Vivate daumets the dent requirentestahion

S 71S:
66 ta

MaryESTHER
tabe
tvrab
Ith
febaoaa Choll- rebuttEble

PRESUMPTIONS R ty- REGNDs ociENTS

adoutevietana
Arasvmphon a
coneuconboot
on exictrn@ Foet
or irre
precomptoncan be robutable utable
necds fUthoreutdene to
Irrebutoble prove t
he taken te L3a Uwless ctis
povee
EieenceAet expleun and
rebuteble relotable
prasom ptions

78 roUmphons as o gonuineus
of cerßfiedcopias
e genuine
Cevffiedopa
ananuva Jehn Bssco
found

PehitionNo 8ofaol6
are
e
tlecfovaGmmüsrion nor
flechion
Te tou eld het ence e
ChatvpeTonof t
Weebral mmi
considoredto
corfiasany
be qonuine
oleetoradorumeres e
-
recorelof
S.7 Psumphiona documentpmdoced
endenco
R itha
So reyomph'on c taaactas ,prateKets
,netsspetpere t
Pariamentavc etrercocomeuds
Al prued be genuine
 &ore o d
tocuino t
prasefedforeonf, most be proed
Aei c ganuine
Cda exeuted)

PROVE GENUIDENESS Of DacU NNEUT

Cerkifad copu g15 €idenceAot
Pelie Presumed be origuct
ecument S 16 roof o documants byprocnot orhfedccptes
J 7
Poof of other officcaldocumenk
S18 karumphionas to genuinene&sof cr
Rficdcopies

Houo o pore piratedocuments

G Pof
cttested
of execution
ofdocune
nt required b
las
Codhtion- One ufeshngsitnesssho s lveane wbsecf b

6f
He pocesr of tayt
obove rule
wdnes cantefourd
ctetinq
audiiting aud anceure
fou ,.
e ee fo prae

perse
U.61 1pavy adonitsexocuticn

S Tof oimeus denceC orthe cant recall

+ 0resompfhicae datumcusth
feavLold

Eviedency
astoppol

o to povo
Winasses
xperis
S-43and t+5 Eiden Act
 toth ob a02
Claifeatien
of bocimetayidonce
1 Atast (lo qn or otnassa docoment)
2: Unci
ered

oimesingtae executionef
Airerhoginvokos a
Siqna coumeut
docuroe

Soeuneuder be afertee
larriaqo
cerhRcate
Doccment franetornog
(and

8 ke an Pivedorunentu
Pubhc docunmavtr - S 13 fvidencoAd
boaumett »itin
pubhe space eq Jdqenecs
o can use a
Privote doeumonts
Documens
4
cerfifiecdcopy

rieone
othor than these spacifi
ee
in
e
I3 ial
are private
Tou necd the ongtna document for purposas of

C nmar cuncl eonder documorks

GI()dule
Genera
are mck
docunent
oach
Eapin2-opias
a saos gregment qnd
pimandbcument.
tro rocondaryeuidente
te aftover 6 docs
cdr

Secandayg eicden 6
PRooF OF ENECUTION
Pe omGuf-Kere produchon
t
aorhiticl
e
coy ct
By admission
Privade- ey iqneel torumet
euidevec tien anecperA
Oopinion
 60 t ettor
to the cfec thaf e codesks of docomenrts
may be
Proved b pomar SeContarueiclence

Gt Yhimam ouidenm meane te doroment tcekproducee for t

nspecionof te COUrt
KWeer a deunet executed_i eueralparts,
onch part
pimory evideno of te elocomeu

Ahere number of doeumeums are all made umtorm

ne
Proces,as in te caao et pinn
pinary enq,RHhggra
of e rett
phy rphobgraphy
cmd
th
are
dence of
eutdene
allCopies T
corterts
a ommon ori
of ttecorrterty
qinal
et te oñqinal
e ave not Pomem
sheve

Ga Secoudlonyeutdence
anclodes

c
and means
Lereafter cortatvod

Copio«

Tompaed
Copi
made
Ahemmrehres enaove

Smade
Coutrpars
iih
e accovacu
those copies
om e compared oit
of doaments
t
certBed topiesqivenundlor

om te eTigna mechanicalProcesses
coPY

e
toprovicions

and

ongina
Copres

parfeswhe hidnd
uhichh

execute tem
Ora acouks e oteutuea dcwvavf qieny so
percen sho asbimselfor hercelfscen e
documeit to be provod t
mal.Patiascan make rorrmal
of doe exeutkon docomeuks tn eimenal
admissions
proceedongs

Vroef
of aud gnethores
handoitinq
Hhere
or ccqned
necessarytoproYetheta doeumee aa covitten
by a parficular
person thareare thwee say
eectaueenco fronscneone iuqueshonthetwte
oYctened as te cae mayb,r bu direetevidena from
Sorneene else sho sastCa percon
itinglsiug thdoc
iden from orneone sithte andiorn o
fanmiliar ting
tteperconCn queshon
(ompancon etten ckssiched u rmess alla
fo qivean
Cxpert opinion

Section CsideneAct definesa docom entto mean mater an

erpresredor dosehbee upon anyg wktanea means leter of
FiqoresO morks,er more then one of those means,qdeded
to be sed,
ahichmag be osedtbv te porpore ot recovehinq
or
thatmartter.

