkrd&mtcgç orPtrnf&olwdkY\ xrif;auR;&mtcgç þtcg
ckepfrsK;d ukd MuOfxm;í 'umwdu Yk rtyfpyfaom enf;jzifh zdwrf ef-
jcif; &[ef;rsm;uk, d wf ikd f awmif;&rf;tvSLcHjcif;wdaYk Mumifh &&Sad om
*PabmZOfudk pm;jim;tHh? *PabmZeygpdwf/
3/ rusef;rm&mtcgç ouFef;vSL&mtcgç ouFef;csKyfqdk;&mtcgç
þtcgoHk;rsKd;ukd MuOfxm;í 'umwdkYu rtyfpyfaomenf;jzifh
zdwfrefjcif; &[ef;rsm;ukd,fwdkif awmif;&rf;tvSLcHjcif;wdkYaMumifh
&tyfaomabmZOfrsm;&SdaevQif aemufrS yifhzdwfol\ abmZOf-
udk pm;jcif;aMumifh y&rÜ&abmZeygpdwf/
4/ tdro f Ykd csO;f uyfvmaom &[ef;ukd vufaqmifay;&ef pDrt H yfaom
rke?Yf &dum© jyK&ef pDrtH yfaom rkeEYf rS ;f qef ponfwjYkd zifh a&S;½Iaqmifí
zdwfrefvQif ESpfoydwf oHk;oydwfjynfh½kH &[ef;tm;vHk;twGuf
cH,l&rnf/ xdkxuf tvGefydkícH,lvQif umPrmwmygpdwf?
5/ qGr;f pm;aepOf wefNy[ D k y,fjrpfrad om &[ef;onf twd&w d 0f ed nf;-
uHvnf; rjyKtyf? *dvme\ t<uif;tusefvnf;r[kwfaom
,m0umvducJzG,f q,fhESpfrsKd;ç abmZOfig;rsKd;wdkYudk cJpm;jcif;-
aMumifh yxry0g&Pmygpdwf/
6/ qGrf;pm;aepOf wefNyD[k y,fjrpfrdaom y0g&dwfoifhaeNyD;aom
&[ef;wpfyg;ukd twd&w d 0f ed nf;uHvnf; rjyK? *dvmetusev f nf;
r[kwaf om ,m0umvdu cJz, G q
f ,fEh pS rf sK;d abmZOfig;rsK;d wdjYk zifh
a&S;½Iaqmifí ]&[ef;..a&mY cJpm;ygavmh}[k y0g&dwo f ifNh y;D aom
&[ef;rSef; odvsuf tjypfwifjcif;udk iJhí zdwfjim;thH? tzdwfcH
&aom &[ef; pm;jcif;udpöNyD;vQif zdwfaom&[ef; 'kwd,-

y0g&Pmygpdw/f
7/ aevGJaomtcgü ,m0umvducJzG,fq,fhESpfrsKd; abmZOfig;rsKd;-
wdkYudk cJpm;jcif;aMumifh 0dumvabmZeygpdwf/
8/ tuyfcx H m;aom cJz,G q f ,fEh pS rf sK;d abmZOfig;rsK;d wdu
Yk kd odrk ;SD odr;f -
qnf;xm;í eufjzefpaom aeYwüYkd cJpm;jcif;aMumifh oEé"d u d m&u
ygpdwf/
9/ axmywfç qDO;D ç qDç ysm;&nfç wifvçJ ig;ç tyfaom uke;f owå0g-
wdkY\tom;ç EkdY&nfç EdkY"rf; þ (9)rsKd; wpfrsKd;rsKd;jzifh a&mtyfaom
abmZOfukd remzsm;bJ rdrd\tusKd;iSm awmif;pm;jcif;aMumifh
yPDwabmZeygpdwf/
10/ &xa&PkjrL yrmP&Sdaom jrLrIefryg ppfNyD;oefY&Sif;aoma&ç
'efy0l g;jcif; (vnfacsmif;twGi;f t&nfr0ifatmif 0g;jcif;rsK;d )ukd
MuOfxm;í ESpfaxmifhxGm[w¬ygoftwGif;okdY vma&mufí vlç
omraPwkdYu ruyfvSLtyfaom &xa&PkjrLyrmPrS pí
tm[m&trsKd;rsKd;udk pm;rsKdjcif;aMumifh 'EÅaygPygpdwftmywf
oifh\/
tm0oxyd@odu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f
tm*EÉm 0oEÅd {w¬mwd tm0oaxm? tm0oax ynawåm
yda@m tm0oxyda@m/ c&D;oGm; polwkdY vma&mufwnf;ckdae&m
Z&yf paom tm0oxü wnfxm;tyfaomqGr;f udk tm0oxyd@[k
qkdonf/
c&D;oGm;olç rusef;rmolç ukd,f0ef&Sdolç &aohç &[ef; polwkdY
wnf;ckad exkid Mf uzk&Yd m anmifapmif; tif;ysOf (ukwif ukvm;xkid )f rsm;udk
xkdufwefovkd cif;xm;í tcef;rsm;pGm olrsufESmomESifhol ykdif;jcm;
uefYxm;tyfaom rkd;vkHavvkH wef;vsm;Z&yf ponfwkdYudk aumif;rI
ukokdvf vkdvm;olwkdYu vrf;qkHçvrf;r paom trsm;ESifh qufqHrnfh
ae&m0,f wwfEidk o f rl sm;u aqmufvyk x
f m;wwfMu\/ xko d Ydk aqmuf-
vkyfNyD;vQif xkdZ&yfponfü ,m*kxrif;ESifh aq;trsKd;rsKd;ukdyg wnf-
xm;avh&SdMu\/
xkq d rG ;f ponfudk tm0oxyd@[k ac:onf/ ,cktcg Bu;D us,-f
aom bk&m;yGJ ausmif;yGJ oGm;vrf;rsm;üvnf; xkdrQavmuf ruse-
apumrl pm;zG,af omufz, G rf sm;ESiw
hf uG wnf;ckzd &Ydk m pmwk'o
d´ mr@yf-
rsm; edAÁmefaps;rsm; &SdwwfMuonf/ xkdr@yfrsm;vnf; tm0oxwGif
yg0ifEkdifonf/
]{aum tm0oxyda@m}ü rSwf&ef
{aumwd {u'd0odaum = wpfaeYü pm;tyfaom[k ucFgt|-
uxm zGifhqkdonfESifhtnD ,ckacwf rGef;vwfukd;em&DcefY qGrf;pm;?
wpfq,fhwpfem&Davmuf rGef;rwnfhrD (abmZOf tygt0if rkefYrsm;
cJzG,frsm;jzifh) vufzuf&nfyGJ pm;aomufaomfvnf; {u'd0odaum
(wpfaeYpm)[laom ucFgt|uxmpum;ESifh oifhwifh nDñGwfrnfom
jzpfonf/
tmywfoifhykHrsm;
abmZOfig;yg;wkdYwGif wpfyg;yg;aom abmZOfukd Z&yf r@yf
opfyif&if; vGijf yifwüYdk &[ef;wktYd m;om[k r&nfñeT ;f rlí tvk&d w dS idk ;f
vmvmorQ tm;vk;H twGuf 0wfwnfxm;tyfaom tm0oxyd@ukd
remrzsm;aom &[ef;onf wpfBudrfwpfaeYpmom okH;aqmiftyf\/
xkdxuftvGef okH;aqmiftHh[k cH,lvQif 'kuú#f? rsKdwkdif;rsKdwkdif; ygpdwf?
remrzsm;bJ remzsm;[k trSw&f o dS nfjzpfíç ,krH mS ;&So
d nfjzpfí emzsm;-
\[k trSwf&Sdonfjzpfí okH;aqmiftHh ygpdwfokH;csuf? emzsm;vsuf
remzsm;[k trSwf&SdtHh 'kuú#f? ,kHrSm;&SdtHh 'kuú#fESpfcsuf oifh\/

tmywfroifhykHrsm;
*dvmejzpfrl aemuf&ufrsm;üvnf; qufpm;aumif;onf/ þ
ae&mü ,lZem0ufc&D;ukdrQ qufroGm;Ekdifolukd ]*dvme}[k ac:\/
c&D;wpf,lZemoGm;aom &[ef;? c&D;tMum; wpfBudrfpm;ç a&muf&m-
t&yfü wpfBudrfpm;ç jyefvmNyD; c&D;tMum;ü wpfBudrfpm;aom &[ef;?
oGm;tH[h k pm;Ny;D í xGuo f mG ;aomf ab;&efaMumifh jyefvmí ab;r&S[ d k
odí oGm;tH[ h k pm;jyefaom &[ef;? Opöm&Sif tvSL&Siwf uYdk yifah vQmuf-
xm;í tBudrfBudrf pm;aom &[ef;? &[ef;wkdYtm;om &nfpl;í
0wfwnfvSLaom qGrf;udk tBudrfBudrf pm;aom&[ef;? qGrf;r0í
tBudrfBudrf pm;aom&[ef;? abmZOfig;yg;wkdYrSwpfyg; tvkH;pkHaom
cJzG,fwkdYukd pm;aom&[ef;? Or®wåu&[ef; tm'dur®du&[ef;wkdYtm;
tmywfroifh[k odyg/
*PabmZeodu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f
*PabmZOf[lonf *Pó oEÅuH abmZeH - *PabmZeH?
*kdPf;\Opömjzpfaom abmZOf? *kdPf;[lonf *POykof[l&müuJhokdY
ESpyf g;ok;H yg; *kP
d ;f r[kw?f av;yg;rSpí txuf&maxmifpaom &[ef;-
rsm;ukd þü *kP d ;f [k ac:onf/ xk*d P
dk ;f \ Opömjzpfaom *PabmZOf-
um; 'um'umrwkdYu ]xrif;pm;<uyg} ponfjzifh rtyfaomenf;jzifh
zdwfrefjcif;aMumifhjzpfapç &[ef;rsm;ukd,fwkdif xrif;ay;ygç ig;ay;yg
ponfjzifh rtyfaom awmif;jcif;aMumifhjzpfapç &tyfaom abmZOf-
wnf;/ þüum; xkd*PabmZOfukd pm;jcif;wkdifatmif ,lyg/
&[ef;av;yg;wkdY cH,ljcif;onfom y"me
rtyfaom zdwfrefjcif; rtyfaom awmif;jcif; ESpfrsKd;wkdYwGif
wpfrsK;d rsK;d ESihf qkid af om abmZOfig;yg; wpfyg;yg;ukd &[ef;av;yg;ç ig;yg;
paom &[ef;wkYd twlwuG cH,Ml uvQif xkad bmZOfonf *PabmZOf-
tppf jzpfavNyD/
xk*d PabmZOfudk pm;vQif qGr;f vkww f idk ;f ygpdwtf mywf oif\
h /
cH,l&efvmpOfu xkd&[ef;rsm; wuGJwjym;pD vmonfjzpfapç cH,lNyD;
wjcm;pDjyefí wjcm;pD pm;Muonfjzpfap vkd&if;r[kwf? twlwuG
cH,jl cif;om vk&d if;jzpfonf/ xkaYd Mumifh ryifw h wfou l oHCmav;yg;
ponfukd ]]reufjzef xrif;okH;aqmif <uyg? rkefY[if;cg;pm; <uyg}}
ponfjzifh yifzh w
d v
f Qif av;yg;vk;H wpfNyKd ief uf rcHbJ wpfyg;u aemufrS
cH,lvQif tm;vkH;yif tmywfroifh tjypfvGwfonf[k rSwf/
(aqmif) &[ef;av;yg;ç ponfrsm;ukd?
ig;yg;abmZOfç emrH wifí?
zdwfvQifvnf;aumif;ç awmif;vQifwjcm;?
&wkHjim;uç av;yg;pol wlcHrlç
rSwf,l *PabmZOfwnf;/
abmZOfig;yg;
1/ Mo'e = pyg;ckepfrsKd;rSjzpfaom qefwpfrsKd;rsKd;ukd csufxm;onfh
xrif; (0g) qGrf;/
2/ owåK = pyg;ckepfrsKd; qefukd trIefYaxmif;xm;onfh rIefY? rkHYvkH;/
3/ ukr®mo = rka,mpyg; (*sKHjzL) jzifh jyKvkyfaom rkefYtrsKd;rsKd;/
4/ rpä = ig; (a&owå0gtrsKd;rsKd;\ tom;/)
5/ rHo = trJ (ukef;owå0g trsKd;rsKd;\tom;/)
(aqmif) xrif; trJ ig;? rkefY ESpfyg;? ig;yg; abmZOfwnf;/
rtyfaom yifhzdwfenf;
*PabmZOfonf rtyfaom yifzh w
d jf cif;ç rtyfaom awmif;jcif;-
[k tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh *PabmZOf ESpfrsKd; jym;\/

'umrkdufwpfa,mufonf wuGpka0;íjzpfapç wpfyg;pDjzpfap
aeMuaom &[ef;av;yg;ig;yg;xH csO;f uyfí abmZOfig;yg;\ trnfudk
,lí ]]Mo'aee edraEÅr?d bawåe edraEÅr}d } þokYd ponfjzifh ygVdvjdk zpfap
xrif;udk tvSLcHyguke?f rkevYf ;Hk ukd tvSLcHygukef ponfjzifh xrif;trnf
rkefYtrnf ponfqkdí zdwfjcif;rsKd;ukd rtyfaom zdwfjcif;[k qkdonf/
]owåK ukr®mo rpä rHo}[k ygVdbmomjzifh qkdí jzpfap? ]]rkefYvkH;
rka,mrkefY ig;[if; trJom;[if; bkOf;ay;<uyg}}[k jrefrmbmomjzifh
jzpfap yifhzdwfjcif;rsKd;onf rtyfaom yifhzdwfjcif; jzpfonf/
rtyfaom awmif;enf;
&[ef;av;yg; ig;yg; ponfwo dYk nf twlwuGjzpfapç toD;toD;
jzpfap aeí 'um 'umrukd jrifaomf ]]trSmuH bwåH a'[d - igwkt Yd m;
xrif;vSLMuyg}} ponfjzifh abmZOfig;yg;wkdY\ trnfukd EIwf>rufí
ygVdvjdk zpfapç jrefrmvkjd zpfap awmif;jcif;rsK;d ukd rtyfaom awmif;jcif;
[k odyg/
tyfaom yifhzdwfenf;
bduH© bkÍx Æ ? yd@ygwH bkÍx
Æ ? rpäbud H© bkÍx Æ ? rHobduH© bkÍx
Æ ?
ponfjzifh ygVdbmomjzifhjzpfap ]]qGrf;bkOf;ay;<uyg? ig;qGrf;bkOf;ay;
<uyg? tom;qGrf; bkOf;ay;<uyg}} ponfjzifh jrefrmtokH;jzifhjzpfap
yifhzdwfjcif;rsKd;um; tyfaom yifhzdwfjcif;rsKd; jzpfonf/
,ckumv owdjyKzG,f
qGrf;pm;<uygç qGrf;bkOf;ay;<uyg ponfjzifh qGrf;[laom tokH;-
tEIef;rsm; EIwfwufaeMu em;vnfaeMuNyD;jzpfí ]xrif;}[k qkdí-
yifhzdwfjcif;twGuf *PabmZOfjzpfzG,f r&SdNyD? okdYaomf EIwfrvkduf
ao;aom ]]ig;aMumf bkO;f ay;<uygç ig;[if; bkO;f ay;<uygç rke[ Yf if;cg;pm;
<uygç rkefYwD ç acgufqGJ bkOf;ay;<uyg}} paom tokH;tEIef;rsm;onf
rtyfaom tokH;tEIef;rsm;wnf;/ xkduJhokdY tokH;tEIef;jzifh av;yg;
ponftm; yifhzdwfvmaomf y,fomvQify,f? ry,fomvQif okH;yg;pD
ESpyf g;pD ponf cH,í l tjcm;wpfae&mokdY oGm;a&muf pm;aomufEidk \ f /
rkefY[if;cg;qGrf;ç rkefYwDqGrf;ç MumqHBuD;qGrf;ç acgufqGJqGrf; ponfjzifh
]qGr;f }[laom a0g[m&udk aemufu xnfí h yifzh w
d rf o
S mvQif tyfaom
yifzh w
d jf cif;rsK;d jzpfí 'um'umrrsm; avQmufwwf yifzh w d w
f wfatmif
avhusifh oifMum;ay;xm;oifhonf/
abmZOftrnfjzifh zdwfvQifvnf; *PabmZOf
yÍöEéH abmZemeH emrH *a[wGm - ig;yg;aom abmZOfwkdY\
trnfu, dk í
l qkjd cif;aMumif-h [k vm&Sad omaMumifh - ]]abmZeH *PSx}}
abmZOfudk tvSLcHyg/ ]abmZOfpm; <uyg}[k qkad omfvnf; *PabmZOf
jzpfonf[k qkdMu\/
or,ckepfyg; tEkynwfckepfyg;
1/ ajcuGjJ cif;wnf;[laom taMumif;aMumifh qGr;f rcHEidk af vmufatmif
rusef;rrmjzpf&mtcgonf *dvmeor, rnf\/
2/ uxdefrcif;aomf 0guRwfouFef;umv wpfv? uxdefcif;aomf
waygif;vjynfhaeYtxd ig;vonf pD0&'geor, rnf\/
3/ topfjzpfaom ouFef;ü jzwfç csKyfç qkd;jcif;paom trIudpöjyK&m
umvonf pD0&um&or, rnf\/
4/ ukef;aMumif;c&D;jzifh ,lZemcGJpaom t"GefY&Snfaom c&D;ukd oGm;qJ
oGm;NyD;umvonf t'¨ge*reor, rnf\/
5/ avSpD;ç oabFmpD;ojzifh ,lZemcGJpaom c&D;okdYoGm;aom umv-
onf em0gbd½k[eor, rnf\/
6/ &Gmwpf&mG 0,f &[ef;ok;H yg;om qGr;f cHpm;avmuf\ av;yg;ajrmuf

wpfyg;xyfwkd;vmvQif qGrf;cHí rrQw? xkd&GmtwGuf xkd&[ef;
av;yg;wkdY pkrd&mtcgonf r[mor, rnf\? xkdxufBuD;aom
&GmNrdKUrsm;ü xkdxufrsm;aom &[ef;rsm; pkrdMuojzifh qGrf;cHí
rrQwvQifvnf; r[mor,yifwnf;/
7/ oDwif;okH;azmf ig;a,mufESifhwuG &aoh y&dAkdZf wdw¬d orP
trnf&olwkdYonf xrif;jzifh yihfzdwf vSL'gef;jcif;&Sdaom umv-
onf orPbwåor, rnf\/
(rSwfcsuf) þor,ckepfyg;wküYd ]xrif;}trnfjzifh yifzh w d v
f LS 'gef;Mu-
aomfvnf; &[ef;av;yg; ig;yg; vkdufpm;aumif;onf
tmywfroifh[k rSwf/
tmywfoifhykH roifykHrsm;
*PabmZOfü wduygpdwf? *PabmZOf r[kwf&mü 'ku'kuú#f?
*PabmZOf r[kwfonfü *PabmZOf r[kwf[k trSwf&Sdaom
(&[ef;av;yg; ponf r[kwfbJ) &[ef; ESpfyg;okH;yg; twlwuG cH,l-
aom&[ef; tmywfroifh? qGrf;cHoGm;í twlwuG pm;aom&[ef;?
edpöbwf ponfwkdYüvnf;aumif; abmZOfig;yg;ukd y,fxm;í tjcm;-
cJzG,fç aomufzG,fç vsufzG,f ponf pm;aom&[ef;? pma&;wHqGrf;ç
vqef;vqkwfü vSLaomqGrf;ç OykofaeYü vSLaomqGrf;ç txGuf-
wpf&ufaeYvSLaom qGrf;wkdYü okH;aqmiftHh tmywfroifh/
(3) y&rÜ&abmZeodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f

*PabmZeodu©myk'fü jyqkdcJhonfhtwkdif; rtyfaom yifhzdwf-
enf;jzifh zdwfrefxm;aom abmZOf&SdvQif (zdwfol wpfOD;wnf;jzpfu)
tjcm;enf; qGrf;cHí &jcif;ponfjzifh &aom qGrf;ukd rpm;ao;bJ
xkdrtyfaom zdwfol\ abmZOfukdom yxrpm;&rnf/ ]pm;}[l&mü
wpfvkwfavmuf pm;rdvQif ]]pm;jcif;}} jzpfawmh\/ txufu qkdcJh-
onfth wkid ;f rtyfaomenf;jzifh ESpOf ;D ok;H OD;ponf zdwx
f m;vQiv f nf;
tpOftwkdif; pm;&rnf/ *dvmeor, paomtcg okH;yg;&olvnf;
r[kw?f 0duyÜemvnf; rjyKbJ a&SUzdwaf omol\ abmZOfudk aemufrpS m;
aemufzwd af om ol\ abmZOfudk t&ifpm;vQif qGr;f vkww f idk ;f ygpdwf
tmywf oifh\/ rtyfaom a0g[m&jzifh zdwfol\ abmZOfudk yxr
pm;&rnf[k qdx k m;&m omoemESihf r&if;ES;D tuRr;f r0ifaom 'umrsm;-
tm; OD;pm;ay;xm;ykH&onf/
0duyÜemjyKyHk
'umESpfOD;oHk;OD;wdkYu rtyfaom enf;jzifh yifhzdwf&mü a&S ;zdwf
aom 'um\ abmZOfudk rpm;vdk aemufzw d af om 'um\abmZOfukd
pm;vdkvwfaomf oDwif;oHk;azmf ig;OD;wdkYwGif wpfa,mufa,muftm;
]]r,SH bwåypömoH wk,SH 'r®d - þrnfaom 'umxH igarQmfvifhawmifh
w &tHhaom abmZOfukd oifhtm; ay;yg\}} [lívnf;aumif;? ]]r,SH
bwåypömoH wk,HS 0duayÜrd - þrnfaom 'umxH igarQmv f ifah wmifw
h
&thHaom abmZOfukd oifhtm; 0duyÜemjyKyg (0g) pGefYyg\}}-[lívnf;-
aumif; rsufarSmuf0duyÜemjyKykH wpfrsKd;/
]]r,SH bwåypömoH £wåEémró (wdóó) 'r®d - þrnfaom
'umxHü igarQmv
f ifh awmifw
h tyfaom abmZOfudk þrnfaomoltm;
(wdótm;) ay;yg\}}[lí rsufuG,f0duyÜemjyKyHk wpfrsKd;/
þokt Yd m;jzifh 0duyÜemjyKykH ESprf sK;d jym;\/ xdEk pS rf sK;d wdw
Yk iG f wpfrsK;d -
rsK;d jzifh a&S;OD;pGm yifzh w
d af om'um\ abmZOfudk 0duyÜemrjyKbJ aemuf
yifah om 'um\ abmZOfukd pm;rdthH ygpdwt f mywfoif\ h / 0duyÜemjyKí
aemuf'um\ qGrf;ukdpm;aomf tmywfroifh/
(aqmif) 0duyÜem? jyKpm;yg? usrf;vm tyfownf;/
tmywfoifhyHk roifhyHkrsm;
y&rÜ&abmZOfü wduygpdw?f y&rÜ&abmZOf r[kw&f mü 'ku'ku#ú ?f
y&rÜ&abmZOf r[kwfonfü r[kwf[k trSwf&Sdaom&[ef; tmywf
roifh? xdkYjyif or,oHk;yg;üvnf;aumif;ç 0duyÜemjyKívnf;aumif;ç
wpfaygif;wnf;jyKívnf;aumif; pm;aom&[ef;ç yifzh w d af om tpOf-
twdkif; pm;aom&[ef;ç ]xrif;udk tvSLcHyg}[k yifhzdwfaomf ]oifh
xrif;udk ig tvdrk &S?d qGr;f uko
d m cH,rl nf}[k cH,al om &[ef;ç edpb
ö wf
oHCbwf Oaygoxbwf ovmubwf ponfwdkYüvnf;aumif;ç
abmZOfig;yg;ukd z,fxm;í cJzG,f aomufzG,fwdkYüvnf;aumif;ç
Or®wåuwdkYü vnf;aumif; tmywfroifh/
(4) umPrmwmodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f

umPowdo Yk rD;\ rdcifudk taMumif;jyKí odum© yk'jf zpfay:vm-
aomaMumifh umPrmwmodu©myk'f[k emrnfwyfonf/ tdrfodkY csOf;-
uyfvmaom &[ef;udk ylyç rE¦ (rkefYç rkefYvkH;)wdkYjzifh &[ef;txH a&S;½I
aqmif,í l (tvd&k o dS vdk cH,zl &Ykd ef) zdwrf efvmvQif ESpo f ydwf oH;k oydwf
jynfh oydwt f wGi;f EIwcf rf;a&;ESif t h nDavmufom (ESpyf g;pm oH;k yg;pm)
cH,El idk \
f / xdx
k uf wd;k í cH,v l Qiu f m; ygpdwt f mywf oif\
h / ESpo f ydwf
oH;k oydwf cH,Nl y;D aemufvnf; xdk ylyç rE¦wu Ykd kd twla0zefí oH;k aqmif
zk&Yd ef 0wå&m;&So
d nf/ oH;k ckajrmufoydwf pkepYf ek aYf rmufwufatmif cH,t l ?hH
oydwftwGif;EIwfcrf;a&;rS vGefaom rkefYta&twGuftwdkif; ygpdwf
tmywfoifh\/
ylyESifh rE¦ rSwfzG,f
yl&-"mwf wpfenf; yl-"mwf y-ypönf;? rm*"tbd"mefwdkYü ]yly}
[k &Sd\/ ,ck pmtcsKdU0,f ]yl0}[k &dSdonfum; ygXfysufomwnf;/ þ
]yly}o'´gonf pyg;rsK;d ckepfyg;\ qeftrsK;d rsK;d udk trIeaYf xmif;í jyKvyk f
tyfaom rkefY[lorQudk a[maomfvnf; þodu©myk'fü 0w¦KaMumif;
tm;avsmfpGm vufaqmifay;zdkY vkyftyfaom ]yly}ukdom ,l/
(aqmif) usrf; bd"me? [lorQu? ]yly} qdkvQif? xdkxdk rkefYpk? a[m½dk;
jyKvnf;? 0w¬KaMumif;wGuf? avsmfatmif qufí? vufaqmif
ay;p&mh? rkefYukdrQ? ]yly} a[mownf;/ (bmom#D?273/)
]rE¦} o'´gonf tbd"meftvkd tA'öwåK (qeftrsKd;rsKd;\ trIefY
oufoufudk axmywfponf a&mvsuf a&at;aESmNy;D vQif aomufz-Ydk
&m jzpfaom trIefYomref)ukd a[m\/ okdYaomf þodu©myk'füum;
qkt
d yfNy;D aom tvk;H tcJjzpfapç rqky&f ao;aom trIejYf zpfapç ESr;f vk;H
qefv;Hk oufoufjzpfap vrf;c&D;ü pm;zk&Yd m &dum© tvkiYd mS pDrt
H yforQudk
]rE¦} [k qkdonf/ (tA'¨ = rzGJUqkyftyfaom/ owåK = trIefY)
(aqmif) rE¦o'´gç bd"mefvmum;ç rsm;pGm rkerYf eI çYf a[m½k;d usKUH vnf;ç rcsKUd -
aygif;½k;H ç þtok;H rlç rkev
Yf ;Hk rkecYf çJ rken
Yf ufusEJ iS çhf ESr;f vnf; qefygç
vrf;&du©m&ç rSeforQç rE¦a[mavonf/ (bmom#Dum?273/)
ar'deüD um; y0wd y0wåww D d yl0?H vufaqmiftvkiYd mS pD&iftyf-
aom tvGet f &om&So d nf\ tjzpfjzifjh zpfaom uwGwrf ek Yf <uufusp-f
rkefYpaom cJzG,f&ap/
ouú#tbd"mef rm*"tbd"mefwkdYü ]yly}[k ygXf &Sd\/ yd#uwf-
awmfü ]yl0}[k ygXf &Sdonf/ c&D;tMum;ü okH;aqmifjcif; &du©mtvkdUiSm
pD&iftyfaom rkefYqkyfç ESrf;qef ponfwkdYukd ]rE¦}[k qkdonf/ ygpdwf
ygVdawmfü ]yl0}[k &Sd\/ PTm'darm*¾vmefü ]yly} &Sd\[k qkdxm;\/
okH;oydwf atmuftem;a&;ESifhtnD jynfh½kHcH&rnf
yifuudk vufaqmifay;&ef (ok)Yd &dum© jyK&efprD t
H yfaom rkeEYf rS ;f -
qefjzpfí okH;oydwfxufykdatmif cH,lvQif tvSL&SifrSm rlv&nf&G,f-
xm;aom vufaqmif vrf;&dum© vkaH vmufz,G f r&S&d um; tvku

d rf od-
&m a&muf\/ xkdYaMumifh &[ef;tm;vkH;twGuf okH;oydwfjynfhxuf
rykdvGefapbJ cH,lzkdY ynwfawmfrlonf/
qGrf;cH&[ef;wkYd\ wm0efrsm;
xkud ohJ Ydk ylyç rE¦wjYdk zifh avmif;vSLae&m0,f wpfoydwt f jynfo
h m
cH,cl o
hJ ol nf tdrrf x S u
G í f tjcm;&[ef; wpfyg;awGUvQif ]]wynfah wmf
wpfoydwf cH,lcJhNyD}}[k ajym&rnf/ 'kwd,&[ef;uvnf; wpfoydwf-
jynfoh m cH,v l Qif aemufxyf tjcm;&[ef;tm; yxr&[ef;u wpfo-
ydwf ,ckwynfhawmfu wpfoydwf cH,lNyD;NyD[k ajym&rnf/ wwd,
&[ef;u wpfoydwf cH,Nl y;D aemuf tjcm;awGUaom &[ef;tm; ok;H o-
ydwf jynfhoGm;NyDjzpfí aemufxyf rcH,lESifhawmh[k ajym&rnf/ yxr
&[ef;u ESpo f ydwf okrYd [kwf ok;H oydwcf , H Nl y;D &müvnf; xked nf;twkid ;f
aemufxyf rcH,zl Ydk ajym&rnf/ rnfonfeh nf;ESirhf qkd xkw d pftrd wf nf;rS
&[ef;tm;vkH;twGuf okH;oydwfjynfhxuf rykdvGefap&yg/
&[ef;oHCmrsm;tm; rkefYa0zefykH
ylyç rE¦wkdYukd cH,lMu&mü okH;oydwfcH,lcJhNyD;aom &[ef;onf
rdrdtwGuf wpfoydwf z,fxm;NyD; usefESpfoydwfukd &[ef;oHCmrsm;
ok;H aqmif&ef a0zefvLS 'gef;&rnf/ ESpo
f ydwf cH,cl ahJ om &[ef;uvnf;
rdrdtwGuf wpfoydwfxm;í usefwpfoydwfukd xkdYtwl okH;aqmif
a0zef&rnf/ wpfoydwfcH,lcJhaom &[ef;um; rdrd tvkd&Sdovkd okH;-
aqmifEidk of nf/ a0zef&müvnf; rke&Yf &mtdrrf S teD;qk;H jzpfaom qGr;f -
pm;Z&yf ausmif; tjrJwrf; zJ&mt&yfokdY oGm;í a0zef&rnf/ rdrd
taqGcifyGef; cspfcifuRrf;0if&m t&yfokdY oGm;íum; rvSL&[k odyg/
tmywfrsm;oifhykHç roifhykH
'Gw
d ydå wåy&l ü wduygpdw?f 'ku'ku#ú ?f ok;H oydwaf tmuf ,kwo
f nfü
,kwo f nf\ trSw&f í dS cH,al paom &[ef;tm; tmywfroif?h xkt Yd wl
vufaqmifç &du©mtvkdYiSm r[kwfaom rkefYudk cH,laom&[ef;ç vuf-
aqmifç &du©mrS <uif;aomrkefYukd cH,laom&[ef;ç c&D;oGm;jcif;udpö-
NyD;aom rkefYukd cH,laom&[ef;ç aqGrsKd;awmfol zdwfrefxm;olwkdY\
rkefYukd cH,laom&[ef;ç rdrdOpömjzifh &,laom&[ef;ç Or®wåu&[ef;-
wkdYtm; tmywfroifh/
(5) yxry0g&Pmodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f

abmZOfig;yg; wpfyg;yg;ukd wcsKdUwpf0ufukd pm;NyD;aemuf usef-
wcsKdUukd qufvufpm;aepOf uyÜd, (tyfpyfaom) abmZOfig;yg;ukd
ukd,fEIwfjzifh wm;jrpfrdí y0g&dwfoifhtHh? xkdokdY y0g&dwfoifhNyD;aemuf
£&d,mykxf wpfrsK;d ajymif;í *dvme\ tusejf zpfaom cJz, G f abmZOf-
ukd MuOfí twd&dwf0denf;uH rjyKbJ pm;vQif ygpdwftmywf oifh\/
abmZOfig;yg;
pm;qJabmZOfig;yg;ukd y,fjrpfrdrSom y0g&dwfoifhí abmZOf-
ig;yg; odzkdY vkdonf/ Mo'e = xrif;? owåK = qefrIefY? (a&S;u rkefYvkH;-
[k ay;MuonfrSm tajctjrpf r&Sd?) ukr®mo = rka,mpyg;jzifh
jyKtyfaom wpf0ufusuf tpmwpfrsKd;? rpä = ig;? rHo = trJ (ukef;-
owå0gç Muufç 0ufç EGm; ponfwkdY\ tom;)wkdYukd abmZOfig;yg;[k
ac:\/
Mo'e[lonf pyg;rsKd;ckepfyg;\ qefwkdYudk csuftyfaom xrif;-
wnf;/ vufjzifhaumfí &aumif;aom ,m*ktyspfvnf; yg0if\/
,m*ktusJum; ryg0if y0g&dwfroifh/
owåK[ol nf pyg;rsK;d ckepfyg;\qefudk avSmí f trIejYf yKxm;tyf-

aom qefrIefYnufukd owåK[k ac:\/ xkdqefrIefYnufukd axmywçf
ysm;&nfç wifvJ ponfjzifh a&mí a&at;jzifh arTaESmufvsuf pm;-
aomufavh &SdMu\/ xkd trIefYukd axmywfponfESifh wGJí tcJtvkH;
jyKvsufvnf; pm;Mu[ef &SdMu\/ rkefYrIefYESifh rkefYvkH;ukd,l/
ukr®mo
o[lonf qefukd wpf0ufusuf½kHrQ jyKwftyfaom tpm-
wpfrsKd;wnf;/ rk*¾rmo (yJrIefY)ponfukdvnf; xkduJhokdY csufjyKwfMu\/
y0g&dwt f &mü qefuv dk yk af om ukrm® oukd ,l&rnf/ a&S;u rka,mrke[
Yf k
ay;Mu\/ rka,mukd tbd"mefedosopfü ]*sKHjzL}[k ay;\/
rpäç rHowku
dY m; xif&mS ;Ny?D ,m*kEiS hf [if;csKrd sm;ü ykZeG af jcmufç ig;ç
trJtenf;i,f yg0ifaevQif xk, d m*kç [if;csKrd sm;yif y0g&dwf oifah p-
Ekdif\/
(aqmif) xrif; ig;om;? rkefY ESpfyg;? ig;yg; abmZOfwnf;/
y0g&dwft*Fg ig;yg;
1/ pm;qJ (pm;í rNyD;ao;) jzpfjcif;?
2/ abmZOfig;yg; wpfyg;yg;jzpfjcif;? (abmZOfigyg;wGif ryg0ifaom qDç
qm;ç [if;rsm;ESihf opfo;D ç yJjzifh vkyaf om rkeYf ponfwuYdk dk y,fjrpf-
aomfvnf; y0g&dwfroifh/)
3/ ay;olu &[ef;\ ESpaf wmifx h mG [w¬ygoftwGi;f okYd 0ifa&mifjcif;
([w¬ygof tjyifbufuay;onf uyfonfukd y,faomfvnf;
y0g&dwfroifh/)
4/ aqmif,cl u dk jf zpfjcif; (vufjzifah jrm§ ufí rí aqmifxm;cku d f y,frS
y0g&dwfoifhonf/(atmufü csxm;aom qGrf;ponfukd ],lrvm;}
[k EIwfjzifh ar;onfukd y,f&mü y0g&dwfroifh/)
5/ ukd,fEIwfjzifh y,fjcif;? (vufumjyjcif; acgif;&rf;jcif; ]awmfNyD}
]rxnfhESifh} paom ukd,fEIwfjzifh jrpfrS y0g&dwfoifhonf/
(aqmif) pm;qJ abmZOf? [wfwGif;0if? aqmifpOf ukd,fEIwfjrpf?
t*Fgig;vD? pkjynfhnD? oifhNyD y0ga&wf/ (bmom#Dum?277/)
y0g&dwfoifhNyD; abmZOfukd okH;aqmifcGifh
abmZOfig;yg; pm;aepOf &[ef;jzpfapç vljzpfap wpfOD;OD;u
abmZOfig;yg; vmqufuyf&m [w¬ygoftwGi;f ta&mufwiG f y,fjrpf-
rdvQif y0g&dwfoifh\/ xkdy0g&dwfoifhaom &[ef;onf £&d,mykxf
ajymif;Ny;D aemuf rdro
d ydwt
f wGi;f &SNd y;D aom cJz,
G f abmZOfEiS hf aemuf
vmvmorQaom cJzG,f abmZOfwkdYukd rpm;oifhawmhNyD/ qufuyfvm
aom abmZOfrsm;om rpm;aumif;[k xifwwfMu\/ owdjyKyg/
y0g&dwfoifhNyD; jzpfaomfvnf; -
1/ pm;qJ£&d,mykxfukd rzsufbJ qufpm;jcif;/
2/ *dvmet<uif;tusef jzpfjcif;/
3/ twd&dwf 0denf;uHjyKjcif;/
þok;H rsK;d wpfrsK;d rsK;d udk jzpfu y0g&dwo
f ifNh y;D abmZOfudk ok;H aqmif-
cGifh&Sd\? tmywfroifhay/
1/ pm;qJ£&d,mykxf rzsufbJ qufpm;jcif;
t*Fgig;yg;ESihf nDñw G íf y0g&dwo f ifNh y;D aom &[ef;onf y0g&dwf
oifh½kHrQjzifh rnfonfhtmywfrQ roifhao;? xkdifvsuf y0g&dwfoifhvQif
xkxd idk jf cif; £&d,mykxu f dk rzsuaf o;bJ qufí pm;aomufEidk af o;\/
vrf;oGm;&if; pm;aecku d f y0g&dwo f ifjh yefvQiv f nf; oGm;jcif; £&d,mykx-f
ukd rzsufbJ r0rcsif; pm;Ekdifao;\/ y0g&dwfoifhNyD;í £&d,mykxf
ajymif;vGNJ y;D aemufum; *dvmetusef r[kwaf omç twd&w d f 0denf;uH-
aomfvnf; rjyKtyfaom cJz, G af bmZOf (,m0umvdutpm) trsK;d rsK;d -
wkdYudk rpm;aumif;awmhNyD? pm;vQif ygpdwftmywfoifh\/

2/ *dvmet<uif;tusefjzpfjcif;
*dvmetusef [l&mü *dvmepm;Ny;D í userf oS m r[kw?f *dvmezkYd
rSeforQ *dvmersm;twGuf &nfrSef;xm;orQ cJzG,fabmZOfrsm;ukd
]*dvmemwd&wd }å (= *dvmetuse)f [kyif qk&d onf/ abmZOfig;yg;wGif
ryg0ifaom ,m0umvdu rkefYç opfoD;rsm;udk cJzG,f[k ac:onf/
3/ twd&dwf0denf;uH t*Fg (7) yg;
1/ uyÜjd cif;ig;rsK;d jzifh uyÜNd y;D aom cJz,
G f tyfaomtom; ukv'loerIç
a0ZÆur®rIponfrS vGwfaom tyfaomabmZOf[k qkdtyfaom
cJzG,f abmZOf jzpfjcif;/
2/ þtyfaom cJzG,f abmZOfonf tuyfcHNyD;om; jzpfjcif;/
3/ þtyfaom cJzG,f abmZOfukd 0denf;"kd&fteD; ajr§mufcsD ñTwfukdif;-
jcif;ukd jyKjcif;/
4/ 0denf;"k&d t
f eD; [w¬ygofüaeí ]]twd twd&w d Hå ua&mx baEÅ = t&Si-f
bk&m; tykdtvGef t<uif;tusefukd jyKygukef}}[k EIwf>ruf[í
qkdjcif;? þt*Fgav;yg;um; y0g&dwfoifhaom &[ef;u jyK&rnhf
tcgwnf;/
5/ twd&dwf0denf;uH jyKay;aom 0denf;"kd&fonf y0g&dwfoifhaom
&[ef;\ abmZOfudk tenf;i,frQ (t,kwq f ;Hk qGr;f wpfv;Hk rQ) ,lí
pm;vkdufjcif;/
6/ qGrf;pm;pOf y0g&dwfoifhxm;aom 0denf;"kd&fonf 0denf; uHjyKay;-
vkdaomf xkdae&mrS rx&ao;jcif; (£&d,mykxf rajymif;vTJ&jcif;)
y0g&dwfoifhaeol r[kwfvQifum; rdrd pm;ae&mrS xNyD; aqmif-
&Gufaomfvnf; t*Fgrysuf/
tvarwH oAÁH = þtvkH;pkHonf igawmfNyD
7/ 0denf;"kd&fonf ]]tvarwH
igrpm;awmhNy}D }[k >rufq&dk jcif; þt*Fgok;H yg;um; 0denf;"k&d f jyK&rnfh
t*Fgwnf;/ aygif;aomf twd&dwft*Fg (7)yg;wnf;/
(aqmif) tyfNyD; uyfcH? ajr§mufjyef eD;[? þav;0? oifhx bdu©K t*Fg-
wnf;/ pm;Ny;D rSom? oifu h m rx? tvarwH? þok;H wef? rSw&f ef
0de,"&t*Fgwnf;/
(aqmif) tyfNyD; uyfcH? ajr§mufjyef eD;[? pm;NyD;rSom?
oifhum rx? tvarwH? ckepfwef?
aygif;jyef twd&dwft*Fgwnf;/
y0g&dwfroifhaom tpm;tpmrsm;
rtyfaom tom;BuD; (10)yg;? ukv'loerIç a0ZÆur®rIç Owå&d-
rEkó"r®a&mperI a&TaiGcrH aI Mumifh &&So
d nfjzpfaom tuyÜ,
d abmZOf-
rsm;ukd y,fjrpfaomf y,ftyfaom 0w¬Kukd y,f&ma&mufaomaMumifh
y0g&dwf roifh? pm;vQif 'kuú#foifh\/
abmZOfig;yg;rS tvGwfjzpfaom ,m0umvducJzG,frsm;ç ,mr-
umvduç owåm[umvduç ,m0ZD0u d ypön;f rsm; y,fjrpf&mü y0g&dwf
roifh? okdY&mwGif ,mrumvduç owåm[umvduç ,m0ZD0duwkdYudk
tm[m&tvkdYiSm cH,ltHh 'kuú#f? rsKdwkdif;rsKdwkdif; 'kuú#f? tmrdoESifhwuG
a&mpm;rl ygpdwftmywf oifh\/
cJzG,f (12) rsKd;
tjrpfczJ ,
G çf tOç tpG,çf tan§mufç yifpnfç tacgufç t&Guçf
tyGiçhf toD;ç taphç trIeçYf tap;cJz,
G t
f m;jzifh cJz,
G f (12)yg;wdw
Yk nf;/
(aqmif) jrpfç Oç pG,fç an§muf? yifç acgufç &Gufç yGifh? oD;ç aphqifh?
rIefYESifh ap;q,fhESpf/ tm[m&udpö? NyD;apu? ,m0umvdum/
rNyD;apu? tjrpfp? ,m0ZD0dum/

tmywfoifhykHrsm;
tewd&dwåü wduygpdwf? 'ku'kuú#f? twd&dwåü twd&dwåjyKNyD;[k
rSwfaom&[ef; tmywfroifh? twd&dwf0denf;uH jyKapípm;tHh[k
,laom&[ef;ç olwpfyg;tusKd;iSm cH,laom&[ef;ç ,mrumvduç
owåm[umvduç ,m0ZD0duwkdYü ydygotaMumif; *dvmetaMumif;
ponfjzifh cGifhjyKtyfaom okH;aqmifjcif;\ tpGrf;jzifh tmrdouif;-
onfukdjyKí pm;aom&[ef;ç Or®wåu&[ef;wkdYü tmywfroifh/
(6) 'kwd,y0g&Pmodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f

qGrf;pm;pOf y0g&dwfoifhaom &[ef;ukd y0g&dwfoifhaeaom
&[ef;rSe;f odvsuf tjypfwifví dk (tmywfjzifh apm'emvkí d ) twd&wd f
0denf;uH rjyK&ao;aom (okrYd [kw)f *dvmetusef r[kwaf om cJz, G f
abmZOfudk xk&d [ef;xHoYdk aqmif,Nl y;D vQif ]]a&mh cJprf;yg? pm;prf;yg}}[k
zdwfvQif a&S;½Iaqmif,lonfhtwGuf 'kuú#f? zdwfonfhtwGuf 'kuú#f?
xktd zdwcf &H aom&[ef;um; pm;vQif rsKw d idk ;f rsKw
d idk ;f zdwaf om &[ef;rSm
ygpdwftmywf oifhonf/ ,mrumvduponf okH;yg;ukd tm[m&-
tusKd;iSm aqmif,ltHh 'kuú#f? xkdumvduwkdYukd cH,ljcif; pm;jcif;wkdYü-
vnf; 'kuú#f[k odyg/
(7) 0dumvabmZeodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f

