Class 11 English Core by Raghav...

TENSES
Tenses denote the time of action. They show when the work is done. They are:
(1) Present Tense

(2) Past Tense
(3) Future Tense
They are further divided into:
(1) Simple Present- It is used to denote scientific facts, universal truths and work
done on daily basis.
ASSERTIVE RULE --- sub + V1 + s/es + object
Example – She writes a letter.
NEGATIVE RULE --- sub + does not + v1 + s/es + object

Example – She does not write a letter.
INTERROGATIVE RULE --- Does + sub + v1 + s/es + object

Example – Does she write a letter?
INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE ASSERTIVE --- Does + sub + not + v1 + s/es + object
=+ Example – Does she not write a letter?

(2) Present Continuous– It is used to express an action taking place at the time
of speaking.
ASSERTIVE RULE --- sub + is/am/are + v1 + ing + object
Example – she is writing a letter.
NEGATIVE RULE --- sub + is/am/are + not + v1 + ing + object

Example – She is not writing a letter.
INTERROGATIVE RULE --- is/am/are + sub + v1 + ing + object
Example – Is she writing a letter?
INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE RULE --- is/am/are + sub + not + v1 + ing + object

Example – Is she not writing a letter?
(3) Present Perfect– It is used to show an action that started in the past and has
just finished.
ASSERTIVE RULE --- sub + has/have + v3 + object
Example- She has written a letter.
NEGATIVE RULE --- sub + has/have + not + v3 + object

Example – She has not written a letter.
INTERROGATIVE RULE --- has/have + sub + v3 + object

Example- Has she written a letter?
INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE RULE ---has/have + sub + not + v3 + object

Example– Has she not written a letter?
(4) Present Perfect Continuous– This tense shows the action which started in
the past and is still continuing.
ASSERTIVE RULE --- sub + has/have + been + v1 + ing + object
Example – She has been writing a letter.
NEGATIVE RULE --- sub + has/have + not been + v1 + ing + object

Example– She has not been writing a letter.
INTERROGATIVE RULE ---has/have + sub + been + v1 + ing + object

Example – Has she been writing a letter?
INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE RULE --- has/have + she + not + been + v1 + ing + object
Example – Has she not been writing a letter?
Past Tense
Tense symbolizes the ever moving, non-stop wheel of time which is forever busy
gathering moments of future and throwing them into the dustbin of past
Past (before
now)
Simple Past Past Past Perfect

Past Perfect
Continuous Continuous
Simple Past
Used to indicate an action completed in the past. It often occurs with adverb of
time. Sometimes it is used without an adverb of time.
Used for past habits.
Eg. I played football when I was a child.
Rule: Subject + V2
Eg She wrote a letter
1. Assertive Sentences –
Subject + V2 + Object + (.)
She wrote a letter.
2. Negative Sentences-
Subject + didn’t + V1 + Object + (.)
She didn’t.write a letter.
3. Interrogative Sentences-
Did + Subject + V1 + Object + (?)
Did she write a letter?
4. Interrogative Negative Sentences-
Did + Subject + not + V1 + Object + (?)
Did she not write a letter?
Past Continuous Tense
Used to denote an action going on at some time in the past.
e.g. I was driving a car.
Rule: was/were + ing
Subject + was/were +V1+ ing + Object + (.)
She was writing a letter.
Subject + was/were + not + ing + Object + (.)
She was not writing a letter.
Was/were + Subject + ing+ Object + (?)
Was she writing a letter?
Was/were + Subject + not + ing+ Object + (?)
Was she not writing a letter?
Past Perfect Tense
Used to describe an action completed before a certain moment in the past, usually a
long time ago. If two actions happened in the past, past perfect is used to show the
action that took place earlier.
e.g. The patient had died before the doctor came.
Subject + had + V3 + Object + (.)
She had written a letter.
Subject + had + not + Object + (.)
She had not written a letter.
Had + Subject + V3 + Object + (?)
Had she written a letter?
Had + Subject + not + V3 + Object + (?)
Had she not written a letter?
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Used to denote an action that began before a certain point in the past and continued
up to some time in past.
e.g. I had been learning English in this school for 20 days.
Subject + had been +V1 + ing + Object + (.)
She had been writing a letter.
Subject + had + not been + V1+ ing + Object + (.)
She had not been writing a letter.
Had + Subject+ been+ V1 + ing + Object + (?)
Had she been writing a letter?