S.aCc)toeumomeY eieon meant alldoeumorts proehuceelforffe

on of
&epe eti te towvt
lanaanin a doeumart
EsidonesAet, any handarit
tupe prininq,
vontpq,
tanazbe shing,
y
a fom
one ot thoe med ns
t
Phetoctets and eoery reording

c
commummcatton
may be
upona
r hon
representa
sec for purposeot recordin
any mater,providee hat quch recovehne t recnsona pomanen
and lable yiqkt
 iq
acznuks ncadoein
alefbauk
ifnot
irconvenient
ct ouleb
lihgesion
dosirigt
fov 4 impassi6le,
,
bawkersocks t producad
on
evercccasscen
der 3,acopy_ef any onhy en a bankersboo
admmsie inallo proceecldng.s as pimataie evidenoee
uch cny and of
alto ransachionc acounds recordedb
and
enh
U.4andS Set out a fnsto basatiRad
nomberot ondi
befove he co s
tdmitfee
the book must be one of tfa
ovcinarybeoksof bauk te
#he enhry must have een made in te
ordinaj
t
toume
ouciness
book must be a
crdodo tonfol fte bakand
copy must have been examinedaqainst te nainal
onry
foundtobecoreet

Poonoebe quen b
an oficeof 4a bak
oove apphas o ladgers, oralafhdav
day bsks,cashooksacou
boes

on
VRooF oF EXECUT (OD
Genera sle ve
Pore
Cct
OF

reltna
dn proper
o clsoprove thatte dawmaud
y
bocunnENTS
o na
om the Confentsofoeuma
thedowe
murt

novma vequvesprootthett aa duteeuted his

person sho as
oas_made aned orL6tge
oalesed to be 4e athor
and shere te docment andlor
not raid
a
(oimessedA)
requfnec
thad ha lgaly
atore
persns signa
unless
sd
tnessena
duy
attesta

Ci
ncivil
proccedínqs
cf a doetment dsco
autheniciff
deeme
cee to im
qpas t.
to admit
nser 3
Pavt
Procedure Rolas onlesshe seves nafhio
thct e ises
 bocumENTARÍ EIbEVCE
Doeumewts mut general
and autherhcefof e
prorce
doaumet
a itness e canvevif

Documarts need eparcteonsicovahon

rulessmch requlate
becase Of teparhieu
Xhovo aitassmaprove fivct,
tuecorfennfs
documemt;nd eond,the cwe execufionof e coumet
dosumam hactatorntnial
relevan2 vitoe
ofdrcoicten
A a Teeove of a facta dotunont may erreconciderabl more
eiattan oraltasfimon abouithe 4aet uill
qenera have been
mace af 4he ime,or acfleastmuch nearerthe tme,of thefacs
et and
vecoves, cTerms aresetfled.

PRcOF of Tte cONTENTS ef

bocwNENTS
Upeeial
GtatutoryProvicion-
Documorts
ofpuldie roch as vanos pasefpubhe
naore,
record,arerequent obroet statutoryPmicconac
pecial
Sts out certainformahtiasfor proof ofthem
faet of a
pereons bivthor decrth can be poed y te of a
prodoction
coti
fiod copy of an enfrun the reqateksof 6vths and
deaths rerpechix
c

odgemertof 4he Couv

of Xepea
or Hiqh Couvr can
Prored ecal proccechnso*teprococion etanoffieopu
made Te Confraloffaor tiiet
reqssryen He stch
foelqamount tlad
Incnmivalprocecdoqs a preriour totct
onof percon
canbeproved
eidenehat
b he proen ta
the
cer cecfe of anol
corteion
4he pevcon ndmed cerfifcote
ass uinc
oeen corietedos the percon
Ar
gaelc piatedoumeutr, 4fe mot impart rpea!
utoatstthtoryPronston ae cofti-ed n fe Beinkers'
Eook Emdenc At 879 Gvon ho fequore wrth hieheicden
t
 AbrOCCIONS (16-23)
de4inosan cet
mission as a o or
Hatenent,oral
hchTgartsnny inferon arto any tacttnusrue r
üse oyocornersta
fartnne macde am)H fe pevcoaand inta
Telauont
erecn afterimehonec
credtntanas,

Gerciarle
of adnmustons,
They Trc
aemiible
aqaint+Ce parhwho makcs Hem
hece ct e in favour f the ad
parfyshomakas them
ercqoi
setoas
1The adsttnq
poh muct be he capacththat
the uit en makig e kuk im
,ea
aelnisriev ou nustcilI
17 oroor deternetto biud
patnership
4pecs person fro
be cn
tte to-patmer.
homte parhiosto tevuit
of
d
eerive
4t
their n te subeetmatfer of
iteot
the ult haue
ler
cesedi (eqcn admi
admible orlede, ttolemeutb
exctete
e deceaved are
a
wemniudhotor, terat,
of
tansterocc
tetemetrof e reller
can ato be tanstec
ascc
3Goncre quchfcafion are
sqoit
ochfeu ae wade te ene of
maele at
Ore us ce
oninqthe oninan admiestou
iterost

i
of tte
a ea and pereons
makiq4e tateonevst
4e mu ave ecn.mae
uellere_tedemert
mæ

b
e
Gn Odmmcsio

e fe ad
4te defeneta
a
iqoeshe
admitce as aqaiwst
d macde
tectermevtf
o, Leforehe becamo
te rfefemest
etfemesfnotmnof u
fort
brdoar o amouytfo

admmoctvator sf hts
erfote
ownes

ate
troth abe the m 4hircae man hac roiracte hs
cofosrion
te Sprorme cou aco omphariae that &
ontarrion, ielas
fol
a reracte cofession
oond normalkysuppo owichion
unless
Coroboraried otherauiedene uthaf the courtmightdo so
inte rcurtancosof the cae Hat
atsfiod ta
oterron e tmoe