umvç 0dumvç umvdu[k (3)rsK;d cGjJ cm; rSwof m;xm;yg? umv-
t& &[ef;wk\ Yd qGr;f bkO;f ay;csed t
f cg (t½kPw
f ufNy;D rS pí rGe;f wnfh
wkid af tmifaom tcg)ukd ,l/ 0dumvt& umvawm = &[ef;awmfwYdk
qGrf;bkOf;ay;csdefcgrS/ 0duawm = uif;aom tcgonf/ 0dumavm =
0dumvrnf\/ 0dumv[lonf rGef;wnfhNyD;aemuf t½kPfwufonfh-
wkid af tmif tcgwnf;/ 0dumav = qGr;f bkO;f ay;csed rf S uif;aomtcgü
(o'´ww ¬ nf;?) (0g) aevGaJ omtcgü? (trsm;rSwo f m; tyfaom oauF-
wteuf?) xkdaevGJaomtcgü tmrdo[laom cJzG,f abmZOfukd
pm;jcif;tusKd;iSm tuyfcHtHh 'kuú#f? rsKdwkdif;rsKdwkdif; ygpdwf/
umvdu[lonf - umav = owfrSwfaom tcgü/ bkÍÆdwAÁmed
= pm;xkdufukef\t& ykdif;jcm;tyfaom olUumvtwGif;ü pm;xkduf-
aom tpmrsm;ukd umvdu[k ac:\/ xku d mvduum; ,m0umvduç
,mrumvduç owåm[umvduç ,m0ZD0dutm;jzifh av;rsKd; &Sd\/
þodu©myk'fü ,m0umvdu cJzG,f abmZOfwkdYukd ,lyg/ ,mr-
umvdu paom <uif;umvduok;H rsK;d ukd tm[m&tusK;d iSm cHthH 'ku#ú ?f
pm;rsKdjcif;wkdYüvnf; 'kuú#f? xkdumvduokH;yg;ukd ydygotaMumif;
*dvmetaMumif; &Sdí okH;aqmifaomf temywåd/
(aqmif) ,m0umvdum? cH-rsKdyg? 'kufyg pOfwkdif;rSwf/
[m&usKd;iSm? <uif;umvdu? cHrsKdu? {u 'kuú#wf/
taMumif;&Sdrl? okH;aqmifol? rSwf,l temygwf/
umvdu (4)rsKd; cGJjcm;ykHrsm; umvdutcef;okdY Munfhyg/
tusOf;rQ rSwf&ef
,m0umvdu - t½kPfwufNyD;onfrS pí rGef;wnfhonfwkdif-
atmif pm;rsK&d aom toD;Bu;D uk;d vk;H abmZOfig;yg; cJz,G w
f pfq,fEh pS yf g;
pyg;rsKd;ckepfyg; yJtrsKd;rsKd; a*g&ookH;yg;jzpfonf/ ,mrumvdu -
usr;f *efvm azsm&f nf (8)rsK;d ESihf tEkavmrtazsm&f nf&pS rf sK;d jzpfonf/
rGef;wnfhNyD; t½kPfrwufrD aomufaumif;\/ owåm[umvdu -
aboZÆodu©myk'fvm ]oydÜ} paom aq;ig;rsKd;wnf;/ ,m0ZD0du -
tm[m&udpöukd rNyD;apEkdifaom xdkxdka'oü pm;zG,faomufzG,f-
tjzpfjzifh oH;k pJaG vhr&Sad om tazsm&f nfrsK;d ç owåm[umvdu aq;rsK;d -
wGif ryg0ifaom refusnf;&GufMurf;ç uifyGef;&GufMurf;paom t&Gufç

tjrpfç tacgufç tOrsm;wnf;/
yuwdtm[m&udpö cGJjcm;yHk
cg'eD,-t& tjrpfcJzG,f paom (12)yg; qdkcJhonf/ þü yuwd
tm[m&\ tpGr;f jzifh vlw\ Ykd cJz,
G f abmZOfupd u ö dk Ny;D apaom tjrpf
ponf ,m0umvdu? yuwdtm[m&udpöukd rNyD;apEkdifaom tjrpf
ponf ,m0ZD0du[k cGJjcm;rSwfom;Edkifonf/
ajrMoZm&Sdaom t&yfü aumufyJpaom ,m0umvduwdkYESifh
ra&mbJ xdt k jrpf ponfukd xrif;uJo h Ykd oH;k aqmifEidk jf cif;onf yuwd
tm[m&udpöukd NyD;apEdkifonf rnf\/ Oyrm - xef;jrpfç yJjrpfç yJç
pdr;f pm;O ponfwnf;/ xdt k m[m&udpö Ny;D apEkid af om tjrpfponfonf
,m0umvduwnf;/
ajrMoZm r&Sdaom t&yfü aumufyJpaom 0w¬KESifh ra&mbJ xdk-
tjrpf tOponfudk xrif;uJhodkY roHk;aqmifEdkifjcif;onf yuwdudpö
rNyD;apEkdifonf rnf\/ Oyrm-csif;ç jiKwfaumif;ç ydwfcsif;ç yef;Oç
refusnf;&GufMurf; ponfwnf;/ xdk tm[m&udpöukd rNyD;apEkdifaom
tjrpfponfukd ,m0ZD0du[k rSwf/
tcsKdUaom tjrpfonf EkpOfuom tm[m&udpöukd NyD;apí
&ifah omumv rNy;D aponfvnf; &S\ d / tcsKUd jyKwjf cif; azsmjcif;jyKygrS
tm[m&udpö Ny;D apí rjyKwf razsmvQif rNy;D aponfvnf; &S\ d / ,m0-
umvduESifh ,m0ZD0ducJG&mü tm[m&udpöNyD;ap rNyD;apom vdk&if;-
xm;í cGJ&onf[k rSwfyg/
0dumvü tmywfoifhyHkrsm;
0dumvü wduygpdwf? umvü 'ku'kuú#f? umvü umv[k
rSwfaom &[ef;tm; tmywfroifh? ,mrumvdupaom okH;yg;ukd
taMumif;&Sdí oHk;aqmifaom&[ef;? pjrHKUjyefaom&[ef;? Or®wåu
&[ef;wkdYtm; tmywfroifh/
8/ oEéd"dum&uodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f
tuyfcHxm;aom cJzG,f abmZOfwdkYukd odkrSD;odrf;qnf;xm;í
aemufwpfaeY wpfnOfhrQvGefatmif vlç omraPwdkYtm; tmvsjywf
]teayu©0doZÆe} xdktmrdoukd igrpm;awmhNyD[k riJhruGuf rpGefYbJ
odkrDS;odrf;qnf;jcif;? cJzG,f abmZOfwkdYukdomru ,mrumvduac:
tazsmf&nfukdvnf; wpfnOfhvGef t½kPfwufNyD;aemuf aemufwpfaeY
eHeufü aomufvQif þodu©myk'ft& ygpdwf[k t|uxm qkd\/
xkdYaMumifh vlç omraPwdkYtm; tNyD;rpGefYbJ odrf;qnf;odkrSD;xm;aom
,m0umvduç ,mrumvdu ESpfyg;udk oEdé"dum&u ac:onf/
<uif;aom owåm[umvduESifh ,m0ZD0duESpfyg;um; oEéd"d rjzpf-
paumif;/
(aqmif) uyfcHNyD;u? wpfnOfhrQ? odkx oEéd"d/
,m0ç ,mr? umvdu? odkrS oEéd"d/
'ka'¨gwywå = taq;cufaom oydwf
'ka'¨gw = raumif;ojzifh aq;tyfaom (0g) rpifMu,faom?
ywå = oydwf (yef;uefç cGufç *sKdifhç ZGef;ponf tm;vHk;,l)? oydwfç
yef;uefç cGufponfwdkYü xnfhí pm;NyD;aemuf pifMu,fpGm raq;vQif
0ufqDç trJqDç [if;qDpaom tmrdouav;rsm; Niduyf usefae-
wwf\/ xdkqDpaom tmrdorsm; vufacsmif;jzifh yGwfonf&Sdaomf
oydwfç cGuf ponfü ta&;taMumif; xiftHh? uGJtufaeaom tzGJU-
&Sdaom oydwf\ tufaMumif;wkdYü tqDtap; 0ifaewwfonf/ xdk
oydwpf onfukd aeylvrS ;f aomfvnf;aumif;ç ,m*kyyl l xnfah omfvnf;-
aumif; tqD tap;xGufus xif&Sm;vm\/ xkd tqDtap;paom
tmrdoonf eufjzefeeH ufumvü oEé"d d jzpf\/ qGr;f ylç [if;ylç ,m*ky-l

wkEYd iS hf a&mrdum &[ef;\ cHwiG ;f odYk 0ifomG ;vQif oEé"d t
d mrdowkt
Yd wGuf
ygpdwftmywf oifhonf/
xkaYd Mumifh oydwçf yef;uefç cGuf ponfwüYkd qDpaom tmrdor&S-d
atmif pifMu,fpGm aq;&rnf/ tzmtax; tuGJttuf&Sdaom
oydwfç yef;uefç cGufrsm;ukd tnpftaMu; ruyfNidatmif zmax;í
rjzpfEkdifu xnfhrpm;oifhNyD? pGefYypfMu&rnf/
tmrdorsm;ESifh oEéd"d rjzpfapenf;
oydwfç yef;uefponfü uyfNidvsuf&Sdaom tmrdoukd vlç om-
raPwdt Yk m; oydwçf cGupf onfudk ay;pGevYf u
kd af omf vlomraPwdu Yk
xkdoydwfponfukd aq;aMum&mü rpifMu,faomfvnf; xdktqD-
tap;wkdYonf oEéd"d rjzpfEkdif? odkYaomf xdktqDtap; t<uif;tusef
&Sdaeaom oydwfç yef;uefç vbuf&nfu&m; ponfukd eufjzefeHeuf
xnfph m;vdvk Qif xdo
k ydwçf cGupf onfudk &[ef;uk, d w
f ikd f rukid af umif;?
tuyfcHNyD;rS ukdif&rnf/ tuyfrcHbJ ukdifvQif ukdifonfhtwGuf 'k½l-
ypdPÖ'kuú#f? ajr§mufcsDronfhtwGuf O*¾[dw'kuú#f? xdktqDtap;ukd
tmrdoESihf a&mí pm;rdjyefaomf tuyfrcHbJ pm;&ma&mufaomaMumifh
'EÅaygPodu©myk'fjzifh ygpdwftmywf oifhrnfukdvnf; owdjyK/
vlomraPwkt Yd m; pGeaYf y;jcif; r&Sad om tjro
J ;Hk aeaom vbuf-
&nfu&m; "mwfAl;ponfwdkYü aeYpOf tmrdouif;atmif aq;jcif;iSm
cJ , Of ; onf j zpf í owd x m;oif h o nf / taiguf u av;ygaom
vbuf&nfu&m;tdk;jzifh vbuf&nf xnfhaomufjcif;ukd 0de,*½ku
q&mawmfBuD;rsm; oHo,&SdawmfrlMuonf/ &Sdvnf; &Sdoifhayonf/
'um 'umrrsm;\ ypön;f jzpfaom vbuf&nfu&m; ponfwüYkd rlum;
oHo, r&Sdoifh/
aemufaeY jyefuyfaom cJzG,fabmZOfrsm;
vlç omraPwdt Yk m; iJuh uG jf cif;r&Sd pGeaYf y;Ny;D om; cJz,
G çf abmZOf-
rsm;udk aemufwpfaeY vlç omraPrsm;u jyefuyfí pm;tHh? tyf\?
tmywfroif/h omraPwkx Yd rH S awmif;í tuRr;f w0if,í l tuyfc-H
pm;aomfvnf; tjypfr&Sd? pm;aumif;onf[k od/
umvduav;yg; a&maESmpm;&mü od&ef
,aeY tuyfcHtyfaom cJzG,f abmZOf ,m0umvduESifh ,aeY
tuyfcHtyfaom azsmf&nfç axmywfç aq;jrpfpaom <uif;umvdu
oHk;yg; a&mpm;vQif eHeufcif;üom tyfonf/ rGef;vGJonfrS pí
axmywfç aq;jrpfwdkYvnf; rtyfawmh/
a&S;aeYu tuyfcHxm;tyfaom axmywfpaom owåm[um-
vduç qm;paom ,m0ZD0duwkdYESifh ,aeYrS tuyfcHtyfaom qGrf;ç
qGr;f [if;ç rkeçYf ig;ponfwYkd a&maESmvQif rtyf? rpm;aumif;? a&S;aeYu
tuyfcHxm;aom qDç qm;ç ysm;&nfponfwdkYukd ,aeYrS uyfaom
qGr;f ç abmZOfç azsm&f nfwEYkd iS hf a&míxnfrh aomufaumif; xnfrh pm;-
aumif;onfukd owdjyKyg/
owåm[umvduESifh ,m0ZD0duwdkY a&m&mü od&ef
owåm[umvduESifh ,m0ZD0duwkdY a&mpm;rl pm;aumif;onf/
odkYaomf ,aeY tuyfcHtyfaom axmywfponfESifh a&S;a&S;aeYu
jzpfapç ,aeYjzpfap tuyfct
H yfaom qm;ponfEiS hf a&mrl (7)&ufom
tyfonf/ ESpf&ufvGefrS a&mvQif ajcmuf&uf? oHk;&ufvGefrS a&mvQif
ig;&ufom tyfonf/ þodkY ponfjzifh owåm[umvdu &uftydkif;-
tjcm;&Sdoavmufom tyfonf/ umvducsif; a&m&mü &ufwdkum-
vduoabmukd &uf&Snfumvduu tjrJvdkuf&onf/
(aqmif) umvdu av;jzm? a&maESm&m0,f? owåm[ESi?f h ,m0ZD0?D a&S;aeY

qDu? uyfNyD;rSukd? ,m0ç,mrH? ,aeYcHESifh? a&mjyefaomfvnf;?
rtyfcsn;f om? wpfenf;rSmrl? ,m0ZD0?H a&S;aeYcEH iS ?hf ckco
H wåm[?
a&mwkHuvQif? owåm[ouf? ckepf&uf[k? tcGifhjyKonf? rSwf½I
aemifvm tcsKyfwnf;/ (ygwdarmufbmom#Dum?287/)
azsmf&nfESifh aq;rsm; a&m&mü oufwrf;
,m0umvdu toD;&nfç yJtrsK;d rsK;d t&nfç pyg;ckepfrsK;d t&nfrsm;ç
a*g&ook;H rsK;d a&mpyfyg0ifaom azsm&f nfrsm;onf reufcif; rGe;f rwnf-h
rDom aomufaumif;onf/ oMum;ç ysm;&nfç ig;Bu;D qDpaom owåm[
umvduyg0ifaom tjrpfç tOç tacgufponfwYdk jyKxm;aom ,m0-
ZD0duaq;rsm;onf (7)&ufom okdrSD;odrf;qnf;aumif;onfukd owd-
jyKyg/ ok&Yd mwGif jrwfpmG bk&m;onf aboZÆcEüü rmatmifç cJatmifç
vk;H zGUJ vk&Yd atmifxnfah om rken
Yf ufrsm;yg0ifaom aq;rsm;ukd cGijhf yKcsuf
&Sad omaMumifh rmatmifç vk;H í&atmifç cJatmif xnfo h iG ;f vQif taAÁm-
[m&du rajymyavmufatmifrQ yg0ifcJhrl tyfzG,f&Sdonf/ tcsKd;us-
xnfí h aq;azmfvQirf u l m; umvduta&maESmtwkid ;f yif owfrw S íf
okH;aqmifoifhonf/ umvduowfrSwfcsuf vGefrl tmywfoifhrnf
jzpfonf/
oEéd"dtmywfoifhykHrsm;
oEé"d jd zpfaom tuyÜ, d tom;wkw Yd iG f vlom;ukd pm;tH?h xkvp’ Oö ;f -
ESifh ygpdwf? <uif;aom tom;BuD; ukd;yg;ukd pm;tHh? 'kuú#fESifh ygpdwf?
oEé"d jd zpfaom ,mrumvduukd taMumif;&Sí d pm;tHh ygpdw?f tm[m&
tusKd;iSm pm;tHh? 'kuú#fESifh ygpdwf? y0g&dwfoifhí twd&dwf0denf;uH
rjyKbJ oEé"d jd zpfaom tyfaomabmZOfudk pm;tH?h ygpdwEf pS cf su?f vlom;
jzpfthH xkvp’ Oö ;f ESihf ygpdwEf pS cf su?f <uif;aom tom;Bu;D ud;k yg;udk pm;tH?h
'ku#ú Ef iS hf ygpdwEf pS cf su?f ,mrumvduukd taMumif;&Sí
d tmrdoESiw hf uG
aomuftHh? ygpdwfESpfcsuf? tmrdouif;í aomuft?Hh ygpdwf wpfcsuf?
tm[m&tusK;d iSm aomuft?hH 0duyfEpS cf ak ygif;ü 'ku#ú f wpfcsupf D wk;d \/
aevGJaomtcg tyfaom oEéd"dabmZOfukd pm;tHh? ygpdwf ESpfcsuf?
tuyÜd,tom;jzpfthH? 'kuú#fESifh xkv’pöOf; wkd;\/ bdu©KeDwkdY\
oEé"d ad bmZOfudk &[ef;rsm; pm;aumif;onf/ bduK© oEé"d üd vnf; enf;wl
pm;aumif;onf/
oEéd"dum&uü wduygpdwf? 'ku'kuú#f? rokdrSD;onfü rokdrSD;[k
trSwf&Sdaom &[ef;tm; tmywfroifh? ,m0umvdu ponfwkdYukd
okdrSD;í rGef;rwnfhrDç t½kPfrwufrDç (7)&ufrvGefrD rdrdumvukd
rvGefapbJ pm;aom&[ef; ,m0ZD0duukd taMumif;&Sdí pm;aom
&[ef;ukd tmywfroifh/
9/ yPDwabmZOf odu©myk'f
yPDaw[d oHo|med abmZemed yPDwabmZemed/ (oHo|med
yk'fausaom raZÑavmyDwyÜK&dof?)
rGefjrwfukefaom axmywfç qDOD; paom ukd;yg;wkdYESifh a&maESm
aom pyg;rsKd; ckepfyg;rS jzpfukefaom abmZOfwkdYwnf;/ axmywf-
ponfESifh a&mtyfaom axmywfxrif;ç qDOD;xrif;ç EkdYxrif; ponf
rsm;ukd yPDwabmZOf ac:onf/
(aqmif) axmywfp a&m? ig;yg; abm? rSwfavm yPDwabmZOfwnf;/
axmywfpaom uk;d rsK;d wkoYd nf yPDwabmZOf r[kwaf o;onfudk
odyg/ yPDwabmZOfrsm;udk *dvmer[kwb f J Ówdy0g&dw r[kwo f x
l H
]]axmywfEiS hf qGr;f vSLavm}} ponfjzifh awmif;pm;vQif ygpdwt
f mywf
oifh\/ *dvmejzpfvQifum; xdkyPDwabmZOfrsm;udk Ówdy0g&dw
r[kwfolxHrSyif awmif;pm;aumif;\/ okdYaomf xkdaxmywfponfu

a&m*gESifh pyfí "mwfpmusrS awmif;pm;aumif;\/
odu©myk'f (3) yg;ESifh wGJí rSwf&ef
*dvmer[kwfolonf xrif;ESifha&mvsuf r[kwfbJ axmywf
paom ig;yg;wku Yd dk aq;twGuf awmif;vQif tapvu0*f r[memr-
owår odu©myk'ft& ygpdwf? ig;paom av;rsKd;ukd awmif;vQif vnf;-
aumif;ç axmywf ponfudk aq;twGuf r[kwb f J oufoufpm;vkíd
awmif;pm;vQifvnf;aumif; aocd,olayg'e0dnwådodu©myk'ft&
'ku#ú ?f axmywfponfEiS hf a&maom yPDwabmZOfudk *dvme r[kwbf J
awmif;pm;tHh? þodu© myk'fjzifh ygpdwf/
(aqmif) axmywf pom;? aq;usKd;tm;? awmif;pm; r[memrf/
rpäm'ded pwåm&dEiS ?hf axmywf pom;? oufoufrsm;? awmif;pm;
olayg'ef/ yPDwabmZOf? awmif;pm;jyef? oifh&ef þodu©H/
yPDw (9) rsKd;
1/ oyÜd -- oyÜwd y0wåwDwd oyÜd? t&om&Sdonf\ tjzpfjzifh
jzpfwwfaomaMumifh ]oyÜd} ac:onf/ vlEkdYrS píjzpfaom axmywfrS
pí tvk;H pkaH om EkrYd jS zpfaom axmywfum; pm;aumif;onf/ tEü-
t|uxmum; vlErYdk jS zpfaom axmywf rtyf[k y,f\/ tvk;H pkaH om
t|uxmwküYd cGijhf yKxm;jcif;aMumifh raumif;aom y,fjcif;jzpfonf[k
t|uxmBuD; qkd\/
2/ e0eDw -- e0 = topf? eDw = xkw, f tl yfaom tqD? Ek&Yd nfudk
axmywfjzpfatmif csu&f mü axmywfrjzpfrD txufoYdk Ekt Yd qDtcJrsm;
wufvm\/ xkdtqDOD;ukd ygVdvkd e0eDw[k ac:onf/ ¤if;ukd ]axm-
ay;}[kvnf;aumif;ç ]roum}[kvnf;aumif; ac:ao;\/ ]rqum}
[laom yg&,SDbmomrS ajymif;vmaom pum;jzpfowwf/
3/ awvH -- wdvó £'H awvH? ESrf;\Opömjzpfaom qDç
opfrnfpnfaphq?D vlqrD S wpfyg;aom 0HqçD ig;qDç vif;ykid q f D (vykid )f qDç
0ufqDç jrnf;qD? 0omawv = om;qDwkdY yg0ifonf/ ajryJqDvnf;
ESrf;qDESifh tvm;wl ,loifhonf/ ig;BuD;qDukd aq;tjzpf tm;enf;-
olrsm; a&aEG;ESifh aomufvQif oifhjrwfonf/
4/ r"k -- rnwd Ó,wDwd r"k? þ0w¬Kum; ysm;&nf[k odtyf-
aomaMumifh ysm;i,fç ysm;BuD; (2)rsKd;onf &tyfaom ysm;&nfwnf;/
]]ru©dur"kar0gwd ck'úbr& r"k u&D[d wD[d ru©dum[d uwH
r"kar0}}[laom ucFg#DumopfEiS f t h nDqrdk l ysm;ok;H rsK;d [k qkx
d udk of nf/
om&w¬ü ¤if;ukd aupd0g'[k qkd\/
5/ zmPdw -- zmPdwH emr = zmPdw rnfonf/ OpäKrSm = MuHrS?
edAÁwåH = jzpfaom 0w¬Kwnf; - qkdonfESifhtnD tzwf rygatmif
ppfNy;D aom Mu&H nfrpS í MuEH iS q
hf idk of rQ tm;vk;H ukd zmPdw[k qko d nf/
þaq;wkdYum; owåm[umvdujzpfí edó*¾d,jzpfaumif;aom
wifvo J nf MurH jS zpfaom wifv[ J k ,loifo h nf/ o&ufç ydEçJé iSuaf ysm
paom ,m0umvdu0w¬KwkdYjzifh jyKtyfaom wifvJum; ,m0um-
vduom? jiKwfrSnfhpaom ,m0ZD0du0w¬KwkdYjzifh jyKtyfaom wifvJ-
um; ,m0ZD0u d [k od? Mu&H nfonf a&ESihf a&monfjzpfapç ra&monf
jzpfap owåm[umvdu jzpf\/ xef;&nfukdvnf; MuH&nftm;avsmf-
onf[k ,lMu\/
¤if;MuH&nfç xef;&nfç xef;vsuf&nfç oMum;ç oHyk&m&nfpaom
,m0ZD0du toD;&nfrsm;a&mpyfí jyKvkyfaom (bdvyf&nf) ponf-
rsm;um; owåm[umvduwkdYwnf;/ umvduav;yg; jyefMunfhyg/
6/ rpä -- r&wDwd rapäm? ukef;ay:ü xm;umrQ aowwfaom-
aMumifh ig;ukd rpä[k ac:onf/ (wpfenf;) r&D,wDwd rapäm? wHig
ponfwo Ydk nf owftyfaomaMumifv h nf; ig;ukd rpäac:onf/ tvk;H pk-H
aoma&ü aygufzGm;aom owå0gwkdYukd ,lyg/

7/ rHo -- roD,aw tmroD,awwd rHoH? okH;oyftyfaom-
aMumifh tom;ukd rHo[k ac:onf/ þ rHoo'´gjzifh tyfaom ukef;-
owå0gtom; tm;vkH;ukd ,l/
8/ cD& -- aboZÆodu©myk'fü tyfrtyfaom EkdY&nftm;vkH;udk
axmywfjyK&mü ,l&ouJhokdY r[kwfrlí tyfaom tom;&Sdaom
owå0gwkdY\ EkdY&nfukdom ,lyg/
9/ '"d -- rD;jzifh ylatmifcsufí tvGefyspfaom rcsOfao;aom
EkdYukdvnf;aumif;ç wpfnOfhavmufMumvQif tawmfcsOfaom EkdYyspfukd
vnf;aumif; '"d[k ac:onf/
yPDwukd;yg;ç abmZOfig;yg; yPDwabmZOf (9Œ 5 = 45)
av;q,fhig;yg;[k yGm;,loifhayonf/
tmywfoifhykHrsm;
t*dvmeü wduygpdw?f *dvmeü 'ku'ku#ú ?f *dvmeü *dvmerSw-f
aom&[ef; tmywfroifh? emaomtcg awmif;xm;í remaomtcg
pm;aom&[ef;ç *dvme\ t<uif;tusef pm;aom&[ef;ç Ówu-
y0g&dwwkdYxH awmif;pm;aom&[ef;ç olwpfyg;tusKd;iSm awmif;aom
&[ef;ç rdrdOpömjzifh 0,faom&[ef;ç Or®wåu&[ef;wkdYtm; tmywf
roifh/
10/ 'EÅaygPodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f

e 'dEéEÅd t'dEéH - 0denf;y&d,m,ftm;jzifh &[ef;rS wpfyg;aom
olwkdYonf ray;ruyftyfaom umvduav;yg;[k qkdtyfaom pm;-
aomufzG,f tm[m&ukd þü t'dEé[k qkd\/
yg&mZduvm t'dEmé 'ge odum© yk'üf ykid &f iS o
f nf uk, d Ef w
I jf zifh ray;-
tyfaom Opömukd t'dEé[k qkdonf/ þü &[ef;onf rdrdykdifOpömyif
jzpfapumrl tuyfrcH&ao;aom Opömukd t'dE[ é k qko
d nf/ tuyfrcH
&ao;aom 0w¬KjzpfthH rpm;aumif;? tuyfcNH y;D aom 0w¬Kjzpfaomfum;
olwpfyg;Opömyif jzpfapumrl pm;aumif;onf[k od/
(aqmif) tuyfrcH? umvduH? ,l&ef t'dEéH/
tuyfcHjyK? ,if;0w¬K? ,lrI þodu©H/ (ar'deD?34/)
tuyfajrmuft*Fg (5) yg;
1/ uyfrnfholu a&S;½Iaqmifjcif;?
2/ tuyfcHrnfh &[ef;\ ESpfawmifhxGm [w¬ygoftwGif;okYd a&muf-
jcif;?
3/ tm;tvwfpm;&Sdol ajr§mufcsDEkdifaom 0w¬Kjzpfjcif;?
4/ ukd,fjzifhjzpfapç ukd,fESifhpyfaom (ukdifxm;aom) cGufponfjzifh
jzpfapç ypfíjzpfap þok;H rsK;d wkw Yd iG f wpfrsK;d rsK;d jzifh uyfoul ay;jcif;?
5/ uk, d jf zifjh zpfap uk,
d Ef iS phf yfaom ukid x f m;aom cGuçf wkwf ponfjzifh
cHí xdíjzpfap þESprf sK;d wGif wpfrsK;d rsK;d jzifh tuyfcaH om &[ef;u
,ljcif; þt*Fgig;yg;pkHrS tuyfajrmufonf/
(aqmif) a&S;½Ivnf;aqmif? ESpfawmifxGma&muf? ajr§mufEkdif0w¬K? okH;ck
ay;jcif;? cHjcif; ESpfavSmuf? uyfcHajrmuf? rSwfavmuf t*Fg
ig;yg;wnf;/
]a&S;½Ivnf;aqmif} - vufjzifh a&SUwk;d ay;rS a&S;½Iaqmif&m a&muf-
onf r[kwaf o; OD;acgif;ay:ü &Gux f m;aom pm;zG,cf u G u
f dk vSLvkí
d
OD;acgif;ukd tenf;i,f apmif;ay;vku d vf Qif a&S;½Iaqmif&m a&mufaom-
aMumifh &[ef;u xkdcGufukd vufjzifhxdum tvkd&Sd&m ,lpm;Ekdif\/
tm;tv,ftvwf &Sdol <uajr§mufEkdifaom ,m*ktkd; qGrf;tkd;BuD;ukd
&Sifi,fuav;u r<uEkdifí ajray:ü vSdrfhvsuf avQmvsuf uyf&mü

vnf; &[ef;u xd½kHxdí tuyfcHEkdifonf/
(rSwfcsuf) þpum;t& ,ckumv wpfa,mufwnf; csDrçEkdifaom
pm;yGu
J dk [if;zdwrf nfp;dk í ESpaf ,muf ok;H a,mufuidk v
f suf
uyfjcif; pm;yGJtcif;ukd Murf;jyifrSm xdaevsuf uyfjcif;
ponfwüYdk ESpaf wmifxmG twGi;f u uyfvQif tuyfajrmuf-
onfcsnf; rSwf/
[w¬ = vuf? ygo = ausmhuGif;? vufwpfuGif;ç vufwpfvSrf;/
ESpfawmifhxGm [w¬ygofwkdif;&mü a&SUuvmí uyf&m0,f &[ef;u
xkid af evQif wifyg;\ aemufbuftpGe;f jzifçh &yfaevQif zaemufpeG ;f jzifçh
apmif;vsuf vSJaevQif apmif;aom eHyg;\ jyifbufpGef;jzifhç 0rf;vsm;-
arSmufae&m OD;acgif;em; vmí uyfvQif OD;acgif;pGef;\ teD;qkH;jzpf
aom vnfyif;jzifhç þokdYvQif vSrf;,laom vufrSwpfyg; tjcm;aom
teD;qk;H t*Fg\ þbuftpGe;f jzifh wkid ;f wm&rnf/ (pm;yGBJ u;D tv,fu
jcm;í tuyfcMH u&mü teD;qk;H t*Fgcsi;f [w¬ygofudk owdjyKMu&monf/
]okH;ck ay;jcif;} - um, = udk,ft*Fgjzifh ay;jcif;? um,y#dA'¨ =
udk,fESihf pyfvsuf&Sdaom ZGef;ç a,mufcsKdç a,mufrç yef;uefç cGuf
ponfwkdYjzifh ay;jcif;? edó*¾d, = ESpfawmifxGmtwGif;rS pGefYypfjcif;ç
ypfay;jcif;ç avmif;xnfhjcif; ponfjzifh ay;jcif;okH;rsKd;wnf;/
]cHjcif; ESpfavSmuf} - um, = tuyfcHaom &[ef;\ vufç ajcç
OD;acgif;ç ESmacgif;ç yg;pyf paom udk,ft*Fg tpdwftydkif; wpfckckjzifh
cH,ljcif;? um,y#dA'¨ = udk,fESihfpyfaom oydwfç cGufç wkwfç puúLç
zuf&Guf ponfh tBuD;qkH;yrmPtm;jzifh tm;tv,ftvwf&Sdol
ajr§mufEdkifaom anmifapmif;rS t,kwfqkH; opfyifrS vGwfNyD;aom
opf&Gufjzifh cH,ljcif;/
]rkc'Gg&H tm[m&H} - cHwGif;0-[lonf yg;pyfaygufukd qkdvkdonf
r[kwf? atmufydkif; t0jzpfaom vnfacsmif;aygufwnf;/ rkcawm
= cHwGif;rS? a[|m = atmufjzpfaom? 'Gg&H = taygufwnf;/ xdaYk Mumifh
tm[m&udk yg;pyfujzpfapç ESmacgif;aygufujzpfap ydkufjzifh oGif;Mu
rsKdMu&mü vnfacsmif;ayguf\ twGif;odkY a&mufvQif rsKd&ma&muf
awmh\/
(rSwfcsuf) uGr;f 0g;ç aq;ikjH yKMu&mü vnfacsmif;xJ ra&mufcif yg;pyf
twGif;ü ikH½kHikHNyD; t&nfwpfpufrQ vnfacsmif;twGif;okdY
r0ifapbJ axG;jypfEikd v f Qif tuyfrcHaomfvnf; tjypfr&S/d
xdkuJhodkY jyKEkdifvQif naebufrSmvnf; 0dumvabmZe-
tjypf r&S/d naeydik ;f uGr;f 0g;olwYkd owdxm;oifah yonf/
od&Yk mwGif uGr;f zwfrsm; oGm;Mum;ü uyfae&m wjcm;tpm;
tpmrsm;ESihf a&moGm;vQif rkcoEé"d t d jypfç tuyfrcHtjypfç
0dumvabmZetjypfrsm;um; vGwfzG,f&m r&Sd/
tPkjrL (4) rsKd;
tm[m&-t& ,m0umvdu paom umvdu (4)yg;udk tm[m&
[k qdok nf/ xdtk m[m&udk tuyfc&H mü &xa&PkjrLonf tuyfcEH ikd f
aomç tuyfcH&rnfjzpfaom tao;qkH; tm[m&wnf;/ tuyfcHNyD;
aom tm[m&ay:okdY &xa&PkjrL usvQif tuyfysufawmhonf/
vSn;f ç &xm;ç um;ponfwYkd oGm;aomtcg xvmaom yuwdrsupf jd zifh
jrif&aom jrLrIefukd &xa&PkjrL[k ac:\/ wHjrufpnf;vSnf;íç
avwkdufíç vlrsm; vrf;avQmufoGm;íç t0wfrsm; cgwGufí xvm
aom jrLrsm;vnf; &xa&PkjrLyif jzpfonf/ &xa&PkjrLonf
tuyfcHavmufaom tm[m&wGif yg0if&um; qGrf;cHwkef;jzpfapç
qGrf;pm;wkef;jzpfap oydwfç cGuftwGif;okdY xkdjrLrIefrsm; usvmvQif
xkdusonfh ae&mukd odí jrLuyfaeaom qGrf;ukd ,lypfEkdifu ,lypf&
rnf/ okdYr[kwf xyfí tuyfcHaomfvnf; cH&rnf/ ,lívnf; rypfç

xyfívnf; tuyfrcHbJ qufvufí qGrf;cH<uoGm;vQif 0de,'kuú#f
ac: 'kuú#ftmywfoifh\/ qufí qGrf;pm;vQif xkd&xa&PkjrLudk
pm;rdu þodu©myk'ft& ygpdwftmywf oifh\/
xk&d xa&PkjrL\ 36-pdwf 1-pdwf &Sad omç eH&aH ygufrS 0ifvmaom
aea&mifjzifhom jrifEkdifaom jrLukd wZÆm&DjrL[k ac:\/ xkdwZÆm&DjrL
\ 36-pdwf 1-pdwf yrmP&Sdaom jrLukd tPkjrL[k ac:\/ xkdtPk-
jrL\ 36-pdwf 1-pdwf &Sdaom jrLrIefrSm y&rmPkjrL jzpf\/ tPkjrLESifh
y&rmPkjrLwkrYd mS tuyfrysuEf idk /f xkjd rLrIef (zk)H av;rsK;d wku
Yd dk ,m0ZD0u
d
tm[m&wGif yg0ifonf[k rSwfyg/
qwåðoy&rmPle? araumPk p qwåðo aw?
wZÆm&D wmyd qwåðo? &xa&Pk qwåðo aw? (tbd"mef)
tnMw O'u'EÅaygPm
O'u-a&[lonf &xa&PkjrLyrmP&Sdaom jrLrIefrygonfh
oefY&Sif;Munfvifaom a&wnf;/ xdkoefY&Sif; Munfvifaom a&onf
umvdu (4)yg;rS tvGwfjzpfí tuyfrcHbJ aomufaumif;\/ udk,f
wdik v
f nf; usKcd suaf umif;\/ &xa&PkjrLrIerf sm;ygaom a&um; jrLrIef
twGuf tuyfrcHbJ raomuf&/ odjYk zpfí 0denf;*½kjyKaom yk*Kd¾ vrf sm;
onf tuyfrcHtyfaom a&udk Munfaeaomfvnf; tjrpJ pfí aomuf
avh &SdMuonf/ atmufxpfqkH; ,lZem0uf&Snfaomc&D;ukd oGm;aom
&[ef;onf a&ppf,lí <u&rnf[k bk&m;&Sif ynwfawmfrlcsuf &Sday
onf/
'efypl m;&mü tdE, d´ xk;H pHrmS oGm;jzifh 0g;í 'efy&l nfxu
G v
f matmif
pm;avh&\dS / xd'k efy&l nfonf oGm;ukd pifMu,fapí oGm;yd;k rpm;Edik [ f k
qkdonf/ xdkodkY 'efylpm;&mü 'efyl&nfrsm; vnfacsmif;wGif; r0ifvQif
tuyfcHzG,f rvdkaomaMumifh tnMw 'EÅaygPm[k tEkynwf rdefY-
awmfrlonf/ tu,fí vnfacsmif;twGif; 'efyl&nfrsm; 0ifatmif
'efy0l g;vQiuf m; tuyfcrH o
S m tyfonf/ tuyfrcHvQif þ odum© yk'-f
t& ygpdwt f mywfoif\
h / jrwfpmG bk&m;&Siu
f 'efyt
l &Snq
f ;Hk yrmPudk
&Spfvufopf cGifhjyKawmfrlayonf/
]]tEkZmemrd bdu©a0 t|*Fkvy&rH 'EÅu|H/}} (plV0gygVdawmf?279??)
tcsKyrf mS ]tnMw O'u'EÅaygPm}jzifh txl;r&? a&Munfuvnf;
umvduav;yg;rS tvGwfjzpfí e*dkuyif tyf\/ 'efylvnf; vnf
acsmif;twGif;odkY t&nfr0ifatmif 0g;vQif yifudkuyif tuyfrcHbJ
tyf\/ tEkynwf cGifhjyKawmfrl&jcif;rSm bk&m;&Sifvufxufawmfu
&[ef;tcsKdUwdkYonf a&ESifh 'efyltwGuf oHo,jzpfMuaomaMumifh
bk&m;&Sifu xyfí >cif;csuf jyKawmfrl&onf/
rSwfom;zG,f A[kokwrsm;
qGr;f cHomG ;pOf oydwüf jrLrIeyf gaom tdraf cgifr;dk ponfrS a&ust?hH
wpfzef oydwu f kd tuyfcí H qGr;f cH&rnf/ (zm;atmufawm&ü qGr;f cH
r<urD oydwfudk tjrJ tuyfcHavh &Sd\/) tuyfrcHbJ aemufxyf
qGr;f cHt?hH jrLrIeuf sreS ;f odvQif 0de,'ku#ú ?f oydwu f kd vufü udik x f m;pOf
usaom jrLudk vufrS rvGwfaprlí udkifxm;&mü tuyfrysufao;-
aomaMumifh xdq k rG ;f udk wpfzef tuyfcí H pm;aumif;\/ qGr;f pm;ae-
aomtcg udk,ft*Fgjzifh xdxm;pOf jrLusaomf vufrS rvGwfaprlí
xdkxdkt&yfodkY aqmif,loGm;aumif;onf/ vufuvGwfNyD;rS wpfzef
jyefíudkifrl O*¾[dwjzpfí wpfzef jyefuyfaomfvnf; rtyf? oydwfü
jrLponf usí vl omraPwdu Yk kd wpfzef jyefuyfcidk ;f aomfvnf; rMum;
íjzpfapç em;raxmifbjJ zpfap qGr;f avmif;xnft h hH 0de,'ku#ú f roif?h
wpfzef tuyfcHí aemufxyf avmif;ol\ qGrf;udk cHtyf\/ avBuD;
wduk íf jrLusaomtcg qGr;f cHí rjzpft?hH omraPwdt Yk m; ay;awmhthH
[k ESvkH;jyKí ok'¨pdwfjzifh qGrf;cHjcif;iSmum; tyf\/ xdkqGrf;rsm;udk

omraPwdt Yk m; ay;vdu k í f omraPwdu Yk wpfzef jyefay;aomfvnf;-
aumif;ç xdkomraPESifh tuRrf;0ifí tuyfcH pm;aomfvnf;aumif;
tyf\/ olwpfyg;tm; ay;tH[ h k pdwjf zpfumrQjzifh xdq
k rG ;f onf olwpf-
yg;Opöm rjzpfjcif; aMumifhvnf;aumif;ç 0de,'kuú#frS vGwfapjcif;iSm
vnf;aumif; xdq k rG ;f udk vl omraPtm; ray;bJ tuyfcí H pm;aomf
tyf\/
toD;&Sad om opfyifukd tcufüvnf;aumif;ç EG,üf vnf;aumif;
udkifí vIyftHh? xdkopfyifrS jzpfaom toD;udk xdk&[ef; rpm;aumif;?
'k½lypdPÖ'kuú#ftmywf oifh\/ toD;&Sdaom opfyifudkum; rSDaumif;
udik af umif;onf/ tuyfrcH&ao;aom cJz, G af bmZOfukd vlç omraP-
tm; ay;&efr[kwb f J oufouf vufaqmhajcaqmh oabmjzifh xdvQif
(ae&mrS ra&GUapbJ udkifvQif) 'k½lypdPÖtmywf oifh\/
Oyrm
Oyrm-omraP qGrf;csufae&mü qGrf;tdk;ç [if;tdk;udk zGifhjcif;
ponfEiS hf tuyfrcHbJ csxm;aom oydwçf qGr;f tkyf ponf\ tzk;H udk
zGifhjcif; ponfrsm;wnf;/ opfyifü wGJvJoD;ae yGifhaeaom opfoD;ç
opf&u G çf opfyiG rhf sm;? tuyfrcH&ao;aom qGr;f tkyçf oydwçf qGr;f [if;ç
yef;uef ponfudk udkif½kHxd½kHrQ udkifxdvQif 'k½lypdPÖ'kuú#f? udkif½kH
xd½rHk ubJ ae&mrS a&GUavmufatmif rçudik v f Qif (tenf;i,frQ ae&m
a&GUoGm;vQif ) O*¾[dw'kuú#f oifh\/
xdkYjyif vlç omraPwdkY\ cGufxJodkY &[ef;u tuyfcHNyD;aom
qGrf;[if;ç rkefYponfudk xnfhay;&m qGrf;[if;vdkuf&mwdkYü vlç om-
raPwd\ Yk yef;uefç oydwx
f &J dS &S&d if;tpmudk &[ef;vufEiS hf rxdatmif
ajr§mufí vTwfcsxnfhay;&rnf/ bmaMumifhenf;? vlç omraPwdkY\
tpmonf &[ef;\ vufç ZGef; ponfudk Niduyfí ygvmvQif xdk
tpmu tuyfrcH&ao;ojzifh uyfNy;D tpmESihf a&mrdu uyfNy;D tpmyg
tuyfysuí f xyfuyfz, G f &Sad omaMumifw
h nf;/ 'k½yl pdPÖ ('k+OypdP)Ö
= raumif;ojzifh jyKusifhrI? O*¾[dw = <ucsDajr§muf,lrI/
xd'k ½k yl pdPÖ jzpfaom qGr;f ponfukd xdx
k u
d ikd af om &[ef;wpfyg;
om rtyf? wjcm; &[ef;rsm;twGuu f m; tyfao;\?/ O*¾[w d jzpfaom
qGrf;ponfudkum; &[ef;tm;vkH;tm;yif rtyfawmhay? þodkYvQif
0de,'kuú#f? 'k½lypdPÖ'kuú#f? O*¾[dw'kuú#frsm; odxm;oifhygonf/
wHawG;ç rsuf&nf ponfrsm;
cE¨mudk,frS a&GUavsmjywfusí vufüvnf;aumif;ç oydwfü-
vnf;aumif; usvmaom wHawG;ç rsu&f nfç acR; ponfwu Ydk kd aq;tvkYd
iSmvnf;aumif; twGi;f pm;rsK;d jcif; jyKvakd omf tuyfct H yf\/ jyKwu f s-
oGm;aom wHawG;ç rsuf&nfç acR;ponfudk tMum;ü rzrf;,ltyf?
zrf;,laomf O*¾[w d jzpfí tuyfysuaf wmhonf/ t*FgBu;D i,fü uyfNi-d
vsuf wnf&adS om cRçJ ovdyçf rsu&f nfç acR; ponfuu kd m; tuyfczH , G f
udpö r&Sd/
jyefuyf&aom tavhtx rSwfom;zG,f
qGrf;tkyfç qGrf;yef;uefponfudk vlç omraPwdkY xdrdvQif xyfrH
tuyf caH vh&MdS u\/ tpm;tpmrsm;udk rxdrudik rf v d Qif xyfruH yfz,
G f
rvd?k xyfruH yf&jcif;rSm xd½u
Hk idk ½f jHk zifh tuyfysuo
f mG ;í xyfru H yf&jcif;
r[kwf? vlç omraPwdkY\ vufponfrS jrLrIefrsm; uyfNidusef&pfae
wwfí xdkjrLrIeftwGuf xyfrHí uyf&jcif; jzpfonf/
xdjYk yif qGr;f vkwuf kd yg;pyfoYkd oGwo
f iG ;f pOf yg;pyfwiG ;f rS qGr;f vk;H rsm;
oydwx f o J Ykd jyefí usvQif xyfrH tuyfcaH vh&MdS u\/ odaYk omf xdjk yefus
vmaom qGr;f vk;H onf yg;pyfxüJ &Sad om wHawG;ç oGm;&nfwEYdk iS hf rvl;bJ
jyefusvQif tuyfrysuaf o;? oGm;&nf ponfEiS hf vl;Ny;D rS jyefusvQio f m
xdk oGm;&nftwGuf tuyfysuf&onf/ xdkYaMumifh yg;pyfrS qGrf;vkH;

