LESSON 1 Defining Social Sciences and the Applied Social Sciences

I. Objectives:
1. To explain the definition of social sciences and applied social sciences through data retrieval
chart
2. To differentiate social sciences and applied social sciences through compare and contrast graphic
organizer
3. To explain the different disciplines of social sciences and the applied social sciences.

Pre Test
Act.1
Anticipation Reaction Guide
Directions: Before the chapter study. Place a check mark (/) on the Before the Chapter Study
column if you agree with the statement and cross (X) if you do not agree.
After the Chapter Study. Place a check mark (/) on the After the Chapter Study column if you
agree with the statement and a cross mark (X) if you do not agree.

Before the Chapter Study Statements After the Chapter Study

Social science is the study of
society and the manner in
which people behave and
affect the world.

Social sciences are only

applicable in the academe and
not in the workplace.

Applied social scientist use

and borrow different concepts,
theoretical models, and
theories from social science
and disciplines.

Guidance counselling is a
profession that helps address a
person’s specific projects,
business successes , general
conditions and transitions in
life , relationships , or
profession

Applied social sciences

provide good theoretical and
conceptual foundations for
social work practice.

Psychology studies how

human mind work in
consonance with the body to
produce thoughts that lead to
individual actions.
Act. 2 Data Retrieval Chart Completion
Direction: Complete the data retrieval chart. Classify the following disciplines and categorize them
if they belong to the Pure Social Sciences or to the Applied Social Sciences.

Compare and Contrast with Bubble Map

Disciplines to be categorized:

Economics
Counselling History
Geography Social Work
Psychology Anthropology
Sociology Political science
Demography Communication

Applied Social
Sciences

Pure Social
Sciences
Study Time!
Defining Social Sciences – is made of several disciplines and these include history, political science,
sociology, psychology, economics, geography, demography, anthropology and linguistics. As a body
of scientific knowledge, the social sciences provide diverse set of lens that help us understand and
explain the different facets of human society. The varieties of lens that social sciences study refer to
the different fields of the social sciences that investigate human society.

Branches of the Social Sciences

1. Economics studies the allocation of scarce resources and the production and exchange of goods
and services in society.

Economics has different subfields:

 Environmental economics- studies the allocation of natural resources
 Labor economics-focuses on the study of the decision- making and behaviors of
employees and the relationships between employers and their employees.
 Business economics- examines the behavior of companies and firms by studying the
factors that result in profit maximization, price setting, production goals, and the role of
incentives.
 Monetary economics- on the other hand, studies the nation’s production, inflation,
income, interest rates, and monetary policies.

2. Anthropology is the scientific study of humans and their cultures in the past and present time.

Anthropologist are trained in the different areas:

 Cultural anthropology studies the development of human culture based on ethnologic,
linguistic, social, and psychological data analysis. It explains how people in other societies
live and affects their environments to their respective lives.
 Physical anthropology studies human biological nature, particularly its beginning ,
evolution, and variation in prehistory
 Archeology studies human life in the past through the examination of things left behind by
the people.

3. History is systematic study of human past events in order to understand the meaning, dynamics,
and relationship of the cause and effects of events in the development of societies.

History has several subfields:

 Political history studies history of political institutions
 Economic history studies the development of economic institutions and other economic
factors.
 Social history studies the history of ordinary lives of people like women, children, ethnic
groups, and the different sectors of society from historical point of view.
 Environmental history looks into the history of the interaction of humans with the
environment
 History of medicine and public health examines the history of public health and human
medicine
 Business history studies the history of the development of businesses, companies, and
industries
 Biographies studies the history of great persons in history
4. Political Science primarily studies human behavior in relation to political systems, governments,
laws, and international relations.

Political Science has several fields of study:

 Domestic politics studies public opinion, elections, national and local governments.
 Comparative politics studies politics within countries and analyzes the similarities and
differences between among countries
 International Relations focuses on the study of political relationship and interaction
between and among countries
 Public administration studies national and local governance and bureaucracy
 Public law examines legal systems, civil rights , and criminal justice

5. Psychology studies how the human mind works in consonance with the body to produce
thoughts that lead to individual actions.

Psychology subfields:
 Experimental psychology studies of humans and animals examines how and why
learning takes place
 Developmental psychology studies the ways people change and behave as they go
through their life
 Personality psychology studies human nature and differences among people
 Environmental psychology studies the effects of surroundings on a person’s attitude and
behavior
6. Sociology a systematic study of people’s behavior in groups.

Sociology subfields:
 Applied sociology focus on the use and proper application of sociological theories,
methods and skills to examine data, solve problems and communicate research to the
public.
 Urban sociology studies societal life interactions in urban areas through the application of
sociological methods like statistical analysis and ethnographies
 Cultural sociology analyzes the development of social institutions, norms and practices.
 Rural sociology studies the social life of people in rural areas
 Medical sociology examines the societal aspects of health and medicine of people
 Sociology of education analyzes how social forces and institutions like politics, economic
systems, and culture affects school and educational systems.
 Political sociology examines how social structure affects and influences politics.
 Military sociology is a sociological study of the military organization, the different
civilian and military relationships, war experiences, and the use and control of force
7. Geography is the study of interaction between people and their environments.
Geography subfields:
 Physical geography studies the natural features of the earth , including land, water , and
atmosphere
 Human geography studies how people create cultures in their natural environments.

8. Demography according to the Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research (2016)
demography is the scientific study of human populations across time.

Major subfield:
 Population studies or social demography analyze demographic data to define, explain,
and foresee social phenomena. It also studies social – status composition and population
distribution.
 Defining the Applied Social Sciences-branch of study that applies the different concepts,
theoretical models, and theories of the social science disciplines to help understand society and the
different problems and issues. The applied social sciences is utilized to provide alternative solutions
to the diverse problem of the society.

Three main career tracks for applied social scientist:

1. Counseling is one of the fields of applied social sciences as an application of the social
sciences, counseling provides guidance, help, and support to individuals who are distraught by
a diverse set of problems in their lives.

 Counseling can be done by the following:

Guidance counselor and life coaching are applications of the social sciences and these
professions, expert help are given to individuals who needed guidance or advice pertaining
to their business successes, general conditions and personal life transitions, relationships
and career.
Life coach analyzes the present condition of the client, discovers different obstacles or
challenges that a client faces, and provides a certain course of action to make the client’s
life better.
Career counseling is needed by people who are in the process of entering the job market,
searching for possible career change, or those wanting career advancements.
Personal growth counseling concentrates on the evaluation of different aspects of a
client’s life.

2. Social work practitioners help individuals, families, and groups, communities to improve
their individual and collective well-being.

3. Communication Studies- Applied social science provide adequate training for careers in
the field of journalism and mass communication because of multidisciplinary knowledge
and skills that graduates learn from social sciences.
POST TEST
Activity 1:

Applied Social
Social Science
Science

How are they alike?

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How are they different?

___________________ ___________________
___________________ ___________________
___________________ ___________________
_________________ _________________

Activity 2:
1. What is the connection between social sciences and the applied social sciences?

2. How do they differ from one another?

3. What is the difference between counseling and social work?

4. Why do we consider journalism and communication studies as fields of the applied social sciences?

5. What is the importance of knowing the difference of pure social science from applied social science?
 References:
Repko, Allen F. (2008). Interdiciplinary Research: Process and Theory.
London, Los Angeles , New Delhi , Singapore: Sage.