Procecdure
The
to make
ou mut
made
im
Afer te
akinqa
acCULed
conterion
percon ouet feol free
the confarrio.
aceatathe anquage
rearonbetugon

stotemont &a
i
i
pertartcause trecorfariorm takendouon vorbafin
tt
4he tme shan he
here muct be a cautionndmnicterec
on ito
ach fe corfecci
Lanayaqe aulco
mgy roquireoau tucterpreter.

recorded4shouldbe reacdback
be
r
t
acked

to the accwrod do con frm 4hat thats

ohat e ctefed ffter
Confmatsontke acced t asked o sianpy+humbpriut as a
e pereon taktg
doon e tonfesstonhotrld
iqnof appreral:
akso uinnthe decte e cofasston ndfA
ti
e a magictrate,

mq)that pruelent
be thost hey ose a cautceal. importan
Ao note inthie sosion the accuseclghouldnot be croas okamiv

Ou the cauhon R onere he recovchuq

CL6Ue of Kaggu ha*
offtcofailedto ad mintetera caufionaud dt Loaa lelel
4heve oae meofftcteut Comoane rt a roleset tahiua
donn conferrionethorofove+Ce eletemet oastuadmiesikl

nedo Sebygoat
th at te reaaen ou tie ewedence
c
ce conctelore
Cp hele
saaostktd ce beeause 4e CACULec cannottest
taseeutden ef Tuth naturo 4taf
ec
The ma keraqoaTuet im
ovthin crass on
examnahi st
 lead to a
ehachen Cme repuettation
e bq shich the canf
arthina
iwechgahg
tia
e h.
tial.
pvocess
tre ts deude e
letse n uhetho & r
choslelbe admite nat.

heyehracfedeontescion
le cottue qnalleld tact
obe d ith
obe reale eautionboforefounchngte covichen e

Ond hathee muet be ahsfiee Callcireumctcnc

COurks

thatthe (as koe Katov Uganda)

Confesion
Coufs bave alro helhathereene ulefhatthe.Tott
cannotaeton a rehacted repucterted o
confassiunvnleass
iu

merfen parhculars:
khatexirts roleof pruelencef
requivemetFOY vobor cekafhiongav
ation(Judeciapruelen R
a004 EA 333

InWamqunyuv R 9T6 8S EX 6 ct Sac eldhetslena

corfosiem ,itd
refractedor repvehateco both desirable
anrl
ook Housorerf
for coroboratin the tout c
t& o
<aKghec.
tha the confession truethaeforeand thattherefore
t acton dtt court mgy do o euen LotCeoteonobahon
Grt nere alsoheleh repochiateor rotracte confcisic
aro euide
nce et the voeclcct ktvelggeine e core accosect

Amos v Yaamda,
Hhe admiscdbikik
ta a heidthatiti
ite tatse
laus

pamurf be iven
ehana
confecsion chalenged,
thenthe cbj
to ectabheh his of
ial
obfechiontouqh
a tia wtin a
othin trial
tial pposeofa
eOr her qron
rounedc
iawth
e
icles shcther
te
e confacicm
to deccde om
esed be
eviden
ndmntfedbaau
C
beh

couf connof m
Loskinq af 4Ce stertement
co
elee
haf oas ma de otortar ik:In gada4hct
-13
d te s auel
Haaule 1992
a
- HC the
Goprcme Goort retterccte cfafcol
Lthiaa tialdhootcd &ave kocon Leld ta
h atobls
 preoelteorope of avafeaq
R Zvekas
Le acasced
o)ISI kLR
charaedLoith theftofa coinboxfioma
L
telehono_bodth and on aYrectno askad
telephone e
petfi effia
K make aGatomat wlfou qiue me ba noo?*the
posce oRcar saidfas"and he ma de a corfectonhe cuft
t
eldthec marde ro dhffercn@thertte acwsechad kneon
the pohe otficernad ratceethe qvochonef badl audfheret
atettemeutOas t recuft ef an indotemetoa
made as
bercon Cn duthorntaud e toichion oad be qvaabecd
nduecmetoperetesdiffercntfon dcferentpeope shaets
importat o to he
coneider cffeet ef thore tnducemets

on hoçe paxieUle TCCUsed peveGnS

Nlseng R CIs4ER
ILe 4ou nd tfertink ohetherou'reqoug
vords cldbthetouttaue corttate
tellme not" ere
inphedret
bse tte man Xaael cpeud coe
ocpectt
aud d been ubeetedto
tHimecn a pona cusfod-i
concfatiterrogatien
mnd they ave uuolly
challevgpod
Confeccions can
be ehalengee
orepdiah on

i
in +e process raaction
case s lusa mot vaonde
ane
Locus classicas betseona vetkracted
shere tt nae the bect diefinefion
Cotassiconoccors
when te
a retracfeed oaS
ate comessicn; a te tttemem
Yeputhi he nade confessiun
admitshet eleck
shet aa vecor
accwced seeks to take baek
to make a
recorde
no hote as forced
cwrs here te
0n theqround of confeccicn
qenerdl whereas repudiation
tatemnent. cenie s makiinahrtgtatemeut
NOTE

nordoroproue a incindua
onfecaiontmortbe gocdnfo
nd
Lfvolovtary asbeenmade to tte eortectathonf