jyefusonfhtcg xdkjyefusvmaom oGm;&nfvl;aeonf[k xifaom
qGrf;vkH;udk ,lí z,fxkwfypfvkdufEkdifvQifvnf; xyfrH tuyfcHzG,f
rvdkay/ oGm;&nfvl;aom qGrf;vkH;twGuf tuyfysuf&aomaMumifh
xdjk yefusvmaom qGr;f vk;H udk xyfí tuyfc&H jcif; jzpfonf[k rSwyf g/
qGrf;pm;cgeD; vufaq;&ef
qGrf;ç tcsKdyGJ pm;&mü vufraq;bJ pm;vQif vufü &xa&Pk-
jrLrQavmuf jrLrIefrsm; uyfaecJhaomf xdkjrLrIefrsm;twGuf vufjzifh
xdr&d m cJz,G af bmZOfwyYkd g tuyfysuw f wf&um; qGr;f pm;cgeD; vufudk
aq;&rnf/ qGr;f pm;Ny;D aemuf tcsKyd pJG m;cgeD; vufaq;&rnf/ nmvuf
udkom aq;í b,fvufudk raq;vQif b,fvufjzifh pm;zG,frsm;udk
udkif&müvnf; þenf;twdkif;yif tuyfysuf\/ xdkYaMumifh b,fbuf
vufudk raq;rdvQif xdkvufjzifh pm;zG,frsm;udk rudkifrdatmif
owdxm;&rnf/
aq;NyD;vufjzifh ouFef;ç aeuxdkif ponf rudkifoifhykH
tcsKdUum; pm;rnf[k vufaq;NyD;rS xdkvufjzifh ouFef;udk odrf;-
Mu\? udik Mf u\/ xdo k Ykd odr;f Mu udik Mf u&m0,f ouFe;f ü &xa&PkjrL-
rIefudk udkifrdvQif vufraq;onfESifh twlwlyif jzpfonf/ wcsKdUum;
tcsKdyGJ vufzufponf pm;pOf tuyfrcHxm;aom vufokwfyk0g
okwfvdkuf tcsKdyGJ EIdufvdkufESifh pm;Mu\/ vufokwfyk0gü &xa&-
PkjrLrIef ygvQif pm;zG,rf sm;vnf; tuyfysuv f rd rhf nf/ vufow
k yf 0k g-
udkvnf; tuyfcHNyD;rS udkifoifhonf/ xdkYaMumifh tpmpm;rnf[k
vufaq;Ny;D aemuf xdv k ufjzifh tpmrSwpfyg; tjcm;ouFe;f ç aeuxdik çf
vufow k yf 0k g ponfukd rudik rf ad pbJ pm;jcif;udpNö y;D rSom vufaq;í
vufokwfyk0gudk okwfoifhayonf/
pm;zG,f,lí c&D;oGm;&mü rSwfom;zG,f
c&D;oGm;pOf rdbç omraP ponfrsm;zdkY tpm;tpmç opfjrpfç
opfo;D ponfwu Ykd kd tuyfrcHbJ ,lomG ;aumif;\/ rdrzd Ykd &nf&, G cf suf
vk;H 0 rygap&/ rdbpoltwGuo f m[k rdrd pdwu f kd pifMu,fapEkid cf v
hJ Qif
udk,fwdkif,lcJhaom tuyfrcH&ao;aom xdktpm;tpm ponfudk
a&muf&mt&yfü tvdk&Sdu tuyfcHí pm;aumif;\/ toD;ç t&Guf
ESiw hf uGaom opfcufukd t&dyt f vdiYk mS xD;vky,
f al qmifomG ;pOf tvd&k -dS
aomtcg xdkopfoD;opf&Gufudk tuyfcHí pm;aumif;onf/
tuyfcHpOf ajrodkY vGwfusoGm;jcif;
wpfpkHwpfckudk 'umu ay;uyfaomf &[ef;\ vufrS jyKwfusí
pifMu,faom ajrç Murf;jyifponfü ustHh? udk,fwdkif aumuf,lí
pm;aumif;onf/ jrLponf uyfnt d ?hH jrL ponfukd okwo f ifí jzpfapç
wpfzef tuyfcHí jzpfap pm;aumif;onf/ &[ef;wpfyg;tm; uyfpOf
vdrfhí tjcm;&[ef;wpfyg;xH usoGm;tHh? xdk&[ef;u aumuf,lí
rlv&[ef;tm; ay;aumif;onf/ rlv&[ef;u t&Sib f &k m;pm;awmh[k
qdkvQif xdk&[ef; pm;aumif;onf/ rlv&[ef;u pm;awmh[k rqdkvQif
rpm;aumif;/ uyfjcif;tusKd;iSm vmaomol\ vufrS avQmusaom
0w¬Kudk aumufrpm;vdkao;aomf wpfckckjzifh zkH;tkyfxm;NyD; aemuf
wpfaeYü tuyfcHí okH;aqmifaomf tyf\/ tuyfcH&mra&mufao;
aomaMumifh oEé"d d rjzpf/ tpm;tpmrsm; vmvSLvQif tuyfrcH ao;bJ
xm;vQif aemufaeYwükdY tuyfcNH y;D pm;aumif;onf/ uyÜ, d uk#D jzpfz-Ykd
um; vdkayonf/
"m;ç ZGef; ponfü uyfaeaom oHacs;rsm;
"m;i,fjzifh MuHç o&ufoD; ponfudk ETmpdwfaomf oHacs; xiftHh?
topf oHacs;jzpf&um; tuyfcíH pm;tyf\/ "m;i,fukd aq;í cGaJ omf
oHacs;um; rxif? oHacs;eHYom xiftHh? taAÁm[m&dujzpfí tmywf

roifh/
tuyfcHysufaMumif; (6) yg;
pGefYç csç ay;ç vk? rpöKç vdifjyef? þajcmufwef? uyfcH ysuf-
aMumif;wnf;/
pGeYf = tuyfcHNyD;aom tpmudk rpm;awmhtHh[k tmv,jywf
(iJhuGufrI r&SdbJ) pGefYvdkufjcif;aMumifh tuyfysuf\/ xdkodkY
pGefY&mü vufu vGwfrS tuyfysufonf/
cs = odu©mcsvdkufaomaMumifhfvnf; tuyfysufonf/
ay; = olwpfyg;udk ay;vdkufjcif;aMumifhvnf; tuyfysufonf/
þodkY ay;&mü vufuvGwfrS tuyfysufonf/ EIwfu
ay;aomfvnf; vufu rvGwfao;vQif tuyfrysuf/
vk = vlç omraPwdu Yk twif;vk,o l mG ;jcif;aMumifv
h nf; tuyf
ysuf\/
rpöK = aoqkH;jcif;aMumifhvnf; tuyfysuf\/
vdifjyef = bdu©KtjzpfrS bdu©KeDrtjzpfodkYç bdu©KeDrtjzpfrS bdu©K
tjzpfodkY vdifajymif; vdifjyefjcif;wdkYaMumifhvnf; tuyf-
ysuf\/
þ tuyfysufaMumif;t*Fgü tm[m&udk wpfyg;ydkif tm[m&[k
rSw/f ESpyf g;ok;H yg;ponf trsm;qdik af om pm;zG,f wdüYk wpfyg;u pGe½Yf EHk iS hf
tuyfrysuEf ikd /f xdjkY yif pGerYf S tuyf ysuof nf[k qd&k um; vlç omraP
wdkY pm;yGJç yef;uef ponfwkdYukd vmíudkif&mü (&[ef;u vufjzifh xdç
rxm;apumrl) tuyfrysuf/ tuyfcHNyD;aom oydwfç vsufqm; Al;ç
pwkr"lAl; ponfwkdYudk rpGefYbJ vlç omraPudk tjcm; wpfae&modkY
a&TUtxm;cdkif;vdkufaomfvnf; tuyfrysuf? odkY&mwGif vlç omraP
wdkY\ udk,fvufrS jrLrIefrsm;onf tuyfcHNyD; tm[m&ü usae&pfvQif
um; xdkjrLrIeftwGuf xyfí tuyfcH&rnf/ vlç omraPwdkYu rdrd
Opöm[laom oabmxm;jzifh ,loGm;aomf tuyfysuf\/ oydwfukd
ukd,ft*FgwkdYjzifh xdrxm;bJ oydwfajcü xm;í xdkoydwfü &Sdaom
0w¬Kudk iJhuGufjcif;uif;í tmvsjywfum ],lavmh}[k qdktHh? t<uif;
0w¬Kyg tuyfysuo f nf/ jyefípm;vdv
k Qif wpfzef xyfí tuyfc&H rnf/
iJu
h uG jf cif;vnf; ruif;ç tmvsvnf; rjywfç tmrdovnf; xyfra&mrl
wpfzef tuyfcHzG,f r&Sd/ tmrdo a&mrl wpfzef tuyfcH&rnf/
vufaq;jcif;ç vufokwfjcif; ponfwkdYüvnf; tmywfoifhEkdifykH
qGrf;pm;aepOf vufaq;cGufü xyfcgxyfcg EIdufaq;jcif;? vuf
okwfyk0gudk cPcPokwfjcif; ponfwkdYukd jyK&mü yxrtBudrf
vufaq;ç vufokwfjcif; jyKpOfu vufaq;a&ç vufokwfy0gwkdYü
usecf ahJ om qD paom tnpftaMu;rsm;onf tuyfysuNf y;D jzpfojzifh
xkdtuyfysufaeNyD;aom tmrdorsm;onf aemufwpfBudrf vufaq;ç
vufokwfjcif; jyK&mü vufü jyefí uyfNidygvmum xkdtmrdorsm;
oydwfxJ&Sd qGrf;ESifh a&moGm;ygu xkdqGrf;rsm;vnf; tuyfysufawmh-
\/ xkdtuyfysufaeaom qGrf;ukd tuyfysufrSef; rodbJ qufvuf
bkO;f ay;ygu þ'EÅaygPodum© yk't f & tmywfoifah wmh\/ xkaYd Mumifh
qGrf;pm;rNyD;rD vufaq;vkdygu axG;cH ponfwkdYü avmif;aq;oifh-
ayonf/ vufokwfyk0gudkvnf; vufxJrS vTwfrcsbJ udkifxm;í
okwfvQif þtmywfrS vGwfzG,f &Sdonf/ okdYaomf qGrf;bkOf;ay;jcif;
udpö tm;vkH;NyD;pD;rS aq;jcif;ç okwfjcif;u omíaumif;ygonf/
tmywfoifhykHrsm;
tuyfrcHaom 0w¬Kü wduygpdwf? tuyfcHNyD;aom 0w¬Kü 'ku-
'ku#ú ?f tuyfcNH y;D onfü tuyfcNH y;D [k rSwí
f pm;aom &[ef; tmywf
roif/h a& 'efyu l kd tuyfrcHbJ aomufpm;aom &[ef;? umavm'dó-

rnfaom usifBuD;ç usifi,fç opfpdrf;jymç ajrnuf þav;yg;udk
r[m0du#aq;[k ac:\/ xdkaq;zuf0if ypönf;wdkYudk a>rudkufonfh
tcgü uyfrnfo h l r&Sv
d Qif tuyfrcHbJ pm;cGijhf yKawmfr\ l / rD;cd;k rsm;onf
ESmacgif;0rS yg;pyfrS 0rf;wdkifatmif 0ifaomfvnf; taAÁm[m&du
(tmywfoifh&ef t*Fg[k rajymyavmuf jzpfí tmywfroifh)/ þü
aq;aomuf uGrf;pm;olwdkY owdxm;&efrSm naeydkif; uGrf;pm; aq;-
aomufow l Ykd vnfacsmif;0atmuf rsKcd sonfw h ikd af tmif uGr;f a& aq;-
vdyfrIefY aq;acs;wdkY rygvQif 0dumvabmZeygpdwftmywfrS vGwfcGifh
&dSonf/ odkYaomf uGrf;wHawG; aq;acs;rsm;onf oGm;Mum;twGif;
Niud yfayaeygu oEé"d yd gpdwt f mywf oifEh ikd o
f nf/ od&Yk mwGif pm;Ny;D wdik ;f
cHwiG ;f xJü tmrdorsm; ruseaf tmif pifMu,fatmif aq;aMumEdik v f Qif
oEéd"dygpdwfvnf; vGwfvyfEdkif\/ xkdYaMumifh 0de,*½kuq&mawmf-
Bu;D rsm;onf aevGJ uGr;f pm; aq;aomufjcif;ukd a&SmifMuOfawmfrMl u-
onf/ wcsKdUq&mawmfrsm;vnf; uGrf;pm; aq;aomufjcif;udk vkH;0
ESpfoufawmf rrlMuay/ tb,fhaMumifhenf;[lrl 0dumvabmZeESifh
oEéd"dodu©myk'fwdkYü oHo,jzpfawmfrljcif;aMumifhwnf;/
t*Fg (4) yg;
1/ tuyfrcHjcif;? 2/ oD;jcm; cGifhjyKcsuf r&Sdjcif;? 3/ rD;cdk;paom
taAÁm[m&du r[kwfjcif; 4/ pm;rsKdjcif;- [lí (4)yg;wkdYwnf;/
(aqmif) aumif;pGm tuyf? rcHtyfjim;1? oD;jcm; cGijhf yK? r&Srd aI ESm2? taAÁm-
[m&d? r[kwfbdvQif;3? pm;rsKdjcif;[k4? aMumif;&if; av;vD?
t*FgnD? oifhNyD 'efaygP/
5/ tapvu0*f odu©myk'fq,fyg; tusOf;
1/ t0wfr0wfaom tapvuç t0wf0wfaom y&dAZdk w f w d w
d¬ t
Ykd m;
ud,
k w f ikd f cJz,G f (12)yg;ç abmZOf (5)yg;wkrYd S wpfyg;yg;udk ay;vQif
tapvuygpdwf/
2/ &[ef;wpfyg;udk &Gmed*;Hk odYk qGr;f cHtwlvu kd cf &hJ ef ac:oGm;Ny;D aemuf
tmrdowpfcck u k kd ay;&mjzpfapç ray;bJjzpfap rmwk*grESihf twl
&,farmvdkç usDp,fvdkç qdwfuG,f&mü aexdkifvdkjcif;ç ravsmuf-
ywfaom tusiu hf kd usivhf jdk cif;aMumihf xd&k [ef;udk jyefvw T v f Qif
Oa,smZeygpdwf/
3/ orD;cifyGef;ESpfa,muf&Sdaom tdyfcef;twGif; tdyf&mteD; uyfí
xdkifjcif;aMumihf oabmZeygpdwf/
4/ rmwk*grESit hf wl rsupf u d , G &f m zH;k uG,t
f yfaom ae&mü xdik af e-
jcif;aMumihf &a[my#dpäEéygpdwf/
5/ rmwk*grESihf wpfa,mufcsi;f csi;f em;\uG,&f m wpfq,fEh pS af wmif-
uGmt&yfü xdkifaejcif;aMumifh &a[medoZÆygpdwf/
6/ abmZOfig;yg;jzifh zdwt f yfaom bwf&adS om &[ef;onf ouFe;f -
vSL&mtcgç ouFef;csKyf&mtcgudk MuOfxm;í xif&Sm;&Sdaeaom
&[ef;udk ryefajymbJ xdb k wfukd rpm;rDjzpfapç pm;Ny;D aemuf rGe;f -
rwnhfrDjzpfap tjcm;tdrfwdkYü vSnfhvnfoGm;vmvQif pm&dwå-
ygpdwf/
7/ *dvmer[kwf use;f rmaom &[ef;onf oHCmtwGuf aq;ypön;f
zdwfxm;aom 'umxHü aemufxyf zdwfjcif;ç tjrJtvSLcH&ef
zdwrf efjcif;udk MuOfxm;í av;vywfv;kH (0g) 'g,umu ydik ;f jcm;
owfrw S x f m;aom umvywfv;kH om,mEdik \ f / xdyk ikd ;f jcm;owf-
rSwf&m tcsdefumvç ydkif;jcm;tyfaom aq;trsKd;tpm;xuf
ydkawmif;vQif r[memrygpdwf/
8/ ppfwyfodkY oGm;xdkufaom taMumif;r&SdbJ NrdKU&GmrS xGufaom
ppfwyfudk Munfh½I&ef oGm;jcif;aMumifh O,sKwåaoemygpdwf/
9/ ppfwyfü aqGrsKd;wpfa,mufa,muf rusef;rmjcif;paom wpfpHk-
wpfcak om taMumif;&S&d m oGm;&mü ESpn f Ofo
h ;kH nOfx
h uf ydv
k eG jf cif;-
aMumihf aoem0goygpdwf/
10/ ESpfnOfh oHk;nOfh ppfwyfü aeYpOf ppfwdkufyGJodkYjzpfapç ppfonftpk
a&wGu&f modjYk zpfapç ppfwu
kd zf &Ykd ef ppfjyifqif&modjYk zpfapç qifwyf
jrif;wyf ponfukd Munf½h &I modjYk zpfap oGm;jcif;aMumifh Oa,sm"du
ygpdwftmywf oifh\/
1/ tapvuodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f
t0wfr0wf Avmudk,fvHk;wD;usifhaom tapvuç t0wf0wf-
aom y&dAdkZfç omoemjyify wdwd¬a,mufsm; rdef;rwdkYtm; &[ef;u
rdrdvufjzifh udk,fwdkif cJzG,f abmZOfwdkYudkay;vQif ygpdwftmywf
oif\ h / od&Yk mwGif 0rf;wGi;f pm;rsKzd Ykd r[kwb
f J tjyifbuf okwv f rd ;f zdo
Yk m
jzpfaom qD ponfukd ay;&müum; tmywfroif[ h k cGijhf yKcsu&f o dS nf/
(tapvu- ]ew¬d apvH tómwd tapvaum}t& t0wfr&Sd Avm
udk,fvHk;wD;usifhaom wdwd¬rsKd;udk tapvu[k ac:\/ jrefrmwdkYu
]wdwd¬} ]wuúwGef;}[kvnf; ac:\/ y&dAÁmZu = y&dpöZdwGm - vlrIudpö
[lorQudk pGefYcGmí? 0Zwd = ocFef;ausmif;odkY oGm;aewwf\? £wd =
xdaYk Mumif?h y&dAmÁ Zaum = y&dAmÁ Zu rnf\/ þ0dN*Kd [t f & - vlru I pd uö kd
pGefYcGmí ur®|mef;ausmif;odkY oGm;aeaom &aohç &[ef;a,mufsm;ç
&[ef;rdef;r trsKd;rsKd;wdkYudk &aomfvnf; þodu©myk'fü omoemy-
jzpfaom wdw¬dwdkYwnf;/ þü t0wf0wfol wdw¬dwdkYudk ,lyg/
zdk;olawmf oDv&Sifrsm;
,ckacwf jrefrmjynfü zd;k olawmf oDv&Sirf sm;onf omoemjyify
t,lukd ,lorl sm; r[kwMf u&um; þy&dAmÁ Zu y&dAmÁ Zdumt&wdw Yk iG f
ryg0ifMu? okwyf gax,s orÜom'eD,t|uxmü jytyfaom ouFe;f -
rS wpfyg;aom t0wfjzL0wfaom omoemEG,0f ifrsm; &[ef;tEG,0f if-
rsm;[k ,loifhonf/ (bmom#Dum?296/)
tmywfoifhyHkrsm;
wdwwd¬ üYkd wduygpdw?f wdwrd¬ [kwo f nfü 'ku#ú ?f wdwrd¬ [kwo
f nfü
wdwrd¬ [kw[ f k rSwxf ifí ay;aom &[ef;tm; tmywfroif?h vlç omr-
aPudk ay;ckdif;aom &[ef;ç wdwd¬wdkY\ txHü cGufudk csxm;NyD;rS
þ0w¬Kudk ,lavmh[k qdkaom &[ef;ç wdwd¬wdkY csxm;aom cGufü
xnfah y;aom &[ef;ç ud, k vf rd ;f uspH &m qDponf ay;aom &[ef;tm;
tmywfroifh/
2/ Oa,smZeodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f
tazmf&[ef;ukd ac:í &Gmç ed*kH;okdY qGrf;cH0ifaom &[ef;onf
tdrof Ydk uyfa&mufí 'g,dumrESithf wl &,f&iT jf cif;paom ajymvk&d m-
&mudk ajymcsifç qdwfuG,f&mü aecsifaomaMumifh tazmf&[ef;tm;
pm;zG,fwpfckckukd ay;íjzpfapç ray;bJjzpfap jyefvTwfvQif 'kuú#f/
xkdtazmf&[ef; Oypmukd vGefvQifvGefcsif; xkdjyefckdif;aom &[ef;
Oa,smZeok'ÿgpdwftmywf oifh\/
&[ef;wpfyg;udk qGrf;cH twlac:yHk
]]igh&Sif..vdkufcJh? &GmxJodkY qGrf;cH0ifacsMupdkY}}[k jzpfap? ]]igh&Sif..
vkdufcJh? ed*Hk;odkY qGrf;cH0ifacsMupdkY}}[k jzpfap ajymí twlac:onf/
&[ef;udk jyefvTwfyHk
tdrfwpftdrfa&mufaomtcg xdktazmfac:cJhaom &[ef;tm;
cJzG,f abmZOfpaom tmrdo wpfckckudk tvSLckdif;NyD;íjzpfapç tvSL
rcHckdif;ao;bJjzpfap ]]oifESifhtwl pum;ajym&wmvnf; raumif;?
ae&wmvnf; raumif;? igwpfa,mufxJ ajymqkdaexdkif&jcif;u
csr;f omonf[k ajymí ravsmufywfaom tusiu hf kd usiv
fh jkd cif;aMumifh
xkd&[ef;udk jyefvTwfjcif; jzpfonf/
ravsmufywfaom tusifh
jyefvTwfaom &[ef;\ rmwk*grESifhtwl &,farmvkdç usDp,fvkdç
qdwu f , G &f mt&yfü aexdik v
f jdk cif; paom ravsmufywfaom tusiu
hf kd
usifhvdkjcif; ponfyif jyefvTwfjcif;\taMumif; jzpf\/
]{wa'0}yk'ftpGJ
{wa'0yk'jf zifh a&SUtmum&0guswüYkd twGi;f 0ifaom ravsmuf-
ywfaom tusiu hf kd usiv
fh jkd cif; tempm&udk pG&J rnfukd jyonf/ ESpyf g;
twlwuG þ&GmtwGif; qGrf;cH<uaomf rrQwjcif;ç r&Edkifjcif; paom
wpfyg;aom avsmufywfaom taMumif;ukd rjy? xkdtaMumif;aMumihf
jyefvTwfvQif tmywfroifh[k odaponf/
tmywfoifhaom tcsdef
ESit f yfç jyefcikd ;f tyfaom &[ef;tm; jyefcikd ;f umrQü ygpdwt f mywf
roifhao;? 'kuú#fom oifhonf/ ESiftyfç jyefcdkif;tyfaom &[ef;onf
vGiw
f ;D acgifjzpfthH (12)awmif 'óElypm&ç o0Elypm&udk ajcwpfvrS ;f
vGe½f rHk Qüvnf; 'ku#ú o f m? ajcESpv
f rS ;f vGerf S ygpdwo
f ifo
h nf/ eH&pH onf
tuG,t f um jcm;th?H tuG,t f umeH&\ H Oypm&udk ajcwpfvrS ;f vGe-f
vQif 'kuú#f? ajcESpfvSrf; vGefvQif ygpdwftmywf oifh\/ &[ef;udk
jzpfapç omraPudkjzpfap pdwfqdk;í oufouf ESifvTwfthH? 'kuú#f
tmywfom oifh\/
tmywftqifhqifh
&[ef;ü &[ef;[k trSwf&dSí vTwftHh? wduygpdwf? &[ef;r[kwf
onfü wdu'kuú#f? tzdk;xdkufwefaom b@mudk awGUjrifí avmb-
w&m; jzpfvdrfhrnf[k vTwfvdkuftHh? rmwk*grudk awGUjrifí (omoem-
awmfü) rarGUavsmjf zpfvrd rhf nf[k vTwv f u kd t f ?hH emzsm;vmaom &[ef;ç
aemufusef&pfaom &[ef;ç ausmif;apmifh&[ef;tm; jyefvTwfvdkuftHh?
]],m*kç xrif;ç cJzG,fç abmZOfukd jyefydkYaqmifavmh}}[k jyefvTwfaom
&[ef;? rusithf yfaom tusiu hf kd rusiv
hf b kd J taMumif;&Sí d vTwv
f u
kd f
tHh? tmywfroifh/
3/ oabmZeodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f
oabmZe (= o+OabmZe)orD; cifyeG ;f vifr,m;ESpaf ,mufukd
OabmZe? xdEk pS af ,mufwEYkd iS w
fh uGjzpfaom tdrçf tdycf ef;udk oabmZe-
[k ac:\/ orD;cifyGef; vifr,m;ESpfa,mufwdkYu tdyfcef;rSm wnf&Sd-
aepOf xdktdrfcef;twGif; 0ifí (tdyf&mteD;ü xdkifvQif) &[ef;u
tvdu k rf od&m a&mufaomaMumihf ygpdwt f mywf[k ynwfawmfro l nf/
wpfenf; - oabmZeü abmZet& cHpm;tyfaom pnf;pdrfudk ,l/
a,mufsm;\ pnf;pdrfrSm rdef;r? rdef;r\ pnf;pdrfum; a,mufsm;wnf;/
xdkYaMumifh oabmZae = pnf;pdrfcHpm;aom rdef;rç a,mufsm;ESihf wuG
jzpfaom tdrüf [k zGiqhf akd o;\/ ]xdik af ejim;th}H [lonf Bu;D aom tdrüf
wHcg;abmif\ ESpfawmifxGm[w¬ygofudk pGefYí aejim;tHh? i,faom
tdrfü acgifavsmufudk vGefí xdkifjim;tHh ygpdwftmywfoifh\/ i,f-
aomtdrf[lonf tus,fig;awmifrQ &Sdonfudk qdk\/ tv,facgif
[lonfvnf; ESpfawmifhxGmyif jzpf\/
tmywftqifhqifh oifhykH
tdyf&m tdyfcef;ü wduygpdwf? tdyfcef; r[kwfaomf 'ku'kuú#f?
qdktyfNyD;aom ESpfawmifxGmt&yfudk rvGefrlí aeaom&[ef;? vif-
r,m;ESpaf ,mufv;Hk tjyifxuG af omtcg &m*uif;Ny;D tem*grfç &[EÅm
jzpfNyD;aom ESpfa,mufwdkYü aeaom &[ef;? tdyfcef; r[kwfonfü
aeaom &[ef;wdkYtm; tmywfroifh/
4/ &a[my#dpäEéodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f
rmwk*grt& ,aeY arG;zGm;aom touf&SifqJaom vlrdef;rudk
,l? rdef;rtcsif;csif;onf wpfa,mufonf wpfa,muf\ tjypfudk
zkH;uG,fay;wwfaomaMumifh rdef;rwpf&myif jzpfapumrl tmywf-
oifhjcif;udk jyKwwf\/
&a[mjzifh em;uG,f&m (12)awmifuGm o0Elypmç y#d päaEé-jzifh
eH&H wHwdkif; ponf jcm;&m rsufpduG,f&mudk jyonf/ ted,wodu©m-
yk'fü &a[mjzifh ygpdwåd,0w¬Kudk jyonf? y#d päaEéjzifh oHCm'daoo-
0w¬Kudk jyonf? tvHur®eda,jzifh yg&mZdu0w¬Kudk jyonf[k qdku
rSwfvG,f\[k ar'deDü qdkxm;\/ edoZÆH uayÜ,sjzifh xdkifjcif;Bud,m
udok m jy\/ tdyjf cif;Bu,
d mudv
k nf; ,l&rnf/ &yfjcif;Bu, d mudk r,l&/
odç Mum; vdr®maom a,mufsm;\ rsufuG,fudk ,l&rnf/
(aqmif) 0dnLyk&doç rsufuG,frQ? ,l& þodu©/
0dnLyk&o
d a,mufsm;onf avsmif;í tdyrf aysmaf omfvnf;aumif;ç
ruef;aom odç Mum; vdr®maom a,mufsm;onf (12)awmiftwGif;ü
wnf&Sdaomfvnf;aumif;? &yfaeaom&[ef;? qdwfuG,f&mukd riJhaom
&[ef;? tjcm;wpfyg;udk ESvkH;oGif;aom &[ef;wdkYtm; tmywfroifh?
Or®wåu&[ef; tmywfroifh/
5/ &a[medoZÆodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f
]&a[m}t& em;qdwu f , G &f mudo
k m ,l&rnf[k om&w¬'yD eD#u D m
qd\
k / rsupf çd em; ESpyf g;vk;H uG,&f mudk ,l&rnf[k 0ZD&Ak'#d¨ u
D m qd\
k /
wpfckck uG,fuvnf; tmywfoifhonf[k ucFg qdk\/
(aqmif) puf-aom ESpf0? uG,fukefMu? ,l& þodu©m/
wpfckckrQ? uG,foy? oifhx tmywåm/ (ar'DeD?168/)
bmom#Dumü a&SUodu©myk'f rsufpduG,f&m? þ aemufodu©myk'f
em;uG,f&mudk &a[m[k qdk\/ ]y#d päaEé} axmuf/
tmywfoifhykHrsm;
rmwk*grü wduygpdw?f rmwk*gr r[kwo f nfü 'ku'ku#ú /f rmwk-
*gr r[kwfonfü rmwk*gr r[kwf[k trSwf&dSaom &[ef; tmywf
roifh/ bDvl;rç Nydwåmrç wd&pämefrç y@Kufç vla,mifzefqif;xm;-
aom wd& pämefrESifhtwl qdwfuG,f zkH;vTrf;&m ae&mü xdkifaejim;tHh
'kuú#ftmywfoifh\/
6/ pm&dwåodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f
abmZOfig;yg;wGif wpfyg;yg;jzifh zdwrf eftyfaom &[ef;udk edrEÅw
d -
[k ac:\/ xkdzdwfrefxm;tyfaom bwf&dSoludk obwå[k ac:\/
]]reufzef wynfah wmftrd o
f Ykd Mo'e (= xrif;) tvSLcH<uyg}} ponfjzifh
zdwfrefxm;tyfaom &[ef;onf xif&Sm;&Sdaeaom &[ef;udk rwdkif-
Mum;bJ xdkbwfudk rpm;rD jzpfapç pm;NyD;aemuf rGef;rwnfhrDjzpfapç
tjcm;tdrfwdkYü vSnfhvnfoGm;vQif ygpdwftmywfoifh\/ odkY&mwGif
pD0&'geor,ç pD0&um&or,wdkYüum; xif&Sm;&Sdaom &[ef;udk
rwdkifMum;bJvnf; oGm;aumif;\/
xif&Sm;&Sdaom &[ef;tm; yefMum;ykH

yifhxm;aom 'umtdrfodkY oGm;vdkaom pdwfjzpfonfrS pí
awGUjrif&aom &[ef;ukd (odkYr[kwf) 12-awmiftwGif;ü &Sdaeaom
&[ef;ukd vSrf;í ]]wynfhawmfonf þrnfaom 'umtdrfodkY oGm;OD;-
rnf}}[k yefMum;&rnf/ þodkY yefMum;vQif jzpfEdkifaom &[ef;onf
oEÅbdu©K? (xif&Sm;&Sdaom &[ef;wnf;/) xkduJhodkY rawGUjrif&vQif
toEÅbdu©K jzpfí [dk[dkonfonf vdkuf&SmzG,f rvdkawmhNyD? rdrdtvdk
&Sd&m tdrfodkY oGm;EdkifNyD jzpf\/
yka& bwåç ypäm bwå
zdwx
f m;aom bwfukd rpm;rDumvonf yka&bwårnf\/ zdwf-
xm;aom bwfudk pm;NyD;vQif eHeuf (7)em&Dtcsdefavmufvnf; ypäm-
bwåyif jzpfonf/ rGef;rvJGao; rGef;vGJrS oGm;vQif þodu©myk'fESifh
rqdkifawmh? 0dumav *gryÜa0oeodu©myk'fESifhom qdkifonf/
pm&dwHå = oGm;avh&adS om &[ef;\tjzpf (0g) rGe;f rwnfrh D oGm;jcif;-
(odkY) pm&PoDavm pm&D = usifhavh&Sdaom &[ef;wnf;/ pm&dó
bma0g pm&dwåH = usifhavh&Sdaom &[ef;\jzpfaMumif; oGm;jcif;Bud,m
wnf;/ yifzh w
d x f m;aom tdrrf S wpfyg;aom tdrof Ykd 0ifjcif;ç oGm;a&muf-
jcif;udk qdkonf/ bwfudk zdwfxm;aom tdrfodkYum; yka&bwåbwf
rpm;rD tcgrSmyif {uefomG ;&vdrrhf nf jzpfonf/ ukavok-[k qdak omf-
vnf; bwfudk zdwfxm;aom tdrfrSwpfyg; tjcm;tdrfwdkYudk ,l&rnf/
tEkynwf (4) csuf
1/ oEÅH bdu©KH temykpäm? 2/ ypämbwåH? 3-4/ tnMw or,m-
(2)yg;? aygif; (4)csuf &Sdonf/ or, (2)yg;udk MuOfí rGef;rwnfhrD
zdwx
f m;aom tdrrf w S pfyg; tjcm;tdro
f Ykd 0ift?hH OypmodYk oufa&mufr-d
aomf 'kuú#f? wHcg;ckHudk yxrajcvSrf; vGeftHh 'kuú#f? 'kwd,ajcvSrf;
vGeftHh ygpdwf/
yifzh w
d of nfü wduygpdw?f ryifzh w
d o
f nfü 'ku#ú ?f ryifzh w
d o
f nfü
ryifzh w
d [ f k trSw&f aSd om &[ef; tmywfroif?h tcgumvü oGm;aom
&[ef;ç xif&mS ;&daS om &[ef;udk yefMum;í oGm;aom &[ef;ç &[ef;r&Sí d
ryefMum;bJ oGm;aom &[ef;ç olwpfyg;tdrf\ Oypmc&D;jzifh (tdrfxJ
r0ifbJ) oGm;aom &[ef;ç &GmwGif;ausmif; bdu©KeDrausmif; qGrf;pm;-
ausmif; qGrf;zdwf&mtdrfwkdYodkY oGm;aom &[ef;ç ab;&efwdkYaMumifh
oGm;aom &[ef;ç Or®wåu&[ef;wdkYtm; tmywfroifh/
7/ r[memrodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f
bk&m;&Sif\ wpf0rf;uGJ aemifawmfjzpfaom r[memrfrif;udk
taMumif;jyKí ynwfawmfrtl yfaom odum© yk'jf zpfaomaMumifh r[m-
emrodu©myk'f[k emrnfwyfonf/
oHCmtwGuf aq;ypön;f jzifh av;vzdwx f m;&mü xyfí zdwjf cif;
r[kwfvQifvnf;aumif;ç tjrJzdwfjcif; r[kwfvQifvnf;aumif;ç
av;vywfv;Hk zdwjf cif;udk om,mEkid çf awmif;Ekid o
f nf/ þü av;vzdwçf
xyfízdwçf tjrzJ w
d rf sm;udk om,mEdik of nf[k (3)rsK;d cJí
G qdx
k m;jcif;rSm
0w¬KaMumif;tvdkuf qdkxm;jcif;[k rSwf? 'g,umu zdwforQ (4)v
ru (5)vponftwGufvnf; om,mEdkifonf/ wpfvom zdwfvQif-
vnf; wpfvom om,mEkid o f nf/ ruse;f rmaomtcg awmif;rnfMu-H
vsuf zdwof nfukd vufcjH cif;udk ]om,mjcif;}[k þü qdo k nf/ yxr-
tBudrf zdwfxm;&m vaphí aemufxyf zdwfvQifvnf; om,mEkdif\/
wpfoufvkH; tjrJzdwfvQifvnf; om,mEkdifonfom jzpf\/
ygpdwftmywfoifhykH
'g,umu owfrSwfxm;aom &ufxufydkí (xdkvç xdkESpfwdkYrS
aemufü) om,mvQifvnf;aumif;ç 'g,umu ]rnfrQavmufaom
aq;}[k owfrSwftyfaom aq;xufydkí om,mvQifvnf;aumif;
xdu
k mvtydik ;f tjcm; aq;tykid ;f tjcm;xuf ydí
k om,mvQif awmif;-
vQif ygpdwf/
tmywfroifhykH
þodum© yk'v f m zdwjf cif;onf oHCmudk zdwx f m;jcif;wnf;/ xdo k Ykd
oHCmudk zdwfxm;&mü rusef;rmaomtcg tvdkufodpGm oifhawmf-
atmif oifhawmf½kH awmif;MuzdkY&m þodu©myk'fudk ynwfawmfrlonf/
odkY&mwGif rdrdrSm wu,frusef;rmvQifum; zdwfzl;aom 'g,umtxH
oGm;í 'g,um zdwx f m;aom&ufawmhjzifh vGecf NhJ y?D odaYk omf bke;f Bu;D rSm
,ckrS rnfonfah q;udk tvd&k aSd eonf[k twdtvif;ajymí awmif;-
vQiv f nf;aumif;ç vk;H 0 rzdwo f xl u
H ykd if trSet
f ok;H 0ifaeaom aq;udk
awmif;vQifvnf;aumif; tmywfroifh/
(rSwfcsuf) ypönf;av;yg;wGif aq;ypönf;udk awmif;&mü *dvme-
twGuf trSet f ok;H &Sv
d Qif rzdwzf ;l ol txHrmS yif awmif;-
aumif;onf[k rSwf? *dvmer[kwfol usef;rmolonf
axmywfponfudk aq;twGuf awmif;vQif þodu©m-
yk'fjzifh ygpdwf? aq;twGuf r[kwfbJ oufoufpm;vdkí
awmif;vQif aocd, olayg'e0dnwådodu©myk'fjzifh 'kuú#f
oifh\/ rdrdudk oD;jcm; yk*¾vdu zdwfxm;&müum; *dvme
r[kwaf omfvnf; awmif;aumif;\? tmywfroif[ h k rSw/f
tmywftqifhqifhoifhykH
aq;tydik ;f tjcm; &uftydik ;f tjcm; vGeo f nfü wduygpdw?f rvGe-f
onfü 'ku'kuú#f? rvGefonfü rvGef[k trSwf&Sdaom &[ef;tm;
tmywfroif/h &ufveG çf aq;vGeu f kd [kwrf eS wf ikd ;f ajymMum;í awmif;-
aom&[ef;? aqGrsK;d ? yk*v¾ u
d zdwx f m;ol? tydik ;f tjcm;r&Sd zdwx f m;ol-
wdkYudk awmif;aom&[ef;? olwpfyg;tusKd;iSm awmif;aom &[ef;?
rdrOd pömjzihf awmif;aom &[ef;ç Or®wu å &[ef; ponfwt Ykd m; tmywf
roifh/
8/ O,sKwåaoemodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f
O,sKwåHü O-ykAÁ? ,kZ-"mwf? w-ypönf;? O = xí/ ,kZ = oGm;-
onf/ ppfwyfodkY oGm;xdkufaom taMumif;r&SdbJ qdkif&mNrdKU&GmrS xí
oGm;aom xGufcGmoGm;aom ppfonfudk tMunfht½IoGm;vQif ygpdwf
tmywf? aowd AE¨wDwd aoem? zGJUxm;aom t*Fgav;yg;&dSaom
ppfwyfwGif yg0ifaom ppfonfawmfwnf;/
t*Fgav;yg;&Sdaom ppfonf
a,mufsm; (12)a,muf&Sdaom qifwpfpD;? a,mufsm; (3)a,muf
&Sad om jrif;wpfp;D ? a,mufsm; (4)a,muf&adS om &xm;wpfp;D ? vufeuf-
udkifa,mufsm; (4)a,muf[laom ajconfol&J ajcvsifwyf? þodkY
qifwyfç jrif;wyfç &xm;wyfç ajcvsifwyf av;cktaygif;udk t*Fg-
av;yg; &Sdaom ppfonf[k ac:onf/
ppft*Fg (4)yg;wGif yg0ifaom qifwyfuckd sn;f jzpfapç qifwpfp;D -
udkomjzpfap t*Fgwpfyg;yg; MunfhoGm;&mü 'kuú#f/
oGm;xdkufaom taMumif;
oGm;jcif;tm;avsmufywfaom oGm;xkdufaom ppfwyfü OD;BuD;ç
OD;av;ç rdbç aqGrsKd;wpfa,mufa,muf rusef;rm jzpfaeí xkdoludk
Munfh½I&ef oGm;jcif;ponfwnf;/
tmywftqifhqifh oifhyHk
O,sKw-å [kwo
f nfü wduygpdw?f O,sKw-å r[kwo
f nfü 'ku'ku#ú ?f
O,sKwå-r[kwfonfü ppfrxGuf[k trSwf&Sdaom &[ef;tm; tmywf
roifh? tm&mrftwGif;ü &yfí Munfhaom &[ef;ç rdrdae&modkY vm-
onfudk Munfhaom&[ef;ç c&D;&ifqdkifawGUí Munfhaom&[ef;ç
taMumif;&Sdívnf;aumif; ab;&efaMumifhvnf;aumif; Munfhaom
&[ef; tmywfroifh/
9/ aoem0goodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f
aoe-o'´gonf XmeDjzpfaom ppfonfwdkY\ aoe[laom rkcs
trnfukd Xmejzpfaom ppfonfw\
Ydk ae&mü wifpm;íac:aom XmEsL-
ypmpum;wnf;/
aqGrsKd;rusef;rmjcif;paom taMumif;&Sdí ppfwyfodkYoGm;&vQif
tvGefqHk; okH;nOfhom aeEdkifonf/ taMumif;xl;r&SdbJ okH;nOfhxuf
ydkí aevQif ygpdwf/
]ae} [lonf ajrüjzpfapç aumif;uifüjzpfap £&d,mykxaf v;yg;-
wkdYwGif wpfyg;yg;jzihf aejcif;udk qdkvdkonf/
tmywfoifhyHkrsm;
oH;k nOfx
h uftvGef ae&mü wduygpdw?f oH;k nOfah tmuf ,kwo
f nfü
'ku'kuú#f? oHk;nOfh,kwfonf[k rSwfxifaom &[ef;ç tmywfroifh?
oH;k &ufajrmuf t½kPrf wufrD xGuí
f wpfzefaeaom &[ef;ç *dvme
&[ef;? *dvmeudp&ö í
dS aeaom&[ef;ç wpfyg;aom ppfonfwYdk 0dik ;f xm;-
í aeaom&[ef;ç taESmifht,Suf ab;&ef&Sdí aeaom&[ef;ç
Or®wåu&[ef; ponfwkdYü tmywfroifh/
10/ Oa,sm"duodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f
aoem0goodu©myk'ft& aeoifhaom taMumif;&dSí ESpfnOfh
okH;nOfhrQ ppfwyfüaepOf Oa,sm"du ponfodkY tMunfht½IoGm;vQif
ygpdwf/
Oa,sm"du
O*¾EmÉ O*¾EmÉ {w¬ ,kZsö Ew DÅ d Oa,sm"du?H þppfyüGJ Edik o f nfb h ufu
wk;d wufí wd;k wufí wku d cf udk x f ;dk ypf&m t&yfukd (0g) ppfyuJG kd Oa,sm"d-
u[k ac:onf/
Av*¾H - Avó ta*¾g Ava*¾g? ppfonfAdkvfyg\ tzdkYtpkukd
od&m ppfonfa&wGu&f m ae&mwnf;/ qifrnfrQ &S\ d ? jrif;rnfrQ &S\
d
ponfjzifh ppfonfAv
kd yf ga&wGu&f m ppfwyfukd tkycf sKyo
f w
l Ykd ppfonfpk
udk od&mt&yfudk Av*¾[kac:onf/
aoemAsL[
0d,l[EÅd oyd@EÅd {w¬mwd AsL[H? aygif;pnf;&mt&yfwnf;/
aoem, = ppfwyf\/ AsL[H = aygif;pk&mt&yf? ppfwdkuf&ef pka0;&m
t&yfonf aoemAsL[rnf\/ þae&mü qifwyfaeap? þae&mü
jrif;wyfaeap ponfjzifh ppfwu
dk zf &Ykd ef olUae&mESio
fh l pka0;csxm;jcif;
(ppfqifjcif;)udk aoemAsL[[k ac:onf/
tedu'óeH
taewd ab&0o'´H ua&mwDwd teduH - aMumufrufzG,faom
toHudk jyKwwfaom [w¬medu paom ppfonftaygif;wnf;/
teduó 'óeH tedu'óeH? [w¬medupaom ppfonftaygif;udk
Munfh½Ijcif; Bud,mudk &\/
qifwyf jrif;wyf ponfzGJUykH
ppfom; (12)a,mufpDygaom qif (3)pD;? aygif; (36)a,muf
ygaom tpktzGUJ onf [w¬medu qifwyfrnf\/ ppfom; (3)a,mufpD
ygaom jrif; (3)pD;? aygif;ppfom; (9)a,mufygaom tpktzGJUonf
tóedu jrif;wyfrnf\/ ppfom; (4)a,mufpDygaom &xm; (3)pD;?
aygif;ppfom; (12)a,muf&Sdaom tpktzGJUonf &xmedu&xm;wyf
rnf\/ vufeufudkif ppfom; (4)a,mufonf yw¬meduajcvsifwyf
rnf\/ þta&twGufum; tenf;qkH; ppfwyf wyfzGJUwnf;/ þ
ppfwyf (4)rsKd;udk ]aoem}[k ac:onf/
þtedupaom (4)ckwGif wpfckckudk Munfh½Ijcif;iSm oGm;aomf
ajcvSr;f wdik ;f 'ku#ú ?f jrifavmuf&mt&yfü &yfí Munft
h hH ygpdw?f jrif&m
t&yfudk vGefoGm;í tzefzef vdkufMunfhthH? ya,m*wdkif; ygpdwf?
t<uif; O,sKwåodu©myk'fESihf wlNyD/
(6) ok&myge0*fvm odu©myk'frsm; tusOf;csKyf