Gouldner, Alvin W. ( 1989 ) “ Explorations in Applied Social Science”,

Sociological Practice: Vol. 7 : Iss. 1 , Article 5.Available at :
http//digitalcommons.wayne.edu/socprac/vol7/iss1/5.
CHAPTER 2 Discipline of Counseling
1.1 Counseling
1.1.1 Definitions
1.1.2 Goals
1.1.3 Scope
1.1.4 Core Values
1.1.5 Principles
Content Standard: The learners demonstrate an understanding of disciplines of counseling
Performance Standard: The learners shall be able to demonstrate a high level of the basic concepts of
counseling through a group presentation of a situation in which practitioners of counseling work together to
assist individuals, groups, or communities involved in difficult situations ( e.g., post disaster, court hearing
about separation of celebrity couple, cyber bullying )

WEEK 2

LESSON 1 The Discipline of Counseling

I. Objectives:
1. To know the definition of Counseling through KWL Chart.
2. To identify the goals and scope of counseling and discuss the core values and principles of
counseling through I need Help, Where will I go? In what Way will Counseling Empower Me
and Which Counseling Principle I Agree Most?
3. To demonstrate comprehension of counseling principles through case analysis Take it from the
Expert!

II. Chapter Pre Test

Act.1
Anticipation Reaction Guide
Direction: The following statements enable you to reflect on or figure – out your level of
understanding about counseling. You are required to agree or disagree with each of the following
statements. Before the chapter study. Place a check mark (/) on the Before the Chapter Study
column if you agree with the statement and cross (X) if you do not agree.
After the Chapter Study. Place a check mark (/) on the After the Chapter Study column if you
agree with the statement and a cross mark (X) if you do not agree

Before the Study Statements After the Chapter Study

Counseling as an art is the
subjective dimension of
counseling. It acclaims a
flexible and creative process
whereby the counselor
modifies the approach to meet
the developing needs of clients.
Remedial goals refer to
assisting a client to overcome
and treat an undesirable
development.
Counseling happens when a
person who is distressed asks
and permits another person to
enter into a particular kind of
connection with him or her.
A licensed professional scholar
may render to individuals ,
groups, organizations , or the
general public counseling
services involving the
application of clinical
counseling principles, methods,
or procedures to assist
individuals in achieving more
effective personal, social,
educational, or career
development and adjustment.
The way we perceive or view
things, people, events and our
environment, is influenced by
our values.
Counselors treat with
confidence personal
information about clients,
whether obtained directly or
indirectly by inference.
In view of the theory of
utilitarianism in relation to
beneficence, the application of
utilitarianism would be to apply
an ethical decision in the light
of costs and benefits for each
participant.
Marriage and family
counseling refers to the efforts
to establish an encouraging
relationship with a couple or
family and appreciate the
complications in the family
system.
 A counselor’s primary
responsibility is to respect the
dignity and to promote the
welfare of clients.
Counselors accept employment
only for positions which they
are qualified by education,
training, supervised experience,
state and national professional
credentials, and appropriate
professional experience.

III. Motivation
Act.2 KWL Chart
Topic: The Discipline of Counseling
What I Know What I Want to Know What I Learned
About Counseling About Counseling About Counseling

Guide Questions:
1. What are your ideas about counseling?
2. Did you experience counseling? Why?

IV. Discussion
Counseling – For Nystul (2003) defined it as basically an art and a science wherein you endeavor to
weigh the objective and subjective facets of the counseling process.
- As an art is the subjective dimension of counseling. It upholds a flexible and creative process
whereby the counselor modifies the approach to meet the developing needs of the clients.
- As a science, on the other hand, is the objective dimension of the counseling process.
- In practical terms, counseling happens when a person who is distressed asks for help and
permit another person to enter into a kind of connection with him/her. It is indicative with
formal of someone in search of counseling requests for time and attention from person who
will listen, who will allow him/her to speak and who will not condemn and criticize him/her.
- Informal helping- is a kin with formal helping in some ways such as presence of good
listening skills, empathy, and caring capacity.
- Based on Guidance and Counseling Act of 2004, guidance and counseling is the profession
that implicates the application of “ an integrated approach to the development of a well-
functioning individual “ through the provision of support that aids an individual to use his/her
potential to the fullest in accord with his/her interest , needs and abilities. (University of
Queensland, 2015).
- At the American Counseling Association (ACA) Conference in Pittsburgh in March 2010,
the representatives come to an agreement on a mutual definition of counseling. They agreed
that counseling is a professional relationship that empowers diverse individuals, families and
 group to accomplish mental health, wellness, education, and career goals (Kaplan, Tarvydas,
and Gladding, 2014).

Act.3
I Need Help, Where Will I Go?
Instruction:
1. If something is bothering about life matters: academics, relationships, family, identity,
and financial concerns, with whom do you share your problem? Will you pursue formal
help or a non-formal help? Why or why not? Explain your answer.
2. Write your answer on the box.

Open Notes

Name: ____________________________________________________________

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Goals of Counseling – the key component of individual, group, organizational and community success
-Detailed and expansive counseling goals have been identified by Gibson and Mitchell (2003), which are as
follows:
1. Development Goals – assist in meeting or advancing the clients human growth and development including
social, personal, emotional, cognitive, and physical wellness.
2. Preventive Goals – helps the client avoid some undesired outcome.
3. Enhancement Goals- enhance special skills and abilities.
4. Remedial Goals – assisting a client to overcome and treat an undesirable development
5. Exploratory Goals- examining options, testing of skills, trying new and different activities, etc.
6. Reinforcement Goals- helps client in recognizing, that what they are doing, thinking, and feeling is fine
7. Cognitive Goals-involves acquiring the basic foundation of learning and cognitive skills
8. Physiological Goals – involves acquiring the basic understanding and habits for good health
9. Psychological Goals – aids in developing good social interaction skills, learning emotional control, and
developing positive self – concept.
The presented list of counseling goals, some of which are enhancement of the above goals.
Goal Description
 Insight Understanding of the origins and development of
emotional difficulties , leading to an increased
capacity to take rational control over feelings and
actions
Relating with others Becoming better able to form and maintain
meaningful and satisfying relationships with other
people : for example , within the family or workplace
Self- awareness Becoming more aware of thoughts and feelings that
had been blocked off or denied, or developing a more
accurate sense of how self is perceived by others.
Self- acceptance The development of a positive attitude toward self,
marked by an ability to acknowledge areas of
experience that had been the subject of self- criticism
and rejection
Self – actualization Moving in the direction of fulfilling potential or
achieving an integration of previously conflicting
parts of self.
Enlightenment Assisting the client to arrive at a higher state of
spiritual awakening
Problem- Solving Finding a solution to a specific problem that the
client had not been able to resolve alone. Acquiring a
general competence in problem – solving
Psychological education Enabling the client to acquire ideas and techniques
with which to understand and control behavior
Acquisition of Social Skills Learning and mastering social and interpersonal
skills such as maintenance of eye contact , turn taking
in conversations, assertive, or anger control
Cognitive change The modification or replacement of irrational beliefs
or mal adaptive thought patterns associated with self-
destructive behavior
Behavior change The modification or replacement of maladaptive or
self- destructive patterns of behavior.
Systematic change Introducing change into the way in that social
systems operate
Empowerment Working on skills , awareness, and knowledge that
will enable to client to take control of his or her own
life
Restitution Helping the client to make amends for previous
destructive behavior
Generality Inspiring in the person a desire and capacity to care
for others and pass on knowledge and to contribute to
the collective good through political engagement