Had + Subject +not + been + V1 + ing + Object + (?)
Had she not been writing a letter?
FUTURE TENSE
Time and tide wait for no man. So, a period of time following the moment of
speaking or writing is called as future tense.
For e.g- She will write a letter.
Tense
Past (before Future (After

Present (now)
now) now)
Future Future Perfect

Simple Future Future Perfect
Continuous Continuous
Simple Future
This tense tells us about an action which has not occurred yet and will occur after
saying or in future
Rule – Will/Shall + Verb (Ist form)
In Future Tense helping verb ‘Shall’ is used with ‘I’ and ‘We’. Helping verb ‘Will’
is used with all others. When you are to make a commitment or warn someone or
emphasize something, use of 'will/shall' is reversed. ‘Will’ is used with ‘I’ & ‘We’
and 'shall' is used with others.
In general speaking there is hardly any difference between 'shall & will' and
normally ‘Will’ is used with all.
Now, let us use this rule in various forms of sentences;
1. Positive / Affirmative Sentences –

Subject + Will/Shall + Verb (Ist form) + Object + (.)
She will write a letter.
Subject + Will/Shall + Not + Verb (Ist form) + Object + (.)
She will not write a letter.
Will/Shall + Subject + Verb (Ist form) + Object + (?)
Will she write a letter?
Will/Shall + Subject + Not + Verb (Ist form) + Object + (?)
Will she not write a letter?
Future Continuous Tense
It is used to express an ongoing or continued action in future.

e.g. He will be distributing sweets in temple tomorrow at 12 o'clock.
In the example, the action will start in future (tomorrow) and action is thought to
be continued till sometime in future.
We use the future continuous to talk about something that will be in progress at or
around a time in the future.
Rule: Will/Shall + Be + Verb (Ist form) + Ing

Subject + Will/Shall + Be + Verb (Ist form) + Ing + Object + (.)
She will be writing a letter.
Subject + Will/Shall + Not + Be + Verb (Ist form) + Ing + Object + (.)
She will not be writing a letter.
Will/Shall + Subject + Be + Verb (Ist form) + Ing + Object + (?)
Will she be writing a letter?
Will/Shall + Subject + Not + Be + Verb (Ist form) + Ing + Object + (?)
Will she not be writing a letter?
Future Perfect Tense
It is used to express an action which will happen/occur in future and will be

completed by a certain time in future.
We use the future perfect to say that something will be finished by a particular time
in the future.
e.g. They will have shifted the house by Sunday morning.

Rule: Will/Shall + Have + Verb (3rd form)

Subject + Will/Shall + Have + Verb (3rd form) + Object + (.)
She will have written a letter.
Subject + Will/Shall + Not + Have + Verb (3rd form) + Object + (.)
She will not have written a letter.
Will/Shall + Subject + Have + Verb (3rd form) + Object + (?)
Will she have written a letter?
Will/Shall + Subject + Not + Have + Verb (3rd form) + Object + (?)
Will she not have written a letter?
Future Perfect Continuous Tense
It is used to talk about actions that will commence at a fix time in future and will
continue for some time in future.
If there is no time reference, then it is not a Future perfect continuous tense.

Without continued time reference, such sentences are Future Continuous Tense.
Continued time reference only differentiates between Future Continuous Tense and
Future Perfect Continuous Tense.
The future perfect progressive emphasize the duration of an activity that will be
in progress before another time or event in the future.
e.g. This time tomorrow, I will be enjoying the cricket match in the stadium.
It is also used to talk about planned actions or actions expected to happen.
e.g. They will be staying for a week’s
The future perfect progressive emphasize the duration of an activity that will be in
progress before another time or event in the future.
Rule: Will/Shall + Have been + Verb (Ist form) + Ing

Subject + Will/Shall + Have been + Verb (Ist form) + Ing + Object + (.)
She will have been writing a letter.
Subject + Will/Shall + Not + Have been + Verb (Ist form) + Ing + Object+ (.)
She will not have been writing a letter.
Will/Shall + Subject + Have been + Verb (Ist form) + Ing + Object +(?)
Will she have been writing a letter?
Will/Shall + Subject + Not + Have been + Verb (Ist form) + Ing + Object +(?)
Will she not have been writing a letter?
Class 11 English Core (Birth)
1. What did Susan Morgan refuse to take during her delivery?