Niygunason of Gimam R v
o
as eldthat t s
magicateto exaine
in which
circumtanar
in
e
doty of every udqe or
the closestcarecrtenfianall
cowfessionnas beonobtaied
t
ifthatpercen as becn
pavficulan
onq peíodof hme
e di
pohieocto forc
Opon the
before
maktnqthe confegion.ecnu g
proscalhion a
to prore arffimafwelthod
haubccn olutanmace and notobtainec confasrion
unlasfulquetiomng or other impropor
methodsand fhat
ye
imprope
any
tnducementto ma ke te ame nad
te mindofthe meer coaned operate cn
at the tme efte mukiS:
Cbealcvito dorahonindotatuig teconfecctem)
Uaauda Ergusay
extracted
and aner, itsasLel Eta coufecsien
e
ofOruve tan aavellLe satd t be
oloetarynd hat the
ot on coictao
adeonobtained
reracted
tthe_count as sodhshedthartonfeceton
as olu
POper she &
tsas
ntaruand
porhiular
S coreborafe in
smatena

brahim
e
N heKonq (17+1)Ac

taken
appellant
mordere

and acka o eo
totgopeiooffcar e
anothorOtheerand shen
oas
doe a
soch
? aud te appellaut ced
renceless
fr3 4 or
nas abugae
da4s
aet
itLof a me. 7
aneu
da
kalledhmCnappaa gautha. ctonof th
nenic
on Ha baaicfhat4
rtaloment
as
Cout eld et 4e a ppellauts iolutaryA.eAppec
covfecdonas
olumarstatemet bce itde ndt made hom tear
Uneler
Proved
t
quilty
e
2e of arstitution
haveloreercom
euer peLon
as añgttoncnmiincte
ínnonf
himselt
unti
ocemaincient
Beonda vagndalT+A
peTfasicn ad
been nade meicheteba aepellar be
tsho as abne oihte aase apattrormte torpreter
tialJdae dhodd haue een Precert Appellaud Commcted as
of murderanc emenad o docth on te baaisof volorstart
Confessionand CirCu
metarhaloidence u ppea Courfheld
thetthepoced ureadoeed ky ttemaqkchvedte
corect Court torthortetedthet tho o oalSamonded

t
Xa

becase haresorefrequort ome othout

submisrions arhhisa
confesiensere otainedpoficdifiarsthrouq
e
Inmuctetand eren use of Force: oas veo kao irterded
eneure 4fhe cofeseions d on are tul
veie lutar
Before IA tdemade
confacciorns pof officer
he tfolaus

ie
sho_Lsere of or above butlerer,
rantotcorporal
was a mende d make a confessionto be macde to
anIn
pohce offcer s ong as here Loasa
fortheramended and
aee
coifestion b
t
porcon_wh
nous
precet
agicrate
inS-
a3-.
fov she
es

ostodet otharhallbepiovedgaiuct
pofio qnyeh
i made te mmedtate ef prasea
perEon_ Unlas et tun

paha sthcer of_or

above tavauk otKcisfaut
hpoctuo
c
General or beore temagirtveteBt no pCC
e ghaf covicf

n offencecotekenthe oats
ofaconfasrion madla

oder paraqraphB unleste fesnion ey

Cornoborafeel

matenalevidene ppcrhnqe tonfecciunimphcahg

Person
iall
e
out dengcr
4f
cetleet cod
baae aconvition
hooldnotbene on
may,if cautionstself
d retraefedconfescion
uncorpborerte
luoaos Uganda (9ca)
of totngso See
tiallue ehdt eired
EX34h thevetant Cne te ecY ned
4he
mind to the toet comascion
theet oppollants Las reracde
melcc the ummng op
notesor re usse.ssovsheappea
nor repucitod
to al to confassionsas netther retracted
Not uvpisinql thorcfore e
cid not cauffonhmserton te
on it.
We Vnd dovef ouever Hcf tte
danger ot reinog
rard o e
toaned ticaset
appellantetaete 40 confekrionshen he ourf
tt actmitfed te otonm hen PWa avdttoaac
im Caut of Appea appears ave taken siesftct
contescion s lke
ewokorated- m
Appscrl
he,on
von teappollant iscn adwitfeddurtb
n

e mannern e lo kdledim aindfeplaahe

desenbed
nisbe t osthothnesses
ompecd indetalas an tncider
e Rod cttho eidensot Pea ond Poscookorated
t of a appollanten e admfed eringkalledtte
doceane B
bofR

rareuqim
e astdone
Conrdkorzhive
cortecsienor
tedo to confrm 4Eet tre appeilart
imphicedeCe qppell
ottorsise ant
mead
in a
cionofte otferm:
Commi (G Wasoda nor Ua) R vBaskern
36-17)t er 38
heltimae
receionq
ntders
af
a
ebcetiveueelužu
w emdene

e the ue fat"
proicios
diccooqnet
ad eimngtheseproons
falUpon
of Sec a7 vohose
Tonfme
toavois
s
ecionalemuet
hothof
confeseTons

e r
i a
SoeBaouebuzaSusaibu nkovmekion
Uaamda
hemare prQrente
maqctr eete o poh offee ofhipolarte
ank cc notevtietent
tomekethe confessiom
evidence mot 6e provedthettt ddmtsribla
c
tov h
purpoce e Iade LOCLS
olutan
Nimicter
ce opposa to make volesof
oY recovetinq
on accosed porconsBse_heenui.sag
he startevnouds
les aue not baan made,tn
Peocdove

admihrative
qutdehnec
a
praci
sc out by te Chief
t
coUts Xave adoptecd

cdcofassions to be usee
hi to oncore
euieenee avemadla rolowtav
festoAndrog nsfter N
anda) ScCA No.i ofIT98

teewned ie Joelqevwa aireo tuetsnatn eaid

nnq to Gecho
reter 23,
ledGechon oas o aps to cotascionsmade to her
authenticske chiofs eKsPoheottices torsteccion
chief e ond may
arissi macle t
ae acted upen that
prsvided
t es n Leen promiKod neurcvnctt atorpromise
thro i
ermeof oc 25 ot ndeneAet