Act. 4
In What Way Will Counseling Empower Me?
Instruction:
1. In our discussion on counseling goals, John McLeod contends that: “counseling aims to empower the
client by helping him/her make critical decisions in life, develop ability to cope, enhance effectiveness,
and improve quality of life”.
2. What do you think about this statement? Do you accept or support it? How will it empower you?
Explain your answer.
3. Write your answer in the box.
Open Notes

Name:__________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
 Scope of Counseling
The wide ranges of human problems create a widened scope and field of counseling. Broadly, the
scope of counseling includes individual counseling, marital and premarital counseling, family
counseling, and community counseling. A more focused subject matter related to scope of counseling is
the 4757-15 Scope of Practice foe Licensed Professional Counselors. It contains the rights and
responsibilities of licensed counselors including the following:

Licensed Professional Counselors may for a fee, salary, or other considerations

1. Afford counseling services to individuals, groups, organizations, or the general public
compromising of: application of clinical counseling principles, methods, or procedures
to assist individuals in realizing effective personal, social, educational, or career
development and adjustment.
2. “apply clinical counseling principles, methods , and procedures “, means an approach
to counseling that emphasizes the counselor’s role in systematically assisting clients
through all of the following: assessing and analyzing emotional conditions , exploring
possible solutions, and developing and providing treatment plan for mental and
emotional adjustment or development. It may include counseling, appraisal,
consulting, supervision, administration, and referral.
3. Engage in the diagnosis and treatment of mental and emotional disorders when under
the supervision of a professional clinical counselor, psychologist, psychiatrists,
independent marriage and family therapist, or independent social worker.
4. Provide training supervision for students and registered counselor trainees when
services are within their scope of practice, which does not include supervision of the
diagnosis and treatment of mental and emotional disorders.

Source:
http:codes.ohio.gov/oac/4757-15

Core Values- is a key component of an organization. It has significant influence on other organizational
components, more specifically, to its members. It serves as standards that shape the members behavior in their
interaction with their clients and other people.
According to Mcleod (2003) ,the founders of humanistic psychology, including Maslows and
Rogers ,highlighted the importance of values.
Ethical Principles of counseling which are follows:

Ethical Principles These are the ideas that underpin both personal and
professional codes.
1. Autonomy of individuals
 Is based on the right to freedom of action
and freedom of choice in so far as the
pursuit of these freedom does not
interfere with the freedom of others ;
counseling cannot happen unless the
client has made a free choice to
 participate

2. Principle of Non maleficence

 This refers to instruction to all helpers or
healers that they must ,above all, do no
harm;
 Beneficence refers to the order to
promote human welfare

3. Principle of Justice
 Concerned with the fair distribution of
resources and services , unless there is
some acceptable reason for treating them
differently
 For counseling , the principle has
particular relevance to the question
access

General Moral Theories  The BACP Ethical Framework for Good

Practice , drawing on virtues perspective also
identified a set of personal qualities that all
practitioners should possess: empathy, sincerity,
integrity, resilience, respect, humility,
competence, fairness, wisdom and courage

Act.5 Which Counseling Principle I Agree Most?

Instruction:
1. Among those four ethical principle that we discuss in class, namely , principle of autonomy of
individuals, principles of non-maleficence, principle of justice, and principle of fidelity, which will you
choose to present? Why this principle? What aspect of the principle influences you? Please explain.
2. Write your answers on the box.

Open Notes
Name:_______________________________________________________________________________
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V. Application
Act. 6 Take It from the Expert! (Presentation)
 To be able to appreciate better the counseling profession, the class will be divided into six
groups. Each group is required to interview a counselor from any of the counselor’s work
settings: school, mental hospital, private agencies, community, and government. You interview
must focus on:
1. Institutional Profile:
The Work Setting (institution or agency where the counselor works) its context, history, the
different cases/ problems it handles , the program implements, and the different approaches
and interventions it applies; the problems that the institution face and the victories and
successes of the institution.
2. The counselor
The Counselor as a Professional – Questions may include: When did you start working
as a counselor in the institution? What programs do you handle? What are responsibilities?
What skills, values must a counselor possess? How do you see yourself as a counselor?
What do you enjoy doing? What do you avoid doing? What challenges do you encounter as a
counselor? What helps you in your work? What education and training do you need to
enhance your work? What other message do you want to convey?

Results and analysis of data from your interview must be written in a report. Formulate your
own title – a title which will embrace the data collected. The ethics forms (letter of
permission, consent from the institution and the counselor) will be submitted together with
the report.
Guide Questions:
1. Based on your activity did you see the roles, values and principles of counseling? What are
those? Explain.
2. For you is it counseling is a big responsibility? Why?

VI. Valuing
1. What are the importance of counseling?
2. If you give a chance to become a counselor what are the characteristics do you think that a
counselor should have and why?

VII. Generalization
Direction: The following statements enable you to reflect on or figure – out your level of
understanding about counseling. You are required to agree or disagree with each of the following
statements. After the Chapter Study. Place a check mark (/) on the After the Chapter Study
column if you agree with the statement and a cross mark (X) if you do not agree

Statements After the Chapter Study

Counseling as an art is the subjective
dimension of counseling. It acclaims a
flexible and creative process whereby the
counselor modifies the approach to meet the
developing needs of clients.
Remedial goals refer to assisting a client to
overcome and treat an undesirable
development.
Counseling happens when a person who is
distressed asks and permits another person to
enter into a particular kind of connection with
him or her.
A licensed professional scholar may render to
individuals , groups, organizations , or the
general public counseling services involving
 the application of clinical counseling
principles, methods, or procedures to assist
individuals in achieving more effective
personal, social, educational, or career
development and adjustment.
The way we perceive or view things, people,
events and our environment, is influenced by
our values.
Counselors treat with confidence personal
information about clients, whether obtained
directly or indirectly by inference.
In view of the theory of utilitarianism in
relation to beneficence, the application of
utilitarianism would be to apply an ethical
decision in the light of costs and benefits for
each participant.
Marriage and family counseling refers to the
efforts to establish an encouraging
relationship with a couple or family and
appreciate the complications in the family
system.
A counselor’s primary responsibility is to
respect the dignity and to promote the welfare
of clients.
Counselors accept employment only for
positions which they are qualified by
education, training, supervised experience,
state and national professional credentials,
and appropriate professional experience.

VIII. Assignment
Search for the following:
- Roles , Functions and Competencies of counseling
- Career Opportunities and Areas of Specialization of Counselors

CHAPTER 2 Discipline of Counseling

2. Professionals and Practitioners in Counseling
2.1 Roles, functions, and competencies of counselors
2.2 Areas of specialization where counselors work
2.3 Career opportunities of counselors
2.4 Rights, Responsibilities, Accountabilities, and Code of Ethics
Content Standard: The learners demonstrate an understanding of professionals and practitioners in counseling
Performance Standard: The learners shall be able to undertake participant observation (e.g., a day in a life of
counselor) to adequately document and critique their roles, functions, and competencies

WEEK 3

Lesson 2 Professionals and Practitioners in Counseling

I. Objectives
1. To show an understanding of the roles and functions of counseling and value
rights ,responsibilities , and accountabilities
2. To identify specific areas of specialization of counselors and career opportunities for counselors
3. To distinguish between ethical and unethical behaviors among counselors
4. To demonstrate understanding of values and rights and responsibilities through a debate.

