The main hydro resource in Egypt is the River Nile,

with the highest potential in Aswan where a series of

power stations are located totalling 2 800 MW, with

corresponding electric generation of 13 545 GWh

annually. Hydroelectricity represented almost 50%

of the Egypt’s total generated electricity in the

1960s and 1970s. However, due to the increase in

the share of thermal power stations, electricity from

hydro resources represented only 7.2% of the total

electricity generated in 2015/16. Hydropower is the most mature of the renewable

energy technologies in Egypt, with an average rate

of growth in energy generated from hydropower

plants of 1.2% per year during the period 2011/12

to 2015/16.

According to Egypt’s Wind Atlas (Wind Atlas for

Egypt Measurement and Modelling 1991-2005),

the country is endowed with abundant wind

energy resources, particularly in the Gulf of Suez

area. This is one of the best locations in the world

for harnessing wind energy due to its high stable

wind speeds that reach on average between 8 and

10 m/s at a height of 100 metres, along with the

availability of large uninhabited desert areas. Moreover, promising new regions have been

discovered east and west of the Nile river in the

Beni Suef and Menya Governorates and El Kharga

Oasis in the New Valley Governorate. They offer

wind speeds that vary between 5 and 8 m/s and

are suitable for electricity generation from wind

and other applications such as water pumping.

Egypt enjoys favourable solar radiation intensity.

In 1991, the solar atlas for Egypt was issued

indicating that the country enjoys between 2 900

and 3 200 hours of sunshine annually, with annual

direct normal intensity of 1 970-3 200 kWh/m2

and a total radiation intensity varying between

2 000 and 3 200 kWh/m2/year from the north to

the south of Egypt. On a global scale, Egypt is one of

the most appropriate regions for exploiting solar

energy both for electricity generation and thermal

heating applications.

The first solar thermal integrated combined-cycle

power plant was constructed in the Kuraymat

area with a total capacity of 140 MW, including

20 MW as a solar component and 120 MW

as a gas-fired combined-cycle plant, funded

primarily by the Global Environment Facility.

The total area of the integrated solar field is about

644 000 square metres (m2), with a total solar

collector area of 1 920 m2 containing 53 760 mirrors.

The total electricity generated from the power plant

was 164 GWh/year in 2015/16. Accordingly, the total

annual reduction in conventional fuels as a result of

utilising solar energy in the Kuraymat power plant

is estimated at about 10 000 tonnes per year, and

consequently avoided CO2 emissions are estimated

at about 20 000 tonnes.

New

Environmental science is a branch of research that studies the interactions between human and
natural systems. Natural systems include both the earth and life. Human systems are mostly
made up of the world's people. Environmental science is a branch of study that combines
physical, biological, and chemical sciences to investigate the environment and provide answers
to environmental issues. Geography, zoology, physics, ecology, oceanology, and geology are
some of the sciences employed in environmental science.

Environmental science also includes environmental engineering and environmental studies. It

takes a holistic and multidisciplinary approach to studying environmental issues.

Environmental studies is the study of social sciences in order to comprehend human interactions
with the natural world.

Environmental engineering focuses on assessing and deducing environmental problems as well

as the impact of human-made programmes on the environment, as well as developing solutions
to assist protect and maintain the environment by removing pollution from the air, water, and
land. Various branches of research are included in environmental science.

Climate change, natural resources, energy, pollution, and environmental challenges are all
common topics of research in environmental science.

Ecologists study how plants and animals interact, chemists study the living and non-living
components of the environment, geologists study the formation, structure, and history of the
earth, biologists study biodiversity, physicists study thermodynamics, computer scientists study
technical innovations and computer modelling, and biomedical experts study the impact of
environmental issues on our health and well-being. The increasing complexity of environmental
issues necessitates the recruitment of experts with thorough, interdisciplinary environmental
science expertise. Environmental scientists and professionals apply their natural science
knowledge to safeguard the environment and human health.

Environmental Science's Importance

1. Recognize that environmental issues are global

Environmental science enables you to comprehend that environmental issues such as climate
change, global warming, ozone layer depletion, acid rain, and biodiversity and marine life
impacts are not only national but also global issues. To address these issues, a concerted
international effort is required.
2. To comprehend the environmental consequences of development

Industrialization, urbanisation, expansion of telecommunication and transportation networks,

hi-tech agriculture, and housing expansion are all well-documented and measurable outcomes
of development.

3. To find out how to live in a more sustainable way

Environmental science is more interested in figuring out how to live in a more sustainable
manner. This entails making use of current resources in a way that preserves future supplies.
Environmental sustainability does not have to prohibit living lavishly, but it does advocate for
raising awareness about resource consumption and reducing waste. This involves reducing
domestic energy usage, disposing of waste through disposals, dining locally, recycling more,
growing your own food, drinking from the tap, conserving household water, and driving less.

4. Efficient use of natural resources

Natural resources provide a country with numerous advantages. Because of a lack of managerial
skills and low-level training, a country's natural resources may be underutilized.

Environmental science teaches us how to make the most use of natural resources by:

 . Appropriately implementing environmental conservation techniques

 . Exploring resources with the appropriate tools

 Increasing the value of our resources

 . Ensuring that machines are properly maintained

 . Human resource training that is thorough

 Providing efficient and effective oversight

 Using the appropriate techniques to reduce exploitation

 . To gain a better understanding of how organisms behave in natural settings