S29*aud socucto to gbscne

NaarneeJodaereierredfo
OpaoKiolo tafipcoa tatrolloesiq tho coufecaon
of f
acaced the oo ot the deceaacel voartound q octha
tussfedoeek dt te verpla vkere te acusee has tof
kidledae decenned trase circunistancas
fhe a ccopee ean o
succassttaqve and e did iu
noft e
event, thad the eifassi
on ds
exhactedcovitran
to

pronsto-ns o
sec a3 and of tnencaAt
 madeS appellaut
to
t
and lefor Aolo
Lt offials
report
Pkl3amoortedt
a
oithootcomphanca w
cofesci
on and
ta lao,
OpedorR
that bot
orsmade
uedo laveboen dmitheeincuidenco Coomco itirt
eel
erial
tout
om
paviuii toatinrpaadreiin
oroleking
Contaccion an na
accused percon LC Ofictalcoeve Cn Krame
poxifionas odminickasveofiials, vatherhan cs poh ofiars
conelueledthe the Couks bebs evved n
e
ts
loasngthe appella covicho
on th cotescion

oattaoqoeming admienbik£of tonfescienmade bu

percon accared of
ial iscowtaiwed tn seehiens ,
Ciminaofenuasoudene inis orL
The said Na comec cto cay hen an accwced pereon rerac
or repdiates acontekrioTnbuted kimor er-
Sec 2 vedevE

eba
nadmisciUeany afecciommade
pevcon
im custod of a ohce offior onlossdt Cc made tn
immecicte prescnceof a nagistrateor ef a poice otficer
of or
above the rank of Assista
mesecY (H doas notapp
Or who
comescon made pya
n he tocto d
personoho t
not costDg
of apyoneot&er han police
n
othca
S. at a t
pplies contesci on s u
accosedperowheareve

i
and henewer madeand rendersinad ag
missible
Cofession sh
volortariy
eh S no Shousn to
aue been d
29 permmucie,iftondorsantcible nefottihct
the proncisnsot S at and as so much otan
info(tduwdinq confession)recetvedfio
peteon as ai
m anaccus
einet eds btaicouery a matenal
tatt dteposed toat is tialas so
tl
ditovere
Ihoreupon Ope ce.aretedthe appalat
L LC1 Chaimanacconpamiea
ther
avd tock
LCL offiaals
o
and illager
tothe oe
Onreceiing fhe repo om Opeeor the Chaimanone Aolo
tmmanuel talkodto happellant and the laterreiterated
thetLe
ad killodhe use he oas a oiaard
decoasedbeca aho ad
lled LisCappellanis)
killed dt
He dhelase
people. Lad say laie
Le
thedeccasedon the fom the_marketanc ad killae
ey
himo He akso doscribedthe pla sarele Lad
chapgelathon
et4e
left
od s
booAs
discoueved
aarasuH_ of
e pla
thatin
ee
thedecanaeels
forrnatin
lad desenoed
opeollant
found inthe
itha broken neek
Conehfion , had mentiomed nota

he hialhe duoo oitnesrastarifcd to nosefacts,

bu cuah eappellaut Ldpleaderdnst uithy,e eid not

challenge of shat
admicribilifi S
dea a confassisn
tt ttn
Enme OY Oerc Ae otmeresCross examed en
Onsoh tatemeut in nie defence aseerthe appellavtaniedd

kihng
med
+o eteaetaundaeevfee tthataffe beigaerfe
deg #e fshenhe s
n offen beaton oy
Pa and one gama,Le admtfedit aavne tialJodq e

and acceptee dnctead,e cotelen

prareruhion
ibelievce
muveerand
cofe.creto fovndaf fa
cOntassion ortrue.le ta
Couf of Appoal upt.eld findaqs

coUY as one one_ qoune

esPpea to ris errered inkans ane
1Let eanedP GppellateJIhtes
baaeel oY an
ferconsiethUn
Tact nut made as
m
Confesi rhareaS nfeSeiuhw
alleged bao Lan i9hred.
las ond thercforethoufd
requi
ne by
ganda booWabaire ourt paporhen reordana
Confesrtonmurt be
Hteme nf troa)
sritHendosn on
the dCuSed
langS

CoNFEKoNS
he aic ecfine ne
ofer uome definifon
Kinq mpero (13)1
Ssami ALL ER 316
ord tkin
detinedcovfassiuns
as sttemevksohiehtheravce
mckes
ththe purpesa ofadmttma Folquit
of 6e cfene
ehevqee or insobetartial
evms the nqredies
of tha offenge.

Inwinamaci
ko
confesion
anda I17Hee
s1 s
othinthe meaninqct S23 of EicencaAt
t
het a cl
means a
stte
met iohiahadmisintevnsetther
an offenee or
al the facks tdastati
ohih coruhfstean ottence

Ueand
an
vMutahanzo , t es eldthatthe confessiuncouldbe
uncquiocaadmissionot harinacommitledan act hichcn
Iau amouted t a enme or
qenerartas all
subclariall
faetshich
consstute he otfense