1/ ao&nft&ufudk aomufjcif;aMumifh ok&mygeygpdwf/
2/ vufacsmif;wdjYk zifh (0g) vufacsmif;paom ud,
k t
f *Fgtpdwwf jYkd zifh
vufuwD;Mum; ponfukd xd;k upm;jcif;aMumifh t*Fv k yd awm'u
ygpdwf/
3/ zrsuf (ajcrsufpd) jrKyfavmufaom a&ü &,fjrL;jcif;oabm&Sd-
aom upm;jcif;aMumifh [o"r®ygpdwf/
4/ yk*v
¾ "r®ü ½dak ojcif;r&Sad om trlt&maMumifh tem'&d,ygpdwf/
5/ &[ef;udk aMumufapjcif; ajcmufveS jYf cif;aMumifh bðomyeygpdwf/
6/ remzsm;aom &[ef;onf rD;xGef;jcif;ç oydwfzkwfjcif; paom
taMumif;udk MuOfxm;í vIHjcif;udk tvdk&SdaomaMumifh udk,fwdkif
awmufapç olwpfyg;udk awmufygap[k apcdkif;jcif;aMumifh
aZmwdygpdwf/
7/ aEGvwdkYtqkH; wpfvcGJ ylaomtcgç rdk;Owk\ tpwpfv tdkuf-
aomtcgç ruse;f rm&mtcgç tvkyv f yk &f mtcgç t"Ge&Yf n S cf &D;udk
oGm;&mtcgç avjyif;xí rdk;us&mtcg þtcg ajcmufyg;udk
MuOfxm;í a&csK;d Ny;D onfrS vcGt J wGi;f rZÑrd a'ot&yfü a&csK;d -
jim;tHh (0g) a&csKd;jcif;aMumifh e[meygpdwf/
8/ pdrf;ndKa&mif&Sdonfvnf;jzpfaomç &THUñTefa&mif&Sdonfvnf; jzpf-
aomç rJndKa&mif&Sdonfvnf;jzpfaom ysufaom tqif;&Sdatmif
jyKwwfaom uyÜAEd K´ (3)rsK;d wdwYk iG f wpfrsK;d rsK;d jzifh topf&vmaom
ouFef;udk rxdk;bJ okH;pGJ0wf½kHjcif;aMumifh 'kAÁPÖu&Pygpdwf/
9/ bdu©Kç bdu©KeDç odu©rmefç omraPç omraPrç oDwif;okH;azmf
(5)a,mufwdkYwGif wpfa,mufa,muftm; rdrdOpömtjzpfrS
tmomuif;jywf tyfpyfatmif 0duyÜemjyKNyD;í ypöK'¨dK&frjyKtyf-
ao;aom (0g) 0duyÜem rjyeftyfao;aom ouFe;f udk ok;H pG0J wf½-Hk
jcif;aMumifh 0duyÜemygpdwf/
10/ &[ef;\ oydwçf ouFe;f ç edo'D ekd çf tyfusnf (0g) tyfA;l ç cg;yef;BuKd ;
wpfckckudk atmufxpfqkH;tm;jzifh &,f&TifaysmfjrL;vdkí udk,fwdkif
0Sufxm;jcif;ç olwpfyg;udk 0Sufxm;apjcif;aMumifh pD0&myed"me-
ygpdwftmywf oifh\/
1/ ok&mygeodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f
ok&H ZaewDwd ok&m? &J&ifhjcif;udk jzpfapwwfaom qefrIeçfY rkefY-
nuf ponfwdkYudk a&jzifh e,fí vkyftyfaom ao&nf (5)rsKd; &Sd\/
yd|ok&mç ylyok&mç Mo'eok&mç udPyÖ cdwo å &k mç orÇm&oH,w
k o
å &k m[k
ok&mig;rsKd; jym;\/
1/ rkefYnuf (qefrIefY)udk tdk;ü xnfhí xdkrkefYnuftm; avsmufywf-
aom a&xnfhNyD; e,fí jyKtyfaom yd|ok&m/
2/ þtwl rkefYudk vkyftyfaom ylyok&m/
3/ xrif;udk vkyftyfaom Mo'eok&m/
4/ ]waq;rIefY} udPÖrnfaom pyg;ñGefYpaom rsKd;aphudk xnfhcyfí
vkyftyfaom udPÖypdwåok&m/
5/ zefcg;oD;ç rkefnif;aphpaom (rkefnif;oD;) paom taqmuftOD-
rsm; a&mpyfí vkyt f yfaom orÇm&oH,w k o
å &k m[k ao&nf (5)rsK;d
wdkYwnf;/
þao&nfudk aomufxm;olonf t&SuftaMumuf r&Sd? &J&ifhap
wwfonf [l\/
(aqmif) yd| yly? Mo'e? udPÖ orÇm&m/
rken
Yf ufç rkex
Yf rif;? rsK;d aph oGi;f jyK? aqmufO;D jyK? rSw½f I aoig;jzm/
ar&, (5) rsKd;
r'H ZaewDwd ar&,H? ,pfjcif;udk jzpfapwwfaom tyGiphf onf-
wdkYjzifh MumjrifhpGm pdrftyfaom yef;yGifhpdrf&nfpaom t&uf (5)rsKd;
&Sd\/ ykyæmo0ç zvmo0ç r"Gmo0ç *kVmo0ç orÇm&oH,kwåm0o[k
t&uf (5)rsKd; jym;\/
1/ opfrnfpnfyGifhç xef;yGifh tkef;yGifh ponfwdkYudk MumjrifhpGm pdrfí
xkHí jyKvkyftyfaom yef;yGifhpdrf&nft&uf ykyæmo0/
2/ xdkYtwl ydEéJoD; paom toD;pdrf&nft&uf zvmo0/
3/ rk'&ufac: opfrnfpnfoD; oyspfoD;pdrf&nf[laom r"Gmo0/
ysm;&nfjzifh jyKtyfaomt&ufudkvnf; r"Gmo0[k ac:ao;\/
4/ MuH&nfç xef;&nfç MuHoumcJ çxef;vsufcJ pdrftyfaom *kVmo0/
5/ zefcg;oD;ç oQpf&Sm;oD; Bwdu#Kwfpaom taqmuftODtrsKd;rsKd;wdkY-
udk pdrfí jyKtyfaom orÇm&oH,w k må o0[k t&uf (5)rsKd;? ar&,
(5) rsKd; jym;\/
e,fíjyKtyfonfum; ao&nf? MumjrifhpGm xHkí pdrfí jyKtyf-
onfum; t&uf? þum; ok&mESifh ar&,txl;wnf;/
(aqmif) ykyæzvm? r"G*kV? orÇm&? yÍö ar&,m/
yGifh oD; pnf MuH? wdzvH? pdefjyef &ufig;jzm/
e,fjyK ok&m? xHkpdrfyg? ar&mtxl;vm/ (ar'deD? 365/)
qdktyfNyD;aom aot&ufESpfrsKd;udk rsKd;aphrSpí (,pfrsKd;ç rl;,pf
aq;0g;rsKd;tvkdkYiSm pD&ifxm;onfrS pí) oref;jrufzsm;jzifh ,lí
wpfpufrQ aomufaom &[ef;tm; ya,m*wdik ;f ygpdwt f mywf oif\ h /
bde;f jzL bde;f rJ rl;,pfaq;0g;wku
Yd kd ESmacgif;jzifh ½SLjcif;ç tyfjzifh oGi;f jcif;ç
aq;jym;rsm;udk rsKdcsjcif;wkdYüvnf; þodu©myk'ft& ygpdwftmywfyif
jzpfoifhonf/
2/ t*Fkvdyawm'uodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f
t*Fkwd Oy*päwDwd t*Fkvd? udk,ft*Fgü uyfa&mufwwfaom
vufacsmif;wnf;/ ywk'eH C#eH yawma'g yawma'g {0 yawm-
'aum? xdjcif;udk&\? t*FkvD[d yawm'aum t*Fkvdyawm'aum
vufacsmif;wdkYjzifh vufuwD;Mum;ponfwdkYü xdjcif; wdkYjcif;udk ,l?
t*Fv k -d o'´g tpdwu f dk rSwí

f qdak om ed'óenf;/ wjcm;aom ud, k \
f -
tpdwjf zifh wpfawmifqpf ajcrponfwjYkd zifh &,fjrL;vdí k &[ef;tcsi;f -
csif; xdyg;jcif; xdk;jcif;udk jyKaomfvnf; ygpdwfyif jzpfonf/
&[ef;rS<uif;aom vlç omraPç bdu©KeDrwdkYü &,fjrL;vkdí jyKthH
'kuú#f? udk,fjzifh udk,fESifhpyfaom 0w¬K (= um,y#dA'¨)ukd? udk,fESifh
pyfaom 0w¬Kjzifh udk,fudk? udk,fESifhpyfaom 0w¬Kjzifh udk,fESifhpyfaom
0w¬Kudk? edó*¾d,jzifh ukd,fukd? edó*d¾,jzifh ukd,fESifhpyfaom 0w¬Kudk?
edó*¾d,jzifh edó*d¾,udk wdkYxdtHh 'kuú#f/
þuJhodkYqdkaomf &,fjrL;vdkaompdwfjzifh jcif;cwfjcif;ç abmvHk;
uefjcif;ç Muufawmif½kdufjcif; ponfwdkYü 'kuú#f? &[ef;tcsif;csif;
vufoD;xdk;jcif;paom udk,ft*Fgcsif; xdk;rl ygpdwf/ um,y#dAE¨jzifh
xkd;rl 'kuú#f[k ,l&rnf jzpfonf/
aqmif) &,fjrL;vkdzdwf? udk,fwpdwf? xkd;Budwf ygpdwf,l/
(aqmif
omraP eD vl? xdk;Budwfrl? rSwf,l 'kuú#f[l/
um,A'¨? edó*¾? xdu xkdenf;wl/ (ar'deD? 366/)
OyorÜEüé wduygpdw?f tEkyorÜEüé wdu'ku#ú ?f rjrL;xl;vkad om
&[ef;ç udp&ö í
dS oH;k oyfaom &[ef; (yg&mZduavmufaom trowå0g
[lorQüum; rtyf) Or®wåu&[ef; ponfum; tmywfroifh/
3/ [o"r®odu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f
O'H aomreóH ua&mwDwd O'uH? a&rGwo f yd q
f mavmifaeaom
olwdkYtm; 0rf;ajrmufjcif;udk jyKwwfaomaMumihf a&udk ]O'u}[k ac:
onf/ (wpfenf;) O'H 0demoH ua&mwDwd O'uH? rdrdtay:odkY us-
a&mufuek af om owå0gocFg&wdt Yk m; ysupf ;D jcif;udk jyKwwfaomaMumifh
a&udk O'u[k ac:onf/
zrsuf (ajcrsupf )d jrKyaf vmufaom jrpfç acsmif;ç a&uefwüYkd &Sad om
a&0,f ikwfjcif;ç ay:jcif;ç ul;jcif;wkdYukd aysmfjrL;vkdí jyKvQif ygpdwf?
avSjzifh upm;vQif wufjym;ç xk;d 0g;ç vufajcç opfom;ponf vIyaf om
tBudrfwkdif; 'kuú#f? tkd;cGufponfü wnfaoma&ukdjzpfap? ytkef;a&ç
upDa&ç &THUñGefwkdYukd vufjzifh ajr§mufí ykwfí upm;tHh 'kuú#f/
(aqmif) a&ukd vufjzifh? upm;vifh? rSwfoifh 'kuú#m/
a&upm;&mü wduygpdwf? a&rupm;&mü 'ku'kuú#f? tkd;cGufü
wnfaoma&ç Ek&Yd nfç &ufwuf&nfç qk;d &nfç usiif ,fa&ç &TUH a& ponf
wkdYü upm;tHh 'kuú#f? rjrL;wl; rupm;vkdaom&[ef; taMumif;&Sdí
ikwaf y:jcif; ponfudk jyKaom &[ef;ç urf;wpfbufoYdk ul;aom&[ef;ç
ab;&efaMumifh upm;aom&[ef;ç ½l;aom&[ef; ponfwkdYü tmywf
roifh/
4/ tem'&d,odu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f
tm'&eH tm'a&m? ½kdaojcif;Bud,m/ ew¬d tm'a&m {wómwd
tem'a&m? ½kdaojcif;r&Sdaom &[ef;wnf;/ tem'&ó bma0g
tem'&d,?H ½kad ojcif; r&Sad om &[ef;\jzpfaMumif; r½kad ojcif; tem'&
Bu,
d mudk &\/ r½kad ojcif; tem'&Bu, d mukd tem'&d,[k ac:onf/
xkdr½kdaojcif;onf yk*¾dKvfukd r½kdaojcif;? ygVdç t|uxm"r®ukd
r½kdaojcif;tm;jzifh ESpfrsKd; jym;\/ xkdwGif roifhrawmf jyKaeaom
&[ef;ukd tjcm;&[ef;u 0denf;vrf;aMumif;jzifah jymvQif ]]rif;ajymwm-
ukd igu vkdufem&rSmwJhvm;}}[laom oabmjzifh em;raxmifbJ jyKjrJ
jyK\/ xkd em;raxmifbJ jyKjcif;onf yk*Kd¾ vu
f dk r½kad ojcif; (rav;pm;jcif;
*½krpkdufjcif;)wnf;/
0denf;odum© yk'[
f al om "r®jzifh ajymqkv
d Qif xk0d ed ,"r®uydk if uG,-f
aysmufapvkd ysujf y,fapvkd ta&;rpku d o
f vkd bk&m;a[m r[kwo f vdk
oabmjzifh jyKjrJ jyK\/ xkduJhokdY yk*¾dKvfukdjzpfapç 0de,"r®ukdjzpfap
r½kdaojcif; ta&;rpkdufjcif;aMumifh ygpdwf/
&[ef;u xk0d ed nf;ynwfrw
S pfyg; okwçf tbd"r®mvm w&m;awmf-
jzifh qkdqkH;ronfukd rav;pm;&müvnf;aumif;ç vlomraPwkdYu
0denf;jzifhjzpfap tjcm;w&m;jzifhjzpfap qkH;ronfukd rav;rpm;
vkyf&müvnf;aumif; 'kuú#f/
txl;owdxm;&ef
Mu&H nfonf owåm[umvdu? MuzH wfonf ,m0ZD0u d xkMd u&H nf-
ESifhMuHzwf ESpfckwGJaeaom MuHacsmif;um; wifvJcJç &Spf&Sm;oD;ç zefcg;ç
qD;jzLuJhokdY pm;aumif;onf/ csif;onf ,m0ZD0du? qDonf owåm[-
umvdu? qm;onf ,m0ZD0du a&mokwfxm;vQif naetcg pm;-
aumif;onf/ þokpYd aom uJ&h UJ tyfaom *g&,Smp&d,0g'rsK;d jzifh ajym
qkdaom &[ef;um; tmywfrS rvGwf/
OyorÜEéü wduygpdwf? tEkyorÜEéü wdu'kuú#f? q&mtquf-
qufrSvmaom igwkdYq&m\ t,l[k qkdaom&[ef; igwkdYq&mrsm;\
ygVdoifjcif;onf þokdY jzpf\? t|uxmoifjcif;onf þokdYjzpf\[k
qkdthH tmywfroifh? t½l;ponfvnf; tmywfroifh/
5/ bðomyeodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f
bðomye = bdod-"mwf? Pmay-ypönf;? ,k-ypönf;? ]bd}ü ]£}udk
'DCjyK bDomye[k jzpf\/ o'éw D üd ed*[
¾ wd v
f mí bðomye[k &S\ d /
o'´geuftm;jzifh ]aMumufapjcif;}[k xGu\ f / t"dymÜ ,frmS ajcmufveS -Yf
jcif;yifwnf;/
&[ef;tcsif;csif; aMumufzG,faumif;aom tqif;toHwdkYjzifh
jyKvkyfí aMumufatmif ajcmufvQif tajcmufcH&ol aMumufaMumuf
raMumufaMumuf ygpdwf? vlomraPwdkYtm; ajcmufvSefYvQif 'kuú#f?
aMumufp&mtm½kHç ½lyg½kHç toHponfudk teD;odkY aqmifydkYxm;jcif;
aMumufrufz, G af umif;aom pum;udk qdjk cif;wdjYk zifh ajcmufjcif; jzpf\/
udk,fEIwfESpfyg; wpfyg;yg;jzifh ajcmufvQif ygpdwf/
(aqmif) udk,fEIwfESpfyg;? ajcmufwkHjim; olum; ygpdwfoifh/
OyorÜEéü wduygpdwf? tEkyorÜEéü wdu'kuú#f? rajcmufvdkbJ
ajymqdkjyKvkyfaom &[ef;tm; tmywfroifh? t½l;ponfwdkYüvnf;
tmywfroifh/
6/ aZmwdodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f
aZmawwd tmavmuH y0awåwDwd aZmwd = tvif;udk jzpfap-
wwfaom rD;udk &\/ 0doAd aÁ w 0doAd eÁ H - rD;vIjH cif;Bu, d mwnf;/ 0doAd eÁ H
tayu©ww D d 0doAd eÁ mayau©m - rD;vIjH cif;udk tvd&k adS om &[ef;wnf;/
qD;rD;n§dxGef;jcif;ç oydwfzkwfvdkjcif;ç a&aEG;wnfvdkjcif; paom
taMumif;r&Sb d J *dvmevnf; r[kwb f J oufouf rD;vIv H í
kd rD;arT;vQif
udk,fwdkif rD;xnfhaom &[ef;tm; rD;rawmufrD a&S;tzdkYü 'kuú#f? rD;
awmufvmaomf ygpdwf? rD;vIHzdkY&ef vlç omraPudk rD;arT;ç rD;xnfh-
cdkif;vQifvnf; ygpdwf? (þü ]rD; odprf;}paom uyÜd, a0g[m&jzifh
cdik ;f aumif;onf[k tqdrk &S/d ) vlç omraPwdYk arT;xm;Ny;D rD;udk vI&H mü
tmywfroifh/
a&aEG;wnf&efç qGrf;csuf&ef ponftwGuf &[ef;u rD;arT;ay;-
vQiv f nf; ]wxm½lyypö,m}wGif yg0ifí tmywfroif?h odaYk omf rD;arT;-
aom ae&mu Zmwyx0Dajrom; r[kwrf S yx0DcPetjypf vGwrf nf-

[k od/
vl omraP arT;xm;NyD;aom rD;udk vIHvkdí awmufatmif rIwf-
aom &[ef;ç xif;xnfhay;aom &[ef;ç Nidrf;NyD;rD;pudk xnfhay;aom
&[ef;tm; ygpdwf/
tmywftqifhqifhoifhyHk
t*dvmeü wduygpdwf? *dvmeü 'ku'kuú#f? *dvmeü *dvme[k
rSwfaom&[ef;? olwpfyg; xnfhxm;aom rD;udk vIHaom &[ef;? Z½Hk;-
tdrüf rD;xnfv
h jdk cif;paom taMumif;&Sí
d rD;xnfah om &[ef;? ab;&ef
aMumihf rD;xnfhaom &[ef;? Or®wåu ponfü tmywfroifh/
7/ e[meodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f
rmoó ta¹m t¹rmoH? wpfv\ xuf0uf 15-&ufwnf;/
rZösdrt&yfü a&csKd;aom aeYrSpí q,fhig;&ufrjynfhrD (q,hfig;&uf-
twGif;) tcgajcmufyg;udk MuOfí a&csKd;tHh[k uo,frIefYç ajrnuf
ponfudk pD&ifonfrS pí ya,m*wdkif; 'kuú#f? tqHk;ü ygpdwf/
odu©myk'fü rZösdra'o tdEd́,e,füom ynwftyfaom ya'o-
ynwf (wcsKUd t&yftwGuf ynwftyfaom odum© yk')f wnf;/ xkaYd Mumifh
jrefrmEdkifiHpaom ypöEÅ&mZfrsm;ü tcgra&G; a&csKd;EdkifcGifh &Sdonf/
rZösdra'o ydkif;jcm;yHk
bk&m;jzpfawmfr&l m aAm"dr@dKirf S - (1) ta&SUvm;aomf *Z*Fved*;kH
tjyifbuf tifMuif;yifBuD;? (2) ta&SUawmifvm;aomf ov’0wDjrpf?
(3) awmifbufvm;aomf aowed*Hk;&Gm? (4) taemufbuf vm;aomf
xlPykPÖm;&Gm? (5) ajrmufbufvm;aomf Ood&'¨Zawmif? þe,ft-
wGif; ,lZemukd;&m t0ef;&Sdaom t&yfudk rZösdra'o[k qdktyfonf/
(aqmif) aAm"dÓPfvdIif? yifr@dKifrS? aeí Munfhjim;? ta&SU vm;aomf?
*Z*Fv? ed*r\? tjyifbufwGif? tBuFif;yifwnf;/ a&SUawmif
ov’0wD? jrpfBuD;wnfí? awmifrl aow ed*rwnf;? aemufrl
xlPykPÖm;\ &Gm? ajrmufu arSmifarSmif? Ood&'¨Zawmif\?
rZÑrd 0,f tv,facgifrmS ? ,lZemonf? ud;k &mt0ef; &So
d wnf;/
tmywfoifhyHkrsm;
vcGJ rvGef&mü wduygpdwf? vcGJvGefonfü 'ku'kuú#f? vcGJvGef-
onfü vGeo f nf[k rSwaf om &[ef;tm; tmywfroif?h tcgajcmufyg;ü
a&csKd;aom &[ef;? jrpfurf;yg;oGm;pOf oJwGif;jyKí a&csKd;aom &[ef;?
ypöEÅ&mZfae &[ef;? ab;&efaMumifh a&csKd;aom &[ef;? ½l;aom &[ef;
ponfwdkYtm; tmywfroifh/
8/ 'kAÁPÖu&P odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f
e0H pD0&H = 0wf½kHavmufaom topfjzpfaom ouFef;wnf;/
uyÜAEd K´ rxk;d &ao;rl omraPrsm; 0wf½NHk y;D jzpfaom a[mif;EGr;f aeaom
ouFef;udkaomfvnf; e0pD0& (ouFef;opf)[líyif qdk&rnf/
0drwdü &uftenf;i,frQ iSm;0wf&müvnf; AdE´Krxkd;&ao;vQif
xk;d Ny;D rS 0wf&rnf[k 0'EÅ0d g' vm\/ xk0d g't& omraPwkYd oif;ydik u f kd
acwå,lí a&oEkyfvkyf&müyif uyÜAdE´Kxkd;Muonf/
ouFef;opf&NyD;aom &[ef;onf eDvç u'´rç umVomr[laom
(pdrf;ndKa&mifç &THUñGefa&mifç rnf;ndKa&mif) uyÜAdE´K okH;rsKd; wpfrsKd;rsKd;
xdk;NyD;rS 0wf&rnf/ uyÜAdE´Krxdk;bJ 0wfvQif ygpdwftmywf oifh\/
,cktcg uyÜAEd K´ x;kd &mü opf&u
G pf rd ;f udk ouFe;f ay:wifí wkw-f
acsmif;uav;jzifh opf&Guf&nf xGufatmif jcpfMu\/ xkdodkY xkd;vQif
eDva&mifjzpf\? cJwHjzifhjcpfí xkd;vQif u'´ra&mifjzpf\? rifeufjzifh

xkd;vQif umVomra&mif jzpfonf/
uyÜAdE´Kxdk;&rnfh ae&m
uyÜAdE´Kt&G,fyrmPum; Oa'gif;rsufuGif;yrmPç Murf;ydk;
ausmufuek ;f yrmP &daS p&rnf/ xdu k yÜAEd K´ tv,fü ]0}vH;k uJo
h Ydk uGu-f
vyf r&Sdap&/ wpfjyifwnf;jzpfNyD; 0dkif;0dkif;uav; jzpfap&rnf/ ESpfvHk;
oH;k vH;k ponfjzifh pDwef;í xd;k aom ygVduyÜac: uyÜAEd K´ rsK;d ç usm;em;-
a!mif;uJhodkY oHk;yGifhqkdif qdkifí xkd;aom uPÖduuyÜac: uyÜAdE´KrsKd;
ponfwkdYum; rtyf/ wpfyg;aom azmufazmufjyefjyef vSvSyy jyKí
vnf; rxk;d aumif;? wpfaxmifv h Qif wpfajymufom xk;d &rnf/ wpfBurd f
xdk;NyD;vQif AdE´KysufoGm;apumrl xyfí xkd;zG,f rvkdawmhNyD/
(aqmif) Murf;ydk; yd|d? a'gif;rsufpd? xdk;bd uyÜAdE´Kwnf;/
trsm; rtyf? wpfom tyf? xdk;tyf 0dkif;0dkif;wnf;/
bk&m;vufxufawmfü wdw¬drsm;ESifh &[ef;rsm; c&D;twloGm;pOf
"m;jywkdYu t0wfouFef;wdkYudk vk,lNyD;aemuf rif;rIxrf;wdkY zrf;qD;í
jyef&onfhtcg wdw¬dwdkY t0wfESifh rdrdwdkYouFef;udk &[ef;rsm; rcGJjcm;-
EdkifaomaMumifh wdw¬dwdkYt0wfESifh cGJjcm;jcif;tusKd;iSm &[ef;rsm;\
ouFe;f udk uyÜAEd K´ ac: tajymufwpfrsK;d jzifh rSwo
f m;xm;apawmfrjl cif;
jzpfygonf/
tmywftqifhqifh oihfyHk
uyÜAEd K´ rxk;d onfü wduygpdw?f xk;d Ny;D onfü 'ku'ku#ú ?f uyÜAEd K´ -
ysufoGm;aom ouFef;? uyÜAdE´Kxdk;&mt&yf aqG;jrnfhysufpD;aom
ouFe;f ? uyÜAEd K´ x;kd aom ouFe;f ESihf rxd;k aom ouFe;f xyfí csKyaf om
ouFef;? aemufrS tem;ywfwifaom ouFef;ukd 0wfaom &[ef;?
½l;aom &[ef;wkdYtm; tmywfroifh/
9/ 0duyÜemodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f
0d*wm uyÜem 0duyÜem? rdrOd pömtjzpfrS uif;atmifjyKvyk jf cif;ukd
qkod nf/ rdro d uFe;f (rdro
d ydw)f [k trSwrf xm;awmhbJ oDwif;ok;H azmf
wpfyg;yg;tm; ay;vkdufaomtcg ukd,fOpömtrSwfrS uif;oGm;awmh
ojzifh oDwif;okH;azmftm; ay;jcif;ukdyif 0duyÜemjyKjcif;[k ac:onf/
xko
d Ydk 0duyÜemjyKNy;D aomtcg rdrOd pöm r[kwaf wmh&um; ouFe;f oydw-f
ponf &NyD; (10)&uf vGefaomfvnf; edó*¾drxkdufawmhNyD/
0duyÜemjyKykH (2) rsKd;
or®Kc0duyÜem? y&Hrkc0duyÜem[k 0duyÜem ESpfrsKd; &Sd\/
or®Kc0duyÜemüvnf; (u) rdrday;vkd&m oDwif;okH;azmfu teD;-
rSm&Spd Of wkud ½f u
dk jf yK&aom or®Kc0duyÜem? (c) rdrad y;vk&d m oDwif;ok;H -
azmfu ta0;rSm&Spd Of emrnfudk ,lí 0duyÜemjyK&aom or®Kc0duyÜem[k
ESpfrsKd; &Sd\/ y&r®Kc0duyÜemum; tjym;r&Sd wpfrsKd;wnf;om &Sdonf/
or®KcESifh y&r®Kc &Sif;vif;csuf
or®Kac y0wåm 0duyÜem or®Kc0duyÜem [lonfESifhtnD rsuf-
arSmufü jzpfaom or®Kc0duyÜemwpfrsKd;? y&r®Kac y0wåm 0duyÜem
y&r®Kc0duyÜem[lonfESifhtnD rsufuG,fjzpfaom y&r®Kc0duyÜem
wpfrsKd;[k 0duyÜemESpfrsKd; jym;\/
wpfenf; - ]]or®Kace 0duyÜem or®Kc0duyÜem}} ouFef;ykdif&Sif-
uk,
d w
f idk f rdrEd w
I jf zifh 0duyÜemjyKjcif;wpfrsK;d ]]y&r®Kace 0duyÜem? y&r®Kc-
0duyÜem}} 0denf;"k&d [ f al om &[ef;wpfyg;xH tyfEí HS 0denf;"k&d [
f al om
olwpfyg;\ EIwfjzifh 0duyÜemjyKjcif;wpfrsKd;[k ESpfrsKd; jym;\/
teD;&Sdoltm; or®Kc0duyÜemjyKykH
ouFef;&Sifu OK;wdótm; ay;vkdvQif OK;wdóxH csOf;uyfí
ouFef;wpfxnfukd ukdifíjzpfapç teD;ü csíjzpfap ]]£rH pD0&H wk,SH
0duayÜr}d }[k qkyd g/ ouFe;f rsm;aevQif ]]£rmed pD0&med wk,HS 0duayÜr}d }-
[k qkd/ ouFef;u teD;rSm r&SdvQif ta0;&Sd&mukd ajymjyí (rnfonfh
ae&mrSm rnfonfo h uFe;f &Syd gonf[k ajymjyí) ]£rH} ae&m0,f ]{wH}?
]£rmed} ae&m0,f ]{wmed}[k ajymif;í qkyd g? «£rH pD0&H = þouFe;f uk?d
wk,SH = oifhtm; (t&Sifbk&m;tm;)? 0duayÜrd = tmomuif;jywf
tyfpyfatmif 0duyÜemjyKyg\[k teufay;/»
0duyÜemjyK&jcif;tusKd;
þokdY &[ef;wpfyg;ESifh wkduf½kduf 0duyÜemjyK½kHrQjzifh rdrdae&mü
jyef,o l rd ;f xm;½ku
H m; tyf\? q,f&ufveG af omfvnf; edó*¾rd jzpfEidk -f
jcif; tusKd;&Sd\/ okH;aqmifjcif; pGefYjcif; t"d|mefwifjcif;iSm rtyf?
ypöK'Kd¨ &f rjyefao;aom (0duyÜem rjyefao;aom) ouFe;f ukd ok;H aqmif
tHh? þodu©myk'ft& ygpdwftmywf oifhonf/ pGefYjcif;ukd jyKvQif
'kuú#ftmywf oifhonf/
OK;wdóu ypöK'Kd¨ &jf yK&rnf (0g) 0duyÜemjyef&rnf jzpfonf/ ypöK'Kd¨ &f
jyKoifhvsuf rjyKvQif OK;wdótm; 'kuú#ftmywfoifh\/
ypöK'd̈K&fjyKykH
xkad Mumifh OD;wdóu 0duyÜemjyKxm;aom ouFe;f ukd ukid íf jzpfapç
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þodkY zkH;xm;&mü ]rajymawmhbl;}[k MuHpnfqkH;jzwfvdkufvQifyif
tmywfoifhNyD? xdkodkY qkH;jzwfNyD;rS ajymaomfvnf; tmywfrS rvGwf-
awmhacs/ yxr tmywfoifhaom&[ef;u 'kwd,&[ef;udk a'oem-
ajymí 'kw, d odaom&[ef;u zH;k xm;vQiv f nf; 'kw,
d &[ef;rSm tm-
ywfoifjh yef\/ þenf;twkid ;f zH;k xm;aom &[ef;wdrYk mS tmywfoif\ h /
'kw,d &[ef;u wwd,&[ef;tm; ajymaomfvnf; ud, k af wmfom odyg
apç olrsm; rajymvduk yf gESi[
hf k zH;k ajymçajymvQif 'kw,
d &[ef;rSm tmywf
rS rvGwf? þenf;twdkif; zHk;ajymçajymoGm;vQif &[ef; &mçaxmifyif
tmywfrS rvGwfMuacs/
tmywf tqufjzwfyHk
rdru
d kd vmajymaom &[ef;tm; (ol zH;k xm;vQif tmywfoifrh nf-
pdk;í) jyefajymvdkufaomfomvQif tmywf tqufjywfí tmywfrS
vGwfEdkifonf/
tmywfrsm;oifhyHk
'k|Kvü’ 'k|Kv[
’ k odí rajymbJ aetHh ygpdw?f 'k|Kvü’ a0rwduç
t'k|Kv[ ’ k rSwí
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cHjk cif; ponfjzpfvwåUH [lí rajymtHh tmywfroif/h xdt Yk wl þ&[ef;
Murf;wrf;onf touftEÅ&m,f omoemhtEÅ&m,f jyKt[ hH í
l rajym-
Mum;bJaeaom &[ef;? avsmufywfaom &[ef;udk r&í rajymMum;-
bJaeaom &[ef;? rzH;k vTr;f vdak om &[ef;? rdrt d rIjzifh xif&mS ;vwåUH [k
rajymMum;bJ aeaom&[ef;wdkYtm; tmywfroifh/ omraPwkdY\
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l /
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&[ef;cH&uf wGufyHk
trd0rf;acgif; ude;f atmif;oaE¨wnfaeolwwYkd iG f tcsKUd um; (7)v
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d / odaYk omf
(8)v arG;zGm;olum; toufr&Sif[k tqdk&Sd\? (7)v zGm;aomolum;
ud,
k cf E¨m ao;i,f\? ponfjzifh qdMk u\/ trd0rf;wGi;f (7)v y#doaE¨
aeolum; arG;zGm;NyD;aemuf (19)ESpfESifh (5)vjynfhrS toufESpfq,f
jynfhonf/ (9)v y#doaEäerl arG;zGm;NyD;aemuf (3)v pGef;vmrS
toufESpfq,f jynfhonf/ þodkY ponfjzifh twkd;tqkwfrsm;udk
od&rnf/ od&Yk mwGif trd0rf;ü oaE¨wnfaeaomvudk aocsmpGm od&ef
cJ,Of;vS\/ xdkYaMumifh t,kwfqHk; (7)vxm;NyD; ,lygrS omí pdwfcs
&\/ þenf;twdik ;f tESpEf pS q
f ,frS wpf&ufrQ ,kwaf vsmah erl touf
ESpfq,f rjynfhaomoljzpfí &[ef;rcHaumif;[k odyg/
0gxyf&ufiifí ESpfvxnfh,lMuykH
ok;H ESpw
f pfBurd f 0gxyfavh&&dS m (19)ESpMf umvQif 0gxyfonft h wGuf
vaygif; (6)v ydv k m\/ od&Yk mwGif (19)ESpt f wGi;f ü (wpfEpS v f Qif &ufrpkH
6-vtwGuf 6-&ufus avQmch ahJ omaMumif)h (3)vESihf (24)&uf avsmch -hJ
av\/ avQmch ahJ om &ufrsm;udk ,cif (6)v tydrk S Ekwv f Qif (2)vESihf
(6)&ufom tykd usefawmh\/ (19)ESpfESifh trd0rf;wGif;u (10)v?
tydk (2)vESifh (6)&ufESifh aygif;aomf touf(20)ESifh (6)&uf &Sdvmí
&[ef;cHaumif;NyD[k qdkMu\/ ygwdarmu©ar'deDü &ufrpkH (6)vrS
(6)&uf? tESpf(20) rS (4)v jzpfonf/ (6)vrS (4)v Ekwfaomf
0gxyfviif (2)v[k qdo k nf/ bmom#Dumü ayg&mP0g'ç ,ckacwf-
0g'[k jyxm;ao;\/ bk&m;&Sio f nf avmuok;H pG½J ;dk udk vdu k íf touf
ESpq
f ,f[k ynwfawmfr&l um; toufEpS q f ,f rjynfjh ynfah tmif 0gxyf
&ufydkudk xnfhíxnfhí wGufjcif;udk bk&m;&Sif\ tvdkawmfusrnf
[kvnf; rxifrday/ «ayg&mP ax&0g'ü &ufydkudk ,lí wGufxm;
aomfvnf; trd0rf;ü atmif;cJh&m vrsm;udk r,laomaMumifh oHo,
jzpfzG,fr&Sd[k qkd\/ (bmom#Dum)»
&[ef; rjzpfEkdif
qdktyfcJhNyD;aom wGufenf;rsm;twdkif; toufESpfq,f rjynfhbJ
&[ef;cHaom yk*¾dKvfonf toufESpfq,frjynfh[k odonfjzpfapç
rodonfjzpfap &[ef; rjzpfEdkif/
&[ef; rjzpfaomfvnf; tusKd;&Sd
xdo
k u
l rdrd &[ef;tppfrjzpf[k rodbJ q,f0g &ojzifh OyZÑm,f-
q&m ur®0gpmq&mjyKvkyfí olwpfyg;udk &[ef;cHay;thH? xdk&[ef;

rjzpfoludk z,fxm;í wjcm;&[ef;rsm;jzifh &[ef;cHjcif;udpö NyD;jynfhpkH-
aomf &[ef;avmif;rSm aumif;pGm &[ef;jzpfonf/ xdkOyZÑm,fq&m
jzpfool nf rdrd &[ef; rjzpf[k rodao;orQumvywfv;Hk ewf&mG edAmÁ ef
psmefçr*fçzdkvf\ tEÅ&m,frjzpf/ odkYaomf &[ef;rjzpfrSef; odtHh? &[ef;
wpfzef jyefcH&rnf/
]&[ef;ç OD;yÍöif;} ac:wGifvmykH
yk*jH ynf taemf&xmrif;vufxufü <ua&mufvmaom &Sit f &[H-
udk tpjyKí aemufaemuf yk*¾dKvfrsm;udk t&[H - &[H - &[ef;[k
tqifhqifh toHajymif; ac:vmMuonf/
þ&[ef;awmfrsm;udk OyorÜEéyk'fodkY vdkufí oD[dkVfü Oyorf (=
oD[dkVfoHjzifh Oyprf)[k ac:\? OyprfodkY vdkufí jrefrmwdkYu OD;ypif;
OD;yÍÆif; = OD;Zif;[k ac:a0:a&;om;vmMuonf/ (bmom#Dum?325/)
vludkyif &[ef;cHay;aumif;ykH
]ODe0Dowd0óH omraP&H}[k rqdkbJ ]yk*¾vH}[k yk*¾dKvfomref
tjzpfjzifh qdak omaMumifv h nf;aumif;ç &[ef;jzpfaMumif;t*Fg (5)yg;-
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tbAÁy*k Kd¾ vf r[kwjf cif;[kom qdak omaMumifv
h nf;aumif; &[ef;cHcgeD;
ouFe;f ay;í o&P*kH r,lbJ ouFe;f 0wfxm;ol vluykd if &[ef;cHay;-
aumif;onf[k rSwf/
tmywf tqkH;tjzwf
toufESpfq,f rjynfhao;onfü odvsuf yÍöif;cHtHh? ygpdwf/
toufESpfq,frjynfhao;onfü ,kHrSm;jcif; &Sdonfjzpfí yÍöif;cHtHh
'ku#ú ?f toufEpS q
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dS nfjzpfí
yÍöif;cHtHh? tmywfroifh? toufESpfq,fjynfhonfü rjynfhao;[k
trSwf&SdtHh 'kuú#f? ½l;aom &[ef;ç tpvufOD;vGefusL;aom &[ef;wkdY
tm; tmywfroifh/
6/ ax,sow¬odu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f
axaewd apma&wDwd axaem? cdk;NyD;ç cdk;qJç cdk;vwåHUolwnf;/
axaem {0 axa,sm? oGw¬ Ps ü P-acs? ,-a'Gabmfvm? o[
taw¬e a,m 0wåww D d oaw¬m? OpömESihf wuGjzpfjcif;&Sad om ukeo f nf?
axa&m p aom oaw¬m pmwd ax,soaw¬m? cdk;ol ukefonfudk
&\/ rif;tm; ay;xdu k af om bk&ift h cGef tpd;k &tcGeb
f @mawmfwu Ykd kd
ray;&atmif cd;k vmNy;D cd;k vmqJ cd;k vwåUH jzpfaomolukd ]ax,sow¬}[k
ac:\/ xdkcdk;ol ukefonfwdkYESifh (ckd;olrSef;)odvsuf aeY&uf csdef;csufí
(tcsdef tcg aeY&uf &xm; um; oabFmrsm;ukd oabmwl pDpOfí)
oGm;vQif ygpdwf/
tmywfoifhykH
cd;k olvu l rwdik yf ifbJ rdr&d [ef;bufuom wdik yf ifcsed ;f csuaf om
&[ef;? cd;k ol ukeo
f nfavvm;[k ,krH mS ;&Sad om &[ef;tm; 'ku#ú ?f cd;k ol
ukefonf r[kwfonfü 'ku'kuú#f? ESpfyg;pkHü cdk;ol ukefonf r[kwf[k
trSwf&Sdaom &[ef;? rwdkifyifbJ oGm;aom&[ef;? umvcRwf,Gif;í
oGm;aom&[ef;? ab;&efaMumifh oGm;aom&[ef;? Or®wåu&[ef;wdkYü
tmywfroifh/
7/ oH0d"meodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f
rmwk*grESifh csdef;csufwdkifyifí twlc&D;oGm;aom &[ef;tm;
ygpdwf/ rcsdef;bJ oabFm &xm;wGif awGUqkHMuí twloGm;&vQif
tmywfroifh? rmwk*gru csdef;apumrl &[ef;u jyefí oabmrwl
rcsdef;vQifvnf; tmywfroifh/ ESpfOD;oabmwl csdef;csufwdkifyifí

c&D;oGm;rSom tmywfoifhonf/
bdu©Kaem0g'0*fü ]ObawmOyorÜEébdu©KeD}udkom ,lcJhaom-
aMumifh rdaxG;awmfa*gwrDEiS t
hf wl bduK© ejD yKMuaom omuD0ifrif;orD;
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oGif;,l&rnf/
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d u d K© eD odur© mef omraPrrsm;ESihf omouFoyÜ#-d
b,c&D;udk oGm;&mtcgü twloGm;cGifh&ao;\/ rmwk*grESifhum;
rnfonft h cgrQ wdik yf ifcsed ;f csuí
f bk&m;zl; ponf twlroGm;&? ,kwpf G
tqk;H &Gmr&Sv d Qif ,lZem0ufç &Gm&Sv d Qif tjcm;wpf&mG odYk ESpOf ;D oabmwl
csdef;oGm;vQif ygpdwftmywf oifh\/
8/ t&d|odu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f
t&d|&[ef;udk taMumif;jyKí ynwftyfaomaMumifh t&d|odum© -
yk'f[k emrnfwyfonf/ t&d|&[ef;onf okwfç tbd"r®mwdkYü uRrf;-
usifí 0denf;ü ruRrf;usifaom "r®uxdu A[kokw&Sdolwnf;/
xdaYk Mumifh tEÅ&m,fig;yg;&So
d nfwiG f a&SUtEÅ&m,f (4)yg;udo k m em;vnf
í ynwåd (tmPm) 0DwduúrEÅ&m,fudk em;rvnfacs/ bk&m;&Sif\
trdefYtmPm ynwfawmfudk usL;ausmfjcif;aMumifh yg&mZduusvQif
ud&k ifjyK? vlrxGuaf o;orQ? oHCm'daoofoifv h Qif y&d0gofraqmuf-
wnfao;orQ? <uif;tmywf (5)ykHoifhvQif apwemESifhwuG tmywf
oifx h m;vQif a'oemrajymao;orQ psmefr*fzv kd uf v
kd nf; r&Ekid af tmifç
aovQif vljY ynf ewfjynf ra&mufEikd af tmif edAmÁ efvnf; r&Edik af tmif
xdktmywfu tEÅ&m,fjyKaMumif;udkvnf; em;rvnfacs/ odkYjzpfí
wpfaeYoü wpfO;D wnf; pOf;pm;onfrmS ]]vlwo Ykd nf umr*kPcf pH m;&if;
yif (umr*kPf rpGefYMubJ) aomwmyef ponf jzpfMu\/ &[ef;awmf
rsm;vnf; aumif;rGev f yS aom tqif;ç teHçY t&omç zJarGU&mç urÁvm
ponfwdkYudk okH;pGJMu\/ þtm;vHk;tyfvQif bmaMumifh om,maom
&m*csi;f twlwl rmwk*gr\ tqif;teHpY onfusrS rtyfbJ &S&d rnf-
enf;? bk&m;&Sifonf r[mork'´&mudk uefoif;(uZif;) qnfouJhodkY
rjzpfEikd af om yxryg&mZdutrIukd bmaMumifh BuKd ;pm;rif;pm; ynwf-
awmfrl&owJhenf;}}[k pOf;pm;rdavonf/
zJarGU&mç urÁvmpaom tEl;tnHhudk okH;pGJ&mü tvGefom,mpGm
ok;H pGv
J Qif tjypfruif;ouJo h Ykd xdt
Yk wl arxkeu f v
kd nf; tvGef om,mpGm
rSD0JrS tjypfBuD;onf/ zJarGU&mponfudk oifhawmfovkd ESvkH;oGif;um
vGerf if;pGm rom,mvQif tjypf rBu;D ouJo h Ykd oifah wmfovdk arxkeu
f -kd
vnf; vGev f eG rf if;rif; rom,mvQif yg&mZdu jzpfavmufatmif tjypf
rBu;D oif?h arxket f rIukd rS0D aJ om &[ef;awmfrmS tMuifenf;jzifh rS0D v
J Qif
tEÅ&m,frjyKEidk /f xdk tEÅ&m,frjyKEidk af om enf;jzifh bk&m;&Sif a[mawmf
rlxm;aom enf;udk igodonf[k qdkvdkonf/
t&d|&[ef; pOf;pm;onft h wdik ;f zJarGU&mponfukd awmfovdk ESv;Hk
oGif;um ypöa0u©Pmqifjcifí okH;pGJEdkifovdk arxkefudk ypöa0u©-
Pmqifjcifí odyfrom,mbJ rrSD0JEdkif? arxkefrSD0JrSjzifh tvGeftrif;
om,mawmhrnfom/ xdaYk Mumifh arxket f &omESihf zJarGU&mwd\
Yk t&-
omudk tbd"r®moabmtm;jzifh wef;wlxm;í pOf;pm;jcif;onf qD;aph-
ESifh jrif;rdk&fawmifudk EdIif;,SOfjcif;ESifh wlav&um; t&d|&[ef;\
pOf;pm;rItm;vkH;onf rSm;,Gif;aom rdpämt,lrQom jzpfí yxr-
yg&mZdu odu©myk'fudk y,f&Sm;jcif;rSmvnf; bk&m;&Sifudk em;rvnf&m
a&mufapum oAÁnKwÓPfawmfudk olUÓPfavmuf rav;euf[k
y,fzsuf&m a&mufavawmhonf/
tEÅ&m,frjyKEikd af vmufatmifaom enf;jzifh bk&m;a[mxm;aom