II. Motivation

Recall
Instruction:
1. You recall as many roles and functions of counselors that you are aware off.
2. Write your answers on the notes box below.
3. Choose one role/function and identify the competencies required of role / function.

Open Notes
Name:_______________________________________________________________________________
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II. Discussion
Roles and Functions of Counselors
According to Gibson and Mitchell (2003) a helping profession is composed of members “who are
especially trained and licensed to perform a unique and service for fellow human beings”.
Roles / Functions Description
Individual Assessment Seeks to identify the characteristics and potential of
every client ; promotes the client’s self-understanding
and assisting counselors to understand the client
better
Individual Counseling Considers as the core activity through which other
activities become meaningful. It is a client –centered
process that demand confidentiality. Relationship is
established between counselor and client.
Group Counseling and Guidance Groups are means of providing organized and
planned assistance to individuals for an array of
needs. Counselor provides assistance through group
counseling and group guidance.
Career Assistance Counselors are called on to provide career planning
and adjustment assistance to clients.
Placements and Follow -Up A service of school counseling programs with
emphasis on educational placements in course and
programs.
Referral It is the practice of helping the clients find needed
expert assistance that the referring counselor cannot
provide.
Consultation It is the process of helping a client through a third
party or helping system improve its service to its
clientele.
Research It is necessary to advance the profession of
counseling; it can provide empirically based data
relevant to the ultimate goal of implementing
effective counseling.
Evaluation and Accountability Evaluation is a means of assessing the effectiveness
of counselor’s activities.
Accountability is an outgrowth of demand that
schools and other tax-supported institutions be held
accountable for their actions.
Prevention This includes promotion of mental health through
primary prevention using a social – psychological
perspective.

Competencies of Counselors
Seven distinct competence areas of counselors. There might be other areas but we will focus on the input of
McLeod (2003).
1. Interpersonal Skills –counselors who are competent display ability to listen, communicate ; empathize ; be
present ; aware of nonverbal communication; sensitive to voice quality , responsive to expressions of emotion,
turn taking, structure of time and use of language .
2. Personal beliefs and Attitude- counselors have the capacity to accept others, belief in potential of change,
awareness of ethical and moral choices and sensitive to values held by client and self.
3. Conceptual ability – counselors have the ability to understand and assess client’s problem; to anticipate
future problems; make sense of immediate process in terms of wider conceptual scheme to remember
information about the client.
4. Personal Soundness – counselors must have no irrational beliefs that are destructive to counseling
relationships, self-confidence ,capacity to tolerate strong of uncomfortable feelings in relation to the clients,
secure personal boundaries, ability to be a client ; must carry no social prejudice, ethnocentrism and
authoritarianism.
5. Mastery of Techniques – counselors must have a knowledge of when and how to carry out specific
interventions, ability to assess effectiveness of the interventions, understanding the rationale behind techniques,
possession of wide repertoire of intervention
6. Ability to understand and work within social system – this would be compromise of awareness of family and
work relationships of client the impact of agency on the clients, the capacity to use support networks and
supervision ; sensitivity to client from different gender, ethnicity , sexual orientation, or age group.
7. Openness to learning and inquiry – counselors must have the capacity to be curious about client’s
backgrounds and problems; being open to new knowledge
Career Opportunities and Areas of Specialization of Counselors
1. Marriage and Family Counseling – refers to the efforts to establish an encouraging relationship with couple
or family and appreciate the complications in the family system.
2. Child and Adolescent Counseling – is a developing area of expertise in counseling profession. The
counseling strategies focus on helping children and adolescents acquire coping skills through promotion of
resiliency, positive attachment relationship, emotional and intellectual intelligence, and other qualities that
promote optional development.
3. Group Counseling – is the dynamic field in the counseling profession. Group counseling as a practice can be
located in most counseling programs and became the essential part of counselor’s system. Group counseling
offers the following : opportunities to members to learn from observing other group members ; can functions as
helpers and helps ; opportunities to discover that you others have similar concerns ; members are encouraged to
offer help to others ;opportunities to enhance interpersonal skills; the therapeutic climate created similar as the
client’s family origin.
4. Career Counseling –is an evolving and challenging counseling field. This type of counseling aids individual
on decisions and planning concerning their career. The counseling approach includes integrating theory and
practice. Adopted Savickas ( 1996 )as cited Nystul ( 20003 ) adopted the model of Wagner ( 1971) on
structural analysis of personality to the realm of vocational psychology. The model consist of vocational career
services, occupational placement , vocational guidance , career counseling , career education , career therapy,
and position coaching.
5. School Counseling- refers to the process of reaching out students with concerns on drugs, family and peers
or gang involvement. The job requires sensitivity to individual differences and considers diversity in enhancing
educational perspective. The job requires skills on consultation, counseling’s exceptional students and with the
ability to handle problems such as drug abuse, teenage pregnancy, divorced or single parents, dropping out of
school.
6. Mental Health Counseling - is manifested in the challenges posed by its clientele with mental disorders.
Mental disorders include serious depression, schizophrenia, and substance abuse. Mental health counselors have
to be inventive, and creative to address these problems. The job requires patience, humility, kindness and
compassion.
Rights and Responsibilities, and Accountabilities of Counselors ( MIDTERM)
Code of ethics help counselors to remind them of their rights, responsibilities and accountabilities in the
counseling profession. The rights, responsibilities and accountabilities of the counselors are based on the
counselors associations of Code of Conduct.
The code of ethics of the counselors is divided into seven sections, namely , (a) counseling relationship, (b)
confidentiality (c) professional responsibility (d) relationships with other professionals , (e) evaluation,
assessment, and interpretation, (f) teaching ,training and supervision (g) research and publication.( Gladding ,
2000 ). We shall only presenting in details three of the seven areas, namely, counseling relationships,
confidentiality, and professional responsibility. The following three tables below provide a sample code of
ethics of the American Counseling Association.

Areas Description
The Counseling Relationships
1. Client welfare Counselor’s primary responsibility is to
respect the dignity and promote the welfare
of clients. They are also expected to
encourage client’s growth. Counselors and
clients are expected to work together in
crafting individual counseling plans
consistent with the client’s circumstances.
2. Respecting Diversity Counselors do not engage in discrimination
based on age, color, culture, disability,
ethnic group, gender, race, religion, sexual
orientation, marital status and socio
economic status. Counselors shall respect
differences and understand the diverse
cultural backgrounds of their clients.
3. Client Rights Counselors shall disclose the purposes,
goals, techniques, procedures, limitations,
potential risks, benefits of the services to be
performed and other pertinent information to
the client throughout the counseling process.
Counselors offer clients the freedom to
choose whether to enter into a counseling
relationship and determine which
professional will provide counseling, except
when the client is unable to give consent.
4. Clients Served by others In cases where the client is receiving
services from another mental health
professional, with clients consent, inform the
professional person already involved to
develop an agreement.
5. Personal Needs and values Maintain the clients and avoid actions that
seek to meet their personal needs at the
expense of the clients. Counselors shall be
aware of their values, attitudes, beliefs, and
behavior and how these apply in a diverse
society and avoid imposing their values on
clients.
6. Dual Relationships Counselors are aware of their influential
position over their clients avoid the
exploiting the trust and dependency of the
clients. Counselors should not accept as
superiors or subordinates clients’.
7. Sexual Intimacies with Clients Counselors should not have any type of
sexual intimacies with clients and do not
counsel persons with whom they have
sexual relationship. Counselors should not
also engage with sexual intimacies with their
former clients within a minimum of two
years.
8. Multiple Clients In cases where counselors agree to provide
counseling services to two or more persons
who have a relationship, counselors clarify
at the outset which person or persons are