Kedi Kevfia
of a001)
UqavlaGSaprane Court Cm Xope No.it
ppellcnt arconctedbqn Ceu poY murder o ner
tep fatherbongan Vicov.fe
appealedto tfo coutot
Kppea aqatnrtthe conmi
ena the
Htt appeal
etion:
eeond appeal t aschcmirce
4hie couvt
faets On whmch
SprOime ca)
dre bnef On
covich
on sas banec
31 arehb T18 4Ce deccaed voovet to
ve market and did not veturn
daume tet TL
moning#he Ppellau
folloroinq voewt to one

a
Lci tor
Secretary
Pda ond
detena

veportee to
Opeclor
oloqaue uidenwat
hm 4hat ne ad
e tia
killad
istep {ater He preiousda
 dentificahion
rope idenhficatin
can ecthervpportov robtan
imeran
Sertale gade leefifcaion
Rocdore focomdoctipg iada
Coindoet of corvettidenrtißicaion
133tA nda v imbueGeorge kiluon c CrArp3t115

CONfESIONS ANb ABOKESIOKNS

Ciminalca
case
-When dTe
eu made
Casas on (eadinq
list
10&f
Reledes n
facs isrue

xplc Sec 23 CoKsas

tacksuroonding vnakiu e
antasrion
S 4
of repchdted
lteermont orehracteel
cotassion
Inatthin
a ma

ommons

adm
netancasshore touvfwill opmione
of oxperts
Opinion
Coffassions- 27 shon
a peope ave teen
ofersion rmadey one mJLT
e ae
oocnmnnte
fov offene aud
both pavhas

o-acuceel
d
that ooulde defwltfo caceive a casetn
Klandiadbe R

tonfesion
Couf
shich t could be improper
f a
Covoloahe evidente
Cove
hud
coicten fe onapporteeevidenaaffrcdccl
accwjod.
ek
Gu
be
alco held that t
notoecessaryKhaf
tsoppata Comichon
uuthciert
Tacksom Zitav pnda of oice
Saabuse pnde>(elerrificarfion
ScChm Xppea
No 1 of acsT
and aasauted ome gMe and kept them
prollant Atdnappecd
otfch doctoroloelped him
fatherooet to
a
ebosh.
in lle
take im o to boch ohere
he le
wee legivls
usere able

eard imkpocd
votco ecavetexq alauis
to recoqntso
father on phone
their
nsJefreypmeiePopublic
Porki

telaionrs
ms
peksonpertor sexoalasravt a serconCdilel)
ohom a
Parerrte ( he offenc orns to
resonnibikts ganravat
doplenenf

Sechion £icdena
At
Com mon tenhon
-
Conspiraey
Aeused mombers ere patof Hhat cospî
rac

Conspinac
An
greomet fuoo or more pereons o conmmrt an
unla
usfu coopleel thitento acmeve
aqreemeus,ebsecire
auc achon fact ftlvtevs
an aqreerne
Or 0omnchon of both for nlaufalRrpoe
Secthion 0. hen aets nof otersicerdavevetbecane releact
é hconeirtencass
Confradciefions Pharectonca whiehae
mao
heaccwsee ceae
,
fios tey murt
and
e
iey
the root

gnoves
caR
ae
mut be rolecon
mmor and dehberecte
Sechon 8 factr c uhodoaeorexplaturelevant faoks
Mae* rolouaF Fercon cleinnsahbi
S:
8 connoced o 10 shen aderesringiterenc
nnstanial
Corcu evidenaencuPay
euidencinnooce
ofPerso
Faets refasfocawe
aith
inoncicfei
Ahbi
on(dertifieaion
con fican arades
eKprasco
asemblas e
prmen
oer #ienq
tho a
or pekson o
nngorpersonarepd
thuch that
bonadehRe
ikelto behe car
Ho1oos court adnitsivae idenhktg
Nalbolere nor anda
h ideree adidfosivqleidetihe
leoksdel
dictonee Kq

n Criminacoe,
tte ielefhsfcrson C ver mporfane
ealuaaus impotat
Procoss
mut
Povson ielenfiting ae reen or oloservede acosecl

denfYnG penron must Amve acaetMeel

impression
s or Iner
ot ind at
one nao
3 Klertepichore.
Same
esHmea Qndene
S
muf
Cne skm tas
Ame of lderhfcahion

sthopiñonot hid
net be taited
mut
acvsec e

perties
ime aen in, accosee ts mporta
detifiiusq
ioreadsoo sceoends,identifcahon
uate be imprope

Qganda Kakoaa 4 One

ttoB
mart ave hod
5 Oppotonmh loainq.
properdehihicathon
sUFRcterdtime dentityte pevcon me o dau (ca
kal dentifiers
eye siqlt ,ne
di«faneetueen
denh er andqreusedpreviousknoledq of dno*er,
ravon fom a
Singh
aone orfd
,
Circuinmetartial
evidena

oterpethesis
be
isthet edena
Serteset events

out kldthat eiraustancta

tisregewded
qutt
vshich

edence
tt
uuless
s as a ofa condlo
resutt

when d stand
coneisentwithay

CoNFEIONs
aanca Okemu teven
Sa3
3t liceor magisvate
Cofeurionsirrelevant fit cused violence

Courieoerk

nelouiovery
Qnd oles
exclugican

KELSION
Kasqestoaeic a pinetple
thee makec
facts,
o
4aloasthe factn
troe
resgestaei veem
SS £icdenceAt klhafconshitutes irvelouot
e Fachrfthaf
celate

desue
srrponedvaeireumelencasto hos
oas caused osla
tidenceAd exdain
&,Nlakivdi R y
res qastae
motive preperetion
and oondoet
linkamanyivegamdla
Chorlas case-Xe
&pacre run aoay ferfearof hiskfe
Shseque cOruct
Kreparaion ook ct proximit
a boas te
person ewe sotheie
Aie to Fmoltea etenout

Aamathan case
 d to be dhich may be osad
Cose means,idende ov
of
porpose recor at vsee
martte.