w&m;udk igod\[k qdjk cif;rSmvnf; "r®uxduyDyD yd#uwfukd ravhvm-
bJ oufouf tajcmuf<um; <um;vdu k jf cif;yifwnf;/ trSerf mS xdu
k o
hJ Ykd
arxkeu
f kd tEÅ&m,f rjyKEikd af om enf;jzifh bk&m;&Sif a[mxm;tyfaom
w&m; r&Sdacs/
(owdjyKz, G )f þt&d|&[ef;\ jzpfaxGukd rlvyPÖmo tv*'´L-
yrokwftzGifh MunfhygrS omí oem;zG,f aumif;onf/ i&JrS vGwf-
awmhrnf r[kw?f xdaYk Mumifh bk&m;&SiEf iS hf bk&m;a[m w&m;awmfawGukd
rpGyfpGJrd&ef "r®uxdursm;ESifh vlwdkif; owdxm;oifhMuayonf/
(bmom#Dum?330/)
tEÅ&m,fig;yg;
o*¾armu©meH tEÅ&m,H ua&mEÅDwd tEÅ&m,dum? ewf&Gm edAÁmef
psmef r*f zdkvfwdkY\ tEÅ&m,fudk jyKwwfaom yÍömeEÅ&d,uHpaom
tEÅ&m,fwkdYwnf;/
1/ yÍömeEÅ&d,uH[laom tEÅ&m,fwpfyg; (bdu©LeD'louuHudkvnf;
,lMuonf/ þbdu©LeD'louuHum; r*fzdkvf\ tEÅ&m,f jzpf\?
ewf&Gm\ tEÅ&m,f rjzpf/) yÍömeEÅ&d,uHum; ESpfyg;pkH jzpfonf/
2/ ew¬du'd|dç ta[wku'd|dç tBud,'d|d[laom udavoEÅ&m,f
wpfyg; (þudavoEÅ&m,fum; r*f zdkvfom wm;onf/)
3/ y@Kufç wd&pämefç ObawmAsnf;ç ZpöEÅ ponfwkdY\ y#doaE¨[l-
aom 0dyguEÅ&m,f wpfyg;? (þ 0dyguEÅ&m,fum; r*f zkdvfom
wm;jrpfonf/)
4/ t&d,myk*K¾d vw
f u
Ykd kd (bk&m;yapöuAk'g¨ yg) pGypf u JG &hJ UJ aom uH[al om
t&d,ly0g'EÅ&m,f wpfyg;? pGyfpGJuJh&JUaom t&d,myk*d¾Kvfudk ruef-
awmhoa&GU ewf&mG r*fzv kd f ESpyf g;pkH wm;jrpfonf/ uefawmhNy;D aomf
rwm;jrpf/ (w&m;tm;xkwfolwdkY owdxm;oifhonf/)
5/ apwemESifhwuG odu©myk'fawmfudk vGefusL;jcif;[laom ynwåd-
0DwduúrEÅ&m,f wpfyg;? tmywf(7)yHk oifha&mufaeaomf qdkif&m
0denf;uHjzifh rukpm;ao;orQ ewf&Gm r*fzdkvfudk wm;jrpf\?
ukpm;NyD;rS ewf&Gm r*fzdkvfudk rwm;/ (þodu©myk'fü 5-eHygwf
tmPm0DwduúrEÅ&m,fudk ,l/)
(aqmif) uH udavo? 0dygu? 0g' wduúrm/
ewf&GmcsKdUoGm;? r*fzkdvfwm;? ig;yg; tEÅ&m/
a'oemukd pGyfpGJuJh&JUonf&Sdaomf a'oem&Sif (jrwfpGmbk&m;)ukd-
vnf; pGyfpGJuJh&JU&m a&mufonf/ ]rm b*0EÅH tAÇmpdu©d}ukd axmufyg/
umronf t½k;d wpfç om;wpfç jrufr;D ½SL;ç rD;us;D pkç tdyrf ufç tiSm;-
Opömç opfoD;ç pOfhESD;wkH;ç wHusifç vSHrç a`rGOD;acgif;wkdYESifh wlonf[k
taeuy&d,m, rsm;pGmaom taMumif;wkdYjzifh umr\ tjypfrsm;ukd
a[mMum;xm;awmfrlonf/
tmywfoifhykHrsm;
okH;Budrfwkdifatmif qkdqkH;rtyfonf jzpfvsuf t,lukd rpGefYaom
&[ef;tm; 'kuú#f? jrifukef Mum;ukefvsuf rqkdqkH;raom &[ef;tm;-
vnf; 'kuú#f? oD;jcm;qkdvsuf rpGefYtHh? 'kuú#f/ wpfzef oHCmhtv,fokdY
ac:iifí rqkdqkH;rol &[ef;tm;vnf; 'kuú#f? qkdqkH;rvsuf t,lukd
rpGefYao;tHh 'kuú#f? oHCmhtv,fokdY ac:iifí qkdqkH;rygvsuf t,l
rpGeaYf o;rl wpfzef Úwåpd wkwu ¬ H jyK&rnf/ Úwftqk;H ur®0gpmESpBf urd f
tqkH;ü rpGefYtHh? 'kuú#f/ okH;Budrfajrmuf ur®0gpm tqkH;ü rdpämt,lukd
rpGefYtHh? ygpdwftmywf oifh\/
"r®uüH wduygpdw?f t"r®uüH wdu'ku#ú /f rqk;H rtyfaom&[ef;ç
t,lrpGefYaom&[ef;ç Or®wåu&[ef;wkdYtm; tmywfroifh/
9/ Ou©dwåoarÇm*odu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f
t&d|&[ef; ,ltyfaom rdpmä t,lrsK;d ukd ,lvQif xk&d [ef;ukd Úwf-
ur®0gpmjzifh ESifxkwf&\/ xkdESifxkwftyfaom &[ef;ukd Ou©dwåu
&[ef;[k ac:\/ xkd&[ef;ESifh odvsuf tmrdooarÇm*ç "r®oarÇm*
ponfukd jyKvQif þodu©myk'ft& ygpdwftmywf oifhf\/
rjyKtyfao;aom Moom&PuH &Sdol
xkOd au©yeD,uH tjyKc&H ojzifh rmefrmeusí qkid &f m usi0hf wfrsm;-
ukd usiNhf y;D aemuf xku
d u
H dk Nird ;f ygaprnft
h aMumif; awmif;yefaomtcg
oHCmhabmifokdY jyefí oGif;aom ]Moom&PuH} jyK&onf/ xkMd oom-
&PuH rjyK&ao;aom Ou©w d u å &[ef;ukd tuwmEk"r® [k ac:onf/
tEk"ar®m (= tEk½al yg + "ar®m)? tuawm tEk"ar®m ,ómwd
tuwmEk"ar®m/ tEk½layg = Oau©yeD,uHtm;avsmfaom/ "ar®m =
Moom&PuH[laom 0denf;w&m;onf/ tEk"ar®m = tEk"r® rnf\/
,ó = tMuifol\/ tuawm = rjyKtyfao;aom tEk"ar®monf/
tw¬d = &Sd\/ £wd = xkdYaMumifh/ tuwmEk"ar®m = tuwmEk"r®
rnf\/
Moom&PuH rjyK&ao;aomfvnf; rdpmä 0g'ukd pGeNYf y;D Ny[ D k odvQif
oarÇm* ponfudk jyKEidk Nf y?D xkaYd Mumifh ]wH 'd|ð tyÜ#ed o
d a|e = xktd ,ludk
rpGefYao;ol}[k xyfí 0daooe ulrçay;&onf/
oarÇm* ESpfrsKd;
qGrf;paom tmrdoypönf;ukd (rdrdtm; ay;vQif) cH,lokH;pGJjcif;?
rdrdu xkd&[ef;tm; csD;ajr§mufay;urf;jcif;onf tmrdooarÇm*?
ygVdawmf t|uxm"r®wu Ydk dk ykcYd say;jcif;ç xk&d [ef;txHu oif,jl cif;-
onf "r®oarÇm* rnf\/ qGrf;twlpm;jcif;ç y&dwf twl&Gwfjcif;-
onf tmrdooarÇm* r[kwfyg/
oH0ao,sç o[ 0g ao,s
Ou©dwåu&[ef;ESifh twlwuG Oykofç y0g&Pmpaom uHtwl
jyKjcif;ukd oH0ao,s[k qkdonf/ tum&H Oypmyif jcm;aomfvnf;
wpfckwnf;aom trkd;&Sdaom ausmif;ü Ou©dwåu&[ef;ESifh twlwuG
tdyfjcif;ukd ]o[ 0g ao,s}[k qkdonf/
tmywfoifhykHrsm;
tmrdooarÇm*ü wpfBudrfaom ya,m*jzifh rsm;pGm ay;jcif;ç
,ljcif; jyKthH? ygpdwf wpfcsuf? jzwfí jzwfí ay;jcif;ç ,ljcif;jyKaomf
ya,m*wkid ;f ygpdw?f "r®oarÇm*ü y'aom"r®ou d m© yk'tf wdik ;f ygpdw?f
oH0goü uHjyKtqkH; ygpdwf? o[0gao,sü tdyfjcif; ya,m*wdkif;
ygpdwf/
Ou©w d u
å ü a0rwdu? 'ku#ú /f tEkuwd© u
å ü 'ku'ku#ú /f Ou©wd uå ç
tEku©dwåu ESpfa,mufvkH;ü tEku©dwåu[k rSwfxifaom &[ef;tm;
tmywfroifh? t,lukd pGefYNyD;NyD[lívnf;aumif;ç oGif;tyfNyD;NyD[lí
vnf;aumif; tmywfroifh/
10/ uP³uodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f
uP³uomraPukd taMumif;jyKí ynwfawmfrt l yfaomaMumifh
]uP³uodu©myk'f}[k emrnf wyfonf/ t&d|&[ef;uJhokdY uP³u-
omraPrSmvnf; rdpämt,ljzpfí ]wxm[H b*0wm "r®H} ponfukd
ajymqko
d nf? ,cktcg bk&m;&Siu f kd pGypf aJG om xko
d mraPrsK;d ay:vm-
vQif odum© yk't
f wkid ;f qk;H r&rnf? qk;H rí &cJah omf qufvufí ajymqk-d
&rnfrSm ---
tZÆwa*¾ / y / aw ew¬d/
,aeYupí igwkdYbk&m;&Sifukd oifu q&m[lí rñTefjyESifhawmh
]]oifu bk&m;&Siu f dk pGypf x

JG m;aomaMumifh oifvnf; bk&m;&Si\
f wynfh
r[kwEf idk af wmhNy}D }[lv/dk ]]tjcm;omraPrsm;rSm &[ef;awmfrsm;ESit hf wl
3-nOfh tdyfcGifh&Muao;\? oifhrSm xkdtdyfcGifhrsKd; r&awmhNyD? oifESifh
twlwuG wpfrkd;wnf;aom ausmif;ü tdyfaom &[ef;rSm tmywf
oifhrnf}} [lvkd? ]]oifonf igwkdY\ rjrifuG,f&m awmf&macsmifMum;-
t&yfokdY oGm;í ysufpD;avawmh}}[k ajymqdk&rnf/
emoe = zsufqD;rI 3-rsKd;
wxmemodw-t& zsuq f ;D rI[&l mü t&d|&[ef;udk zsuq
f ;D ovkd
taygif;toif; rvkyf&atmif zsufqD;jcif;[laom ]oH0goemoe}?
toGiuf zkd suf vlxu
G af pjcif;[laom ]vd*eF moe} (arwå, d bduK© erD ukd
zsufqD;Mu vlxGufyap) [louJhokdYwnf;/
]]igh&iS f omraP ...,aeYrpS í jrwfpmG bk&m;ukd oifq h &m[lí
rñTeMf um;ESiahf wmh}} þokYd tjypf'Pf ay;í zsuq
f ;D jcif;[laom ]'@-
ur®emoe}[k rSwf? xkd 3-yg;wdkYwGif þodu©myk'fü '@ur®emoeukd
,l&rnf/
(aqmif) oH0gç vd*F? 'Pfur®? okH;0 emoem?
'@ur®? emoe? ,l& þodu©m/ (ar'deD?397/)
tmywfoifhykH
oydwaf y;rnf? ouFe;f ay;rnf? pmcsay;rnf ponfjzifh ajymqkí d
xkdESif'Pfay;xm;aom omraPukd aoG;aqmifac:,lvQif Oyvm-
ay,s? omraP\ a&csKd;uo,frIefYç ajrrIefYponfukd om,mvsuf
tvkyftauR;cH,lvQif Oy|may,s? xkdomraPESifh tmrdooarÇm*
"r®oarÇm*jyKvQif oHbak ÍÆ,s? trk;d wlaom ausmif;ü wpfnOfrh Qjzpfap
twltdyfvQif o[ 0g ao,sH uayÜ,s jzpfí xkd&[ef;rSm uP³u
ygpdwf oifh\/
(8) o["r®du0*f odu©myk'f (12) yg; tusOf;
1/ oDwif;okH;azmfwkdY\ Opömjzpfaom odu©myk'fjzifh qkdqkH;rtyfaomf
igh&iS w
f Ydk t&Siwf rYdk w
S pfyg;aom xufjrufaom 0denf;"k&d jf zpfaom
&[ef;ukd rar;&ao;rD wynfah wmfonf þodum© yk'üf usiv hf rd Ohf ;D
rnf r[kwf? þodkY ajymqkdjcif;aMumifh o["r®duygpdwf oifh\/
&[ef;wk.Yd . odum© yk'u f dk usivhf adk om &[ef;onf rodçodatmif
jyK&m\? rodvQifvnf; ar;jref;&m\? ar;jref;NyD;aemufvnf;
tacgufacguftcgtcg MupH nf&m\? þodatmif jyKjcif; ar;jref;-
jcif; MuHpnfjcif;onf xkdodu©myk'fukd usifhvkd&mü avmukwå&m
tm;avsmfaom usifh0wfwnf;/
2/ &[ef;onf ygwdarmufukd >rufqkd&GwftHjyefaeonf&Sdaomf &Gwfqkd
&Gwjf ytyfuek af om? i,fuek çf omíi,fuek af om þodum© yk'w f jYkd zifh
tb,ftusK;d &St d ehH nf;? ukuKú ptö usK;d iSmvnf;aumif;ç yifyef;jcif;iSm
vnf;aumif;ç pdwfukd a&;jcpfouJhokdYjzpfaom 0dpdudpämtusKd;iSm-
vnf;aumif; jzpfuek \ f [k ajymqkt d ?hH þokYd odum© yk'u
f dk uJ&h UJ jcif;-
aMumifh 0davceygpdwf/
3/ tpOftm;jzifh vcGJwkdif; (0g) vcGJwkdif; vcGJwdkif;ü ygwdarmufudk
(Oykojf yKaom tcg) &Gwt f yfjytyfaomf wynfah wmfonf ,ckrS
om od&\/ þodum© yk'f w&m;awmfonfvnf; ygwdarmuf ygVd-
awmfü vmonf? ygwdarmufygVdawmfü tusK;H 0ifonf? vcGw J ikd ;f
&GwfjytyfonftjzpfodkY a&mufouJhodkY (0g) a&muf qdkygwum;?
þodYk ajymqdk tH?h xdak jymqdak om &[ef;udk wpfyg;aom &[ef;wdYk
onf ESpfBudrfokH;Budrf ygwdarmuf&GwfjytyfpOf þ&[ef;onf
OykofjyKoHCmwGif yg0if aexdkiftyfzl;onfudk tu,fí odukef
tHh/ ESpfBudrf okH;Budrfxuf tvGef yg0ifzl;rlum; bmajymzG,f
&SdawmhtHhenf;? xdk &[ef;\ rod[efaqmifjcif;aMumifh tmywfrS
vGwfjcif;onf r&dS? odu©myk'f vGefusL;í a&S;wkef;u oifhcJhaom

tjypftmywfawGudk "r®uH 0denf;uH tm;avsmfpGm jyKapxdkuf\
(0g) ukpm;apxdkuf\/ ,xm"r®u&Pxuf wkd;wufívnf;
xdk&[ef;tay:odkY arm[uHokdY wifxdkuf\/
]]igh&Sif oifonf ygwdarmufukd &GwftyfjytyfpOf aumif;rGefpGm
tusK;d &Sod nfudk jyKí ESv;Hk roGi;f / oifonf 'd|"r®u d ç orÜ&m,du
vmbfwkdYukd r&tyfukefavpG/ oifonf vlUtjzpfukd raumif;-
ojzifh &tyfavpG (0g) t&rawmfavpG/ þokYd uJ&h UJ Ny;D í arm[uH
okdY wifxkduf\/ (arm[uHokdY Úwådur®0gpmjzifh wif&onf??)
arm[uHokdY wifNyD;onf&Sdaomf xkd rod[efaqmifaom &[ef;ü
þ arm[eygpdwftmywf oifh\/
4/ tjcm;&[ef;tm; pdwq f ;dk onfç rdrpd w
d f r&So
d nfjzpfí ykwcf wfjcif;
aMumifh y[m&ygpdwf/
5/ tjcm;&[ef;\ tay:ü pdwfqkd;onf rdrdpdwf r&Sdonf (0g) pdwf-
ESv;Hk rom,monfjzpfí vS\ H tvm; vuf0g;jyifudk ajrm§ ufr;dk jcif;
aMumifh wvowåduygpdwf/
6/ &[ef;udk trlvu oHCm'daooftmywfjzifh pGyfpGJjcif;aMumifh
trlvuygpdwf/
7/ &[ef;tm; onmESifhwuG aphaqmfí xkd&[ef;\ wrk[kwfrQ-
vnf; rcsrf;omrIonf jzpfvwåHU/ þokdY&nf&G,fí þpdwfrcsrf;
omjcif;uko d mvQif taMumif;jyKí tjcm;taMumif;r&Sb d J ukuKú pö
ukd jzpfapjcif;aMumifh oÍdöpöygpdwf? (0g) ukuúKpöKyÜg'eygpdwf/
8/ jzpfaom rdrdwkdYbufwGif wkdifyifjcif;&Sdukefaomç jzpfaom ckduf-
&ef&Sdukefaomç jiif;ckHjcif;okdY a&mufukefaom &[ef;wk\ dY wkdifyif
oH\ teD;ü (0g) wkid yf ifou H dk Mum;avmuf&mt&yfü þ&[ef;wkYd
ajymqkd wkid yf ifMuaom pum;ukd em;axmifrnf[k Muí H em;axmif
jcif;uko
d mvQif taMumif;jyKí tjcm;taMumif; r&Sb d J &yfwnfí
aejcif;aMumifh Oyókwdygpdwf/
9/ w&m;ojzifh jyKtyfukefaom (0g) [kwfrSefaom oabm&Sdukef-
aom av;yg;aom uHwt Ydk m; qEúdk ay;Ny;D í aemufü ½Iwcf sjcif;
oabmokdY a&mufjcif;aMumifh ur®ywdAm[eygpdwf/
10/ oHCmü tqk;H tjzwfpum;onf jzpfaepOf qEúdk ray;bJ ae&mrS
xí zJoGm;jcif;aMumifh qE´H t'wGm *reygpdwf/
11/ tnDtñGwfjzpfaom oHCmESifhwuG orkwd&aom &[ef;tm;
0duyÜemavmufaom ouFe;f ukd ay;Ny;D í aemufü oHCu d vmbf-
ukd &[ef;wkdYonf rdwfaqGjzpfaom csD;rGrf;tyfaom &[ef;tm;
ay;ojzifh ñTwaf pukeb f \
d / þokYd ½Iwcf sjcif;oabmokYd a&mufjcif;
aMumifh 'kAÁvygpdw/f
12/ oHCmokYd ñGwx f m;Ny;D [k odvsuf oHCu d vmbfudk yk*Kd¾ vof Ydk ñGwf
apjcif;aMumifh y&dPmreygpdwftmywf oifh\/
1/ o["r®duodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f
tem'&d, odum© yk'üf 0denf;ynwfawmf"r®udk rav;pm; *½krpku d f
vkyfvQif tmywf[k ynwfcJhNyD/ þodu©myk'füum; oDwif;okH;azmf
&[ef;rsm;u 0denf;odum© yk'jf zifh þuJo h Ydk rvkyo f ifah Mumif;ukd ajymqkd
qk;H raomtcg ]þodum© yk'u f dk rusiEhf idk b
f ;l }[k wku d ½f u
dk f ajymqkv
d u dk f
vQif tem'&d,odu©myk'ft& ygpdwftmywfukd aMumufaomaMumifh
wku
d ½f u
dk f rjiif;qef0b hH J ]]þodum© yk'üf þuJo h Ydk usi&hf rnfrmS trSeyf if
jzpfygovm;}}[k xif&Sm;aom tjcm;0denf;"kd&fukd ar;OD;rnf/ xkduJhokdY
ar;jref; pkpH rf;aecku
d rf mS jzifh þodum© yk'u f dk rusiEhf idk af o;[k oG,0f u dk í f
jiif;qefonf/ xku d ohJ Ydk jiif;qefvQiv f nf; ygpdwt f mywfyif jzpfonf/
avmukwå&mw&m;tm; avsmfaom tusifh

&[ef;qkdwm usifhvkdpdwf &Sdvsuf odu©myk'fqkdif&m0,f rod od-
atmif jyK&rnf/ odatmifjyKvsuf rodvQifvnf; ]þygVdu bmukd
qkv
d ydk goenf;} ]þygVd\ teufum; b,fvydk genf;} ponfjzifh ar;&-
rnf/ ar;Ny;D aemufvnf; tacgufacguftcgcg MupH nf& EdiI ;f csed &f rnf/
þokdY odatmif jyKrIç ar;jref;rIç EdIif;csdefrIukd jyK&jcif;onf avmuk-
wå&mw&m;tm; aumif;jrwfaomtusifh jzpfonf[k wkdufwGef;aom
pum;wkdYwnf;/
0denf;"kd&f tmedoif (5) yg;? wpfenf; (11) yg;
0denf;"kd&f&[ef;onf 0denf;y&d,wfukd taMumif;jyKí tusKd;
tmedoif (5)yg;rS pí (11)yg; txd &Ekdifonf/ &ykHrSm ---
1/ oDvvkHjcHKjcif;? 2/ ukuúKpöESdyfpufaom &[ef;wkdY\ ukd;uG,f
tm;xm;&m jzpfjcif;? 3/ oHCmhtv,fü &J&J&ifh&ifh ajymqkd0Hhjcif;?
4/ rdr\ d &efoçl omoemh&efow l u
Ydk dk w&m;ojzifh ESyd ef if; wm;jrpfEidk jf cif;?
5/ olawmfaumif;w&m;ukd usiEhf idk jf cif;? þig;yg;aom tusK;d tmedoif-
rsm; &Ekdif\/ xkdYjyif Oykofukd tpkd;&jcif; wpfyg; xyfxnfhvQif (6)yg;?
y0g&Pmukd tpkd;&jcif;wpfyg; xyfxnfhvQif (7)yg;? tyavmueuH
paom oHCmhuH (4)yg;ukd tpkd;&jcif; wpfyg; xyfxnfhvQif (8)yg;?
OyZÑm,fjyKí &SifjyKay;Ekdifjcif; wpfyg; xyfxnfhvQif (9)yg;? OyZÑm,f
jyKí &[ef;cHay;Ekdifjcif; wpfyg; xyfxnfhvQif (10)yg;? edó,nf;
ay;Ekid jf cif;ESihf omraPwk\
Yd tvkyt f auR;cHEidk jf cif;wpfyg; xyfxnf-h
aomf (11)yg;txd 0denf;"kd&ftmedoif tusKd;rsm; &Ekdif\/
(aqmif) oDvvkHpGm? tm;xm;&m? oHCmv,fü qkd?
&efolESdyfxm;? usifhw&m;? usKd;ig; 0denf;"kd&f/
Oykofy0g&P? uH av;0? pkd;& okH;ckvm/
&[ef;yZÑm,f? &SifyZÑm,f? ESpfoG,f xnfhavyg/
edosnf;ay;? vkyfauR;&Sifrsm;? aygif; wpfyg;? ajcmufyg;
o½kyfvm/
ajcmufrS q,fhwpf? wpfESpfvpf? jzpf\ edoHom/ (ar'deD?400/)
OyorÜEéü wduygpdwf? tEkyorÜEéü wdu'kuú#f? ynwfawmf
r[kwfaom pum;jzifh qkH;r&mü þtwkdif;qkdaom &[ef;tm; 'kuú#f?
odatmif jyKtHh? usifhMuHygtHh[kqkdaom &[ef;tm; tmywfroifh/
Or®wåu ponfwkdYtm;vnf; tmywfroifh/
2/ 0davceodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f
ygwdarmufukd wpfyg;yg;u &Gwq f akd eavaomf &Gwq f o
kd uH kd Mum;-
&aom &[ef;u ]]þck'g´ Ekc'k u´ odum© yk'af wGukd &Gwqf akd evdYk bmvky-f
OD;rSmvJ? onfck'´gEkck'úodu©myk'fawG[m tvGefYudk ukuúKpöç 0da[oç
0davc jzpfapEdkifonf}} þodkY odu©myk'fudk uJh&JUvQif ygpdwftmywf[k
ynwfawmfrltyfaom odu©myk'fwnf;/
]O'd́órmae} t&
q&mud, k w
f ikd f wynft h m; &Gwq f íkd (ydcYk s)aeonfjzpfap? wynfu h
awmif;yefí &Gwq f akd eonfjzpfap? xdyk gwdarmufukd wpfyg;yg;u pmjyef
ovdk &Gwq
f akd eonfjzpfap? Oykoaf eY ygwdarmufjyonft h cg &Gwq f akd e
onfjzpfap? xd&k w
G q f rkd t
I m;vH;k udyk if O'´ód rmaeyk'üf oGi;f ,lEikd o
f nf/
ck'ÉSifh tEkck'ú odu©myk'fcGJyHk
ck'´ç tEkck'ú - i,fukefç omíi,fukef[lonfrSm yg&mZdu-
odu©myk'fudk z,fxm;í oHCm'daoofrSpí tvHk;pHkaom odu©myk'f-
wduYk kd y&d,m,ftm;jzifh ck'ç´ tEkc'k u
´ -[k cG,
J &l rnf/ oHCm'daoofukd
ck'´? xdkYatmufi,faom xkv’pöOf;paom odu©myk'frsm;um; tEkck'ú?
xkvp’ Oö ;f onf ck'?´ xdaYk tmufi,faom ygpdwpf aom odum© yk'rf sm;um;
tEkc'k u´ ? ygpdwo f nf ck'?´ yg#da'oeDonf tEkc'k u
´ ? yg#da'oeDonf
ck'´? 'kuú#fonf tEkck'ú? 'kuú#fonf ck'´? 'kAÇmodonf tEkck'ú?
þum; y&d,m,ftm;jzifh axmufíaxmufí ,lyHkwnf;/
«þü oHCm'daoofum; ck'o ´ mç tEkc'k u
´ trnfr&/'kAmÇ oDum;
tEkck'ómç ck'´rrnf/ yg&mZduum; ck'´vnf; rrnfç tEkck'úvnf;
rrnf/»
(aqmif) yg-oH-xkvf-yg? yg-'kuf-'kAf? tmywf ckepfyk'f/
ukuúKpöç 0da[oç 0davc okH;yk'f txl;
þtrIonf tyfavoavmç rtyfbJ &Sad voavm[k MupH nfí
pdwfESvHk;rom,mrIudk ukuúKpöac:onf/ xdkuJhodkYMuHpnfjcif;aMumifh
pdwEf v
S ;kH yifyef;rIukd 0da[oac:onf/ ,Hrk mS ;oHo, 0dpu
d pd mä jzpfaerIukd
raem0davc ac:onf/
tmywftqHk;tjzwf
OyorÜEéü wduygpdwf? tEkyorÜEéü wdu'kuú#f? wpfyg;aom
w&m;udk uJh&JU&müvnf; 'kuú#f? ruJh&JUvdkojzifh okwåef*gxm tbd"r®m
wpfckckoif,lNyD;rS 0denf;udkoif,l&ef wdkufwGef;aom &[ef; tmywf
roifh? Or®wåuponf tmywfroifh/
3/ arm[euodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f
tEG¹rmoH (tEk+t¹rmoH)ü tEk-o'´gonf tpOftwdkif;[l
aom teufudk twGif;jyKí 0dpämteufudk a[monf/ O'´dórmae-
um; a&SUodum© yk'u
f ohJ Ykd oiftyH cYkd sjcif;udk r,l&? Oykojf yKonft
h cg ygwd-
armufjyjcif;udk ,l&rnf? rme-ypön;f ypöKyeÜ af [maomfvnf; ygwdarmuf
jywke;f r,l&? ygwdarmufjyNy;D aemufrS ajymqdo k nf[k ,l&rnf?/tmywf
ukpm;jcif; arm[uHwifjcif;wdkYonf ygwdarmufjywkef;0,f jyKzdkY&ef
rvG,fulaomaMumifhwnf;/
,cktBurd f remrD a&S;u vGeu
f sL;cJah om tjypfrsm;twGuf rodí
jyKcrhJ [
d efaqmifaomfvnf; tmywfrS rvGw?f qdik &f m0denf;w&m;awmf
twdkif; xdktmywfudk ukpm;&rnfom jzpfonf/
]arm[uH}odkY wif&rnf
qdik &f mtmywfukd ukpm;½Hrk u arm[uHov Ykd nf; wd;k í wif&rnf?
aemufxyf arm[uH jyK&rnf [lvdk? ESpfBudrf okH;Budrf Mum;zl;jcif;t*Fg
t& xdk&[ef;onf &[ef;jzpfcgp jzpfí ygwdarmuftus,fjyonfudk
ESpBf urd o
f ;Hk Burd f remzl;ao;vQif ESpBf urd o
f ;Hk Burd f emzl;apumrl tusO;f jy
jcif;udo k m emzl;vQif arm[uHoYkd rwif&? vGeu f sL;rdaom tjypfuu kd m;
w&m;enf;vrf; 0denf;vrf;aMumif;twdkif; ukpm;&rnfom jzpfonf/
4/ y[m&odu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f
pdwq
f ;kd í &[ef;tm; ½ku d Ef u
S yf w
k cf wfvQif ygpdw?f aoapvdak om
apwem r&Sv d Qif ½du
k o
f nft h wGuf vufveG í f aoapumrl ygpdwyf if?
vlçomraPwkt Yd m; ½du
k Ef u
S &f mü 'ku#ú cf sn;f om? od&Yk mwGif &efowl u Ykd
ESyd pf ufvmojzifh olwaYkd b;rS vGwaf jrmufatmif umuG,&f mü ½du k rf ad p
umrl vufveG í f aoapumrl aoapvdak om apwemr&Sv d Qif tem-
ywåd? tmywfroifh/
5/ wvowåduodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f
vSHonf xdk;qGp&m jzpfouJhodkY vuf0g;tjyifvnf; ½dkufykwfp&m
jzpfonf/ vuf0g;tjyifudk Oyvu©Penf; tpdwfudk rSwfí qdkonf/
vuf0g;jzifh omru ajcç 'l;paom ud, k t
f *Fgtpdwrf sm;udk wvowåu
d
t& ,l&rnf/
tmywfoifhyHk
½dkufrnf[k rMuHbJ Ncdrf;ajcmufaomtm;jzifh aMumufoGm;atmif
&[ef;\ tay:ü vuf0g;BuD;wrkd;rdk; vufoD;w&G,f&G,f ajcjzifhuef-
rnf w&rf;&rf; wkw"f m; wjyjyvkyv f Qif þodum© yk't
f & ygpdw?f xdu k ohJ Ykd
Ncrd ;f ajcmuf&,G rf ;kd &mü rcsed q
f Edik í
f vufveG f (tm;vGe)f oGm;Ny;D ½du
k rf -d
vQif 'kuú#f? apwem cRwf,Gif;aomaMumifh [l\/
6/ trlvuodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f
ud,k w f ikd pf yG pf jJG cif; olwpfyg;udk pGypf aJG pjcif;jzifh apm'emtyfaom
&[ef;onf apm'emqJcPü ighudk xdk&[ef; ap'emaeNyD[k odtHh?
apm'empGyfpGJaom &[ef; ygpdwf? atmuftmywf tmpm&0dywådç 'd|d-
0dywådwdkYjzifh apm'emtHh? 'kuú#f/
7/ oÍödpöodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f
igajymvdu k v
f Qif olpw
d rf csr;f rom jzpfvrd rhf nf[k odaom onm-
udk oÍödpö? oH-t& ]onmESifhwuG}[k qdkonf? ]]udk,fawmf &[ef;cH-
cJhwm toufESpfq,f rjynfhbl; xifw,f? odrfuvnf; ratmifbl;
xifw,f? qGrf;bkOf;ay;aewkef;u aevGJw,f xifw,f}} ponfhjzifh
ajymvduk v f Qif tajymcH&aom &[ef;rSm ]&[ef;rS jzpfyghrvm;} ponfjzifh
,HkrSm;oHo, jzpf\/ xdkoHo,udkyif þü ukuúKpö[k ac:onf/
,ckvdkajymvQif olUrSm ukuúKpöjzpfum wpfcPavmufrQjzpfapç
pdwEf v
S ;kH rcsr;f rom jzpfvrd rhf nf[k &nf&, G cf suf xm;tH?h þodYk ukuKú pö
jzpfapvdkaom &nf&G,fcsufrS wpfyg; tjcm;taMumif;r&Sdrl ygpdwf/
wu,fyif toufraphb;l xifí odrrf atmifb;l xifí aemiftcg
xdk&[ef;ü oHo,jzpfrnf pdk;aomaMumifh tusKd;vdkvm;aom pdwfjzifh
ajymvQiu f m; xd&k [ef; ukuKú pjö zpfaomfvnf; ajymaom&[ef; tmywf
roifh/
8/ Oyókwdodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f
wpfbufESifh wpfbuf cdkuf&efjzpfaeMu&m0,f wjcm;wpfbuf
&[ef;wd\Yk wdik yf ifou
H kd oufoufMum;vdo k jzifh acsmif;í em;axmif-
vQif ygpdwf? em;axmif[l&mü oGm;í em;axmifjcif; omru rdrd
aexdkif&m teD;odkY rdrd&SdaerSef; rodí wdkifyif&ef vmMuvQif rdrd&Sdae
aMumif;udk odatmif toHjyK&rnf/ toHrjyKbJ em;axmifaevQiv f nf;
ygpdwf/
b@eç uv[ç 0d0g'gyEé
olwdkYu onfvdkajymvQif igwdkYu onfvdk ajymrnf? acsyrnf?
ponfjzifh rdrdwdkY bufom;csif; wdkifyifrIudk ]b@e}[k ac:onf/
wpfbufESifhwpfbuf udk,fvufjzifhjzpfapç EIwfjzifhjzpfap xdcdkufí
&efjzpfjcif;udk ]uv[}[k qdkonf/ olUbufu rSefonf ighbufu rSef
onf ponfjzifh 0d0g'g"du½kP;f jzpfvsuf wpfbufEiS hf wpfbuf jiif;Mu
jiif;Mu&if;yif tvGefa'gxí jiif;ckefMujcif;udk ]0d0g'gyEé}[k qdkonf/
Oyókwð wda|,s
ol,wDwd okwd? okwd,m orDyH Oyokwd? Mum;tyfaomtoH
\ teD;-[lonf toHudk Mum;avmuf&m t&yfwnf;/ Oyokwdonf
tAs,aD bmormofwnf;/ xdaYk Mumifh ]tnorm avmayg p} okwjf zifh
o®ð0dbwfudk acsí Oyokwdyk'f&if; &Sdonf? ]wawm ap Owå&d}uJhodkY
0gpmodvd| ed*¾[dwfvmí Oyókwð[k vnf;&Sdonf/ ESpfygXf rSef/
apm'em&ef &nf&G,frS tmywfoifh
wpfyg;aom taMumif;aMumifh r[kwfbJ apm'emrnf[laom
&nf&, G cf sujf zifh acsmif;em;axmift[
hH k oGm;aom &[ef;? ajcvSr;f wdik ;f
'ku#ú ?f rDatmifvu kd í
f em;axmif&m aemufcse&f pfí em;axmif&mwdüYk
'kuú#f? Mum;avmuf&m t&yfü &yfí em;axmiftHh ygpdwf/

&[ef;ü wduygpdw?f &[ef;r[kwaf om olü wdu'ku#ú ?f þ&[ef;-
wdkYpum;ukd Mum;í a&SmifMuOftHh? Nidrf;apthH? rdrdudk,fudk vGwfaptHh[k
ESvHk;jyKí oGm;em;axmifaom &[ef;tm; tmywfroifh/
9/ ur®ywdAm[eodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f
uHjyKz&Ykd ef oabmwlqEáy;Ny;D aemuf xdu k uH kd ½Iwcf sjypfwifvQif
xdkuHudk wm;jrpf&ma&mufí ]ur®ywdAm[eodu©myk'f}[k emrnfwyf-
onf/ 0denf;w&m;awmfESifh tnD jyKtyfaom uHrsm;udk "r®duuH (=
w&m;&Sdaom uH)[k ac:\/ xdkuHrsm;um; tyavmueuH paom
uHav;yg;wdw Yk nf;/ uHav;yg;t"dymÜ ,fEiS hf o½kyw
f uYkd kd aemufü a&;cJNh y;D /
uHESpfrsKd;
or®Kcu&PD,uHç tor®Kcu&PD,uHtm;jzifh uHEpS rf sK;d jym;ao;
\? xdkwGif wrefjzifh &[ef;cHaom uHç oydwfarSmufuHç oydwfvSefuHç
Or®wuå or®Kwud çH aou©or®Kwu d çH jA[®'@uHç yumoed,uHç t0E´-d
,uH þuH&pS yf g;um; rsuu f ,G jf yK&aom tor®Kcu&PD,uH rnf\/
<uif;aom uHrsm;um; rsufarSmufom jyK&aom or®Kcu&PD,uHwdkY
rnf\/
]rsuu
f ,
G jf yK}[lonf uHjyKc&H aomol rygbJ (0g) uHjyK&olwYkd ta0;-
rSm &Sad eaomfvnf; jyKEikd af om uHrsm; jzpfMuonf/ þodum© yk'üf 0denf;
w&m;awmfEiS t hf nD jyKtyfaom "r®u d uHwu Ykd kd oabmwlaMumif; qE´-
ay;xm;NyD;í aemufrS uJh&JUaomaMumifh ygpdwftmywf oifhonf/
tmywfoifhyHkrsm;
t"r®uüH 'ku'ku#ú ?f "r®uüH vnf; a0rwdujzpfthH 'ku#ú ?f t"r®-
uH[k rSwxf ifaom &[ef;tm; tmywfroif?h t"r®ujH zifv h nf;aumif;ç
0*fjzifv
h nf;aumif; uHrxduk af om &[ef;tm; uHjyKonfudk odí uJ&h UJ -
aom&[ef; tmywfroifh? Or®wåuponfwdkYüvnf; tmywfroifh/
10/ qE´H t'wGm *re odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f
oHaC-ü raZÑ [laom aemufyk'f ausaeonf? ]oHCmhtv,f
ü}[k teufay;&\/ 0dedpä,uxmü qdE´d,aw {wm,mwd qa,m?
ed[&dwGm qa,m edpäa,m? 0daoaoe edpäa,m 0dedpäa,m? txl;
xkwfaqmifí qHk;jzwfaMumif; pum;&\/ uxD,wd {wm,mwd
uxm? ajymqdkaMumif; pum;&\/ 0dedpäa,m £wd uxm 0dedpä,-
uxm? txl;xkwfaqmifí qHk;jzwfajymqkdaMumif; pum;udkyif &\/
0dedpä,uxm jzpfaeqJç jzpfwkef;[lonf
t"du½kP;f qH;k jzwfz&Ydk ef oHCmpnf;a0;Ny;D aemuf oHCmhtv,fü
apm'u[laom w&m;vdkESifh pk'd'u[laom w&m;cHESpfOD;wdkYu rdrd
qdkvdk&mpum;udk ajymqdkMuaomtcg tEk0dZÆu[laom ar;ppfrnfh
0denf;"dk&f (w&m;olBuD;)udk orkwfjcif;ç 0denf;"dk&f ppfaq;ar;jref;jcif;
¤if;ESihf pyfaom ur®0gpmudk &Gwzf wf&m0,f ur®0gpm rNy;D qH;k ao;jcif;
þtwGif;udk ]0dedpä,uxm, 0wårmem,} 0dedpä,pum; jzpfwkef;
jzpfqJ[k qdkonf? 0dedpä,uxm NyD;NyD[k rac:&/
0depd ,
ä uxm jzpfwek ;f rSmyif uHysuaf pvdí
k qE´ray;bJ xdik &f mrS
xoGm;jcif; xdo
k x
Ykd oGm;aom &[ef;tm; [w¬ygofrS vGeaf omf ygpdw-f
tmywfoifh\/ [w¬ygoftwGif; r&Sdí 0*fjzpfvQif uHysuf&onf/
c@odrf jzpfí odrftjyifbuf a&mufatmif oGm;vQif tmywfroifh?
odrftwGif;ü [w¬ygof pGefYaerS tmywfoifhonf/ r[modrfrSmum;

odrjf yifbufa&mufatmif oGm;Edik zf Ykd cJ,Of;\/ qEáy;Ny;D rSvnf;aumif;
½dk;½dk; taMumif;&Sdívnf;aumif; oGm;vQif tmywfroifh/
tmywfoifhyHkrsm;
"r®uüH ,Hrk mS ;aom&[ef; 'ku#ú ?f t"r®uüH 'ku'ku#ú ?f t"r®u[ H k
rSwfí odí zJoGm;aom&[ef; tmywfroifh? xdkYjyif oHCmjiif;ckHjcif;
ponf jzpfvwåUH ? t"r®ujH zifh 0*¾jzifh uHjyKvwåUH ? uHrxdu
k o
f t
l m; uHjyK-
vwåUH [k odí zJomG ;aom&[ef;? *dvmejzpfí usiBf u;D ponf ESyd pf ufí
zJoGm;aom &[ef;? uHrysufapvdkbJ wpfzefjyefvmthH[k zJoGm;aom
&[ef;? Or®wåu&[ef; ponfwdkYtm; tmywfroifh/
t*Fg (6) yg;
1/ 0dedpä,uxm jzpfqJjzpfjcif;? 2/ "r®uHjzpfjcif;? 3/ "r®uH[k
rSwxf ifjcif;? 4/ wpford w
f nf;ü wnfjcif;? 5/ uHysuaf pvdík [w¬ygof-
udk pGefYjcif;? 6/ wlaom oH0go&Sdoljzpfjcif;? aygif; (6)yg;wnf;/
(aqmif) 0depd ,ä uxm? jzpfqo
J mwnf;? uHrmS "r®? rSwx
f ifMurI? odrw
f ül
wnf? wlnD oH0go? orPjzpfay? uHysufapvwf? [w¬ygof
pGefYjyef? þajcmufwef? qE´H t'wGmwnf;/
11/ 'kAÁvodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f