9. Group Work
10. Fees
Source: Gladding, 2000
Areas
Confidentiality
1.Right to Privacy
2. Group and Families
3. Minor Incompetent client
4. Records
clients and the nature of relationship they
will have with each other involved person.
Counselors screen prospective group
counseling / therapy participants to
determine those with compatible needs. In
group setting, counselors take reasonable
precautions to protect clients from physical
or psychological trauma.
Prior to entering the counseling relationship,
the counselors clearly explain the clients all
financial arrangements related to
professional fees.
 Counselors respect a client’s right to privacy
and avoid illegal and unwarranted disclosures
of unwarranted information.
 The right to privacy may be waived by the
clients or their legally recognized
representative.
 The general requirement that the counselors
keep the information confidential does not
apply when disclosure is required to prevent
clear and imminent danger to the client or
others or when legal requirements demand that
confidential information is be revealed.
 Counselors who received information
confirming that a client has a disease known to
be communicable and fatal is justified in
disclosing information to an identifiable third
party, who by his/her relationship with the
client is at high risk of contracting the disease.
 When court orders the counselors to release
confidential information without client’s
permit, counselors request to the court that the
disclosure should not be required due to
potential harm to client or counseling
relationship.
 In group work, counselors clearly define
confidentiality and parameters for the specific
group being entered, explain its importance,
and discuss difficulties related to
confidentiality involved in group work.
 In family counseling, information about one
family cannot be disclosed to another member
without permission.
 When counseling clients who are minors or
individuals who are unable to give voluntary,
informed consent, parents or guardians may be
included in the counseling process as
appropriate.
 Counselors maintain necessary records for
rendering professional services to their clients
and as required by laws, regulations, or agency
or institution procedures.
 Counselors are responsible for securing safety
and confidentiality of any counseling record
they create, maintain, transfer, or destroy

5. Research and Training
6. Consultation
Source: Gladding, 2000
Areas
Professional Responsibility
1. Standards Knowledge
2. Professional Competence
whether the records are written, taped,
computerized, or stored in any other medium.
 Counselors recognized that counseling records
are kept for the benefits of the clients therefore
provide access to record and copies of record
when requested by competent clients unless it
contains information that may be misleading or
detrimental to the clients.
 Counselors obtain written permission from
clients to disclose or transfer records to
legitimate third parties unless exception to
confidentiality exists.
 Use of data derived from counseling
relationships for purposes of
training ,research , or publication is confined to
content that is disguised to ensure the
anonymity of the individuals involved.
Identification of the client involved is
permissible only when the client has reviewed
the material and has agreed to its presentation
or publication.
 Information obtained in consulting relationship
is discussed for professional purposes only
with persons clearly concerned with the case.
Before sharing information, counselors make
efforts to ensure that there defined policies that
effectively protect the confidentiality of
information with other agencies serving the
counselors clients.
Description
 Counselors have a responsibility to read,
understand, and follow the Code of Ethics and
Standards of Practice
 Counselors practice only within the boundaries
of their competence based on their education,
training, supervised experience, state and
national professional credentials and
appropriate professional experience.
Counselors will demonstrate a commitment to
gain knowledge, personal awareness,
sensitivity, and skills pertinent to working with
diverse client population.
 Counselors practice specialty areas new with
to them only after appropriate education,
training, and supervised experience. While
developing skills in new specialty area,
counselors take step to ensure the competence
of their work and to protect other from
possible harm.
 Counselors accept employment only for
positions which they are qualified by
education, training, supervise experience, state
and national professional credentials, and
appropriate professional experience.
 Counselors continually monitor their
 effectiveness as professionals and take steps to
improve their skills and knowledge.
 Counselors refrain from offering or accepting
professional services when their physical,
mental, or emotional problems are like to harm
clients or others.

IV. Application
Act. 2 Count Me In, Count me Out: Will I Give up My Job or Not?
Instruction:
1. In the area of counseling relationships of the Code of Conduct, it states that “Counselors should not have
any type of sexual intimacies with clients and do not counsel persons with whom they have sexual
relationship. Counselors should not also engage with sexual intimacies with their former clients within a
minimum of two years.”
2. What if you are counselor and you have fallen in love with your client and the client has also fallen in
love with you. Since, it is unethical to pursue the relationship; you will quit your job. Your job is also important
to you. Now, what will be your decision?
3. The class will be divided into two. The first group will choose,” quit the job.” The second group will
choose, stay on the job”. Why? Which is more ethical? Why is it more ethical? Support your answer .Explain
your answer in form of debate.

Act. 3 Will I report My Client or Not

Instruction:
1. In the area of confidentiality of the Code of Ethics, there is a portion on client’s right to privacy. What if the
counselor, in his/her conversation with the client, found out that the client accidentally killed a person, will you
report the client to police or not? Explain your answer.
2. The class will be divided into two. The first group will choose the position of disclosing the information to
the right authorities. The other group will take the position of not disclosing the information to the authorities.
What is your position? Why?
3. Share your answer through the debate.
4. Will I report? Or will not report?

Superior - 4 Proficient - 3 Poor - 2 Unsatisfactory - 1 Score

Used many facts Used some facts Used few facts Did not present facts
to support all arguments. to support all to support to support arguments.
arguments. arguments.
All arguments were Most arguments Some arguments Few arguments were
logical and convincing were logical and were logical and logical and
convincing convincing convincing

Communicated clearly Communicated Seldom Failed to

and confidently; clearly; frequent communicated communicate clearly;
 maintained eye contact; eye contact; good clearly; poor eye no eye contact;
excellent voice voice and delivery contact; poor monotone delivery.
inflection and delivery rate. voice and delivery
rate. rate.
Addressed all opponent Addressed most of Addressed some Did not address
arguments with counter- opponent’s of opponent’s opponent’s
evidence. arguments with arguments with arguments.
counter-evidence. counter-evidence.
Total Score:

V. Valuing
1. What are the importance of counseling?
2. If you give a chance to become a counselor are you going to grab it? Why or Why not?
VI. Generalization
1. What are roles of counseling?
2. What Careers opportunities and areas of specialization of counselors?
3. What are the roles and functions of counseling?

Chapter 2 Discipline of Counseling

3. Clientele and Audiences in Counseling
3.1 Characteristics and needs of various types of clientele and audiences
3.1.1 Individuals
3.1.2 Groups and Organizations
3.1.3 Communities
Content Standard: The learners demonstrate an understanding of clientele and audiences in counseling
Performance Standard: The learners shall be able to use acceptable research protocols, conduct a survey
among young adults (i.e., ages 18-21) on their counseling needs and present results and recommendation for
class discussion.

WEEK 4

Lesson 3 Professionals and Practitioners in Counseling

I. Objectives
1. To identify and describe the different types of clientele and audience of counseling.
2. To describe the characteristics and needs of the different types of clientele
3. To distinguish the needs of individuals, groups, organizations, and communities
4. To demonstrate appreciation of counseling clientele through a clientele analysis.