a. A vaccine
b. Prescribed tonic
c. Holy water
d. Chloroform
2. How old was Susan Morgan's mother?
a. Nearly fifty years
b. Nearly seventy years
c. Nearly ninety years
d. Nearly Eighty years
3. Why did Andrew shiver with horror?
a. Susan passed away during labour
b. The baby was born still
c. the delivery was not carried out properly.
d. He gave an overdose of chloroform to Susan
4. What was the dilemma faced by Dr Andrew Manson?
a. Performing invasive or non-invasive procedures for the delivery
b. Saving Susan or the newborn
c. Saving Susan or Susan's mother
d. To call his senior for help or not
5. What was Joe Morgan's house address?
a. House number 13, South Hall
b. House number 12, Blaina Terrace
c. House number 10, Blaina palace
d. House number 8, South Hall
6. Who was Andrew Manson?
7. Who was Christine? What sad episode did Andrew remember about
her?
8. Who was Joe Morgan?
9. Why did Joe Morgan go to Bryngower?
10. What efforts did Andrew make to revive Susan Morgan?
11. How did Andrew assess that night’s work?
12. Give a brief account of the efforts made by Andrew to revive the
stillborn baby.
13. What impression do you form of Andrew Manson on the basis of
the story Birth?
Class 11 English Core (Birth)
Solution
1. (d) Chloroform
Explanation: Susan was afraid of sedation before delivery because she
believed that the use of chloroform can have adverse effects on the
health of her baby.
2. (b) Nearly seventy years
Explanation: Mrs Morgan's mother was a tall, grey-haired woman aged
nearly seventy years.
3. (b) The baby was born still
Explanation: Susan's delivery had complications, Dr Andrew gave his
best and finally, the child was born but the baby was born lifeless and
seeing this made the doctor tremble with fear and feel dejected.
4. (b) Saving Susan or the newborn
Explanation: After a harsh struggle the baby was born but he was not
breathing. The doctor desperately wanted to resuscitate the child but
had to attend Susan first who was in a critical state and had nearly
collapsed.
5. (b) House number 12, Blaina Terrace
Explanation: Joe Morgan lived at House number 12, Blaina Terrace in
the small Welsh town of Blaenelly.
6. Andrew Manson was a young doctor. He had newly passed out of a
medical school. He was working as an assistant to Dr Edward Page.
Their surgery was in a small mining village of Welsh. It was in the town
of Blaenelly.
7. Christine was the girl Andrew loved deeply. But she had quarrelled with
him at the Cardiff station. It had made Andrew very sad. Now a doubt
filled his mind if his marriage with Christine could really be a happy one.
8. Joe Morgan was a sturdy driller. He worked in the village mines. He
lived with his wife Susan and his wife was about to deliver their first
baby almost twenty years after marriage in the plot, Birth.
9. Morgan’s wife was expecting her first baby. She was having pains. The
delivery was going to be before time. The case was serious. So Morgan
went to fetch Dr Andrew Manson who lived at Bryngower.
10. He smashed a glass ampule and injected the medicine. After this,
he flung down the hypodermic syringe. Then he worked quite hard to
restore the soft and weak woman. Her heart strengthened after a few
minutes of feverish effort.
11. As Andrew left driller’s house he felt tired. He kept thinking of the
work he had done that night. He realised that at last, he had done
something real. For him, it was an achievement.
12. A shiver of horror passed over Andrew as he gazed at the still
form of the newborn baby. Though it was a perfectly formed boy, its limp
warm body was white. The whiteness meant suffocation caused by lack
of oxygen. Andrew remembered the treatment given to such a case in
the Samaritan. Before the hot and cold water came he had asked for, he
laid the child upon a blanket and gave it artificial respiration. Then he
dipped the child alternately in hot and cold water. Now, the child was
quite slippery. He rubbed it with a rough towel. Then he pressed and
released his chest till it heaved up. It was followed by other heaves.
Andrew redoubled his efforts. The child started gasping. A bubble of
mucus came from one tiny nostril. The pale skin turned pink. The limbs
were no longer boneless. His head did not lie back spinelessly. The
child gave a cry. It came alive.
13. Andrew Manson is a young man who has recently qualified as a
doctor and started his medical practice as an assistant to Dr Edward
Page in the small Welsh mining town of Blaenelly. He is in love with
Christine and thinks of marriage as an idyllic state. His heart is
overflowing with love. His steady mind and reason help him see the
marriages of many persons as dismal failures.
Andrew is mature enough to keep his private and professional lives
apart. Once confronted with his responsibility, he discharges his
obligations to the utmost capacity. He is duty conscious. He is not a
theorist only. He believes in a practical approach. He is pragmatic and is
not afraid to try unique methods. Andrew has a tender heart. He is
aware of the feelings of others. He knows how deeply Susan loved her
coming baby. He has polite manners and reassuring tone. On the
whole, Andrew impresses us as a dedicated doctor.
Format Of Note Making For Class 11 CBSE With Example
Note Making
Notes are short written record of facts to aid the memory. Notes are usually taken to
record a speech or dictation while listening to it or after reading a book, magazine or
article. They are referred back whenever needed and may be reproduced in the desired
way.
The necessity of note making

Knowledge is vast and unlimited, but our memory is limited. We cannot remember all
the information all the time. Hence note-making is necessary. With the help of notes we
can recall the entire information read/heard months ago. Note-making is quite useful to
students preparing so many subjects. At the time of examinations, it is not possible to
go through voluminous books. At such critical times, notes are quite handy. Hence note-
making fulfils three useful functions:
1. It keeps a lot of information at our disposal for ready reference.