þodu©myk'f\ 0w¬K&if;ü t&Sif'AÁrSm 'kAÁvpD0&-enf;yg;aom
ouFe;f &Sad omaMumifh xd'k Ak v
Á uk,
d í
l þodum© yk'u
f dk ]'kAv
Á odum© yk'}f [k
emrnfwyfonf/ or*¾oHCmESifhtwl (xdkor*¾oHCmwGif rdrdvnf;
yg0ifí) ouFef;yg;&Sm;aom oHCmhudpöudkvnf; aqmif&Gufaeaom
&[ef;tm; oabmwlouFef;ay;NyD;aemuf ½IwfcsuJh&JUvQif ygpdwf/
or*¾oHCmç 0*¾oHCm
or*¾oC H m-[lonf wlaom aygif;azmfjcif;&Sad om wpford w
f nf;
ü wnfaom oHCmudk qdkonf/ 0*¾oHCm[lonf tpkuGJjym;aeaom
wpford w
f nf;üwnfaomfvnf; ESpaf wmifx
h mG [w¬ygofvw G af eaom
oHCmudk qkdonf/
,xmoE¦KwH y&dPmarEÅd
þ0gusjzifh uJh&JU½IwfcsyHkudk jyonf? or®m x0D,wd yoHoD,wd
oE¦Kawm? aumif;pGm csD;rGrf;tyfaom rdwå oE´d| orÇwå cspfuRrf;0if-
aom twljrifzl; twlpm;zl;aom taqGcifyGef;udk &\/ a,m a,m
oE¦Kawm ,xmoE¦KxH? tMuif tMuif rdwpå aom rdwaf qGtrsK;d rsK;d udk
&\/ ouFef;rSwpfyg; pGefYaumif; awmif;aumif;aom y&du©&mudk
oabmwl ay;NyD;rS aemufü uJh&JUaom &[ef;tm; 'kuú#f/
ra0zefaumif;aom *½kbPfypönf;rsm;
oHCu d jzpfaom tpktm;jzifh 5-rsK;d ? tus,t f m;jzifh 25-rsK;d aom
*½kbPfypön;f wdu Yk kd oHCmç *dP
k ;f ç yk*Kd¾ vw
f t
Ykd m; t&if;jzwfaomtm;jzifh
tNyD;tydkif rpGefYaumif;ç ray;aumif;ç ra0zefaumif;? pGefYrd? ay;rd?
a0zefrdaomfvnf; oHCduom jzpfonf/ ay;pGefY a0zefí r&acs/
vJrlum; vJaumif;onf/
(aqmif) tm&mrfç &mrf&m? ,if;ESpfjzm? rSwfyg yxr *½kbPf/
ausmif;ESifh ausmif;&m? ,if;ESpfjzm? rSwfyg 'kwd, *½kbPf/
anmifç tifç tHk;ç bHk? av;rsKd;pHk? rSwfukef wwd, ½kbPf?/
aMu;rsKd; av;yg;? yJcGyfç "m;ç ayguf? ykqdefç aqmuf[k? þudk;ck?
rSwf½I pwkw¬ *½kbPf/
jrufoHk; ajrESpf? 0g;ç EG,fç opf? &Spfjzpf yÍör *½kbPf/
«aMu;rsK;d 4-yg; - aMu;td;k Bu;D ? aMu;td;k i,f? aMu;tifw?JG aMu;zsO;f /

jruf-oHk;? ajr-ESpf - jzLqHjruf? Nydwfjruf? oref;jruf? ajrjzL? ajreD?
(opfb@m? ajrb@m)»
(rSwfcsuf) aumif;aom ausmif;wdkYudk apmifha&Smufjcif;tusKd;iSm
raumif;aom ausmif;wdkYudk pGefYí oHk;aqmifjcif;wdkYum;
tyfukef\/ ig;yg;aom *½kbPfwdkYwGif a&SUoHk;yg;um;
*½kbPf rrnfonf r&Sd? aemufESpfyg;um; rrnfonf
vnf; &Sd\/
"r®uüH wduygpdw?f ouFe;f rSwpfyg; pGeaYf umif; a0zefaumif;aom
y&du©&mudk ay;NyD;rS uJh&JUaom &[ef; 'kuú#f? *½kbPfypönf;udkum;
ray;aumif;? tpd;k w& ay;tHh xkvp’ Oö ;f ? ax,spw d jf zifh ay;tHh b@m-
pm;xkud \f / or®Kwrd &aom &[ef;tm; ouFe;f udv k nf;aumif;ç wpfyg;
aom y&du©&mudkvnf;aumif; ay;NyD;rS uJh&JUaom &[ef;tm; 'kuú#f?
tEkyorÜEé 'kuú#f/
qE´m*wd vdkufpm;jcif;ponfudk jrifí xdk&[ef; tm;ay;ojzifh
tb,ftusK;d &St d ehH nf;[k uJ&h UJ aom &[ef;? &aomfvnf; zsuq f ;D vwåUH ?
aumif;pGm roH;k aqmifvwåUH [k uJ&h UJ aom &[ef;? Or®wu å &[ef; tem-
ywåd/
y&dPwodu©myk'f rSwfcsuf
þy&dPwodum© yk'u f m; ok'y¨ gpdw?f edó*¾üd jyqdck ahJ om y&dPm-
re odu©myk'fum; oHCmhvmbfudk rdrdtm; ñGwfapjcif;aMumifh edó*¾d
ygpdw?f þodum© yk'u f m; oHCmvmbfudk wpfyg;aom yk*Kd¾ vt f m; ñGw-f
apjcif;aMumifh ok'y¨ gpdw?f þodo Yk m xl;\/ <uif;t"dymÜ ,frsm; y&dPm-
reodu©myk'fodkY jyefMunfhav/
(9) &we0*f odu©myk'f 10-yg; tusOf;
1/ rif;Zmwf&adS om OD;xdyüf bdou d af &pifjzifh oGe;f avmif;tyfNy;D aom
(0g) bdodufcHNyD;aom rif;\ rxGufvmao;aom? rif; rxGufvm
ao;aom rdzk&m;&wem&Sdaom pufawmfcef;aqmifü r0ifrD a&S;ü
rodapbJ wHcg;ckHudk ausmfvGefapjcif;aMumifh taEÅyk&ygpdwf/
2/ &wemESifh &wemtoHk;taqmifudk tm&mrftwGif;ESifh rdrd aexdkif
&mXmetwGi;f t&yfwu Ykd kd MuOfxm;í ud, k w f ikd af umuf,l olwpfyg;-
udk taumufcdkif;jcif;aMumifh &weygpdwf/
«Opöm&Sio
f nf aqmif,v l mvdrrhf nf[k &nf&, G í f &wemESihf &wem
toH;k aqmifwu Ykd kd tm&mrftwGi;f ESihf rdrad exdik &f m XmetwGi;f t&yfwüYkd
udk,fwdkifvnf;aumuf,lç olwpfyg;udkaomfvnf; aumuf,lcdkif;í
odrf;xm;&m\/ þaumuf,lodrf;jcif;onf xdk&wem &weor®wudk
awGU&mü usifh&maom 0wfwnf;/»
3/ taqmwvsif jzpfaom jyKzG,fudpöudk MuOfxm;íxif&Sm;&Sdaom
&[ef;udk ryefajymbJ aevGJtcgü &GmwGif;odkY 0ifaomaMumifh
0dumav *gryÜ0doeygpdwf/
4/ t½d;k jzifh jyKtyfaomç qifp,
G jf zifh jyKtyfaomç OD;csKjd zifh jyKtyfaom
tyfusnfawmufudk jyKvkyfjcif;aMumifh cGJjcif;a&S;&Sdaom olpdC&
ygpdwf/
5/ topfjzpfaom anmifapmif;ç topfjzpfaom tifysOfudk jyKapvdk
aom &[ef;onf atmufjzpfaomabmifukd MuOfxm;í bk&m;&Si\ f
vufopfawmfjzifh vuf&pS o f pf tajc&Sad tmif jyKapEdik \ f / xdk vuf-
&Spfopf tajcxufvGefaom yrmPudk jzwfjcif;a&S;&Sdaom rÍöyD|-
aq'euygpdwf/
6/ anmifapmif;ç tif;ysOfudk ajr§;,Suftyfaom vJ&Sdonf (0g) vJyg
aom tcif;&Sdonfudk jyKapjcif;aMumifh vJudk xkwfjcif;a&S;&Sdaom

wlavme'¨ O'¨gveuygpdwf/
7/ edo'D ekd u
f kd jyKapvdak om &[ef;onf bk&m;&Sit
f xGmawmfjzifh tvsm;
2-xGm? teH 1-xGmcG?J tqm 1-xGm xdyk rmPudk vGeaf paom &[ef;
tm; edoD'eaq'euygpdw/f
8/ temvTr;f ouFe;f udk jyKapvdak om &[ef;onf bk&m;&Si\ f vufoef;
txGmawmfjzifh tvsm; 4-xGm? teH 2-xGm? xdyk rmPudk vGeaf paom
&[ef;tm; u@Ky#dpäm'daq'euygpdwf/
9/ rdk;a&cHouFef;udk jyKapvdkaom &[ef;onf bk&m;&Sif\ vufoef;
txGmawmfjzifh tvsm; 6-xGm? teH 2-xGmcGJ? xdkyrmPudk vGefap
aom &[ef;tm; 0óduom#duaq'euygpdwf/
10/ jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif\ ouFef;awmfyrmP&Sdaom xkdxufvGefaom
ouFef;ukd jyKapvdkaom &[ef;onf bk&m;&Sif\ vufoef;txGm-
awmfjzifh tvsm; 9-xGm? teH 6-xGm yrmP jyKrnf? xdyk rmPxuf
vGefapaom &[ef;tm; eEáx&aq'euygpdwf/
1/ taEÅyk&odu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f
eef;awmfwiG ;f ESihf pyfí ynwftyfaomaMumifh taEÅy&k odum© yk'-f
[k emrnfwyfonf/ cwå, d Zmwf&ídS bdou d cf NH y;D rif;ESirhf zd &k m;&wemwdYk
pufawmfcef;aqmifrS rxGufao;rD &[ef;u rdrd 0ifa&mufvmrnfh-
taMumif; rodapbJ (wpfa,mufa,mufukd oHawmfO;D twifrcdik ;f bJ)
½kwwf &uf 0ifomG ;vQif rif;ESihf rdz&k m;wdYk aysmyf g;cdu k Mf uKH aeu rsuEf mS -
ysufp&mjzpfaomaMumifh wHcg;cHk ausmfvGef0ifa&mufaom &[ef;rSm
ygpdwftmywf oifh\/
eef;awmf0ifjypf (10) yg;
1/ rdz&k m;ujzpfapç &[ef;ujzpfap jyKH ;rdaomf txifvcJG &H wwfjcif;/
2/ rdzk&m;i,f udk,f0efwnfaomf txifvGJcH&wwfjcif;/
3/ &wemwpfyg;yg; aysmufaomf txifvGJcH&wwfjcif;/
4/ vQdKU0Suftyfaom owif;pum; tjyifbufa&mufoGm;aomf
txifvGJcH&wwfjcif;/
5/ om;u tbudkç tbu om;udk owf&ef vkyfMuHaomf txifvGJ
cH&wwfjcif;/
6/ XmeEÅ& &mxl;edrfholudk jr§ifhay;aomf txifvGJcH&wwfjcif;/
7/ &mxl;jrifhwufoludk ESdrfhcsaomf txifvGJcH&wwfjcif;/
8/ tcgr[kwfonfü ppfxGufcdkif;aomf txifvGJcH&wwfjcif;/
9/ ppfxu G t
f oGm; c&D;tMum;rS jyefac:aomf txifvcJG &H wwfjcif;/
10/ qifjrif;ponfwdkYjzifh usOf;ajrmif;jcif;? ESpfoufzG,f tqif;toH
ponfrsm;jym;jcif;/
þum; eef;awmf0if tjypf 10-yg;wnf;/
(aqmif) jyHK;ç udk,f0efç aysmuf? owif;a&mufç vkyfMuH? XmeH edrfhwuf?
ppfxGuf jyefac:? udk;abmfwifcH? usOf;ajrmif;jyef? q,fwef-
eef;awmfjypf/
tyÜ#doH0d'dw-ü wduygpdwf? 'ku'kuú#f? yefMum;\[k trSwf&Sd
aom &[ef;? rif;rsKd; r[kwfol tbdodufrif;wdkY\ tdyf&mwdkufcef;-
wGif;odkY 0ifaom&[ef;? rif;ç rdzk&m; ESpfa,mufpvHk; (odkYr[kwf)
wpfa,mufa,muf xGufNyD;aom tdyf&mwkdufcef;ukd 0ifaom&[ef;?
tdyf&mwkdufcef; r[kwfonfukd 0ifaom&[ef;? Or®wåu&[ef; ponf
wdkYü tmywfroifh/
2/ &weodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f
a&T aiG ykvJpaom &wemq,fyg;udk &weü oGif;,lí &wem
twkrsm;ESihf 0wfpm;wefqmpaom vlwdkYtoHk;taqmif (apmif tdyf-
,mvdyf ponf)udk &weor®wü oGif;,l&rnf/
xd&k weç &weor®w toH;k taqmifrsm;udk ausmif;wdu
k t
f wGi;f
rdrdae&mXme (taqmif)twGif;rSwpfyg; tjcm;jyifyt&yfü vlwdkY
arhae&pfç usae&pfcahJ omf aumuf,í
l odr;f rxm;&/ aumuf,o l rd ;f -
xm;vQif þodu©myk'ft& ygpdwf/
tm&mrftwGif; rdrdaexkdif&mXme (taqmif)twGif; jzpfrlum;
udk,fwdkifjzpfapç olwpfyg;udk ckdif;íjzpfap aumuf,lodrf;xm;ay;&ef
0wå&m;&Sd\/ xdk0wå&m;ysufvQifum; 0wåab' (0wå&m;ysufuGufrI
aMumifh) 'kuú#ftmywfoifhao;onf/
&wem (10) yg;
ywåjrm;eDç ywåjrm;ajymufç jrç ykvJç c½koif;ç ausmufpvif;ç
aMumifrsuf&GJç oEÅmç a&Tç aiG - aygif; (10)yg;wnf;/
(aqmif) eD ajymuf jr vJ? vif; ½k &GJ a&T? oEÅm aiG? q,faxG &wem/
(ar'deD?422/)
tZÑm&mr
tm&mrH t"dudpöy0wåwDwd tZÑm&mrH? tm&mrfudk pGJíjzpfaom
tm&mrftwGif;udk &\/ tum&Sdrl tumtxd tumr&Sdrl tpGefqHk;
ausmif;rS cJEpS u
f stxdt&yfukd tm&mr[k ac:\/ xkt d m&mrftwGi;f &Sd
ausmif;aqmifrsm;ESifh ausmif;y&d0kPfrsm;udk tZÑm&mr[k ac:\/
tZÑm0ox
tm0oxH t"dudpö y0wåwDwd tZÑm0oxH? &GmwGif;ausmif;udk
pGJíjzpfaom &GmwGif; ausmif;twGif;udk &\/ rdrdae&m t&yfwnf;/
xdk rdrad e&mt&yf[ol nf tm&mrftwGi;f rSmjzpfapç tjcm;t&yf (&GmxJ
awmxJ)rSmjzpfapç acwåjzpfapç tjrJjzpfap rdrdaecdkuf tdrfçausmif;
Z&yfrsm;wnf;/ xdk rdrad e&mXmeu tumt&H&v dS Qif twGi;f udçk r&Sv
d Qif
usnfayGUwpfustwGif;udk tZÑm0ox[k ac:onf/
aumufodrf;xm;&mü &nf&G,fcsuf
vlwYkd usae&pf arh&pf&müom ]]Opöm&Siw f Ykd vm,lvrd rhf nf}}[k &nf-
&G,cf sujf zifh odr;f xm;cGihf &So
d nf/ vlwu
Ykd odr;f xm;ay;yg[k ckid ;f xm;í
jzpfapç udk,fwdkif b@mpdk;vkyfíjzpfap odrf;xm;vQif ygpdwf? b@m-
pdk;[l&müvnf; 0dómo*¾g[pdwf yhHokultrSwf ax,spdwfrsm; rjzpf-
aprlí b@mpdk;oabmrsKd;jzifh odrf;xm;jcif;udkqkdonf/
tmywftqHk;tjzwfrsm;
a&T aiG ESpfyg;udk rdrdtusKd;iSmodrf;xm;thH edó*¾dygpdwf? oHCmç
*dkPf;ç yk*¾dKvfç apwDç e0ur®tusKd;iSm odrf;xm;tHh 'kuú#f? <uif;&wem
&Spfyg;udk tvHk;pHkwdkY\tusKd;iSm odrf;xm;tHh 'kuú#f? tuyÜd, a&Tç aiG
paom 0w¬Kujkd zpfapç uyÜ, d t0wfç apmif ponfujkd zpfap t,kwq f ;kH
rdcif\ Opömudak omfvnf; b@mpd;k oabmrsK;d jzifh odr;f xm;aom&[ef;
ygpdw?f rdbwd\ Yk tyfpyfaom ypön;f 0w¬Kuukd m; rdrOd pömjyKí odr;f xm;-
aumif;\/ þ0w¬Kudk odrf;xm;ay;yg[k cdkif;thH rodrf;xm;aumif;[k
y,f&rnf/ pdwfqdk;NyD; csxm;oGm;tHh? odrf;xm;aumif;onf? vHkjcHK&m
ae&mt&yfudkvnf; ñTefjyaumif;onf[k od/
(aqmif) a&TçaiG ESpfyg;? odrf;qnf;xm;? rSwfom; edó*¾d/

oHCç *P? yk*¾ç e0? apwd,? odrf;u 'kuú#fod/
t<uif;&Spfck? odrf;xm;rI? rSwf&I 'kuú#fod/
b@mpdk;jyK? odrf;xm;rI? rSwf&I ygpdwfod/
tmywftqifhqifhoifhyHk
cGijhf yKtyfaom t&yfü r½kad oojzifh aumuf,rl xm;aom &[ef;-
tm; 'kuú#f? cGifhjyKtyfaom t&yfü aumuf,lodrf;xm;aom&[ef;
tmywfroifh? oHk;oyfaumif;aom &weor®udk tuRrf;0ifívnf;-
aumif;? wm0umvduvnf;aumif;? yHo h u
k t l rSwjf zifv
h nf; aumuf,-l
aom&[ef; tmywfroifh? oDwif;oHk;azmf ig;OD;wkdY Opömjzpfrl tmywf
roifh/
3/ 0dumav *grya0oeodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f
tpöm,du u&PD,-t& taqmwvsif (½kww f &uf) jzpfay:vm
aom udp[ ö ol nf ck;d olab;ç rD;ab;paom ab;&eftEÅ&m,f jzpfay:-
vmjcif;wnf;/ xdkuJhodkY tEÅ&m,f r&SdvQif xif&Sm;&Sdaom &[ef;udk
rwdkifMum;bJ rGef;wnfhNyD;aemuf aevGJaomtcg &GmwGif;okdkY0ifvQif
ygpdwf? tEÅ&m,f&SdvQifum; 0ifaumif;\/
yefajymyHk
xif&Sm;&Sdaom &[ef;xH ]]t[H baEÅ (tm0kaom) 0dumav
*gryÜ0od eH tmykpmä rd}}[k ygVdvkd jzpfap? ]]t&Sib f &k m; wynfah wmfonf
aevGJaomtcg &GmwGif;0ifjcif;udk yefajymyg\}}[k jrefrmvkd jzpfap?
]]&GmwGif; 0ifrvkdYyg? &GmwGif; (NrdKUwGif;) oGm;yg&ap}} ponfjzifh yefajym
wdkifMum; avQmufxm;í oGm;&rnf/
&[ef;ESpyf g; NrKd UwGi;f &GmwGi;f odYk twl0ifv&dk mü tcsi;f csi;f tjyef-
tvSef yefajymEdkif\/ trsm;&[ef;rsm; 0if&müvnf; eD;&m&[ef;tm;
yefajymEdik o f nf/ NrKd U&GmwGi;f &Sd ausmif;wdu k rf sm;odYk oGm;vk&d müum; yef-
ajymzG,f rvd½k o Hk mru cg;yef;BuKd ;rzGUJ ç ouFe;f r½Hb k yJ if oGm;Edik o
f nf[k
qdMk u\/ od&Yk mwGif &GmwGi;f u jzwfomG ;&rnfqv dk Qif ouFe;f ½kçH cg;yef;zGUJ -
í oGm;jcif;u ykdí MunfndKzG,ftoGifukd aqmifrnfjzpfygonf/
xdk&Gmü udpörNyD;rlí &Gmwpfyg;odkY xyfoGm;OD;tHh [laom vkHYvjzifh
oGm;aomf wpfzef yefMum;zG,f udpör&Sd? vHkYvNidrf;NyD;rS wpfzefoGm;zdkY-
taMumif;ay:rl xyfrH yefMum;tyf\/ &GmodkY0ifjcif; vHkYvOóm[
Nird ;f Ny;D í ausmif;odYk jyefomG ;ukeaf om &[ef;wdo Yk nf vrf;c&D;tMum;ü
&Gmwpfco k Ykd 0ifvadk om taMumif;ay:í 0ifvu dk ek t f ?hH yefMum;&OD;rnf/
tdrüf jzpfapç qGr;f pm;Z&yfü jzpfapç qGr;f pm;Ny;D í qDtvdiYk mS jzpf-
apç axmywftvdkYiSmjzpfap &GmwGif;odkY 0ifvkdaom &[ef;onf teD;ü
&[ef;&SdtHh yefMum;&rnf/ &[ef;r&SdtHh r&Sd[k tmabm* (ESvkH;oGif;)
xm;NyD; oGm;aumif;onf/ vrf;rodkY a&mufrS &[ef;udk jrifaomfvnf;
yefMum;&ef rvd/k &Gmvrf;c&D;jzifh oGm;aom &[ef;onf qDponftvdiYk mS
tdrfodkY oGm;vdkaompdwf jzpftHh/ teD;&Sd&[ef;udk yefMum;oGm;&rnf/
vrf;twdkif; oGm;thH yefMum;&ef rvkd[k rSwf/
tmywfoifhyHkrsm;
0dumvü wduygpdwf? umvü 'ku'kuú#f? umvü umv[k
trSwf&Sdaom &[ef;tm; tmywfroifh/ taqmwvsifudpöaMumifh
oGm;aom&[ef;ç xif&mS ;&Sad om &[ef;udk yefMum;&ef &[ef;r&S[ d k ryef-
Mum;bJ &GmwGif;odkY 0ifaom&[ef;? &GmwGif;ausmif; bdu©KeDrausmif;
wdwad¬ usmif; qGr;f pm;Z&yfoYkd oGm;aom&[ef;? &Gmv,fc&D;jzifh oGm;aom
&[ef;? ab;&efwaYkd Mumifh 0ifaom&[ef;? Or®wu å ponfwt Ykd m; tmywf
roifh/
4/ olpdC&odu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f
a'oemrMum;rD tyfusnfukd cGJypf&rnfjzpfaomaMumifh cGJjcif;-
a&S;&Sdaom ygpdwftmywf[k qkd\/ EGm;½kd;ç uRJ½kd;paom t½kd;trsKd;rsKd;
qifpG,f om;csKdwpfckckjzifh tyfusnfjyKvkyftHh jyKvkyfckdif;tHh 'kuú#f?
NyD;aomf NyD;í &aomf ab'euygpdwf [l\/
pwkuúygpdwfjzpfykH
1/ rdrjd yKí rNy;D ao;aom tyfusnu f dk uk,
d wf idk jf yKí Ny;D apaom &[ef;
ygpdwf/
2/ rdrd jyKí rNy;D ao;aom tyfusnu f dk olwpfyg;ukd qufvufNy;D apí
&aom&[ef; ygpdwf/
3/ olwpfyg;jyKí rNy;D ao;aom tyfusnu f dk uk, d w
f idk Nf y;D apí &aom
&[ef; ygpdwf/
4/ olwpfyg;jyKí rNyD;ao;aom tyfusnfukd olwpfyg;ukd qufvuf-
NyD;apí &aom&[ef;tm; ygpdwf?
þokdY av;csufcGJí pwkuúygpdwf[k rSwfyg/ edó*¾dygpdwfvm
tcif;wküYd vnf; xkt Yd wl pwkuyú gpdwaf v;csuf cGEJ idk o f nfudk rSwyf gav/
olwpfyg;tusKd;iSm ukd,fwkdifjyKjcif;ç olwpfyg;ukd jyKapjcif;wkdY-
aMumifh 'kuú#f? tem;ywfoD;ç yGwfESdyfav;ç cg;yef;oD;ç rsufpOf;usnfç
rsufpOf;wHç yJcGyf½kd;ç a&okwfwkdYukd jyKaom&[ef;tm; tmywfroifh/
5/ rÍöyDXodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f
rÍöç yDXwkdYukd ukd,fwkdifjzpfapç ckdif;íjzpfap topfjyKapvkdvQif
bk&m;&Si\ f vufopfawmfjzifh &Spv f ufopf (vufrtm;jzifh uk;d vufr?
vlwkdYtxGmtm;jzifh wpfxGmcefY&SdaMumif; uk#dum&odu©myk'fponfü
qkdcJhNyD?) tvGefqkH; tajc &Sdap&rnf/ xkdxuf&SnfvQifum; aq'eu
ygpdwf? ajcaxmuf\ ykdaom yrmPukd jzwfNyD;rS tmywfukd a'oem
ajym&rnf/
tajcukd wkid ;f wm&müum; ]abmif}[k ac:aom taygifxJ 0ifae-
aom tajcukd wkdif;&ef rvkd? taygifrS xGufvmaom tajcukdom
wkdif;&rnf/ olwpfyg;xHrS tajc&Snf anmifapmif;ukd &vQif jzwfí
(okdYr[kwf) tykdukd ajrwGif jr§Kyfí okH;pGJ&rnf/
6/ wlavme'ödu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f
anmifapmif; ukwifukdjzpfapç tif;ysOf xkdifckHukdjzpfap tay:ü
vJtqmoGwaf om tcif;&Sad om tcif;&Sad tmif uk, d w
f idk jf yKjyKç olwpf-
yg;ukd ckid ;f í &&? vJtqmudk xkwNf y;D aemuf a'oemajym&aom O'¨gve-
uygpdw?f qkv d &dk if;rSm anmifapmif; tifysOaf y:ü vJtqm oGwx f m;-
aom zkHarGU&mrsm;ukd rcif;&[k rdefYawmfrlvkdonf/
vJ (3) rsKd;
1/ vufyHyifpaom opfyifrS jzpfaom opfyifvJ?
2/ EG,fyifrS jzpfaom EG,fvJ?
3/ &SifarG;vGef;paom jrufrsKd;rS jzpfaom jrufvJ?
þokdY ½ku©wlvç vwmwlvç ayg#uDwlv[k wlv (= vJ )okH;rsKd;
&Sd\/ 0g*Grf;rIdUrsm;vnf; ½ku©wlvü oGif;,l&rnf/
(aqmif) ½ku© vwm? ayg#um? wlvm okH;rsKd;&Sd/
opfyifçjrufçEG,f? vJ okH;oG,f? rSwfzG,f usef;*ef&Sd/
vJç rIUd oGwx f m;aom tcif;rsm;ukd *dvme r[kwv f Qif rtdyf rxkid -f
aumif;? temaygufjcif;paom rusef;rmrIaMumifh ½kd;½kd;tcif;ay:ü
rxkid Ef idk f rtdyEf idk af om *dvmewku
Yd m; xkv
d rJ UdI tcif;rsm;ESihf acgif;tk;H rsm;-
ukd cif;í tdyfaumif;\/
0denf;"d&k yf *k Kd¾ vrf sm;um; acgif;tk;H rsm;ukd vufaxmufjcif; &ifbwf-

atmufüxm;jcif;ç cg;atmufüxm;jcif;rsm;ukdvnf; a&SmifMuOfMu\/
usrf;*efwkdYü *dvmer[kwfvQif acgif;tkH; ajctkH; ESpfrsKd;tyfaMumif;ukd
rdefYqkdavonf/ ,ckumv 0g*Grf;rsm;ukd twGif;oGif;í csKyfxm;aom
apmifrsm;ukd udk,fatmufrSm xm;í cif;í rtdyfaumif;/ tcsKdUum;
rSDtkH;ukd tokH;jyKvsuf &SdMu\/ rSDtkH;um; rtyfonfom[k rSwf/
tmywfroifhykH
tma,m*ywf cg;yef;ç tHouk#d çf oydwt f wd çf a&ppfç acgif;tk;H wküYd
vJxnfhaomf tmywfroifh? olwpfyg;jyKxm;aom vJzGJU,Sufaom
anmifapmif;ç tif;ysOu
f dk &aomf vJudk xkwíf ok;H aqmifaom &[ef;
tmywfroifh? Or®wåuponfwkdYvnf; tmywfroifh [l\/
7/ edoD'eodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f
edoD'kdefukd ukd,fwkdifjzpfapç ckdif;íjzpfap csKyfvkdaom &[ef;onf
bk&m;&Si\
f txGmawmfjzifh tvsm; ESpx f mG ? teH wpfxmG cG?J tNrw
d af c:-
aom tqm wpfxGm þtwkdif;t&Snf&Sdaom (i,fomvQif i,fap?
onfhxuf rykd&aom) edoD'kdefukdom csKyfEkdifonf/ xkdxuf vGefvQif
jzwfypf&jcif;&Sdaom aq'euygpdwf/
(rSwfcsuf) bk&m;&Sif 1-xGmukd 13-vufrcGJ &SdaMumif; jyqkdcJhNyD; jzpf
onf/ tqm 1-xGmESiq hf v
dk Qif vufr 40-cef&Y \ dS ? xkid Ef idk f
avmuf½kH &Sdonf? ]&Sifapm wpfxGm rZf okH;xGm wkdYrSm
av;xGmcG}J ESihf wGuv
f Qif edo'D edk u
f m; tawmfBu;D rm;aernf
jzpfonf/ pOf;pm; EdIif;csdefawmfrlMuygukef/
edoD'kdefynwfawmfrljcif;
pD0&u©Eü yPDwabmZe0w¬Kü &[ef;rsm;onf rGefjrwfaom
tpmtm[m&wku Yd dk pm;MuNy;D aemuf w&m;vufvw G f tdyaf ysmMf uonf-h
tcg tdyrf uf rufí okuv f w G Mf uojzifh ouFe;f ç ausmif;çtdy&f mae&m?
cE¨muk,d rf sm; aya&aejcif;aMumifh ouFe;f ukd apmifah &Smufjcif; pD0&*kw?då
ausmif;tdyf&mae&mrsm;ukd apmifha&Smufjcif; aoemoe*kwåd? cE¨m-
ukd,fukd apmifha&Smufjcif; um,*kwådtusKd;iSm ynwfawmfrlonf/
xkdYaMumifh edoD'kdefukd okufESD;ouFef;[kvnf; ac:Muonf/
edoD'kdef tokH;jyKykH
edo'D edk u
f dk ,ckumv ae&mxkid cf if;rsm;uJo h Ydk cif;ívnf; tok;H jyK-
Muonf/ qGr;f pm;onft h cg wpfyidk ;f ukcd if; (2-xGm)? tNrw d t
f qm (3-
rTm)ukd wifyv’ifacGay:ü wifum qGrf;[if;pufrsm;ukd umuG,fjcif;
tusK;d iSmvnf; tok;H jyKMuonf/ oif;ykid t f wGi;f u cHí 0wfz&Ydk efvnf;
jzpfonf/ a&SUbufu cH0wfvQif tv,fu tqm tjywftpukd aemuf
okdY cg;awmif;usKdufovkd? aemufbufu cH0wfvQif ¤if;tv,fpukd
aygifMum;rS a&SUodkY,lí BudK;i,fjzifhç wG,ftyfjzifh csnfxm;&onf/
tmywfroifhykHrsm;
'om 0d'w¬u d m; tEkynwf? yrmPESihf ,SOaf om edo'D edk çf yrmP-
atmuf ,kwfavsmhaom edoD'kdefukd jyKaom&[ef;tm; tmywfroifh?
olwpfyg; yrmPxuf vGefatmif jyKxm;onfukd&aomf jzwfí okH;-
aqmifaom &[ef; tmywfroifh? rsufESmMuufponf jyKaom&[ef;
tmywfroifh? ukd,fwkdifjyKvQif jyKNyD;onf\ tqkH;ü tmywfoifhí
olwpfyg;ukd ckdif;&mü ckdif;tyfolxHrS &onfhtcg tmywfoifhonf/
8/ u@Ky#dpäm'dodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f
]u@K} o'´gonf ,m;emukdom a[maomfvnf; þodu©myk'fü
,m;emudk Oyvu©Penf; (tpdwu
f dk rSwí
f qkad omenf;)jzifh qkx
d m;-
onf/ xkdYaMumifh u@Ko'´gjzifh ,m;emç 0Jemç aoG;pkemç t&nfxGuf

aom b*E´Kdvfemç qD;csKda&m*gç 'lvmç jrif;o½kdufemESifh BuD;us,faom
t&nfxGufaom tem[lorQudk ,lapvkdonf/
xdktemrsm;onf csufrSatmuf 'l;qpfrStxufü aygufvQif
oif;ydik u
f kd ayrnfp;kd aomaMumifh xdt
k emudk zH;k vTr;f umuG,zf &Ykd m tem-
vTrf;ac: ouFef;wpfrsKd;udk cGifhjyKawmfrl&onf/ (u@K = temudk?
y#dpäm'd = zHk;vTrf;onf?)
9/ 0óduom#duodu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f
0aó = rd;k tcgü? t"d|mwAÁm = t"d|mefwifxu
kd af om ouFe;f -
onf 0ódum rnf\/ om#duo'´gum; 0w¬o'´g\ y&d,m,fwnf;/
rd;k tcg0,f 0óduom#dum[laom emrnfjzifh t"d|mefwifí tjcm;-
tcg0,f 0duyÜemjyKíjzpfapç y&du©m&apmVt"d|mefwifíjzpfapç
aqmiftyfaom ouFef;udk ]0óduom#dum}[k ac:onf/
rd;k tcgüom t"d|mefwifí a&oEkyu f ohJ Ykd tok;H jyK&aom rd;k a&udk
cHMu& csKd;Mu&aomaMumifh rdk;a&cHouFef;[k ac:onf/ ouFef;[k
qdak omfvnf; qd;k &nfjzifh yuwdouFe;f a&mif xGuaf tmifq;kd rS r[kwf
qifp, G af &mifuo
hJ Ykd cyf0g0gta&mifxu
G ½f rHk Q wpfBurd af vmufq;kd vQiyf if
0wfaumif;NyD [l\/
10/ eEáw¬&odu©myk'f t"dyÜm,f
nDawmfeEáx&fudk taMumif;jyKí ynwftyfaomaMumifh eE´-
aw¬&odu©myk'f[k ac:onf/ bk&m;&Sif\ ouFef;yrmPESifh nDrQaom
odkYr[kwf xdkYxufyif &Snfaom ouFef;udk udk,fwdkifjzpfapç cdkif;í
csKyf&m0,f &onfjzpfap xdkouFef;\ tydkyrmPudk jzwf&jcif;&dSaom
ygpdwftmywf oifh\/
bk&m;&Sif\ ouFef;awmf
bk&m;&Sif\ ouFef;awmfum; bk&m;txGmawmfjzifh tvsm; 9-
xGm teH 6-xGm &d\ S / ouFe;f [l&müvnf; oif;ydik u
f kd qdvk o
kd nf r[kw?f
{uoDEiS hf ouFe;f Bu;D udo
k m þü qdv
k o
kd nf/ (oif;ydik yf rmPrSm xdrk Q-
avmufyif r&Snf&m/)
,ckumvyk*¾dKvfrsm;vnf; rdrdtxGmjzifh tvsm; 4-awmifxGm?
teH 3-awmif &daS om {uoDouFe;f Bu;D udo
k m 0wf½x
Hk u
kd o
f nf/ xdrk Q-
avmuf ouFef;jzifh y&dr@vç okyÜ#dpäEéjzpfatmif 0wfEdkifonf[k
aocd,ü qdkcJhonf/ bk&m;&Sif 1-xGmukd 13-vufrcGJEIef;xm;jzifh
pD0&tcef;ü wGufjyxm;onf? xkdtcef;ü MunfhawmfrlMuygukef/
ok'ÿgpdwf NyD;\/
"""
aocd,\ t"dyÜm,f
aocd,odum© yk'rf sm;onf rdeaYf wmfro
l nft
h wkid ;f em;vnfatmif
oifxkduf? odvQifvnf; usifhxkduf? usifhrdatmifvnf; owdxm;í
BuKd ;pm;xku
d af omaMumifh odum© = oifjcif;ç usijhf cif;ç tm;xkwjf cif;uk/d
u&PD,m = jyKtyf jyKxkduf\[k a[mawmfrlonf/ ]odu©dwAÁmwd
aocd,m}[k 0dN*d K[fjyK/
]pwåma&m yg&mZdum "r®m}ponfuo hJ Ydk yÍöowåwd aocd,m "r®m
[k ocFsmowfrSwf ra[mMum;jcif;rSm plV0g 0wåcEü ygVdawmf0,f
tm*EÅKu0wfç tm0godu0wf ponfjzifh usifh0wfrsm;pGm &Sdao;\/
xku d si0hf wfrsm;vnf; aocd,rsm;yif jzpfaomaMumifh þa'Grmwdumü
jyxm;aom aocd,rsm;jzifh rukefao;&um; yÍöowåwd (75)yg;[k
ykdif;jcm;uefYowf *Pef;rjzwfbJ &Sd&avonf/
'kuú#ftmywf[k owfrSwf
odum© yk'u
f dk vGeu
f sL;&mü rnfonfh tmywfoifah p[k odum© yk'-f
vm ygVdawmfjzifh rodtyfaomfvnf; xkdodu©myk'fukd tus,fa0zef-
awmfrl&m y'bmZeDü ]tmywåd 'kuú#ó}[k a[mawmfrljcif;aMumifh
tvkH;pkHaom aocd,odu©myk'fwkdYü r½kdrao jyKusifhaomf 'kuú#ftm-
ywfoifhaMumif; odEkdif\/
þokdY 'kuú#ftmywf oifhvQif tb,faMumifh ]]a,m ye bdu©K
MovrÁaEÅm ed0gao,s 'kuú#H}}[k tmywf trnfwyfí ra[mtyf-
ygoenf;[lrl þaocd,odu©myk'frsm;\ pm&dwå0denf; jzpfjcif;ukd
jyawmfrv
l adk omaMumifh 'ku#ú t
f mywf trnfwyfí ynwfawmfrrlyg/
rusifhaomf tjypf? usifhaomf tusKd;
pm&dw0å ed nf;-[lonf usi&hf rnfu h si0hf wfudk ac:onf/ xku d si0hf wf-
ukd rodíjzpfap owdarhíjzpfap vGeu f sL;vkad om apwemr&Sí d jzpfap
rusirhf v
d Qif tjypfr&S?d odvsuEf iS hf r½krd aojyKNy;D rusiahf omfum; 'ku#ú -f
tmywf oifhonf/ odí usifhvQifum; ukokdvfjzpfjcif; tusKd;&\/
]'kuú#ftmywf}[k ynwfawmfrrl&jcif;
'kuú#ftmywf[k twdtvif; wyfxm;vQif rodí rusifholyg
tmywfoifzh ,
G &f m &Sad om 0g&dwo
å u
d m© yk'rf sm; jzpf&m\/ þuJo
h Ydk 0g&dwå
r[kwf? pm&dwå0denf;jzpfaMumif; jyawmfrlvkdaomaMumifh ]'kuú#H}[k
tmywfwyfí ynwfawmfrrljcif; jzpfonf/
(aqmif) pm&dwå 0de,? jzpfaMumif;jyzkdY? a&S;u azmfxkwf? odu©myk'frsm;?
uJhtvm;okdY? xif&Sm; tmywf? wkduf½kdufwyf? ynwfawmfrrl/
1/ y&dr@v0*f odu©myk'f 10-yk'f

(1+2) y&dr@v odu©my'
oif;ykid uf dk ykqpf';l ESpbf ufatmuf vuf&pS o f pfrQ csNy;D vsuf csu-f
0ef;ç nmbufyq k pf';l 0ef;ç b,fbufyq k pf 'l;0ef;[laom t0ef;ok;H yg;?
xuf0ef;usif 0ef;0kdif;pGm 0wftHh[k usifh&rnf/ xkdokdY rusifhjcif;aMumifh
y&dr@ved0goe'kuú#ftmywf oifh\/
uk,
d ½f uHk dk ykqpf 'l;ESpbf ufatmuf vufav;opfrQ csvsuf t0ef;-
ok;H yg; xuf0ef;usif 0ef;0kid ;f pGm ½k&H ef;tH[
h k usi&hf rnf/ xko d Ydk rusijhf cif;-
aMumifh y&dr@vyg½kye'kuú#ftmywf oifh\/
(3+4) okoH0kw odu©my'

tem;ywfoD;ukd wyfNyD;rS tvsm;em;ywfjzifh vnfyif;ç vuf-
aumuf0wfwu Ydk dk aumif;pGm zk;H vTr;f ½kv
H suf &GmwGi;f ü oGm;tH?h aexkid t
f hH
[k usifh&rnf/ xkdokdY rusifhjcif;aMumifh okyÜ#dpäEé'kuú#ftmywf oifh\/
(5+6) okoH0kw odu©my'
vuf ajcwku Yd dk rupm;bJ aumif;pGm £aÈw ´ u
Ydk dk aumif;pGm apmif-h
a&Smufvsuf &GmwGi;f ü oGm;tH?h aexkid t
f [
hH k usi&hf rnf/ þokYd rusijhf cif;-
aMumifh okoH0kw'kuú#t f mywf oifh\/
(7+8) Mou©dwåpu©K odu©my'
av;awmifcefrY Q ajrtzku Yd dk Munfo h jzifh cstyfaom rsuv f mT &So
d nf
jzpfí &GmwGi;f ü oGm;tH?h aexkid t f [ hH k usi&hf rnf/ þokYd rusijhf cif;aMumifh
Mou©dwåpu©K'kuú#ftmywf oifh\/
(9+10) Ou©dwåu odu©my'
wpfbufrS jzpfap? ESpfbufvkH;rSjzpfap cg;rS txuf cg;yef;BudK;
ponfukd jrif&atmif ouFef;ukd yifhajr§mufvsuf &GmwGif;ü roGm;tHh?
raexkid t
f [
hH k usi&hf rnf/ þokYd rusijhf cif;aMumifh e Ou©w
d u
å m,'ku#ú /f
y&dr@ved0goe odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f
vlwkdY\ 0wf½kHenf;[lonf -
1/ vlwkdY ykqkd;0wfovkd oif;ykdifukd 0wfjcif;?
2/ qifESmarmif;uJhokdY a&S;u tpcsí 0wfjcif;?
3/ ig;Muif;NrD;uJhokdY tpcGJcsí 0wfjcif;?
4/ &yf0ef;uJhokdY tp0kdif;csí 0wfjcif;?
5/ rsm;pGm twGefYjyKí 0wfjcif;?
6/ cg;awmif;usdKufí 0wfjcif;wkdYonf *d[dyg½kw (vlwkdY0wf½kHenf;)
rnf\/
þ0wfjcif;wkdYum; c&D;oGm;aom &[ef;ç emaom &[ef;wkdYtm;-
aomfvnf; rtyf? c&D;oGm;aom &[ef;u tpGe;f wpfcu k jdk zpfapç ESpcf u
k dk
jzpfap csaD jrm§ ufí oif;ykid \
f txufü csw
d q
f x
JG m;tHh rtyf/ twGi;f ü
oif;ykdifwpfxnfudk qkdcJhNyD;aom enf;rsm;twkdif; twGif;cH 0wfí
tay:ü oif;ykid w f pfxnf xyf0wfaomfvnf; rtyf? remaom &[ef;
oif;ykdifESpfxnf 0wfvkdaomf ½kd;½kd;xyfíom 0wftyf\[k od/
ouFef;ESifhqkdifaom A[kókw
,ckumv csKyfvkyfMuaom ouFef;rsm; &Snfvsm;[ef wlaMumif;
ouFef;tcef;ü jyqkdcJhNyD/ pD0&u©Eüüvnf; vnfyif;ç ajcovkH;wkdYü
txdtckdufrsm;í ouFef;tem; pkwfvG,faomaMumifh *Da0,su (=
vnfyif;zkH; tem;ywf)? ZaCF,su (= ajcovkH;zkH; tem;ywf)wkdYukd
cGijhf yKawmfrx l m;\/ okjYd zpfvQif ouFe;f &ef;onft h cg txufyidk ;f tqk;H -
onf vnfyif; vk½H o Hk mjzpfí atmufyidk ;f tqk;H onf ajcovk;H <uufom;
vkH½kHom &Sdayvdrfhrnf/ okdYjzpfvQif jrwfpGmbk&m; ouFef;awmfyrmP
jyxm;aom eEódu©myk'fü tvsm; (9)xGm? teH (6)xGm[k qkdxm;&m
rdrw d oYdk uFe;f vnf; rdrw d tYdk xGmjzifh tvsm; (9)xGm? teH (6)xGm? t&Snf
tvsm; (4)awmifxGm? teH (3)awmif&Sdaom ouFef;onf y&dr@v
jzpfatmif ½kEH idk f &ef;Ekid af vmuf\/ xkt d wkid ;f txGmtwkid ;f 0wfoifo
h nf
[k xifjrif,q l ygonf/ ,ckacwf ouFe;f rsm;rSm tvsm; (5)awmifxmG ?
teH (4)awmifxGmcefYrQ &SdaeMuonf/
t0ef;nDpGm 0wf&mXmersm;
þy&dr@vodu©myk'f ESpfyg;ukd ausmif;wkduftwGif;ü vnf;-
aumif;ç &GmwGi;f üvnf;aumif; usi&hf rnf[k t|uxm qk\
d / bk&m;-
0wfwuf&mç oHCmhtpnf;ta0; <u&mç oHCmtrsm;ESifh qufqH&mç

qGr;f pm;ausmif; 'um 'umrwkaYd &SU ponfEiS hf q&morm; rax&fBu;D -
rsm;a&SU ponfjzifh ausmif;wku d t f wGi;f üvnf; usit hf yfaom usi0hf wf-
wkdYomwnf;/ 0goly*wjzpfrl &GmwGif;üvnf; þy&dr@vodu©myk'f
ESpyf 'k u
f dk usi&hf rnf/ tdyaf ysmaf eonfth cg rdrcd sn;f aeonft h cg wjcm;-
oDwif;okH;azmfrsm;ESifh vGwfvyfpGm aeonfhtcgwkdYü a&S;odu©myk'f-
ESpyf g;twkid ;f aeEkid &f ef cJ,Of;\/ xkod Ydk raeEkid jf cif;aMumifh tjypf&o
dS nf
[kvnf; tqkd r&Sdacs/
tmywfroifhykHrsm;
0w¬Kukd vGefusL;vkdaom apwemr&Sdaom &[ef;? owdarhí 0wf
aom &[ef;? 0wfyu Hk dk rodao;aom &[ef;? (0wfyuHk dk rodaom &[ef;
tmywfroifhaomfvnf; 0wfykHukd odatmif oifxm;&rnf?) emaom
&[ef;? ab;&ef&Sdaom &[ef;? Or®wåu&[ef; ponfwkdYtm; tmywf
roifh/ ovkH;jrif;acgif; ajcmufuyf ydefvSDaom &[ef;? ajcovkH; BuD;-
aom &[ef;? trm&Gwf&Sdjcif;ç temaygufaejcif; ponfaMumifh
ajcovk;H ay:aevQif roifah vsmaf omaMumifh vuf&pS o f pfavmufxuf
tvGef wGJvsm;csíç wkdí 0wfaom &[ef;wkdYtm; tmywfroifh/
nDn0D wfrnf[k ESv;Hk oGi;f í 0wf&m rnDrñGwf jzpfomG ;jcif;wkaYd Mumif-h
vnf; tmywfroifh/
t*Fg (3) yg;
1/ odu©myk'fukd rusifhvkdaom tem'&d, pdwfxm; &Sdjcif;/
2/ temywådjzpf&ef taMumif; r&Sdjcif;/
3/ xuf0ef;usif 0ef;0kdif;pGm r0wfjcif;tm;jzifh t*Fg (3)yg;wnf;/
(rSwfcsuf) þt*Fg (3)yg;wGif a&S;ESpyf g;onf aocd,tm;vk;H ü qkid \f /
aemufq;Hk wpfyg;rSm odum© yk'üf jyaom usi0hf wfudk ajymif;
jyef jyefxm;aom t*Fg jzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh a&SUvmrnfh
okyÜ#d päEéodu©myk'fü wwd,t*Fgtjzpf aumif;pGm rzkH;-
vTrf;bJ ½kHjcif; jzpfvdrfhrnf/ xkdYaMumifh aemufaemuf
aocd,wkdYü t*Fgukd txl;jyzG,f rvkdNyD? enf;,lí xkwf
wwfygap/
(aqmif) r½kdaobd? tmywåd\ aMumif;r&Sdjcif; t0ef;nDpGm r0wfygbd?
okH;tifjynfhu 'kuú#? rSwfMu aemufvnf; xkdYwlwnf;/
(ar'deD?446/)
y&dr@vyg½kye odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f
yg½kydómrd = ½kHthH[k qkdaomfvnf; ,ckumv NrdKU&GmwGif; oGm;-
aomtcg ouFe;f ½kjH cif;rsK;d ukd rqkv
d ?dk &ef;jcif;uko
d m qkv
d o
dk nf/ yg½kye-
\ o'´geufrmS jcKH jcif;yifwnf;/ t0ef;nDpmG ud, k 0f wfouFe;f ukd ½kjH cif;-
[lonf cEüüvmaom *d[dyg½kw paom azmufjyefaom ½kHjcif;rsKd;-
vnf;r[kw?f aocd,üvmaom enf;jzifh ouFe;f tpGe;f ESpb f uf tnD-
xm;í &ef;jcif;onf vuf0w J pfbuf ykc;Hk xufoYdk wifaom uk, d 0f wf\
ausmbufüusaom tpGef;wpfckESifh 0rf;bufü usaom tpGef;wpfck
þtem;pGef;ESpfckwkdYukd nDnDxm;í &ef;&rnf[k qkdMu\/
*d[dyg½kw (9) rsKd;
1/ t0wfjzL0wfaom wuúwGef;wkdYuJhokdY txufykdif; ukd,frQukdom
0wfjcif;[laom aowyg½kw/
2/ y&dAkdZfwkdYuJhokdY yckH;pGef;ESpfbufukd wifí &ifbwfukd azmfNyD; 0wf-
jcif;[laom y&dAÁmZuyg½kw/
3/ ykq;dk wpfxnfom&Sad om olwo Ydk nf 0wfaom ykq;dk \ tpGe;f wpfc-k
jzifh ausmufukef;ukd jcHKí tpGef;ESpfbufukd ykckH;pGef;okdY wifí
0wf½kHjcif;[laom {uom#uyg½kw/
4/ aoaomufMuL;wkdYonf ykqkd;jzifh vnfyif;ukd &pfywfí tpGef;ESpf-

bufudk &ifüvnf;aumif;? ausmufuek ;f ü csí 0wfouJo h Ydk 0wf½-Hk
jcif;[laom ol&maom@yg½kw/
5/ eef;wGif;olwkdYonf rsufpdrQukd jyí OD;acgif; jcHKxm;ouJhokdY 0wf½kH-
jcif; [laom taEÅyk&duyg½kw/
6/ vuform;BuD;wkdYonf ykqkd;&Snfukd 0wfí xkdykqkd;&Snf\ tpGef;-
wpfckjzifh wpfukd,fvkH; &pfywfí ½kHouJhokdY 0wf½kHaom r[maZ|-
uyg½kw/
7/ v,form;wkdYonf v,fwJokdY 0ifonf&Sdaomf ykqkd;ukd &pfywfí
vufuwD;Mum;ü xm;NyD; wpfckaom tpGef;jzifh ukd,fukd jcHKouJhokdY
0wf½kHaom uk#dya0ouyg½kw/
8/ ykPmÖ ;wko
Yd nf vufuwD;Mum; ESpb f ufoYdk oGi;f í ykc;Hk pGe;f ESpb
f ufoYdk
wifxm;ouJhokdY 0wf½kHaom jA[®Pyg½kw/
9/ pDwef;jcif;jyKaom &[ef;onf ykckH;pGef;wpfbufokdY vkH;wifvsuf
vufarmif;ukd azmfí ½kHouJhokdY 0wf½kHaom ygVdum&uyg½kw/
þtvkH;pkHaom yg½kwwdkYukd *d[dyg½kw[k ac:onf/
þ *d[dyg½kw0wf½kHenf; (9)rsKd;wkdYtwkdif; tm&mrfwGif;jzpfap
&GmwGif;üjzpfap r½kdrao 0wf½kHu 'kuú#ftmywf oifh\/ (ar'deD?447/)
okyÜ#d päEéodu©myk'fESpfck t"dyÜm,f
NrdKUwGif; &GmwGif;okdY oGm;vdkaomtcg tem;ywfoD;ukd wyfNyD;vQif
vnfyif;ç vufaumuf0wfrsm;udk zk;H rdavmufatmif ouFe;f ½kí H oGm;-
jcif;ukd okyÜ#dpäEéoGm;jcif;[k ac:\/ vnfrsKdrStxuf OD;acgif;ukd
vnf;aumif;ç vufaumuf0wfrS jyifbuf tzsm;bufvufukdvnf;-
aumif;ç ovkH;om;rS atmufajcukdvnf;aumif; azmfNyD;vQif tjcm;-
uk,
d tf *Fgrsm;udk zk;H íxkid jf cif;ukd oky#Ü d pEä x
é idk jf cif;[k ac:onf/ OD;acgif;-
twGufrSm Mo*kP²dwodu©myk'f&Sdí vkH;vkH; rzkH;rdap&/ vufzsm;ESifh
atmufykdif; ajcwkdYukdum; zkH;rdjcif;aMumifh tjypfoifhzG,f r&Sd/
tEÅ&C& = NrdKUwGif;&GmwGif;
tEÅa& tEÅa& C&med {w¬mwd tEÅ&Ca&m? tMum;tMum;ü
tdr&f adS om NrKd U&Gmukd &\/ xkNd rKd U&GmwGi;f oGm;aom &[ef; omraPonf
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Ou©dwåum, odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f
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2/ OZÑ*¢du0*f odu©myk'f 10-yk'f