boctnetaneidea of fla
20) C means allcocumerts produceed for the inspochon
cOUrt

Nuanai
v
Ua,the couvt n
rolloot Rv Maqeue Alaccpted
a tape

that ct couteuot
recordiunqa
documevtar evidenmphaatun te
be obbed of tochnelogu thafcoule be of oseto cou

does
ll
Prima fatteeidence
Thi rofensothat eniden
taot be presumed

a
hi
exit
evidena
net tmoOnt tocondostre tmake
couvf oY
ch estabhiches faet

ibual
md 4naf
unlessthere ts couhavyeutdenc

aFindlanaa
onoua For
eu lardivection.
porti

Peal fmicene
Hefevc eidene ta macten oal e ppical
vatore

Siweet evidene
co ose d intoocenses
voov iveeteviden maybe
4. When &t dichnqpida e
from earsay
a porcondho oas otct te veene ho didoof
evidencue relateev to qiveeiden
he fact bot sho omos to couvt
erceive
ofwhaf k
tre oCcUance proot eY to prove thetrothedness
ev dhe oS told.
2 n trom endenca.
animetantal
diskiquidhed
bivect evidence means eidene in te Rret instanceev divect

perception
 Pelgmiverydefimikiens
aet
seetiona()eof€vidence At
nrthinq ,Gtate of thineps
or relation
ot ingscapableof betg
porcctrc bu anses, and
bRn metal
tonelihon hihany percon sconscious
2 tacd issuL
S.a
C)f nidento
Neans and indlodes anu att
Connecton wth etheraets,
from hi
ch otther dtself
the ekistenca
non existena
ev d

o natureer
etent any rield, liabilyk esabilitq
or d
te or danned
asser
many uit
or
necassan Ilotas
proceeding,

txplanedkon-
onenever Under te
Time belngin or velahing
pro tonsof fe lauov tha
cYm pro@due ,ancoutvecorde
ssue ct fast fad be asserfedov denied
awiSRr taa ecue is a fatn sue.
tte

Cra eidene2CD6
Means
ma de before
vder ing
t
dtafement which the
b
courtparmitsor
,in
vequiresto
ithessas relation nertfens
e
ofa
Court
Seetion2() a,iueludesalludaes,maqistvates,urorsand
assessbYS and allpersons,
to tahe evidenm
exept abitrafo eglauthon'secl
document
1)b means
b ny mater oeseibed c
expressed ugom
sostan o mavksbmoethan
ofetersigores
means
R
sas
te
Be (115)
1LR 12sa
Leled

paseuhon
defonta of
f
tede
ina
tecoacucee
auiden e aind,
meavs euidena
madeialrecpect
hoc
iehondermines t
Fuppot

satcdo be qiuenagainsT
euielencacannot be
co accuse ir
ct_effettf beltovoe to rarslt nofCo hiscomihon but
of hat offene lourfsent ahead that Boat
toay
acqvrtal e
d te dofonco of Me Guinacs
eoidence unclemmne preriouconmicKon

ofbrucevoere (orovno admited1ke upped oas qos

icmicced
on qoend hat t
och widenco eacks to an acquittahen
endence gainetc accuced
e
not

-
 of utdien
cdar de Gufsttecause
caehcted
mskeud
hoofdoevcfore
Le ery caetal e admitng
mchfiod
and
acheut

taekore toncicderbeove cedmiseibili

Authenheit
(provinq of mformationbevg offereel)
genuinenass SS Er
Spear motvrs ltd Aa
Nlasen tevenKficle
Atowngy
Camera
Geral
man
ve fa Aficaon Lots
Jote
oncone usinaadiqitata
recorcledpioterts
ra,
ekre heuver
oho nad not te te
and
eidena
lacadt
on
veorded

coufd uot be admitfed

ecwse
ideoqet nda2o
hele tt tns
aedLeo ateie
fro oiqiuamat
elevaincy
Reiasikof
&idente hettored ortom
uthentiodt
t mettortun
as
municcated+.e
reltalo
lit
dacfa messaqe
oF mater
generate
n oc te
S odecta maSsaa as
€leetroieIrasachon Ae maverala
UaKamugicha
3
Hearsay
Xa Te
Ihirdpom
t as soce
opt
-
euicdenca
euicten on compaef iceaaaaars
rulet fslRilae
Bctouidlent shon
S&
tleehroimcransaeion
Act
Proc6ofauthenh
STstom n yof
olechon
POvded or bradscfhe dad
uY
vecart

Casy
Cauey defiuasdiqctal,
widenee
utiuq a tmpuier
uppov o ysleta
rofofe
d hancrnethed
fore
tha addvess
triHedeal
cor ow anotrn
olemeuds ot an ofene

a eonkoma68Or okere au
ent of elechonitidence nof Lel d Te atCanbcit
a
in topo
can prodo euiden
Soggashinqetherstse o etionvntil
 ohiehas
an oloetionpetition Gf pubhieGnteracf ths
couf
of

the
can nof

intoduring
alloate Cb
8 CS) and 6)

ttto
t
Uoauneta€lechronie At
Transachon
i
which vsero vecaeod

Ihe prachse ther s in place so far fhatlarinq

porROn coho recordod
courf to
ke Cbtoroearanathicavit
eontroueh

enabe him anmoersngquerie

L

hat mauy
tecepkn
anse
csual manner eh n hi
faformanne
tecorde e usevdd have ben aa dtfforent
fan thcta
on as
om te vadio ctoi
had
ng te piocec
sitoes intodocd iq
3oldalssbe ekevert Gtoy ifan independont
professionawitnesrCeuerec e dunng
proaceliqa
tecevp
Thed enidena oeulequak6 onder te act and therefore
Lie.
aedrnrisri