II. Motivation
Modified KUD Chart

Topic: Clientele and Audiences in Counseling

Know Understand Do

KNOW includes the key counselling and audiences

UNDERSTAND the significance of counselling
DO include what counsellors do in their real-world wok environments
III. Discussion
Counseling and Its Clientele and Audience
The clientele and audiences of the counseling profession come from different settings. Counselors deal
with a mixture of people with different concerns and issues.
- People who abuse drugs – drug abuse is not just harmful to our physical health but to our
mental health as well. It cannot be denied that the drug addiction create more social problems
and contribute to social disintegration. Consequently, more youth victims cry for help and
seek for counselors’ attention.
 - People who use Tobacco – slowly our population recognizes the bad effects of tobacco to
our health. However, many people still use and continue use tobacco even if it is deadly.
Users find it difficult to stop smoking. Hence, smokers who desire to quit tobacco were
added to the list of the counselor’s audiences.
- People who abuse alcohol – alcoholism is seen as a disease alcoholics find it difficult to stop
drinking on their own. This requires help from a professional as it requires appropriate
treatment. However, an equally important paradigm is to look at alcoholism as a weakness of
self – control and self –discipline .therefore this requires intervention other than treatment.
- Women – most men still have less participation in household responsibilities and child care.
In this case, women’s advancement is constrained. What complicates this situation is the
women’s perception about themselves and the society’s expectations. Counselors are
responsible in helping women appreciate their own values, abilities, aptitudes, and interests
and to utilize these to develop their full potential. ( Gibson and Mitchel ,2003 )
- Older Adults – a transition from a busy life to retirement stage must be instituted. This is a
challenge to the counseling profession. other issues that require attention of counseling
include loss of a partner ,decline of mental capacity and mobility, increased
loneliness ,decline in financial security etc.
- People with AIDS –acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) has been labeled as the
most feared disease due to its incurability. Victims of this disease are seeking help to
improve their quality of life and to handle their emotional stress and low self-esteem.
Counseling’s approach requires sensitivity and appreciation of the intricacies of the disease.
Counselors may also help in assisting and educating the victims’ support system.
- Victims of Abuse – this population represents victims of domestic violence characterized by
spouse and child abuses. Spouse abuse is often associated with poverty, drug abuse and
career disappointments. The abuse has also become rampant and has caused psychological
damage to the victims. The counselors are increasingly utilized to help the victims.
- Gay Men and Lesbian Women- they are usually the victims of harassment, violence,
discrimination, and isolation. Gays and lesbians, like other sectors of the society, suffer from
peer denial, family clash, health uncertainties and prejudgment. Counseling will focus on
self-awareness, self- acceptance and understanding.
IV. Application
Act. Analyzing the Context of counseling Clients
Instruction:
1. Choose one among the identified counseling clientele. Choose a particular problem that this type of clients
( i.e., youth suffering from depression ) face.
2. Read related cases about this type of clients.
3. Write paper: profile of this type of clients, discuss and analyze their situation, and the difficulties and
challenges they face.

V. Valuing
Watch a video clip about RESPECTING OTHERS
Guide Questions;
1. What is the message of the video clip?
2. How do we relate our topic to this video clip?
3. As a counselor how is it important to respect others?

VI. Generalization
1. Who are the clientele and audiences of counselor?
2. What are their needs and demands?
3. Why they are become the clientele for counseling?
VII. Assignment
Research for the following:
- Counseling and its processes, methods, and tools

Lesson 4
COUNSELING AND ITS WORK SETTINGS

Content Standard: The learners demonstrate an understanding of settings, processes, methods, and tools in
counseling.
Performance Standard: The learners shall be able to use the results of the survey conducted, critically
evaluate whether the needs of the respondents are addressed by the practitioners and pertinent institutions.

I. Objectives

1. To identify the setting where the counselors can be found.

2. To demonstrate appreciation of counselors work setting through locating the counselors work settings in
Metro Manila.

II. Motivation
Act. 1 Locating the Counselors

Instruction:

1. Imagine that you are an agent.

2. Your role is to locate the work settings of the counselors.
3. Map out and draw their work setting.
Use the notes box below for your drawing.

Notes Box

Guide Questions:
1. How can you describe the work setting of a counselor?
2. What would be the surroundings of the counselor work place?
3. What would be your expectations about the work setting of a counselor?

III. Discussion
Counseling and Its Work settings
- Counselors in Schools – has grown rapidly. According to Gibson and Mitchell (2003),
counselors are recognized especially in the preventive interventions and developmental stage.
There are elementary school counselors, junior high school counselors, secondary school
counselors, counselors in vocational schools, counselors in higher education, and counselors
in community and junior colleges. The counseling service in the schools is usually located
under the student affairs program. It is under the supervision of the Dean of Students Affairs.
- Counselors in the Community Setting – refers to employment in community, agency, and
other non-school professional situations. Counselors can be found in community and mental
 health agencies, employment and rehabilitation agencies, correctional settings, and marriage
and family practice. ( Gibson and Mitchell , 2003 )
- Counselors in the Private Sector – refers to counselors who decided to do full time work as
private practitioners or engage in part – time private practice while employed by community
agencies. This is feasible if the counselors expertise and specialization matches or relevant to
an adequate client population in the geographic area. ( Gibson and Mitchell , 2003 )
- Counselors in the Government - counselors are also present in various agencies of
government or institutions supported by the government that are into social welfare, health,
and education. Relevant agencies or institutions include public schools, public social welfare
agencies such as that for the youth, children, and the aging.

IV. Application
Act. 2 Where are the counselors?
Instruction:
1. Your task is to locate the counselors in Manila through internet.
2. Which work setting can you find many of the counselors? What could be the reason why many of the
counselors in that particular setting ? Please explain.
3. Write your answer in the box below.

Open Notes
Name:_______________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

V. Valuing
1. What is the importance to know where the counselors work?
2. If you are going to become a counselor what particular work setting are you going to and why?
VI. Generalization
1. Give the different work settings of counseling.
2. What are the reasons why they are in deploy in different work settings?

WEEK 5
LESSON 5 COUNSELING AND ITS PROCESSES, METHODS, AND TOOLS

CONTENT STANDARD – the learners demonstrate an understanding settings, processes, methods, and tools
in counseling
Performance standard – the learners should be able to use the results of the survey conducted, critically
evaluate whether the needs of the respondents are addressed by the practitioners and pertinent institutions and
propose suggestions on how needs can be effectively addressed
Counseling and Its Process
I. Objectives
1. Discuss the different processes in counseling.
2. Illustrate the different processes in counseling.
3. Demonstrate understanding of the processes of counseling.

II. Motivation
Pretest
Matching Type: Match the items in column A with items in column B.
A B
Relationship Building This serves as the window for the counselor to have a
thorough appreciation of the client’s condition.

Assessment and Diagnosis It shall serve as the parameter of work and the client
– counselor relationship.

Formulation of Counseling Goals The essential goal in counseling to witness a client

progress on his/her own without the assistance of the
counselor.
Research and Evaluation
This stage can be undertaken at any point in
Termination and Follow –up counseling stage.

The guidelines include the following : ( a ) the

Intervention and Problem solving
counselor has to provide a mapping of the different
approaches offered , (b) describe the role of the
counselor and client for each procedure ,(c) identify
possible risks and benefits that may come and (d)
estimate the time and cost of each procedure.

This is the heart of the counseling process because it

provides the force and foundation for the counseling
to succeed.