(11+12) OZÆ*¢du odu©my'
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raexdik t f [hH k usi&hf rnf/ xdo
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(13+14) tyÜo'´ odu©my'
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rusifhjcif;aMumifh tyÜo'´'kuú#ftmywf oifh\/
(15+16) um,yÜpmvu odu©my'
uk,
d u
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f [Hh k
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(17+18) Am[kyÜpmvu odu©my'
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usi&hf rnf/ þokYd rusijhf cif;aMumifh Am[kypÜ mvu'ku#ú t f mywf oif\ h /
(19+20) oDoyÜpmvu odu©my'
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f [ Hh k
usi&hf rnf/ þokYd rusijhf cif;aMumifh oDoyÜpmvu'ku#ú t f mywf oif\ h /
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(13+14) tyÜo'ódu©myk'fESpfck t"dyÜm,f
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3/ crÇuw0*f odu©myk'f-10 yk'f

(21+22) crÇuw odu©my'
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25/ OuúK#du odu©my'
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28/ ywåonD y#d*¾[Podu©my'
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29/ orolyu y#d*¾[Podu©my'

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oGefypfawmhrvdk rav;rpm;rvkyfbJ qGrf;udk av;av;pm;pm; owd-
xm;í cH,ljcif;wnf;/ ]ouúpöH = ½dkaopGm}[k a&S;u teuf&Sdonf/
bmom#Dumü ]ouúpöH = av;pm;aomtm; owdxm;í}[k teufay;
onf/
ywåonD odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f
ov’au©wmG ZmemwDwd onm/ trSwo f nmxm;í odwwfaom
onmapwoduf &\/ yawå+onm? ywåonm oydwüf trSwt f om;
xm;tyfaom onm? ywåonm tó tw¬Dwd ywåonD? oydwfü
trSwwf nf&adS om &[ef;wnf;/ qGr;f cH,al ecdu
k f awmifajrmufav;yg;
rMunfhbJ rdrd\ oydwfüom onmxm;í qGrf;cH&rnf/ þü onm-
um; Oyvu©Penf;wnf;/ rsufpda&m pdwfa&m oydwfü xm;rS oifh
rnf/ r½dkrao xdkxdkt&yfudk Munfhí qGrf;cHtHh 'kuú#fwnf;/
orolyuH odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f
oarm olayg {wo®Eð dÅ orolyaum? orolyuHü tH-0dbwfum;
Bud,m0daooe? wpfenf; bm0eykH;wnf;/ qGrf;\ av;zdkYwpfzdkYESifh
nDrQaom vufaumf&aom yJ[if;&Sdaom qGrf;udk &\/
oly-o'´gum; yJaemuf yJBuD; paom yJ[if;trsKd;rsKd;udk qdkonf/
¤if;yJ[if;onf qGr;f \ av;ykw H pfycHk ef&Y vdS Qif pm;oifNh yD jzpf&um; orol-
yu[l\/ yJtrsK;d [if;udk qGr;f \ av;ykw H pfyx Hk uf ydík cH,al om &[ef;
tm; 'kuú#f? enf;onfhtwGuf tjypfr&Sd? yJ[if;rSwpfyg; tjcm; om;ç
ig;ç tokwfç taMumfpaom [if;aumif;rsm;udkum; qGrf;\ av;ykH-
wpfyx Hk uf ydrk rkd sm;jym;aomfvnf; tmywfroif?h Ówdy0g&dwwkYd txHrS
rl xdkav;zdkYwpfzdkYxuf ydkívnf; cH,laumif;\/
orolyuHü Bud,m0daooeac: bm0eykHukd jyaom ed*¾[dwf-
wnf;/ xdkYaMumifh &Sd½kH[k 0daooeoH ygatmif teufay;vkdufonf/
aemufaemuf ed*¾[dwfqkH;í 0daooeoHay;orQü Bud,m0daooe
(bm0eykH) csnf;rSwf/
orwdw¬du odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f
wdw¬o'´g qdyfurf;udk a[m\/ wdw¬H 0d, wdw¬H = qdyfurf;ESifh
wlaom oydwftwGif;EIwfcrf;udk &\/ wdaw¬e orH ,ómwd or-
wdwu d¬ H = qdyu
f rf;ESihf wlaom oydw\ f twGi;f EIwcf rf;ESihf tnDtrQ&-Sd
aom qGr;f udk &\/ oydw\ f twGi;f EIwcf rf;ESihf nDrQ½o
Hk m qGr;f cH&rnf/
xdkEIwfcrf;rS tydkvQHarmufaeatmif cHvQif 'kuú#f/
qGrf;[l&müvnf; ,m0umvdu cJzG,fabmZOftm;vkH;udk qdkvdk-
onf/ oydwt f ay:ü wifvsuf cGupf onfjzifh xnfí
h cH,&l müvnf;-
aumif;ç t"d|mefavmufaom oydwfr[kwfaom cGufjzifh cH,l&mü
rdkYarmufaeaomfvnf; tmywfroifh? xdkYjyif oydwfwpfvkH; jynfhaeí
xdkwpfvkH;udk tjcm;oltm; ay;NyD;aemuf tjcm; oydwfjzifh cH,l&mü-
vnf; tmywfroifh/
þodum© yk'f temywå0d g&ü ]*dvmeó}[k ra[mjcif;aMumifh pke;f -
pkef;wufatmif armufaeatmif cH,lu *dvmeaomfvnf; tmywfrS
rvGwf? þodu©myk'f av;ckwdkYü cH,ljcif;iSmom rtyfonf/ cHNyD;aom
umvduum; pm;tyfaomfvnf; tjypfr&Sd[k rSwfyg/
(4) ouúpö0*fodu©myk'f 10-yk'f

31/ ouúpö bkÍÆe odu©my'
av;pm;aomtm; owdxm;í qGr;f udk pm;tH[
h k usi&hf rnf/ þodYk
rusifhjcif;aMumifh ouúÍöbkÍÆe'kuú#f/
32/ ywåonD bkÍÆe odu©my'
oydwfü trSwfonm&Sdonfjzpfí qGrf;udk pm;tHh[k usifh&rnf/
þodkY rusifhjcif;aMumifh ywåonDbkÍÆe'kuú#f/
33/ oy'ge odu©my'
rdrdbuf&Sd tprS pí tpOftwdkif; qGrf;udk pm;tHh[k usifh&rnf/
þodkY rusifhjcif;aMumifh oy'ge'kuú#f/
34/ orolyubkÍÆe odu©my'
qGrf;\ av;zdkYwpfzdkYrQ vufaumf& yJ[if;&Sd½kHom qGrf;udk pm;tHh-
[k usifh&rnf/ þodkY rusifhjcif;aMumifh orolyubkÍÆe'kuú#f/
35/ e xlyuw odu©my'
qGr;f OD; qGr;f xdyf qGr;f cGuf tv,fA[k&d rf S ESyd í
f (0g)EIu
d í
f qGr;f udk
rpm;tHh[k usifh&rnf/ þodkY rusifhjcif;aMumifh xlyuw'kuú#f/
36/ Mo'eyÜ#dpäm' odu©my'
aomufí pm;aumif;aom yJ[if;ponfudkvnf;aumif;ç trJ-
[if;vsmudkvnf;aumif; rsm;onfudk tvdk&Sdonfjzpfí qGrf;jzifh
rzkH;tHh[k usifh&rnf/ þodkY rusifhjcif;aMumifh Mo'eyÜ#dpäm'e'kuú#f/
37/ olayg'e0dnwåd odu©my'
yJ[if;ponfuv kd nf;aumif;ç qGr;f udvk nf;aumif; *dvme r[kw-f
bJ rdrt
d usKd ;iSm awmif;í rpm;tH[h k usi&hf rnf/ þodYk rusijhf cif;aMumifh
olayg'e0dnwåd'kuú#f/
38/ OZÑmeonD odu©my'
avSmifajymif ½IwfcsuJh&JUjcif;ü trSwfonm&Sdonfjzpfí olwpf-
yg;wkdY\ oydwfudk rMunfhtHh[k usifh&rnf/ þodkY rusifhjcif;aMumifh
OZÑmeonD'kuú#f/
39/ twdr[EÅuAV odu©my'
a'gif;Otvm; tvGefBuD;rm;aom qGrf;vkwfudk rjyKtHh[k usifh-
&rnf/ þodkY rusifhjcif;aMumifh twdr[EÅuAV'kuú#f/
40/ y&dr@vtmavmy odu©my'
xuf0ef;usif 0ef;0dik ;f aom qGr;f vkwu
f kd jyKt[
hH k usi&hf rnf/ þodYk
rusifhjcif;aMumifh y&dr@vtmavmy'kuú#f/
ouúpöbkÍÆe odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f
qGrf;pm;onfh tcg rpm;csif pm;csifaom trlt&mrsKd; rjybJ
qGr;f ü av;av;pm;pm; owdxm;í pm;&rnf? odrYk o
S m ouúpö jzpfrnf/
rpm;vdkouJhodkY rav;rpm; owdrxm;bJ pm;tHh? tmywfoifh\/
ywåonD odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f
qGrf;pm;onfhtcg awmifajrmufav;yg; rMunfh&/ rdrdcGufüom
onm (pdwaf &m rsupf yd g) xm;í £aÈ&´ pGm pm;&rnf/ odrYk S ywåonD
jzpfrnf [l\/
oy'ge odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f
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'geawm taywH ty'geH ]ydkif;jzwfjcif;rS uif;jcif;}udk &\/ o[
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wuG jzpfaom pm;jcif;Bud,mudk &\/
qGr;f pm;aomtcg wpfcu G w
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tpOftwdkif;,lí pm;jcif;udk oy'ge[kac:onf/
olwpfyg;tm; ay;vdkí xdkxdkae&mrS ,laom&[ef;? wjcm;aom
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vsmudk tpOftwdkif;r[kwfbJ ,laom&[ef; tmywfroifh [l\/
orolyubkÍÆe odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f
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Ówdy0g&dw r[kwfolwkdY\qGrf;ukd pm;aomtcg yJ[if;ukd rsmrsm;r-
pm;&[k odyg/ <uif;t"dymÜ ,frsm; orolyuç y#d*[
¾ Podum© yk't
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xlyar0 xlyuH? xly-o'´g apwDyx k ;dk rsm;üuJo
h Ydk txufoYdk jrif-h
armufaom qGrf;OD; qGrf;v,fudk a[m\/ u-ypönf; aomw¬? xly
uJo
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]xlyu}[k qkv d o
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rpm;& [lv/dk okaYd omf ukecf geD;ü odr;f usK;H pm;&müum; tv,fudk ,lrd
aomfvnf; tmywfroifh/
Mo'ey#dpäm'e odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f
þodum© yk'üf oly-t& aomufí pm;aumif;aom [if;&nfrsK;d -
udk ,loifh\/ ]okace ygwAÁEÅd olyH}[k axmreD"d qdkonf/ olayg'e
0dnwådodu©myk'ftzGifhü ]olayg emr a'G olyg}[k ra[mjcif;aMumifh
yPDwabmZOfrS wpfyg; tvk;H pkaH om abmZOfukd ,l&rnf[k 0ZD&Ak'-d¨
#Dum qdk\/ þodu©myk'füvnf; ¤if;twdkif;yif ,loifhonf[k xif-
onf/ tcsKUd um; yJaemuf[if;paom yJ[if;rsK;d udk ,lMuonf/ AsÍeÆ t&
om;ç ig;paom [if;vsm vufokwfrsm;udk ,l/
rsm;rsm;tvd&k ídS yPDwabmZOfrS wpfyg;aom abmZOfukd jzpfap?
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xdkodkY avmif;csifatmif rsm;rsm;tvdk&dSí olyç AsÍÆewdkYukd qGrf;jzifh
rzH;k xm;&? avmif;olwYkd ud, k w
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rvmaomaMumifh *dvmejzpfí zHk;xm;vQifvnf; tmywfrS rvGwf[k
od/ rsm;rsm;tvdk&dSí r[kwfbJ zHk;xm;aom &[efrsm; tmywfroifh/
olayg'e0dnwåd odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f
]olyH 0g}[k qdak omfvnf; yJ[if;udo
k m &nf½,
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yPDwabmZe odum© yk'üf rpäç rHoç cD&ç '"dwu
dYk kd awmif;pm;vQif
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xdkYaMumifh *dvme r[kwfvQif Ówdy0g&dw r[kwfaom 'um

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a&udkrQ) rawmif;aumif;/
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jzpfap *dvmer[kwb
f J aq;ypön;f udk awmif;vQif r[memrodum© yk'-f
t& ygpdwf? axmywfqGrf;paom yPDwabmZOfudk awmif;pm;vQif
yPDwabmZeodum© yk't f & ygpdw?f <uif;aom tpm;tpmudk awmif;-
pm;vQif þodu©myk'ft& 'kuú#f/
0pD0dnwf rygbJ qGrf;&yfouJhodkY &yfí tvSLcH&müum; tmywf
roif?h *dvme jzpforl mS vnf; "mwfpmjzpfaom tpm;tpmrsm;ç trSe-f
oifjh rwfaom a&m*gtwGuf vdt k yfaeaom qGr;f ç [if;ESihf aq;rsm;udk
awmif;aumif;\ tmywfroifh/
olwpfyg;twGuf awmif;ay;rI
edó*¾d,üjzpfaom tnmwu0dnwådodu©myk'frS pí awmif;rI
qdkiforQ odu©myk'frsm;0,f tnó = tjcm;&[ef;\/ tw¬m, =
tusK;d iSm/ 0dnmayEÅó = awmif;aom &[ef;\/ temywåd = tmywf
roifhonf/ a[mwd = jzpf\[k vmap/ þygVdawmfoGm;twdkif; wdkuf
½du
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rSmvnf; tmywfroif?h ok;H aqmifaom &[ef;rSmvnf; tmywfroif[
h k
t"dyÜm,f ,l&rnfuJhodkY &Sd\/
tnmwu 0dnwådodu©myk'f t|uxm&if;ü -
1/ tjcm;&[ef;twGuf rdrd\ Ówdy0g&dwtxH awmif;ay;jcif;/
2/ tjcm;&[ef;\ Ówdy0g&dwtxH xdk&[ef;twGuf awmif;ay;-
jcif;aMumifo
h m temywå[
d k zGi\
hf / Ówdy0g&dwr[kwo
f x
l H awmif;
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oDwif;okH;azmfig;a,mufwdkY\ tusKd;iSm trsKd;rawmfol rzdwfxm;ol
txHü awmif;aom&[ef; þodu©myk'fjzifh tmywfroifhouJhodkY jzpf
aomfvnf; tuw0dnwåd'kuú#frS rvGwf? apwemESifh wuGjyKrl rdrd-
aomfvnf;aumif;ç olwpfyg;aomfvnf;aumif; rdpämZD0rS rvGwf[k
0drwd#Dum qdk\/
&Sif'umç &[ef;'um &Smay;olwdkY owdxm;&ef
trsKd;rawmfol rzdwfxm;oltxHü rdrdzdkY awmif;jcif;om rtyf-
onf r[kwfao;? olwpfyg;twGuf awmif;ay;jcif;ç ajymay;jcif;ç
qGrf;cHtdrf zdwfay;jcif;ç qGrf;uyf&ef zdwfjcif;ç ypönf;av;yg; tzdwf-
cdkif;jcif;ç ypönf;av;yg;jzifh zdwfzdkY&m oifay;jcif;ç &[ef;cH &SifjyKudpö
ponfwüYkd &[ef;'um &Si'hf umvky&f ef wdu k w
f eG ;f jcif;rsm;onf wdu
k -f
wGe;f olrmS vnf; rtyf? wdu k w
f eG ;f í &&Sad om ypön;f tqufqufvnf;
rtyf/ xko d Ydk wku
d w
f eG ;f rIaMumifh vSLMuaom ypön;f rsm;rSmvnf; wpfom-
oemvkH; tyfrnf r[kwfawmhacs/
(aqmif) tyÜ0g&d? tÓwDudk? rdrdwGufawmif;? olwGufawmif;wnfh?
aomif;ajymif; [if;qGrf;? zdwfrefcef;ESifh? &[ef;'um? &Sifh'um
[k? vkyfaprIpyf? t&yf&yf? rtyfqufqufwnf;/
tmywfroifhykHrsm;
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olwpfyg;tusKd;iSm awmif;aom&[ef;ç rdrdOpömjzifh 0,faom &[ef;
tmywfroifh/
OZÑmeonD odu©myk'ftzGifh
OZÑm,wd {awemwd OZÑmeH = uJ&h UJ aMumif;jzpfaom pdw?f OZÑmae
,kwåm onm OZÑmeonm = uJh&JUaMumif;pdwfESifh ,SOfaom ]onm}ukd
&\/ OZÑmeonm tó tw¬Dwd OZÑmeonD = uJh&JUaMumif;pdwfESifh
,SOfaom onm&Sdaom ]&[ef;}ukd &\/
olwpfyg; oydwx f üJ qGr;f [if;enf;vQif avSmifajymifví
kd vnf;-
aumif; rsm;aevQifvnf; ]]'umç 'umrudk rnfuJhodkY qufqHwmudk;
&rSmaygh}} ponfjzifh ½Iwcf sví
kd vnf;aumif; olwpfyg;\ qGr;f oydwu f kd
rMunf&h ? enf;aevQif vSLrnf rsm;aevQif cHrnf ponfjzifh ½k;d om;aom
pdwfjzifhum; Munfhaumif;\/
temywåd0g&ü enf;vQif ay;vSLthH? rsm;vQif ay;vSLaptHh[k
Munfah om &[ef;? ruJ&h UJ r½Iwcf s rajymifavSmifvakd om &[ef; tmywf
roifh/
twdr[EÅuAV odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f
a'gif;Oonf tvGeBf u;D \/ MuufOum; i,fveG ;f \/ xdak 'gif;OESihf
MuufO tMum;avmuf&Sdaom qGrf;vkwfudk jyK&rnf/ qGrf;vkwfudk
Bu;D pGm vkyíf yg;pyfjynfah rmuf azmif;aeatmif rpm;&/ a'gif;Oavmuf
BuD;vQif 'kuú#ftmywf[k qdkvdk\/
MuufOavmufti,fudkum; ravsmufywfíom t|uxm jy-
onf/ tmywfum; roif[ h k 0drwd#u
D m qd\
k / rkeçYf cJz,
G rf sm;ESihf opfo;D
rsm;udkum; BuD;aeaomfvnf; temywåd tmywfroifh/
y&dr@vtmavmy odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f
xuf0ef;usif 0ef;0kid ;f [k qdak omfvnf; uGeyf gjzifh &pf0idk ;f xm;ovdk
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k ?kd
t'DCH (= &Sn&f n
S v
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k t
f avsmuf 0kid ;f atmif
owdxm;í qGrf;vkwfudk jyKjyifpm;&rnf[k qdkvdkonf/
ZGef; c&if;ESifh pm;olrsm; owdjyK&ef
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tavsmuf 0ef;0kdif;atmifjyKí owdxm; pm;EkdifvQifum; oifhygonf/
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xkdZGef; c&if;jzifh ,ltyfcyftyfpOf qGrf;vkH;ponfwkdY zdwfpifjyKwfuscJh-
aomf xkw d aH wG;ç oGm;&nfwYdk ayusaH eaom qGr;f vk;H wkoYd nf cE¨muk, d rf S
uGmoGm;ojzifh tuyfysuo f mG ;oNy;D xkt
d uyfysuo f mG ;aom qGr;f vk;H wk-Yd
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onf/ xdkYaMumifh tcsKdU q&mawmfBuD;rsm; ZGef;c&if;jzifh pm;jcif;udk
rESpfoufMujcif; jzpf\/ acwfqefolrsm;ESifh aq;ynm&SifwdkYonf
a&aEG;ESifh jyKwfxm;aom ZGef;c&if;rsm;jzifh pm;vdkMuonf/ vufudk
pifMu,fatmifaq;í vufjzifh 0ef;0kdif;atmif jyKí pm;jcif;onfom
bk&m;&Sif\ tvdkawmfESifh ykdí ukdufnDrnf xifonf/
(5) uAV0*f odu©myk'f 10-yk'f
41/ tem[# odu©my'
qGrf;vkwfudk cHwGif;0odkY raqmif,ltyfao;rD cHwGif;t0udk
rzGifhtHh[k usihf&rnf/ þodkY rusifhjcif;aMumifh tem[#'kuú#f/
42/ bkÍÆrme odu©my'
qGrf;pm;pOf tvkH;pkHaom vufacsmif;udk cHwGif;ü rxnfhthH[k
usifh&rnf/ þodkY rusifhjcif;aMumifh bkÍÆrme'kuú#f/
43/ ouAV odu©my'

qGr;f vkwEf iS whf uGjzpfaom cHwiG ;f jzifh pum;rajymtH[
h k usi&hf rnf/
þodkY rusifhjcif;aMumifh ouAV'kuú#f/
44/ yd@Kau©yu odu©my'
qGrf;vkwfudk ajr§mufíajr§mufí rpm;tHh[k usifh&rnf/ þodkY
rusifhjcif;aMumifh yd@Kau©yu'kuú#f/
45/ uAVm0apä'u odu©my'
qGr;f vkwu f kd udu
k jf zwfí udu
k jf zwfí rpm;th[
H k usi&hf rnf/ þodYk
rusifhjcif;aMumifh uAVm0apä'u'kuú#f/
46/ t0*@um&u odu©my'
arsmufuJhodkY yg;apmifudk rdkYarmufatmif jyKí rpm;thH[k usifh&-
rnf/ þodkY rusifhjcif;aMumifh t0*@um&u'kuú#f/
47/ [w¬ed'¨Keu odu©my'
vufudk cgícgí rpm;thH[k usifh&rnf/ þodkY rusifhjcif;aMumifh
[w¬ed'¨Keu'kuú#f/
48/ odw¬m0um&u odu©my'
qGrf;vHk;rsm;udk jzefYMuJí jzefYMuJí rpm;thH[k usifh&rnf/ þodkY
rusifhjcif;aMumifh odw¬m0um&u'kuú#/f
49/ Zd0Sgedpäm&u odu©my'
vQmudk xkwfí xkwfí rpm;thH[k usifh&rnf/ þodkY rusifhjcif;-
aMumifh Zd0Sgedpäm&u'kuú#f/
50/ pykpykum&u odu©my'
]pyk pyk}[k toHjyKí (0g) ]pyfpyf yswfyswf} jrnfatmif jyKí
rpm;thH[k usifh&rnf/ þodkY rusifhjcif;aMumifh pykpykum&u'kuú#f/
tem[# odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f
qGrf;pm;onfhtcg yg;pyfaygufodkY qGrf;vkwfra&mufrD yg;pyfudk
zGix
hf m;ESijhf cif;um; r,Ofaus;aom trlt&mwpfrsK;d jzpf\/ xdaYk Mumifh
cHwGif;0 (yg;pyfayguf)odkY qGrf;vkwfrawhrdcif cHwGif;udk BudKwifí
[rxm;ESifh&/ *dvmeaomfvnf; [rxm;&[k odyg/
bkÍÆrme odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f
xrif; rpm;wwfao;aom uav;wdo Yk nf xrif;vkwu f kd yg;pyfoYkd
oGi;f aomtcg vufacsmif;rsm;yg oGi;f vduk o f uJo
h Ykd &[ef;onf qGr;f -
pm;pOf vufacsmif;rsm;udk cHwGif;txJodkY roGif;rdap&/
oAÁH [w¬EÅd ouv[w¬[ H k t|uxm zGiq hf akd omfvnf; vufig;-
acsmif; pvHk;udk r,l&? {ua'olypmenf;tm;jzifh a[mxm;onf/
vufwpfacsmif;wpfacsmif;udo k m ,l&rnf/ xdaYk Mumifh vufig;acsmif;-
wdkYwGif wpfacsmif;wavudkrQ cHwGif;odkY roGif;&[k od? wcsKdUpm;enf;ü
vufrtzsm;avmuf tenf;i,f 0ifomG ;wwf\/ odaYk omf tem'&d,
pdwf r&dSvQif tmywfroifh/
ouAV odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f
yg;pyfxJü qGrf;vkwf&dSaevQif pum;rajym&/ ]qGrf;vkwf}[l&mü
pum;vHk; ryDoavmufatmif jynfhaeaom qGrf;vkwfudk qdkvdkonf/
w&m;a[mpOf oQpof Qm;oD;udk yg;pyfxJ iHí
k a[maumif;ouJo
h Ykd qGr;f -
vkwfu tenf;i,fom &dSojzifh pum;vHk; NyDoatmif ajymEdkifí
ajymvQiu
f m; tmywfroif/h pum;ryDro jzpfí tmvkyof jH zpfaevQirf l
rajymaumif;[k od? cJzG,f opfoD;BuD;i,f pm;&müvnf; enf;wl/
yd@Kau©yu odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f
yd@ = xrif;cJ (qGrf;vkwfyg,l)? Oau©yu = ypfajr§mufonf?
ed*¾[dwfaMumifh Bud,m0daooerSwf? qGrf;vkwfjzpfapç qGrf;cJjzpfapç
yg;pyfü uyfí oGi;f &rnf/ yg;pyfxo J Ykd ajrm§ ufypfí roGi;f &? rkeçYf cJz,
G f
rsm;ESihf opfo;D rsm;udu
k m; ypfí oGi;f aomfvnf; tmywfroif?h odaYk omf
yg;pyfüuyfí oGif;jcif;uom omí ,Ofaus;onf/
uAVm0apä'u odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f
t0apä'u = udkufjzwfonf/ qGrf;vkwfudk qkyfNyD;vQif oGm;jzifh
udkufjzwfrpm;&? qGrf;vkwfjyKNyD;vQif xdkqGrf;vkwfu rsm;aeí awmf-
oifh½kH vufjzifh ydkif;NyD; oGif;&mürl tjypfr&Sdoifh? rkefY yJpaom cJzG,f-
rsm;ESifh rkefY[if;cg;ç rkefYwDç acgufqGJç vufokwfrsm;udkum; udkufjzwf
pm;aumif;onf qdk\/ xdkYaMumifh rkefY&Sufrsm; rkefYvkH;BuD;rsm;? ajymif;zl;
iSuaf ysmoD;rsm;udk udu k jf zwfí pm;jcif; ponfü tmywfroifh odaYk omf
vufjzifh twkH;twkH; jzwfNyD;rS wpfwkH;pD pm;jcif;uom oifhavsmf\/
t0*@um&u odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f
(*@-o'´gonf yg;ukd a[m&if;jzpfaomfvnf; Oyom& t0
o'´gu ][De=,kwfnHh}[laom teufa[m jzpf&um; yg;apmifukd ½kd;½kd;
raeapbJ jrifraumif;atmif rkdYarmufaeykHukd ,l?) arsmufowå0grsm;
pm;onfhtcg yg;azmif;vmatmif pm;ouJhokdY qGrf;ukd yg;azmif;ae-
atmif rpm;& [lvkd? oQpfoQm;oD; ponfukd yg;wpfzufü ikHxm;vQif
azmif;aeouJhokdY opfoD;[lorQukd pm;&mü azmif;aeapaomfvnf;
tmywfroifh? cJzG,f opfoD;BuD;i,fwkdYü temywåd [l\/
[w¬ed'¨Keu odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f
wcsKdU xrif;pm;&mü vufukd rMumcP cg\? xkduJhokdY vufukd
cgí qGrf;rpm;&? qGrf;xJü ausmufcJç trIdufygvmí xkdtrIdufrsm;ukd
pGefYypfaom tcgrsKd;üum; cgaumif;\/
odw¬m0um&u odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f
odw¬ = qGrf;vkH; + t0um&u = roifhrawmf jyKonf/ z½kdz&J
MuJaeatmif qGrf;vkH;rsm;ukd [kdypfvkduf onfypfvkduf vkyfjcif;ukd
]t0um&u}[k qkdonf/ qGrf;vkH;rsm;ukd rzdwfrpifatmif aumif;pGm
odrf;odrf;qnf;qnf; pm;&rnf [lvkd/
t½k;d ç trIu
d rf sm;ukd qGr;f xJrS ,lí pGeyYf pf&if; qGr;f vk;H rsm; ygoGm;-
&müum; temywåd/
Zd0Sgedpäm&u odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f
wcsKdU pm;Mu&mü xrif;vkwfukd vQmjzifhí aumf,lwwfMu\?
xkdokdY vQmukd xkwfí qGrf;vkwfukdvnf;aumif;ç [if;ukdvnf;aumif;
aumfr,l&? vQmxkwf aumf,lpm;vQif tmywfoifh\/
pykpykum&u odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f
]pyk pyk}o'´gum; yg;pyfrS jrnfaomtoHudk twkvu dk í
f vkyx
f m;-
aom ]tEku&P}o'´gwnf;/ toHMum;&mü vlwpfrsKd;ESifh wpfrsKd;
Mum;ykHcsif; rwlMu? xrif;pm;aomtcg wcsKdU jrnfwwfaom toHukd
jrefrmwduYk ]jywf jywf}[k Mum;\? wcsKUd um; ]pyf pyf}[k Mum;\? ygVdo;Hk -
rSmrl ]pyk pyk}[k Mum;[efwo l nf/ xkud ohJ Ydk toHrxGuaf tmif yg;pyfudk
ydwfxm;NyD; qGrf;pm;&rnf? yg;pyfzGifhxm;vQif jrnfwwf\/
(6) ok½kok½k0*f odu©myk'f 10-yk'f

51/ ok½kok½kum&u odu©my'
ok½kok½k toHukd jyKí (0g) ½Iwf½Iwfjrnfatmif rpm;tHh[k usifh-
&rnf/ þokdY rusifhjcif;aMumifh ok½kok½kum&u'kuú#f/
52/ [w¬edav’[u odu©my'
vufukd vsufívsufí rpm;tHh[k usifh&rnf/ þokdY rusifhjcif;-
aMumifh [w¬edav’[u'kuú#f/
53/ ywåedav’[u odu©my'
oydwfudk jcpfí jcpfí rpm;tHh[k usifh&rnf/ þokdY rusifhjcif;
aMumifh ywåedav’[u'kuú#f/
54/ Mo|edav’[u odu©my'
EIwfcrf;ukd vsufívsufí rpm;tHh[k usifh&rnf/ þokdY rusifh-
jcif;aMumifh Mo|edav’[u'kuú#f/
55/ omrdo odu©my'
qGrf;paom tmrdoESifhwuG jzpfaom vufjzifh aomufa&cGuf-
ukd rukid t
f [
hH k usi&hf rnf/ þokYd rusijhf cif;aMumifh omrdo'ku#ú f (ac:)
yged,w¬mvu'kuú#f/
56/ oodw¬u odu©my'
qGr;f vk;H ESihf wuGaom oydwaf q;a&ukd &GmwGi;f ü rpGet
Yf [
hH k usi-hf
&rnf/ þokdY rusifhjcif;aMumifh oodw¬u'kuú#f/
57/ qwåygPd odu©my'
vufü xD;&Sdaom *dvme r[kwfoltm; ygVdç t|uxm"r®®udk
ra[mtHh[k usifh&rnf xkdokdY rusifhjcif;aMumifh qwåygPd'kuú#f/
58/ '@ygPd odu©my'
vufü av;awmifjynfh wkw&f adS om oltm; ygVdç t|uxm"r®u ® kd
ra[mtHh[k usifh&rnf xkdokdY rusifhjcif;aMumifh '@ygPd'kuú#f/
59/ ow¬ygPd odu©my'
vufü "m;paom vufeuf&Sdaom oltm; ygVdç t|uxm"r®®udk
ra[mtHh[k usifh&rnf xkdokdY rusifhjcif;aMumifh ow¬ygPd'kuú#f/
60/ tm0k"ygPd odu©my'
vufü av;&Sdaom ygVdç t|uxm"r®®udk ra[mtHh[k usifh&rnf
xkdokdY rusifhjcif;aMumifh tm0k"ygPd'kuú#ftmywf oifh\/
ok½kok½kum&u odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f
ok½kok½ko'´gonfvnf; ]tEkum&P = toHudk twkvdkufí
jyKwwfaom} o'´gaywnf;/ ygVdu ]ok½k ok½k}? jrefrmu ]&S½k &S½k}[k
toHMum;onf/ xkdtoHrsKd; rjzpfatmif qGrf;udkvnf;pm; [if;&nfç
EGm;EkdY ponfudkvnf; aomuf&rnf/
[w¬edav’[u odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f
wcsKdUvlrsm; xrif;pm;&mü vufacsmif;udk vQmjzifh vsuf\/
yg;pyfjzifh pkyf\/ vuf0g;jyifudkyif vsufwwfao;\/ xdktm;vHk;udk
rvkyaf umif;? odaYk omf vufacsmif;jzifh aumfí aumfípm;&aom ,m*k
yspyf spçf EdC
Yk emç wifvçJ jym;&nfponfwu Ykd u
kd m; vufacsmif;jzifh aumfí
cHwiG ;f odYk oGi;f í pm;aumif;onf[k t|uxmwdüYk qdMk u\/ þpum;-

jzifh cHwiG ;f xJoYkd 0ifaom vufacsmif;udk vQmjzifh vsuaf omf þodum© yk'-f
jzifah omfvnf;aumif;ç oAÁ[w¬H rkac yu©yd eodum© yk'jf zifv h nf;aumif;
tmywfroifh[k od/
ywåedav’[u odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f
qGr;f pm;aom &[ef;onf vufacsmif;jzifh oydwu
f kd jcpfwwfonf/
ZGef;jzifhvnf; jcpfwwfonf/ vufacsmif;wpfacsmif;jzifhaomfvnf;
oydwfudk rjcpfaumif;? yspfaom wpfcJeufaom ,m*k ponfuyfae
aomf vufacsmif;jzifh jcpfaumif;onf [l\/ xHk;pHtwdkif; odrf;½Hk;-
pkíum; pm;aumif;\/
Mo|edav’[u odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f
qGr;f pm;aom &[ef;onf EIwcf rf;ü ayuyfaeaom qGr;f vH;k ponf
udk vQmjzifh rvsufaumif;? EIwfcrf;csif;jzifhom cHwGif;odkY ,lí oGif;-
aumif;\/ «vsu-f [l&mü EIwcf rf;jyifbufoYkd vQmxGuí f vsujf cif;udk
wm;jrpfawmfrv l o
dk nf xifonf/ vQmray:atmif twGi;f u EIwcf rf;udk
vsuf&mü tjypf r&Sdwef&m? (bmom#Dum)» wpfcJeufaom yspfaom
,m*k ponfuyfaeaomf vQmjzifh vsufaumif;onf[k od/
yged,xmvu odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f
yged, = aomufa&? xmvu = cGufi,f? &GH&SmzG,faumif;ojzifh
y,fjcif;aMumifh oHCmcGuçf wpfyg;yk*K¾ v
d \
f cGuçf vl\ cGuçf uk,
d yf idk cf u
G f
cGufrSeforQ tm;vkH;ukd tmrdoayaeaom vufjzifh rudkifaumif;[k
od&rnf/
yged,xmvuHum; Oyvu©Penf;jzpfí aomufa& c½koif;
aomufa&rIwf ponfuv
dk nf; ,lEidk o
f nf/ tmrdo rayaom vufjzif-h
um; ukdifaumif;onf/
aomufa&cGuu f dk ukid Nf y;D vQif aq;rnf/ aq;ckid ;f rnf[k udik af omf
tmywfroifh/
oodw¬u odu©myk'ft"dyÜm,f
qGr;f vk;H ygaom oydwaf q;a&ukd NrKd UwGi;f &GmwGi;f ü roGeaf vmif;-
aumif;? o[ odaw¬e ,H 0wåww D d oodwu ¬ H? qGr;f vk;H ESihf wuGaom
oydwfaq;a&wnf;/
temywåd av;csuf
xrif;vkH;wkdYukd a&rS xkwf,lí wpfckaom t&yfü pkykHxm;NyD;
a&oufouf pGefYtHh? xrif;vkH;wkdYukd acsí a&ESifh tvm;wlatmif
jyKNyD; oGefavmif;tHh? axG;cHxJü oGefxnfhtHh? NrdKU&Gmtjyifbufa&mufrS
pGefYtHh? temywåd av;csuf ykd\/
«þ 30-aom odum© yk'w
f u
Ydk m; abmZey#do,
H w
k å odum© yk'w
f w
Ydk nf;??»
qwåygPdodu©my' t"dyÜm,f
tmwyH qma'wDwd qwå?H aeyludk zk;H uG,w
f wfaom xD;ukd &\/
xD; (3) rsKd;
xkxd ;D onf aowpäwå = t0wfjzifh jyKtyfaom xD;jzLç udvÍÆpw ä å
= zsmjzifh 0g;jzifh jyKtyfaom xD;ç yPÖpäwå = opf&Gufjzifh jyKtyfaom
xD;[k xD; 3-rsK;d jym;\/ t,kwq f ;Hk tyifüjzpfaom t½k;d jzifh xef;&Guf
opf&u G f ponfwu Ydk dk aeyludk umuG,&f ef xD;tvkiYd mS aqmif;onfu-dk
vnf; xD;[líyif ac:onf/
qwåH ygPdrSd {0 tómwd qwåygPd? xD; vufü&Sdaom olukd
&\? xD;udk trSwfr&Sd ukd,f\ wpfpdwf wpfa'oü xm;í vufjzifh
ukid x
f m;aomfom qwåygPd[k ac:onf/ vufjzifh ukid rf xm;rl qwå-
ygPd rac:/ xkaYd Mumifh w&m;a[mvkv
d Qif xD;ukd vufrS vGwaf pNy;D rSom
a[maumif;onf/ olwpfyg;u xD;aqmif;ay;xm;ol? ab;ü xD;csxm;-
olrsm;ukdvnf; w&m;a[maumif;onf[k od/
'@ygPd ow¬ygPd tm0k"ygPd
]'@}t& av;awmif&Sdaom wkwfukdom ,l&rnf/ xkdatmuf
wkdaom wkwf? xkdxuf &Snfaom wkwfukd r,l&? ]ow¬}t& "m;ç
oefvsuf vSH paom vufeufwGif yg0iforQudk,l? ]tm0k"}t& nd§KU-
wifNy;D jzpfap rwifao;jzpfap av;qkid &f m tm;vk;H (av;BuKd ;ç av;udifk ;f ç
jrm;wkdYyg) ,l&rnf/
av;awmifxuf &Snçf wkad om wkw&f o
dS ?l "m; oefvsuf ponfudk
ttdrüf oGi;f í vG,x
f m;ol? av; ponfudk vufjzifh rukid rf í
l yck;H ü
vG,fxm;ç pGyfxm;olwkdYtm; w&m;a[maumif;onf/
«jrm;n§Kd U&Sad om av;ç jrm;n§Kd Ur&Sad om av;ç xrf;yk;d wHEiS hf wlaom
vif;av;ç t½kd;azmufxGif;aom 'l;av;[k av; (4)rsKd; jyxm;onf/»
7/ yg'ku0*f odu©myk'f (15) yk'f