Amonqin Jane fretnctskkit

v luay Akello mor ttcT-03
-CU-EP-ooe
-
201f ehice Mofoniaaue
itio
behi of elechroniceutdoneeag
form like tomperct disc
n formahon in a cdigital intir
eane
hat pohy ata io proceeclinq
may esez

Pandles- Loarsay on
Arsthenhiae, 4Ca beet ouiden rste,

velebike
Init al befere aot thereco c autdeiee
no elecroni

huthenccbq
refere te pocass shich e utentiah*n
evedoua cau ecurt
qenuteSD dotwmed satebkdedeachronie
be aterec topiedpelotedos dolotod Yerson acquinugiub
That
4Ce

ot cleuhronic
Procoss
biltensunng
euidena as respovri Cerfadw
CS) providas hed te arhene
shieh n clechomc eewe ste
te
Yecovelet o coued
ofechontc
vicers retovel
nl
in te abrenaof eieden totheconbary Presumed 6
a)tere edene thot pporta fehipgthatallmeteialho
compu (stsm cr otherimla dence sOperah
rpe o
te itocqit #e eleehonie
rc
Here avno ofer veasenableqoom ed dsuttaidegiy
te alechronierecoved
h
stem
th t
thiucase

P
o
afiedantevicen coes net hsehse
conenon te recoveivqaqutpment ures
H d
febhehe hetteeleehome record
tereaordingsho acherseivnteiterect
p cckanq infrodocett.
hh thmiceae Cbs te
s
te
ecoelas

no ahodead by te oduerse pmybtby Ho pavty

sauhi
on them
H e clechronicreeoreaa
reorded
orines
(ore
d
ponrOnSho
cn te uvalavd cvchia coYSe
nutpatyto He
f
ad oe poca.cdùq
the p
sho
. tdie
not Yecod
eckinq
this
intmduec
oYtUnelerthe tohol
te cere
case ,theoriqtnal
o

recorcingon mobilephon
done 4nder Conhel o direchonof fieparh
relgis Sec 6 a4 the ame Act fortherpoids
sorte puTpases detormniq etheron elechonie
igadminable onder tis
cechioneidenemaj
inrapod ot vct tandardspromedures beprcuetee
aq er prach
o
on os to be retorded

re
and stoved sithregard
baines ,endeavaTS fhet usee,recovele
to
tored e elechonic
record amd te rachoreond
t lechronic
reord
purpese
 eidence
pereon nUest e
e competet t
do so and ableto
of onst
clevanaane impliearfion
qie
e
explaiioq
- An ineependent thivdparty doule be ade toexarna te
and
procesis onoue e same vasutts
pereon incharge ef te
poess ot acquid
nq int
thwoup he pocos tas Ho vesponsibili
electronie F
erunnqthat are met
tandards
certain because wis kineof
endence can easibe modifiedand or duplicated
taleñdene offen ataeked forits authantit
doe o4
cnse with hiehitcn be moeificdal4hougl t
ouldbe necesra t tainruch an ggreomevnttoith
prot
of tampenng
5ote Trarachonfctact
qenda iedeneechonic
proieleuhaf nforoerhionchallnot be denied leaaloffoet
ahdhty or onforcement soleen ound thatti e
okol or partin e
formof drtta messuep
Ks no obsectionto tte torm of te messege
Containee in e cb 7 te
Act providesfor
of
t of tztamessage
authenct F pvovi
das S for tat te
Purpose of ubrecfion ta) ohichtalksof te onqinalform
c
te athentihj &e dacta massaae Gnatl be assessed bu
toeter im formattion
ConeTcdevnnq
as
renaivedovmpleteor
un atevedt ex cept foY aud
adehhon of an endorgemeut
any ch onae ac anes ormaltommonicahon
Tnir kindofforenah
on con queney t
onRrom
he moiila
per&on
who amsferred henformah
on
to the Cb Ihas percon as ot een disdased
phoe
md aa not fidan
mort relerautpart ot
eiqlt
and eieleutial
admiseilbiliy of clerhonie
affidant

rerovd
tngochion irS. 8 and t
 ELECTAONIC EvBENCE
Fron te
any deta rerultnag analoquedence Gud l
Tored
ei
ansmit
qoteviclen
Corwerfed to
ed

i
igta e of PotehalPoberhvealvefhataxe genen
thetelectvoic
a numefealormat
orated
vsinqany oleetronicdevica
_evidenc ett
proeessed

enecrte

ANONGIN JANT FRAUCI oKILIV wC ARECLO

efore acceptinqeehonic eieene,a cau will
detemineifF
hothert
te eviden ivelevat authentic heavseqor
usetfer coR accetelleon te onqialrequired.
H is
appare ther the use of hqta oidenceac increaed
inte
pact and thts
nave na acosted
shy courtr shichere kesttant
tS one
to admst
BtKke any
t
ther eidencehe of the etevielente:
of elechonico eiqital
proponetf /eutden muct
poper ouneferionwichmakas te_endencevekabe
Courksore maincencemed atofreliabilitqof
raeheiqital
or
elechonietcence

Kaliabihty

mea&uY
i soul
Joundachioo
o tta eqeipmeduLe

takento nsore tto

uduelete Flaaueq

shichhe baaicdata as
intiallg
cfcreet
acorac dorta entevect c
methoe hoving
assoraterafion
te
dects an
preeautions
takento

,
knel the mearura
tekantoveiff the acuvG o
Pevam:
klatof ore
ts
onginalFom
o used to
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