III. Discussion
There are six stages of the counseling process, namely, relationship building, assessment and diagnosis,
formulation of the counseling goals, intervention and problem solving, termination and follow –up, and research
and evaluation.
1. Stage One: Relationship Building
 This is the heart of counselling process because it provides the force and foundation for the
counselling to succeed.
 This stage involves establishing rapport,
 promote acceptance of the client as a person with worth,
 establishing genuine interaction,
 promote direct mutual communication
 helping clients understand themselves,
 helping client focus and
 Slowly promote counselling relevant communication, from the client.

2. Stage Two: Assessment and Diagnosis

 One of the most crucial stages.
 This serves as the window for the counsellor to have a thorough appreciation of the client’s condition.
 It entails analysis of the root causes of problems.
 The data that will be gathered in diagnosis will be utilized in the formulation of goals.
3. Stage Three: Formulation of Counseling Goals
 Goals are important as it sets the direction of the counselling process.
 It shall serve as the parameter of work and the client-counsellor relationship.
 Counselling goals may be treated as a process goal or outcome goal.
 The client and counsellor must agree on the counselling goals.
4. Stage Four: Intervention and Problem Solving
 Guidelines:
 A. The counselor has to provide a mapping of the different approaches offered.
 B. Describe the role of the counselor and client for each procedure.
 C. Identify possible risks and benefits that may come.
 D. Estimate the time and cost of each procedure.

 Kafner and Busemeyer identified the six-stage model for problem solving
 Problem detection
 Problem definition
  Identification of alternative solutions
 Decision-making
 Execution
 Verification
5. Stage Five: Termination and Follow –up
 The essential goal in counselling is to witness a client progress on his/her own without the assistance of
the counselor.
 There are four components of termination which were identified by Quintan and Holahan:
 1. Discussion of the end of counselling
 2. Review of the course of counselling
 3. Closure of the counsellor-client relationship
 4. Discussion of the client’s future and post-counselling plan
6. Stage Six: Research and Evaluation
 This stage can be undertaken at any point in the counselling stage.
 Research and evaluation are fundamental part of the evaluation.
 Results of the research provide a scientific appreciation of the counselling situation.

IV. Application

Role playing: What if I am the Counselor?

3 2 1
Creativity The role play is The role play is The role play
And presentation Creative and somewhat creative shows little
effectively written and effective and/or creativity or
and is presented the presentation is effectiveness
well. adequate. and/or is not well
presented.
Diction The role play having The role play The role having
the appropriate having the the inappropriate
connections between appropriate connection
identified problems identified problems between
and the concepts and the concepts problems
studied in class studied in class but identified and the
somewhat unclear concepts studied
in class

Visual aids The role play makes The role play The role play
(props) good use of visual includes visual aids does not include
aids or props, but they any
or props. do visual aids or
not significantly props
 contribute to the
commercial and/or
they are not well
done.
Within time The role play is The role play l is The role play is
frame (7minutes ) presented within the presented slightly Presented
time frame. outside the time significantly
frame. outside the time
frame.
Group Work The group The group The group
functioned functioned pretty functioned fairly
exceptionally well. well. Most well but was
All members listened members listened dominated by
to, shared with and to, shared with and one or two
supported the efforts supported the members. The
of others. The group efforts of others. group (all
(all members) was The group (all members) was
almost always on members) was almost always on
task! almost always on task!
task!

Instruction:
1. We already discussed the six stages of the counseling processes, namely, relationship building, assessment
and diagnosis, formulation of counseling goals, intervention and problem solving, termination and follow –up
and research and evaluation. To determine your appreciation of the counseling processes, you are required to
perform a role play depicting the different stages of the counseling processes.
2. Class will be divided into 5 groups. Each group will identify a typical youth counseling case, i.e., victim of
bullying, difficulty)
3. Divide the tasks (counselor, client, friends of the client, family of the client, etc.) among your group
members. Present at least 5-8 minutes.
4. Develop the plot and story line and present it in class.

V. Valuing
1. Why is it important to know the processes of counseling?
2. For you what is the most important stage of counseling and why?
3. As a student what is the significance of studying the processes of counseling and how can you apply it?

VI. Assessment
Matching Type: Match the items in column A with items in column B.

A B
Relationship Building This serves as the window for the counselor to have a
thorough appreciation of the client’s condition.

Assessment and Diagnosis It shall serve as the parameter of work and the client
 – counselor relationship.

Formulation of Counseling Goals The essential goal in counseling to witness a client

progress on his/her own without the assistance of the
counselor.
Research and Evaluation
This stage can be undertaken at any point in
Termination and Follow –up counseling stage.

The guidelines include the following : ( a ) the

Intervention and Problem solving
counselor has to provide a mapping of the different
approaches offered , (b) describe the role of the
counselor and client for each procedure ,(c) identify
possible risks and benefits that may come and (d)
estimate the time and cost of each procedure.

This is the heart of the counseling process because it

provides the force and foundation for the counseling
to succeed.

Lesson 5 Counseling and Its Methods

I. Objectives
1. Discuss the different methods in counseling.
2. Understand the different methods in counseling though a comparative summary of counseling theories
and methods.
3. Demonstrate some method in counseling theory specially Gestalt’s Technique though answering open
notes.

II. Discussion
Methods in Counseling
 1. CLASSIC THEORIES -The psychological theories developed by Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, and
Carl Jung are considered as the classic schools for the reason that they primed the underpinning of
clinical practice.
 a. FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY -The approach of Freud in counselling and
psychotherapy is popularly known as psychoanalysis which is an analysis of the mind. Its objective is to
restructure the personality by resolution of intrapsychic conflict, which focuses in the internal forces
such as unconscious processes .It focuses on personal adjustment through reorganization of internal
forces within the person to help him/her become aware of the unconscious aspect of his/her personality.
It focuses on personal adjustment through reorganization of internal forces within the person to help
him/her become aware of the unconscious aspect of his/her personality.

 Psychoanalysis has three goals:

1. to help clients gain insights about themselves
2. to help clients work unstuck issues
3. to help clients cope with the stresses of the society.
 The following techniques may be used:
1. FREE ASSOCIATION- a method to encourage the patient to discuss whatever comes to his mind in
order to release suppressed emotions.
2. DREAM ANALYSIS- a method to explore unconscious process using dreams.
 3. CONFRONTATION AND CLARIFICATION- a form of feedback procedure for patients to become
aware of what is happening to him/her and to determine areas for further analysis.
4. INTERPRETATION- a process of giving insights to patients about their inner conflicts which can be
reflected in resistance, transference, and other processes.