61/ yg'ku odu©my'
ajceif;pD;xm;aom *dvmer[kwfoltm; ygVdç t|uxm"r®udk
ra[mtHh[k usifh&rnf/ þokdY rusifhjcif;aMumifh yg'kum½kV§'kuú#f/
62/ Oyg[e odu©my'
zdeyfpD;aom *dvmer[kwfoltm; ygVdç t|uxm"r®udk ra[m-
tHh[k usifh&rnf/ þokdY rusifhjcif;aMumifh Oyg[em½kV§'kuú#f/
63/ ,me odu©my'
,mOfay:ü wufa&mufaeaom oltm; ygVdç t|uxm"r®udk
ra[mtHh[k usifh&rnf/ þokdY rusifhjcif;aMumifh ,me*w'kuú#f/
64/ o,e odu©my'
tdyf&mü a&mufaeaom oltm; ygVdç t|uxm"r®udk ra[m-
tHh[k usifh&rnf/ þokdY rusifhjcif;aMumifh o,e*w'kuú#f/
65/ yv’dw¬du odu©my'
vufç t0wfwkdYjzifh xuf0ef;usif ywfzGJUjcif;[k qkdtyfaom
vuftma,m*ywfç ykqkd;tma,m*ywfzGJUvsuf xkdifaeaom oltm;
ygVdç t|uxm"r®udk ra[mtHh[k usifh&rnf/ þokdY rusifhjcif;aMumifh
yv’dw¬duedodEé'kuú#f/
66/ a0Xdw odu©my'
qHpray:atmif &pfywftyfaom OD;acgif;&Sdaom oltm; ygVdç
t|uxm"r®ukd ra[mtH[
h k usi&hf rnf/ þokYd rusijhf cif;aMumifh a0Xd-
woDo'kuú#f/
67/ Mo*kP²dw odu©my'
jcKH tyfaom OD;acgif;&Sad om oltm; ygVdç t|uxm"r®ukd ra[m-
tHh[k usifh&rnf/ þokdY rusifhjcif;aMumifh Mo*kP²dwoDo'kuú#f/
68/ qrm odu©my'
ajrBu;D ü xkid af eí tcif;ü xkid af eaom oltm; ygVdç t|uxm-
"r®udk ra[mtHh[k usifh&rnf/ þokdY rusifhjcif;aMumifh qrm'kuú#f/
69/ eDpmoe odu©my'

edrfhaom ae&mü xkdifí jrifhaom ae&mü xkdifaeaom oltm;
ygVdç t|uxm"r®udk ra[mtHh[k usifh&rnf/ þokdY rusifhjcif;aMumifh
eDpmoe'kkuú#f/
70/ Xdw odu©my'
&yfvsuf xkdifaeaom oltm; ygVdç t|uxm"r®udk ra[mtHh[k
usifh&rnf/ þokdY rusifhjcif;aMumifh Xdw'kuú#f/
71/ ypäawm *pä EÅ odu©my'
aemufrS oGm;pOf a&SUrS oGm;aom oltm; ygVdç t|uxm"r®udk
ra[mtHh[k usifh&rnf/ þokdY rusifhjcif;aMumifh ypäawm*pä EÅ'kuú#f/
72/ OyÜaxe *pä EÅ odu©my'
vrf;r[kwaf om c&D;jzifh oGm;pOf vrf;jzifh oGm;aom oltm; ygVdç
t|uxm"r®udk ra[mtHh[k usifh&rnf/ þokdY rusifhjcif;aMumifh OyÜ-
axe*pä EÅ'kuú#f/
73/ Xdawm Opöm& odu©my'
*dvmer[kwfbJ &yfvsuf usifBuD;ukdvnf;aumif;ç usifi,fukd-
vnf;aumif; rpGet
Yf [
hH k usi&hf rnf/ þokYd rusijhf cif;aMumifh XdawmOpöm-
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aumif; ajzaumif;onf[k od/
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(bmom#Dum?396/)
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d nf/ ajrü
ay:aeaom opfjrpfç ukdif;í ajrü xdaeaom opfcufrsm;ukdvnf;
[&dw[kyif qkd&onf/
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usifBuD;ç usifi,fç wHawG; pGefYcsaumif;onf/ pdrf;aom jrufç opfyif
r&Sd&mt&yfukd &SmaepOf ratmifhEkdifawmhbJ xGufustHh? *dvmet&mü

wnfjcif;aMumifh tmywfroifh/
pdr;f aom jrufopfyifr&S&d mt&yfü pGex Yf m;aom usiBf u;D usiif ,f-
onf pdrf;aom jrufopfyif&Sd&mt&yfokdY pD;oGm;tHh? tmywfroifh/
pdr;f aom jrufç opfyifr&S&d m t&yfudk &Smr&atmif jzpfaerl jrufu&Gw-f
acGç aumuf½kd;u&GwfacGç ausmufcJç tkwfcJwkdYukd xm;í pGefY&rnf/
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f / pGeNYf y;D aemuf pdr;f aom t&yf
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pGefYonfukd a&xJodkY avQmusoGm;tHh? temywåd tmywfroifh/
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d m© yk'2f 6-yk'?f abmZey#do,
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aocd, 75-yk'fwkdY jzpfukefonf/
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"r® aomVH? Opöm&H? rSwf&ef okH;yg;wnf;/
(txl;rSwf&ef) ]e olyH 0g} ESpfyk'fom avmu0ZÆ tukovpdwå
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0drwdqkd\/ tus,fukd ¤if;ü Munfhav/
þaocd,odum© yk'rf sm;onf tmbdormpm&duç tm'djA[®p&d,-
u ESprf sK;d wkw
Yd iG f tmbdormpm&duü tusK;H 0ifonf/ aocd, cEü0wf
okuú0dó|dpaom avmu0ZÆ odu©myk'fwkdYukdvnf; &SifomraPrsm;
usifhoifhç usifhxkdufç usifh&rnf/ rusifhu tvZÆD jzpfonf/ 'Pfxkduf-
onf[k 0drwd#Dum qkd\/
aocd, NyD;\/
"""
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odumronf jrifí arxkeyg&mZduç um,oHo*¾ç oHCm'daoofç
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jcif;ukd 0efcaH om &[ef;ukd yg&mZduç oHCm'daoofç ygpdwf wpfcck jk zifh
jyKapxku d \
f / ,kMH unftyfaom pum;&Sad om t&d,mOygodumronf
0w¬Kudk azmfjyí qk&d mwGif &[ef;u 0efcaH omfomvQif (0g) 0efcrH o S m
jyKxkduf\? jyK&rnf/ tmywfonf ted,wtmywfwnf;/ (0g) tjrJ
rowfrSwftyfaom tmywfwnf;/
'kwd, ted,wodu©myk'f
ae&monf eH&Hponf zkH;vTrf;jcif; r&Sd? arxkeftrIü avsmufywf
jcif;iSm rpGrf;Ekdif? rmwk*grukd ½kefY&if;ukefaom pum;wkdYjzifh t,kwf-
wrm ajymqkjd cif;iSm pGr;f Ekid o
f nfom jzpf\/ xko
d Ydk oabm&Sad om ae&m-
ü wpfyg;aom &[ef;onf wpfa,mufaom rmwk*grESifh twlwuG
rsufpd em; ESpfyg;\qdwfuG,f&mü xkdifaethH? xkd&[ef;ukd ,kHMunf-
xku d af om pum;&Sad om t&d,mOygodumronf 'k|Kv0’ gpmç oHCm'd-
aoofç &a[medoZÆygpdwjf zifh qkjd im;tH?h xko
d q
Ydk adk omfvnf; xkid jf cif;ukd
0efcHaom&[ef;ukd oHCm'daoofç ygpdwfwpfckckjzifh jyKapxkduf\/
,kMH unfxu dk af om pum;&Sad om t&d,mOygodumronf 0w¬Kuadk zmfjy-
í qkd&mwGif &[ef;u 0efcHaomfomvQif (0g) 0efcHrSom jyKxkduf\
(0g) jyK&rnf/ þtmywfonfvnf; ted,wtmywfwnf;/ tjrJ
rowfrSwftyfaom tmywfwnf;/
yxrted,w odu©myk'ft"dyÜg,f
þodum© yk'uf m; rsupf rd jrifEidk af vmufatmif zk;H uG,af om ae&m-
0,f rmwk*grESihf twlwuG xkid af eaom &[ef;ukd t&d,mOygodumru
awGUjrifí yg&mZduç oHCm'daoofç ygpdwftmywf wpfrsKd;rsKd;jzifh
pGyfpGJapumrl okdYr[kwf aexkdifykHtjcif;t&mESifhwuG 0w¬Kukdazmfjyí
pGypf aJG pumrl xk&d [ef;u [kwaf Mumif;0efcrH o S m 0efco H nfth wkid ;f qk;H -
jzwf&rnf/ 0efrcHvQif tmywfjzifh rqk;H jzwf&[k 0denf;tqk;H tjzwf\
vu©Pm (qkH;jzwfenf;)ukdjyaom odu©myk'fwnf;/
]{aum{um,} pmpyfykH
]{aum {um, = wpfa,mufcsif;csif;}[k teufay;½kd; &Sdaomf-
vnf; ususeeay;vQif a,m ye bdu©K = tMuif&[ef;onf/ {aum
= wpfyg;wnf;/ [kwGm = í/ {um, = wpfa,mufwnf;aom/
rmwk*gare = rmwk*grESifh/ o'¨ð = wuG - [k ay;&rnf/
]tvH ur®eda,} zGifhykH
ur®ed = arxket
f rIü/ crH = cHah om oabmonf (0g) avsmufywf-
aom oabmonf/ ur®ed,H = ur®ed, rnf\/ ]arxkefrIü avsmuf-
ywfaom oabm}[lonf arxkerf 0DS aJ vmufaom tuG,t f um&Sjd cif;ç

vkjH cKH jcif; oabmwnf;/ tvH (y&d,wå)H ur®e, d H ,ómwd tvHur®-
ed,H? ,ó = tMuifae&m\/ tvH (y&d,wå)H = pGr;f Ekid af om/ ur®e, d H
= arxket f rIü cHah om oabmonf/ tw¬d = &S\ d / £wd = xkad Mumif/h
wH = xkad e&monf/ tvHur®e, d H = tvHur®e,
d rnf\/ þü ]pGr;f Ekid }f
[lonf arxkefjyKaeonfhtcg ]uG,fumEkdifjcif;}wnf;/ þpum;pOf
t& arxkerf u I dk uG,u f mEkid af vmufatmif tuG,t f um&Sad om ae&m
ukd ]tvHur®ed,} ac:onf[k rSwf/
]edoZÆH uayÜ,s} t& ,l&ykH
£&d,mykxf av;yg;wkdYwGif edoZÆH-t& xdkifjcif;£&d,mykxfukd
jyojzifh xkdifNyD;aemufrS avsmif;&onfhtwGuf xkdifjcif;xufyif ykdí
jzpfEkdifcJaom avsmif;jcif;£&d,mykxfukdyg ,l&onf/
oa'¨,s 0pom / ay / 0a',s
,kHMunfxkdufaom pum;&Sdol[lonf rnfonfhenf;ESifhrQ rkom;
rajymaom t&d,mOygodumrwnf;/ xkdOygodumronf yg&mZduç
oHCm'daoofç ygpdwçf tmywfo;Hk rsK;d wGif wpfrsK;d rsK;d jzifh ajymqkpd yG pf t
JG ?Hh
[lvkd/
edoZÆH bdu©K / y / uma&waAÁm
,kMH unfavmufaom t&d,mOygodumru pGypf aJG pumrl (oljrif-
wkdif; [kwfcsifrS [kwfrnf? tjrifvGJcsif vGJwwfonf jzpfí) &[ef;u
rmwk*grESifh twlxkdifrdygaMumif; 0efcHrSom oifhawmf&mtmywfjzifh
qkH;jzwf&rnf/
a,e 0g / y / 0a',s
þum; xkt d &d,mOygodumr\ ajymqkpd yG pf yJG Hk wpfenf;ukd jyaom
0guswnf;/ a&SUenf;ü ]wdPÖH "r®meH tnwa&e 0a',s yg&mZdau-
e 0g}ponfjzifh qkdaomaMumifh t&d,mOygodumru tmywfwyfí
yxrapm'emyku H dk jy\/ þenf;üum; t&d,mOygodumru tmywf-
emrnf wyfwwfcsifrS wyfwwfrnf jzpfaomaMumifh tmywfemrnf
rwyfbJ aexkdifykHç (odkYr[kwf) tdyfaeykH tjcif;t&mESifhwuG arxkefrI
ukd,fvufESD;aESmrItp&Sdaom 0w¬Kukd xkwfazmfí apm'empGyfpGJykHukd
jy\/
awe aom bdu©K uma&waAÁm
þ0gusü y#dZmermaem[k rygaomfvnf; a&SU0gusrS vkdufap-
&rnf/ xkt
d jcif;t&mESiw
hf uG 0w¬Kudk azmfjyí apm'emcH&aom &[ef;-
ukd olu [kwfrSefaMumif; 0efcHrSom xkdpGyfpGJaom tjcif;t&mjzifh
(tmywfwyfí) qkH;jzwf&rnf/
uma&waAÁm
þae&mwGif o'´geuftm;jzifh ]jyKapxkduf}[l&mü ]jyKap}[lonf
]tmywfukd ukpm;apjcif;}wnf;/ xkdokdY ukpm;apjcif; tukpm;ckdif;-
jcif;ukdyif a0g[m&w¬ (okH;pGJ½kd;teuf)tm;jzifh rnfonfhtmywf
oifah Mumif; qk;H jzwfjcif;[k qkMd uonf/ (wAÁ-ypön;f ESihf vmorQü ]xku
d çf
oif}h [kom teufay;? tyf[k teufray;&? wu,fjyKaerSom ]tyf}[k
okH;&rnf/)
t,H "ar®m ted,awm
yg&mZdu[lívnf;aumif;ç oHCm'daoof[lívnf;aumif;ç
ygpdw[f í
l vnf;aumif; tjro
J wfrw
S í
f r&aomaMumifh ]]ted,awm
= rjraJ om tmywf}}[k qko

d nf/ þted,wodum© yk'Ef pS yf g;ü tmywf-
t*Fg[k txl;r&Sdyg/ yg&mZdujzpfvQif yg&mZdut*Fgtwkdif; oHCm'd-
aoofç ygpdwfjzpfvQif xkdqkdif&modu©myk'f t*Fgtwdkif;yif jzpfonf[k
odyg/
rmwk*grt& ,lykH
þyxrted,wü yxryg&mZdu um,oHo*¾wkdYyg0ifaom-
aMumifh arG;zGm;prS pí touf&iS q
f J rde;f r[lorQudk ,l/ ]{aum {um-
,}[l&mü a,mufsm;tazmfr&Sjd cif;ukd ,l? tb,fah Mumifeh nf;¿ rde;f rwk-Yd
onf arxkefrIuJhokdY BuD;av;aom tjypfrsm;ukd zkH;xm;avh&SdMuç wpf-
a,muftjypfukd olwpfyg;tm; azmfjyavhr&SdMuaomaMumifhwnf;/
'kwd,ted,wodu©myk'f t"dyÜg,f
e a[0 acg ye (y) emvH ur®ed,H? ae&mu tuG,ftumr&Sd
[mvm[if;vif; jzpfaeí arxkejf yKjcif;iSm rjzpfEidk [ f k qkad omaMumifh
]&a[m}t& rsupf u d ,
G &f mukd r,lbJ em;uG,&f muko d m ,l&jcif;? ]tvÍö
/ y / Mobmodw}Hk [k qkad omaMumifh oHCm'daooft&m0,f ygVdawmfü
wkud ½f u
dk jf yaom um,oHo*¾tjyif 'k|v’0gpmç oHCm'daooftmywf-
ukdvnf; xyfrHoGif;,l&jcif;? ygpdwft&m0,f bdu©Kaem0g'0*fç tap-
vu0*fwüYdk vmaom &a[m edoZÆou d m© yk'f ESpyf g;ukd ,l&jcif;ç rde;f r-
rsm;vnf; tazmfjzpfEkdifcGifh &Sdjcif;om a&SUodu©myk'frS xl;\/
rdef;rtazmfukdyg ,l&jcif;ESifh ]&a[m}t& ,lyHk
rdef;rwkdYonf tjcm;wpfa,muf\ arxkefjzifh azmufjyefonfukd
razmfjyvkdMuaomfvnf; um,oHo*¾ç 'k|Kv’0gpmrIukdum; xkwfazmf
ajymMum;wwfMuavonf/ xkaYd Mumifh þodum© yk't
f & ]tazmf}[l&mü
a,mufsm;tazmfukd omru rdef;rtazmfukdyg ,l&\/ ]&a[m}t&
em;\ uG,&f mt&yf[&l müvnf; wpfq,fEh pS af wmifjzifh owfrw
S Mf u\/
xkad Mumifh [mvm[if;vif; tjyif0,f rmwk*grESihf twlae&mü wpf-
q,fhESpfawmif twGif;rSm (a,mufsm;jzpfapç rdef;rjzpfap) r&SdvQif
]{aum {um, &a[m edoZÆH uayÜ,s} jzpfonf/
ted,wodu©myk'f ynwf&usKd;
ted,wodum© yk'üf tmywftrnf txl;rwyfvnf; odum© yk'üf
jyxm;aom ]]t&d,mOygodumruk, d wf idk jf zpfapç tjcm; ,kMH unfavmuf
olujzpfap tmywf0w¬KEpS cf k jyí pGypf aJG jymqkad pumrl tpGypf cJG &H aom
&[ef;u ([kwyf gonf[)k 0efcrH oS m tmywfjzifh qk;H jzwf&rnf/ 0efrcH-
vQif tmywfjzifh rqkH;jzwf&}}[k 0denf;awmf qkH;jzwfenf;vu©Pmukd
jyjcif;tusKd;iSm þted,wodu©myk'f ESpfyg;ukd jyawmfrlonf/
þvu©Pmonf bdu©KeDrsm;twGufvnf; oufa&muf tusKH;-
0ifaomaMumifh bduK© eyD gwdarmufü ted,wodum© yk'rf sm;ukd rjyawmh
acs/ (om&w¬#Dum/)
(aqmif) ted,wkwfç odu©myk'fü? azmfxkwftmywf? xl;rwyfvnf;?
qkH;jzwfenf;em? vu©Pmukd? avsmfpGm jyrI? ynwfjyK\? bdu©KeD
vnf;? þwkid ;f rS;D bY?dk woD;wjcm;? xyfrxm;onf? rSwo
f m; #Dum
trdefYwnf;/ (bmom#Dum?125/)
vZÆDESifh tvZÆD&[ef;rsm;twGuf qkH;jzwf&ef
þü azmfjyaom enf;ESprf sK;d vk;H ü ]]0efcrH o S m tmywfjzifh qk;H jzwf-
&rnf}}[k rdeaYf wmfral omaMumifh e*du k vZÆo D al wmfaumif;[k xif&mS ;-
aom yk*Kd¾ vjf zpfvQif xkt
d pGypf cJG &H aom yk*Kd¾ vuf [kwrf eS af Mumif;0efcrH S
qkdif&mtmywfjzifh qkH;jzwf&rnf/ r[kwfyg[k jiif;qkdaevQif tmywf
rwyfbJ qkH;jzwf&rnf/
tvZÆDyk*¾dKvf[k xif&Sm;olu ]r[kwfyg[k} jiif;uG,faevQifum;

]]ae0 ok'¨ emok'¨ = pifMu,fovl nf; rqk&d ? rpifMu,fov
l nf; rqk&d }}
[k qkH;jzwf&rnf/
"""
t"du&Porx (7) yg;

t"du&Porx (7) yg;

jzpfukefjzpfukefNyD;aom av;yg;aom t"du½kPf;wkdYukd Nidrf;ap-
jcif;iSmç txl;ojzifh Nird ;f apjcif;iSmç (0g) Nird 0f yfyjd ym;jcif;iSmç or®Kcg0de,-
orxukd ay;xkduf\? owd0de,orxukd ay;xkduf\? trlV§0de,-
orxukd ay;xkduf\? 0efcHjcif;jzifh jyKapxkduf\? (0g) qkH;jzwfxkduf\?
a,bk,sodumorxukd ay;xkduf\? wóygyd,oduorxukd
ay;xku d \
f ? wdP0w¬m&uorxukd ay;xku d \
f ? þckepfyg;aom orx
wkdYkukd ay;xkdufukef\/
t"du&P
t"du&D,EÅd {w¬mwd t"du&Pmed? orxwnfae&mjzpfaom
t"du½kPf;av;yg;wkdYukd &\/ t"du½kPf;onf oHCmü jzpfay:vm
aomf orxjzifh xkdt"du½kPf;ukd Nidrf;&onf/ xkdYaMumifh t"du½kPf;
av;yg;wkdYonf orxwkdY\ wnfae&m[k qkdonf/t"du½kPf;
av;yg;wkYd jzpfay:vmaomf þorxckepfyg;wkjYd zifh Nird ;f ap&rnf [l\/
1/ or®Kcg0de,orx
rsuaf rSmufü t"du½kP;f Nird ;f aMumif;w&m;ukd or®Kcg0de,orx-
[kac:onf/ xkd or®Kconf oHCor®Kcç "r®or®Kcç 0de,or®Kcç yk*v ¾ -
or®Kc[k av;rsKd; &Sd\/
1/ t"du½kPf;Nidrf;at;&ef um&uoHCm\ rsufarSmufjzpfjcif;onf
oHCor®Kcwm rnf\/
2/ Nird ;f aptyfaom 0w¬KtrI\ vrf;rSet f wkid ;f usjcif; "r®rsuaf rSmuf-
jzpfjcif;onf "r®or®Kcwm rnf\/
3/ t"du½kPf;\ 0denf;vrf;rSeftwkdif; usjcif; 0denf;rsufarSmuf
jzpfjcif;onf 0de,or®Kcwm rnf\/
4/ jiif;ckHaeMuaom ESpfbufyk*¾dKvf\ a&SUü Nidrf;apjcif;onf yk*¾dKvf-
rsufarSmufjzpfjcif; yk*¾vor®Kcwm rnf\/
(rSwfcsuf) oHCm rpnf;a0;bJ y"meyk*Kd¾ vrf sm;om pka0;í OAÇm[du-
0dedpä,jzifh Nidrf;ap&mü oHCor®Kcwm r&aumif;? <uif;
ok;H yg; &aumif;\/ þor®Kc0de,orxonf tjcm;t"d-
u½kP;f rsm;ukd Nird ;f ap&müvnf; xku d o
f ifo
h vkd yg0ifEidk \
f /
(aqmif) oHC "r®? 0de,ESifh? yk*¾va&S;½I? Nidrf;aprI? av;ck or®Kac:/
(ar'deD?477/)
2/ owd0de,orx
owda0ykv’yÜwåó 'gwaAÁm 0dea,m owd0dea,m? owd jyefY-
ajymol\tjzpfoYkd a&mufaom &[EÅmtm; ay;xku d af om 0denf;wnf;/
&[EÅmyk*¾dKvfrSm owdw&m; rsm;jym; jyefYajymvsuf &Sd\/ xkd owd
rsm;jym;aom &[EÅmtm;ay;xkud af om 0denf;onf owd0ed , rnf\/
&[EÅmyk*Kd¾ vu
f dk wpfpw
Hk pfa,mufu oDv0dywåjd zifh pGypf v
JG mvQif
ppfaq;ar;jref;Ny;D aemuf tjypfuif;rSe;f xif&mS ;ojzifh aemiftcg rpGypf -JG
EkdifzkdY&m Úwådpwkw¬ur®0gpmjzifh þowd0de,orxukd oHCmu
ay;&avonf/ xkd owd0de,ukd ay;NyD;aemuf pGyfpGJaomfvnf; tx-
rajrmufacs/ ppfaq;ar;jref;aezG,f rvk?d tm;vk;H pGypf rJG [
I al om tEk0g'g
"du½kPf;rsm; tvkdtavsmuf Nidrf;aysmufawmhonf/ þokdY tEk0g'g-
"du½kPf;ukd Nidrf;apEkdifaomaMumifh owd0de,orx[k ac:onf/
(aqmif) owdvQrf;jzm? &[EÅmtm;? &rf;um wifvQif;? pGyfpGJuif;zkdY?

xifvif;ay;& orx? 0de, owdac:/ (bmom#Dum?401/)
3/ trkV0de,orx
trlVb
§ m0H = rawGa0ol\ tjzpfo/Ykd Oy*wó = uyfa&mufcu
dk -f
jzpfaom &[ef;½l;tm;/ 'gwaAÁm = ay;tyfaom/ 0dea,m = 0denf;-
onf/ trlV§0dea,m = trlV§0de, rnf\/
&[ef;wpfyg;onf awGa0½l;oGyfojzifh ]rlV§} jzpfae\/ xkdrlV§jzpf-
aeckud 0f ,f tjypfrsm;ukd usL;vGeaf v&m owd&aomtcg tjcm;&[ef;-
wkdYu tmywfjzifh pGyfpGJMuavaomf xkd&[ef;½l;u ]]wynfhawmf pdwf
azmufjyef (arhavsmah e)ojzifh bmukd jyKrrd eS ;f rodyg}}[k avQmufxm;-
aomfvnf; pGyfpGJjrJ pGyfpGJaetHh? xkd&[ef;tm; xkdpGyfpGJrIrsm; Nidrf;apzkdY&m
rawGa0onft h cg (r½l;onft h cg0,f) Úwåpd wkwu ¬ r®0gjzifh trlV0§ ed -
,ukd ay;&onf/ xko d Ydk ay;Ny;D aemuf pdwaf zmufjyefí jyKro d rQupd w ö üYdk
pGyfpGJaomfvnf; txrajrmufawmhacs/ þokdYvQif trlV§0denf;onf
tEk0g'g"du½kP;f wpfrsK;d ukd Nird ;f apEkid af omaMumifh orxtrnf&av-
onf/
(aqmif) awGa0arhrl;? trSef½l;ojzifh? vGefusL;rdvQif;? pGyfpGJjcif;ukd?
vGwfuif;apiSm? rawGa0cg0,f? aumif;pGmay;&? orx?
trlV§0de,ac:/ (bmom#Dum?401/)
4/ y#dnmwu&Porx
0efco
H nfth m;avsmpf mG qk;H jzwfjcif;ukd ]y#dnmwu&P} ac:onf/
&[ef;wpfyg;onf tmywfoifí h tmywåm"du½kP;f &Sad e&m xkd tmy-
wåm"du½kP;f Nird ;f &ef (0g) tmywfupk m;&ef wpfyg;aom oHCmxHjzpfapç
*kdPf;xHjzpfapç yk*¾dKvfxHjzpfap? wynfhawmf þrnfaom tmywfokdY
a&mufaeygonf[k a'oem ajymMum;&rnf/ (t"dyÜm,fay:atmif
om jrefrmvkda&;onf? qkdaomtcg ygVdvkd qkdí a'oemMum;&\)
a'oemcHaom &[ef;u ]]xkt d mywfudk oif½aI vmh}}[k jyefajym&onf/
xkdaemuf a'oemajymolu ]]rSefyg wynfhawmf ½Iygonfbk&m;}}[k
0efcHvQif a'oemcHaom &[ef;u ]]aemiftcg apmifha&Smufavm}}[k
jyefajym (qkH;jzwf)&onf/ þokdY 0efcHaomtwkdif; qkH;jzwfvkdufaomf
xkdtmywfoifhaeaom &[ef;\ tmywåm"du½kPf; Nidrf;oGm;&um;
]aemiftcg apmifah &Smufavmh}[laom ]tm,wð oH0a&,smod}[laom
pum;onfyif 0efcHwkdif;jyK&aom y#dnmwu&P[l\/
oHCm'daooftmywfü y&d0gofponfudk awmif;jcif;onf oHCm-
'daooftmywf &Sad Mumif; 0efc&H m a&mufaomaMumifh y#dnmwrnf\/
oHCmu y&d0gofponfuadk y;jcif;onf 0efcw H idk ;f jyKjcif;aMumifh y#dnm-
wu&P rnf\[k od/
(aqmif) tmywåm"du&P? jzpfay:url? tmr yómrd? 0efcHbdaomf?
tm,wð oH0a&? qkH;jzwfay? ac:av y#dnmwu&P/
(bmom#Dum?402/)
5/ a,bk,sodumorx
pnf;a0;aomy&dowf "r®0g'Drsm;&modYk vku d í
f jyKtyfaom Bu,
d m
(uH)ukd a,bk,sodu ac:onf/ wpfenf; pnf;a0;aom y&dowf
"r®0g'Drsm;onfhtjzpfudk rSDí Nidrf;jcif;Bud,m (uH)udk a,bk,sodu
ac:onf/
0d0g'g"du½kP;f jzpfí oHCmuGjJ ym;aeaomtcg or®Kc0de,orx-
csnf;oufoufjzifh Nid§rf;ír&vQif oHCmpnf;a0;í rJqE´,laom
&[ef;wpfyg;udk orkwf&onf/ xdkYaemuf or®Kwd&aom &[ef;u
pnf;a0;aom y&dowfü "r®0g'Drq J E´ç t"r®0g'Drq
J E´wu
Ydk kd ,lap&rnf/
xdktcg "r®0g'DrJqE´rsm;aevQif "r®0g'Drsm;&mvdkufí qHk;jzwf&onf/
tu,fí t"r®0g'D rsm;aeykHay:vQif &ufa&TUqdkif;xm;í "r®0g'Drsm;-

atmif pkaqmif;xm;NyD;rS "r®0g'Dtqdktwdkif; qkH;jzwf&onf/ þokdY
"r®0g'Drsm;&m vkdufíjyKtyfaom Nidrf;jcif;Bud,mukd a,bk,sodum-
or, ac:onf[l\/
(aqmif) "r®0g'D? rsm;onfukd vdkuf? jyKxdkufBud,m? ,if;udkom? a,bk-
,sm[k ac:/ (ar'deD?478/)
6/ wó ygyd,oduorx
xdk txl;,kwfrmaom &[ef;tm; jyKtyfaom Bud,m(uH)ukd
]wó ygyd,odu}[k ac:onf/
&[ef;wpfyg;udk yg&mZdujzifhjzpfap yg&mZdu\ teD;jzpfaom
xkv’pöOf;ç 'kuú#fjzifhjzpfap ar;pdppfvwfaomf tqkH;tjzwf rcHvdk?
awmifajym ajrmufajym xdkxdkþþ tvDvD ajymqkdaeaom ,kwfrm-
aom tusi&hf adS om ]Oy0gV}uJo h aYkd om &[ef;tm; tu,fí yg&mZdu
rusao;tH?h qdik &f m usi0hf wfukd usiíhf oHCmxHoYkd oGi;f jcif;udk &vwHUå -
[k rSwfíç yg&mZduusol jzpfthH? udk,fwdkifzsufqD;vwåHU[k rSwfí
oHCmonf Úwdåpwkw¬uHjzifh jyKtyfaom uHrsKd;udk wóygyd,odu
orx[k ac:onf/
(aqmif
aqmif) ,kwfrm &[ef;zsif;? tmywf uif;&ef? jyKonfhuHyif? rnfwGif
wó ygyd,? odu [líac:/
7/ wdP0w¬m&uorx
wdaP[d = jrufwjYdk zif/h t0w¬&,
D aw = zk;H tkyx
f m;tyf\/ £wd
= xkaYd Mumif/h wdP0w¬ma&m = wdP0w¬m& rnf\/ usiBf u;D ç usiif ,fudk
&\/ wdP0w¬ma&m 0d, wdP0w¬m&aum = jrufjzifh zk;H xm;tyfaom
usifBuD;ç usifi,fESifh wl\/ £wd = xkdYaMumifh/ wdP0w¬m&aum =
wdP0w¬m&u rnf\/ 0d0g'g"du½kPf;&\/
oHCm ESpb f ufuí JG 0d0g'g"du½kP;f jzpfae&mü ESpzf ufv;Hk rSmvnf;
tmywfoifhvsuf &SdMuavonf/ xkdaemuf vZÆDoabm oufa&muf
(pdwfaumif;&)Muojzifh xkdtmywfrsm;ukd ukpm;apvkdonfhtcg wpf-
buf tjypfukd tjcm;wpfbufu azmfjyaevQif omí rcHEkdifzG,f&m
&SdaomaMumifh qGavçeHavjzpfaom usifBuD;ç usifi,fukd jrufjzifh
wpfcgwnf; zk;H tkyv f udk o f uJoh Ydk wdP0w¬m&uac:aom uHwpfrsK;d jzifh
tmywfawGukd zkH;tkyfvkduf&avonf/
xkduHaMumifh tifrwef BuD;av;aom yg&mZduç oHCm'daoof
tmywfEiS hf *D[yd #do, H w k å (vlEiS phf yfaom vludk qJa&;rI) tmywfrsm;rS-
wpfyg; tjcm;tmywftm;vkH;yif ajyaysmufavawmh\/ þokdYvQif
wdP0w¬m&uuHonf ESpfbufaom tmywfESifh 0d0g'g"du½kPf;ukd
Nird ;f apEkid af omaMumifh orxwpfrsK;d jzpf&avonf/ (qkid &f m uHjyKyrHk sm;-
ukd orxcEüygVdawmfokdY ½I/)
(aqmif) usifi,fbifykyf? jrufjzifh tkyfokdY? qkd;,kwfrsm;bd? tmywådu?
0d0g'ukd? r<uap&? orx? wdP0w¬m&uac:/
udpöm"du½kPf;ESifh or®Kcg0de,orx
orx ckepfyg;ukd jycJh&mü udpöm"du½kPf;ukd rnfonfhorxjzifh
Nird ;f ap&rnf[k rodomao;? odjYk zpfí udpmö "du½kP;f ukd rnfonfo h rx-
jzifh Nidrf;ap&ygrnfenf;[k pOf;pm;vkdMuayvdrfhrnf/
]udpö}[lonf tyavmueuHpaom oHCmhuHav;yg;wkdYwnf;/
udpöMuHKvmonfhtcg qkdif&myk*¾dKvfç oHCmwkdY pnf;a0;í oHCmrsuf-
arSmufrmS yif xku d pd u
ö dk Ny;D ap&ç Nird ;f ap&aomaMumifh udpmö "du½kP;f ukd
Nidrf;apaomorxrSm or®Kcgorxwpfyg;om jzpfonf/
Oyrm odrforkwfudpöç uxde'geudpö (Úwåd'kwd,uH) MuHKvm-
vQif tenf;qkH; oHCmav;yg; pnf;a0;í oHCmrsufarSmufü Úwf-
ur®0gpmzwfí NyD;ap&ç Nidrf;ap&onf/ þokdY ponfjzifh odav/
t"du½kPf;av;yg;ESifh orxckepfyg; wGJykH

1/ 0d0g'g"du½kPf;ukd or®Kcg0de,orxESifh a,bk,sodumorx
orxESpfyg;wkdYjzifh Nid§rf;&onf/
2/ tEk0g'g"du½kPf;ukd or®Kcg0de,orxç owd0de,orxç trlV§-
0de,orxç wóygyd,oduorx[laom orxav;yg;wkdYjzifh
Nid§rf;&onf/
3/ tmywåm"du½kPf;ukd or®Kcg0de,orxç y#dnmwu&Porxç
wdP0w¬m&uorx orxokH;yg;wkdYjzifh Nid§rf;&onf/
4/ udpmö "du½kP;f ukd or®Kcg0de,[laom orxwpfyg;jzifo
h m Nir§d ;f &-
onf[k odyg/
(aqmif) rkcga,bk? 0denf;jyK? Nidrf;rI 0d0g'g/
rkcg owd? rlVf§ ygyd? Nidrf;bd Ek0g'g/
rkcg #dnmOf? wdP,SOf? Nidrf;pOf tmywåm/
rkcgjzifhcsnf;? udpöNyD;? Nidrf;enf; þokdYvm/
oifwef;odrf;vuFm
apwem xufoefpGmESifh? pmykdYcsNyD;cJh (0denf;) oifwef;ay/
edAÁmefrsufarSmuf? qkdufa&mufatmif? u,fwifEkdif&ap/
pmwufolrsm;wGufawmh? &nfrSef;csuf axGaxG?
vkd&mpcef;rSm? txufwef;u? wufvSrf; atmifygap/
t&Sifaum0d'gbd0Ho
omoemhvif;a&mifMunfausmif;wkduf
yJcl;NrdKU/
"""
"kwif (13) yg; cGifhjyKjcif;

"kwif (13) yg; cGifhjyKjcif;

bk&m;&Sio f nf avmutmrdoudk pGeíYf ud,
k t f oufukd riJu
h u
G b
f J
edAmÁ efEiS ahf vsmaf om tusiu
hf o
kd m tm;xkwvf akd om "r®tarGcH trsK;d -
om;wdkYtm; "kwifudk cGifhjyKawmfrl\/
tydpä oEÅ K|d oav’c paom *kPw f jYkd zifh oDv\pifMu,fjcif;onf
jzpf\/ xkd*kPfwkdYukd jynfhpHkpdrfhaomiSm pwkyg&dok'¨doDvBuD;av;yg;ü
wnfaom a,m*Donf "kwifudk aqmufwnfusifhoHk;tyf\/
tusKd;um; -
tvdek nf;jcif;ç a&mif&h jJ cif;ç udavomudk cgwGujf cif;ç qdwNf ird &f m
awmausmif;ü aejcif;ç udavomudk zsufqD;jcif;ç or®yÜ"mef0D&d,
rjywftm;xkwjf cif;ç 'g,umwdYk vkyaf uR;vG,jf cif;ç jyifyudpeö nf;jcif;ç
aygYyg;pGm toufarG;jcif; paom*kPw f jYkd zifh tnpftaMu; aq;aMum-
um zGyaf vQmt
f yfonfjzpfí "kwifaqmufwnfo\ l oDvonf vGepf mG
pifMu,faom tusKd;udk &\/
t&d,0How&m;av;yg;
oDvtusifhpifMu,fvQif ouFef;ç qGrf;ç ausmif;ç acgif;yg;aom
tusifh&Sdjcif;[laom t&d,0How&m;oHk;yg;ü wnf\/ bm0emü
arGUavsmfjcif;[laom pwkw¬t&d,0How&m;üvnf; wnf\/
"kwif (13)yg;
(1) yHokul"kwif (2) wdpD0&dwf"kwif (ouFef;ü ESpfyg;) (3) yd@-
ygwf"kwif (4) oy'gepm&d"kwif (5) {umoeduf"kwif (6) ywåykdPf
"kwif (7) cvkypämbwåd"kwif (qGrf;ü ig;yg;) (8)tm&nuif"kwif
(9) ½ku©rl"kwif (10) taAÇmumodu"kwif (11) okomef"kwif (12)
,xmoEÅwd"kwif (ausmif;ü ig;yg;) (13) aeoZÆd"kwif (0D&d,ü
wpfyg;) aygif; "kwif (13)yg; jzpfygonf/
aqmif - yHç awç yd@ç oy'ç {uoedom?
ywåç cvkç tm&nKç ½ku©rlvdum?
taAÇmç okomefç ,xmoefç aeoH q,fhoHk;jzm/
(0dok'¨dr*ft&om-72/)
"kwifaqmufwnfyHk
"kwif y,fyg\/ aqmufwnfyg\/
1/ yH - *[ywd'gepD0&H y#duyd© grd/ yHou k v
k ud *ø orm'd,mrd/
2/ wd - pwkw¬upD0&H y#du©dygrd/ awpD0&du*ø orm'd,mrd/
3/ yd@ - twda&uvmbH y#duyd© grd/ yd@ygwdu*ø orm'd,mrd/
4/ oy' - avmvkypÜ m&H y#duyd© grd/ oy'gepm&du*ø orm'd,mrd/
5/ {u - ememoeabm'ZeH y#du©dygrd/ {umoedu*ø orm'd-
,mrd/
6/ ywå - 'kwd,bmZeH y#du©dygrd/ ywåyd@du*ø orm'd,mrd/
7/ cvk - twd&w d aå bmZeH y#duyd© grd/ cvkypämbwåu d *ø orm'd-
,mrd/
8/ tm&Of - *grEÅaoemoeH y#du©dygrd/ tm&ndu*ø orm'd,mrd/
9/ ½ku© - qEéH y#du©dygrd/ ½ku©rlvdu*ø orm'd,mrd/
10/ taAÇm - qEéÍö ½ku©rlvÍö y#du©dygrd/ taAÇmumodu*ø orm'd-
,mrd/
11/ okomef - e okomeH y#du©dygrd/ aomomedu*ø orm'd,mrd/

12/ ,xmoef - aoemoeavmvkyÜH y#du©dygrd/ ,xmoEÅwdu*ø
orm'd,mrd/
13/ aeoZÆd - ao,sH y#du©dygrd/ aeoZÆdu*ø orm'd,mrd/
teufay;yHk
1/ yH - *[ywd'gepD0&H = 'umvufa&mufvSLaom ouFef;udk/
y#duyd© grd = y,fyg\/ yHou k v l u d *ø = yHouk o l uFe;f aqmifavh&-dS
aomyk*Kd¾ vjf zpfaMumif; ukov kd af pwemud/k orm'd,mrd = aqmuf-
wnfyg\/
2/ wd - pwkw¬upD0&H = 0wfavmuf½kHavmuf av;xnfajrmuf
ouFef;udk/ y#du©dygrd = \/ awpD0&du*ø = ouFef;oHk;xnf
aqmifavh&adS om yk*Kd¾ v\f jzpfaMumif; ukov kd af pwemud/k orm'd-
,mrd = \/
3/ yd@ - twda&uvmbH = ydkvGefaom vmbfudk/ y#du©dygrd = \/
yd@ygwdu*ø = qGr;f cHomG ;avh&adS om yk*Kd¾ v\ f jzpfaMumif; ukov
kd f
apwemudk/ orm'd,mrd =\/
4/ oy' - avmvkyÜpm&H = vQyfay:avmfvDaom qGrf;cHoGm;jcif;udk/
y#du©dygrd = \/ oy'gepm&du*ø = tdrfpOfrjywf qGrf;cHoGm;avh-
&Sad om yk*Kd¾ v\
f jzpfaMumif; ukov kd af pwemud/k orm'd,mrd = \/
5/ {u - ememoeabm'ZeH = txl;xl;aom ae&müpm;jcif;udk/
y#du©dygrd = \/ {umoedu*ø = wpfae&mwnf;ü pm;avh&Sdaom
yk*¾dKvf\jzpfaMumif; ukodkvfapwemudk/ orm'd,mrd = \/
6/ ywå - 'kwd,bmZeH = ESpfckajrmufaom cGufudk/ y#du©dygrd = \/
ywåyd@du*ø = wpfcGufwnf;,lavh&Sdaom yk*¾dKvf\ jzpfaMumif;
ukodkvfapwemudk/ orm'd,mrd = \/
7/ cvk - twd&w d aå bmZeH = twd&w d 0f ed nf;uHjyKaom abmZOfu/kd
y#duyd© grd = \/ cvkypämbwåu d *ø = y,fjrpfNy;D onfaemufrS &aom
qGr;f udk pm;avhr&Sad om yk*Kd¾ v\ f jzpfaMumif; ukov kd af pwemud/k
orm'd,mrd = \/
8/ tm&Of - *grEÅaoemoeH = &GmeD;ausmif;udk/ y#du©dygrd = \/
tm&ndu*ø = awmüaeavh&Sdaom yk*¾dKvf\jzpfaMumif; ukodkvf
apwemudk/ orm'd,mrd = \/
9/ ½ku© - qEéH = trdk;rdk;aom t&yfudk/ y#du©dygrd = \/ ½ku©rlvdu*ø
= opfyifatmufü aeavh&Sdaom yk*¾dKvf\jzpfaMumif; ukodkvf
apwemudk/ orm'd,mrd = \/
10/ taAÇm - qEéÍö = trd;k ig;yg;udv k nf;aumif;? ½kur© v l Íö = opfyif
&if;udv k nf;aumif;/ y#duyd© grd = \/ taAÇmumodu*ø = vGiw f ;D -
acgifü aeavh&Sdaom yk*¾dKvf\jzpfaMumif; ukodkvfapwemudk/
orm'd,mrd = \/
11/ okomef - e okomeH = okomefr[kwfaom ae&mudk/ y#du©dygrd
= \/ aomomedu*ø = okomefü aeavh&Sdaom yk*¾dKvf\
jzpfaMumif; ukodkvfapwemudk/ orm'd,mrd = \/
12/ ,xmoef - aoemoeavmvkyÜH = ausmif;cH,l&mü vQyfay:
avmfvjD cif;uk/d y#duyd© grd = \/ ,xmoEÅwu d *ø = tMuiftMuif
ñTef;tyfaom ausmif;ü udef;atmif;avh&Sdaom yk*¾dKvf\
jzpfaMumif; ukodkvfapwemudk/ orm'd,mrd = \/
13/ aeoZÆd - ao,sH = ud, k qf efaY vsmif;pif; vSt J yd jf cif;ud/k y#duyd© grd
= y,fyg\/ aeoZÆdu*ø = xdkifavh&Sdaom yk*¾dKvf\ jzpfaMumif;
ukodkvfapwemudk/ orm'd,mrd = \/
"kwiftus,f (42) yg;

&[ef;a,mufsm;wdkYtm; "kwif (13)yg;? &[ef;rwdkYtm; (8)yg;
(cvkypämç tm&nuifç ½ku©rlç taAÇmç okomef -- 5-yg; y,fonf)?
omraPa,mufsm;wdkYtm; (12)yg; (wdpD0&dwf y,fonf)? odu©mrmef
omraPrwdt Yk m; (7)yg; (wdp0D &dwf xyfy,fonf)? Oygoumç Oygod-
umrwdkYtm; {uoedufç ywåydkPftm;jzifh (2)yg; avsmufywfukef\/
xdaYk Mumifh (13+8+12+7+2) aygif; 42-yg; jzpf\/ tm&nuifç ½kur© çl
taAÇmç aeoZÆw d v
Ykd nf; Oygoumç Oygodumrwdt Yk m; oifah vsmo
f nf[k
qdkoifh\/ 'ouedygwfvm tavmif;awmf uPS&aohonf xdk"kwif
rsm; usifhonf[k qdkygonf/ (0dok'¨dr*ft&om-83/)
t"dyÜg,frsm; tusOf;rQod&ef
1/ yHokul"kwif
okomefç aps;wef;ç vSnf;BuD;vrf;? vlvrf;ç rIdufyHkyg?
ukd,f0efnpfayç bkwfcsKd;a&? pGefYav csKd;qdyfyg?
rD;avmifç EGm;0g;ç <uufudkufxm;? jcpm;ç jywfpGef;ç qm?
awmifydkYç av,lç &[ef;vSL? ewfvSLç wHcGefvTm;?
okomefjyefxkwfç bdoduftkyf? ork'fç wHcdk;om?
ESpfq,fhoHk;[l yHokul? aumuf,l oHk;aqmif&m/
(0dok'd¨r*ft&om-85/)
þazmfjyyg 23-Xmewdw Yk iG f wpfcck rk aS umuf,í
l taqG;udk y,fç
zGyaf vQmí
f ouFe;f jyKNy;D vQif 'umvSLxm;aom ,cif&adS eNy;D ouFe;f udk
y,fí yHokulouFef;tjzpf oHk;aqmiftyf\/
'umvSLaom ouFe;f udk om,mvufcaH om cPü "kwifysu\ f /
plV0g#Dumü vSLol\ o'¨gudk iJhí ry,fbJ olwpfyg;tm; ay;tHh[k
cH,lvQif yHokul"kwif rysuf[k qdk\/ ewfvSL &[ef;vSL ouFef;rsm;
yHokul"kwifouFef;ü yg0ifonf/
2/ wdpD0&duf"kwif
ycHk;wifp&m acR;cHp&m tHoudk#f tykdxm;Edkifonf/ tdyf&mcif;
tHoukd#f þESpfxnfonf wdpD0&duf"kwifudk rysufapEdkif/ (bdu©KeDwdkY
tm; a&oEkyfç &ifvTrf;wbufESifhyg ig;xnfonf wdpD0&duf rnf\??)
3/ yd@ygwf"kwif
qGr;f cHíusi&hf aom "kwifjzpfonf/ yifí
h vSLtyfaomqGr;f rtyf
ukef/ qGrf;auR;&ef 'umwdkYausmif;ü csufvSLaom 0d[m&yuúbwf-
vnf; tyfonf/ oHCmxHrS ,m0umvduuif;aom aq;paom
pma&;wH tyfonf/ oHCbwfukd Oa'óbwfukd tvSLcHyg ponfjzifh
rqdkbJ bdu©mudk (= qGrf;udk) oHCmukef tvSLcHyg[k qdkí vSLvQif
tyf\/ ,ckumv xrif;jzifh rzdwf? qGrf;jzifhom zdwfMuaomaMumifh
þ"kwif ysufEdkifcJ\/ aeYpOf aqmufwnfoifhonf[k q&mjrwfwdkY
qdkukef\/ qGrf;cH r<ujcif;jzifh "kwifrysuf? xrif;ukd cH,lrS "kwif
ysufonf/
4/ oy'gepm&du"kwif
þ&[ef;onf apmapm &Gm0ifoifhonf/ rjynfhpHkaomt&yf
ab;&ef&Sdaomt&yfjzpfvQif y,fí t&yfwpfyg;odkY oGm;Edkif qGrf;cHEdkif
vwåHU/ ausmif;ü tvSLvmvSLol c&D;tMum;ü awGUqHkvmolwdkYonf
oydwf,lí qGrf;vSLukeftHh? tyf\/ c&D;oGm;pOfvnf; qGrf;cHcsdef
a&mufaomf &Gmudk tdrfukd ausmfí roGm;tyf/ xdk&Gmü tpOftwdkif;
qGrf;cHí r&aomfvnf;aumif;ç tenf;i,fom &aomfvnf;aumif;
&GmpOf tdrfpOfjzifhom oGm;tyf\/
5/ {uoeduf"kwif
wpfae&mwnf; wpfxikd w f nf;om pm;&\/ txl;xl;aom ae&mü
abmZOfpm;aomcPü "kwifysuf\/ qGrf;pm;í rNyD;ao;rD q&m-
OyZösm,f <uvmonfjzpftHh? xí 0wfBuD;0wfi,f jyK&rnfomwnf;/
"kwifrysuaf tmif ae&muvnf; apmif&h m\/ pm;jcif;uvnf; apmif&h m
\/ pm;rNyD;cif rx&/ pm;írNyD;cif xí 0wfjyKaom þolum;
apmifhjcif;ESpfyg; r&SdaomaMumifh jyefrpm;&/ jyefpm;vQif "kwifysuf\/
rpm;cif xEdkif\/
6/ ywåydkPf"kwif
qGrf;abmZOf,laomtcg 0rf;yrmPcsifhí oifh½kHxnfh,ltyf\/
pm;rukef rjzpfapvif/h [if;&Gupf rd ;f udk vufjzifh udik í f pm;vQif tyf\/
vufonf cGurf [kw/f tyfaomfvnf; oydwüf om xnf&h \/ 'kw, d -
cGuf y,fjcif;jzpfaomaMumifh wpfyg;aom opf&u G f ZGe;f wdu Yk m; qm;yH½k rHk Q
cGut f vdiYk mS rtyf/ q&mjrwfwu Ykd m; cHaomtcg cGut f rsm; tjypfr&S?d
pm;aomtcg wpfcGufwnf;om pm;&onf/ 0rf;yrmPoifh½kH ,ltyf
aomaMumifh uk, d w
f ikd jf yifxnhjf cif;udk tjypfrqdo
k if/h ae&ma&TUajymif;í
txyfxyfpm;vQif tjypfr&Sd/ cGufum;rajymif;&/ cGufü&Sdaom t½dk;
pyg;vH;k ponfukd vufjzif, h í
l axG;cHüaomfvnf; rpGet Yf yf/ MupH yk af om
tcg MuHzwfudk rrsKdEdkif&um; vufjzifh,lí cGufü pGefYtyf\/ ig;t½dk;
pyg;vHk;wdkYum; 0g;í rsKdomvQif rsKdcs? rrsKdomvQif vufjzifh,lí
cGufürpGefY&/ yg;apmifjzifhom ajrüvnf;aumif; cGufüvnf;aumif;
pGefY&onf/ ab;ü axG;cHrxm;&/
tcsKdUum; cHwGif;odkYa&muforQ t½dk;ponfwdkYudk wpfjznf;jznf;
pm;í rsKdcs&rnf/ rrsKdrlí axG;vQif "kwifysufonf[k twåudvrx-
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