 b. ADLER’S INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY

The approach of Adler in counseling and psychotherapy focuses on the role of cognition is
psychological functioning.
Its objective is to gain an understanding of the clients and assess why clients behave and think in certain
ways.
 Adlerian counseling focuses on four goals:
1. establishment and maintenance of egalitarian relationship
2. analysis of client’s lifestyle
3. interpretation of client’s lifestyle in a way that promotes insight
4. reorientation and reeducation of the client with accompanying behavior change.
 Adlerian techniques can be explained in four phases of Adlerian Psychotherapy.
First Phase: ESTABLISHING THE RELATIONSHIP
-Use of listening skills
-Winning respect and offering hope
-Encouragement
 Second Phase: PERFORMING ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT
-Lifestyle Analysis
-Dream analysis may be used to conduct lifestyle analysis
 Third Phase: PROMOTING INSIGHT
-Insight Process
 Fourth Phase: REORIENTATION
-Spitting in the Client’s Soup
- The push-button techniques
-Catching oneself
-Acting as-if
-Task setting and commitment
 c. JUNG’S ANALYTIC PSYCHOLOGY
The counseling and psychology approach of Jung is referred to as psychotherapy.
Jung’s approach highlights the task of the unconscious processes in “psychological functioning”
The approach applies dreams and other procedures to determine the unconscious processes to utilize the
result to boost the functioning of personality and to enhance mental health and wellness.
 2. EXPERIENTIAL THEORIES
It falls under the affective theories which are concerned about generating impact on the emotions of
clients to effect change.
The well-known experiential theorists include Rogers and Perls
a. Roger’s Person-Centered Counseling
It has been described as the “if-then” approach.
 The following conditions were formulated by Rogers:
1. Counselor Congruence
2. Empathic Understanding
3. Unconditional Positive Regard
 b. Pearl’s Gestalt Therapy
It focuses on the here and now.
It refers to the dialogue between the therapist and the client wherein the client experiences from the
inside what the therapist observes from the outside.
The goal of the approach is awareness on the environment, of responsibility for choices, of self, and
self-acceptance.
 Gestalt’s technique include the following:
ASSUMING RESPONSIBILITY- rephrase the statement and add “I take responsibility for it”.
USING PERSONAL PRONOUNS- take personal responsibility by saying “I or me “instead of “us or us”
NOW I AM AWARE- assists the clients to get in touch with himself/herself.
 THE EMPTY CHAIR TECHNIQUE- helps client work through conflicting parts of personality.
 3.COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL THEORIES
a. ELLIS RATIONAL EMOTIVE BEHAVIOR THERAPY
REBT highlights the role of cognitions on emotions with assertion that persons can be best appreciated
in terms of internal cognitive dialogue or self-talk.
REBT views the emotional disorder is associated with cognitive processes that are not rational.
 REBT TECHNIQUES:
COGNITIVE- reforming ideas that are reasonable and irrational. Focus on “defeating cognitions”.
EMOTIVE TECHNIQUES- focus on the client’s “affective or emotional domain”
 BEHAVIORAL TECHNIQUES- Focus on the full array of behavioural methods such as assertiveness
training, relaxation therapy, self-management, self-monitoring, and homework assignments.
 b. BECK’S COGNITIVE THERAPY
 TECHNIQUES:
DECATASTROPHIZING- referred to as “what if”.
REDEFINING- rearticulating an obstacle to something that may be useful.
 DECENTERING- This will help the client apprehend that they are not the “center of attention”.
BEHAVIORAL TECHNIQUES – this method applies a broad selection of methods to assist clients
obtaining ‘essential skills, relaxing preparing for difficult situations, and exposing them to feared,
preparing for difficult situations, and exposing them to feared situations”.
 c. BERNE’S TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS
Refers to examining and dissecting transactions between people.
It includes evaluating the “three ego state of parent, adult, and child of each person”.
The fundamental goal is for the client to be “autonomous, self-aware, spontaneous and have the capacity
for intimacy.”
 TECHNIQUES:
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS- assists clients to be conscious of their “three ego”.
TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS- assists clients to “learn to communicate with complementary
transactions.”
SCRIPT ANALYSIS- looks into the “type of life script the client has developed and how it can be re-
written.”
ANALYSIS OF GAMES- comprise of determining “what games the clients play and how the games
interfere with interpersonal functioning.”

III. APPLICATION
Let Us Apply Gestalt’s Technique
Instruction:
1. Let us do an exercise applying Gestalt’s techniques: assuming responsibility, and “now I am aware “.
2. For every technique, before completing every sentence, try to close your eyes, listen to your thoughts,
and be silent.
3. Use the box below for the exercise.
Open Notes
Name:_______________________________________________________

Assuming Responsibility
1.
__________________________________________________________________________________
______________________
and I will take responsibility for it.
2.
__________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________
and I will take responsibility for it.
3.________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________
and I will take responsibility for it.

I am aware
1. Now I am aware
 __________________________________________________________________________________
_________
2. Now I am aware
__________________________________________________________________________________
_________
3. Now I am aware
__________________________________________________________________________________
_________

Reflection Question
What did you feel?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__
__________________________________________________________________________________
__
__________________________________________________________________________________
__

What were your realizations?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__
__________________________________________________________________________________
__
__________________________________________________________________________________
__
__________________________________________________________________________________
__
__________________________________________________________________________________
__

IV. Valuing
1. What are the importance of studying the methods of counselling?
2. As a student it can be helpful to you? Why or Why not?

V. Assessment

A Comparative Summary of Counseling Theories and Methods (Knowledge)

Assessment Rubric

Category 4 3 2 1
Coverage of Captures all Captures important Captures information Captures
the topic important information about about the issue information about
information about the issue which will which will provide the issue which will
the issue which will provide the audience the audience little provide the audience
provide the audience basic understanding understanding on the poor understanding
full understanding on the issue issue on the issue
on the issue
Accuracy of All supportive facts Almost all Most supportive Most supportive
the fact are accurate supportive facts are facts are accurate. facts are inaccurate.
accurate.
Sequencing of Information is Most information is Some information is Poor organization of
Information organized in a clear organized in a clear organized in a information.
and logical way. and logical way. logical way.
Analysis and Provides a Provides a thorough Provides a thorough Poor analysis
evaluation discerning and analysis of some of analysis of some of
thorough problem the problems the problems
 analysis of all the identified identified
problems analysis of
all the problems
presented
Relevance With appropriate With appropriate With inappropriate No connection at all
/Connection to connections between identified problems connection between
lesson identified problems and concepts studied problems identified
and the concepts in class but and the concepts
studied in class somewhat unclear studied in class
Writing Shows clarity , Shows clarity of Unclear writing ; Very poor writing
mechanics conciseness and ideas ; Some poor grammar , and
correctness ; writing grammar or spelling organization
is free of grammar errors, lacks
and spelling errors organization

Instruction: Please fill out the required information in the table below.

Theories Founder / Methods Contribution to Strengths Weaknesses

Theorist the field
Freud’s
Psychoanalytic
Theory
Adlerian
Counseling

Rogers Person –
Centered
Counseling
Perls Gestalt
Theory
Beck’s Cognitive
 Theory

Ellis Rational
Emotive Therapy

Berne
Transaction
Analysis

References:
Gibson , Robert L. and Mitchell ,Marriane H. Introduction to Counseling and guidance. (Sixth edition).
NJ: Merill Prentice Hall, 2003.
Gladding, Samuel T. Counseling: A Comprehensive Profession. ( Fourth Edition) .NJ and Ohio : Merill
Prentice Hall,2000.
Kaplan, David M., Tarvydas, Vilia M. and Gladding, Samuel T. “20/20: A Vision for the Future of the
Counseling: The New Consensus Definition of Counseling.” Journal of Counseling and Development.
Volume 92, 2014.
Mcleod, John. An introduction to Counseling. (Third Edition). Buckingham and Philadelphia: Open
University Press ,2003.
Nystul , Michael. Introduction to Counseling : An Art and Science Perspective.( Second Edition ). USA:
Allyn and Bacon, 2003.
Santrock, John W. Psychology. ( Seventh Edition) .USA: Mc Graw Hill,2003

Chapter 3 Social Work

3.1 The Discipline of Social Work
3.2 Professionals and Practitioners in Social Work
3.3 Clientele and Audiences in Social Work
3.4 Social Work Settings, Processes and Services
3.5 Methods and Tools Of Social Work