2. It helps us reconstruct what was said or written and thus accelerates the process
of remembering/recall. .
3. It comes in handy in delivering a speech, participation in a debate/discussion,
writing an essay and revising lessons before an examination.
How note making helps us
While making notes we do not simply read the passage/listen to speech but consider
various points made by the writer/speaker and draw our own inferences about what is
being presented. Thus note-making helps us in understanding the passage in a better
way and organising our thoughts systematically.
Characteristics of good notes
1. Short and Compact: Good notes must be short and compact.

2. Complete Information: They must contain all the important information.
3. Logical: They must be presented in a logical way.
4. Understandable: They should be understandable when consulted at a later stage.
Mechanics of note making
While making notes we follow certain standard practices. These may be listed as
follows:
(a) Heading and Sub-headings
(b) Abbreviation and Symbols
(c) Note-form
(d) Numbering and Indentation
Heading and sub-headings

The heading reflects the main theme whereas the sub-headings point out how it has
been developed. The selection of proper heading and sub-heading reveals the grasp of
the passage by the students. In the absence of proper assimilation of main ideas and
subsidiary points it is impossible to make notes.
Abbreviations and symbols

They are used for precision and economy of words and hence quite helpful in note-
making. At least four recognisable abbreviations are to be used in note-making in your
board examination.
These are essential components of note-making. Students often make use of
abbreviations and symbols in doing their written work.
Note. Confusing abbreviations should be avoided, e.g., the abbreviation ‘under’ may
stand for understand, understood and understanding. Similarly ‘indst’ may stand for
industry, industrial, industrious.
Note-Form
While making notes the whole information is listed in note-form in points only. Notes
should not be written in complete sentences as we can’t remember the whole
information. So only the main points are listed one under the other and numbered.
It implies the logical division and sub-division of the listed information by using figures,
letters, dashes and spaces.
All examples and figurative speeches are eliminated.
Numbering and indenting

Indentation
Indentation means leaving space at the beginning of a line of print or writing.
First write the title and then write down the notes in a logical order. From the main
headings to the sub-headings, the numbering should be spaced a little to the right.
Conclusion
Note-making is a useful skill. You must develop it with constant practice. Notes form an
essential part of your academic life and will serve you well in your School/Board
examinations.
How to write note making
Follow the following steps:

Step 1 : (i)Read the passage carefully.
(ii)Try to get the theme and subject of the passage. You may ask yourself: “What is this
passage about?” This will provide you the gist.
Step 2 : Read carefully. Identify main ideas and important supporting details.
Step 3 : Make notes of the main ideas under headings and add sub-points under sub-
headings.
Step 4 : Use proper layout/format, e.g.,
(a) Indented, linear form
(b) Sequential form
(c) Tabular form
(d) Flow chart
(e) Pie chart, graphs or diagrams, etc.
Step 5 : Use recognisable abbreviations wherever possible
Note making Examples Solved Questions
Read the following passages carefully:
Note making Example – Passage 1:
1. Conversation is indeed the most easily teachable of all arts. All you need to do in
order to become a good conversationalist is to find a subject that interests you
and your listeners. There are, for example, numberless hobbies to talk about. But
the important
thing is that you must talk about other fellow’s hobby rather than your own.
Therein lies the secret of your popularity. Talk to your friends about the things that
interest them, and you will get a reputation for good fellowship, charming wit, and
a brilliant mind. There is nothing that pleases people so much as your interest in
their interest.
2. It is just as important to know what subjects to avoid and what subjects to select
for good conversation. If you don’t want to be set down as a wet blanket or a bore,
be careful to avoid certain unpleasant subjects. Avoid talking about yourself,
unless you are asked to do so. People are interested in their own problems not in
yours. Sickness or death bores everybody. The only one who willingly listens to
such talk is the doctor, but he gets paid for it.
3. To be a good conversationalist you must know not only what to say, but how also
to say it. Be mentally quick and witty. But don’t hurt others with your wit. Finally try
to avoid mannerism in your conversation. Don’t bite your lips or click your tongue,
or roll your eyes or use your hands excessively as you speak.
4. Don’t be like that Frenchman who said, “How can I talk if you hold my hand?”
2.1 Make notes an the contents of above paragraph in any format, using abbreviations.
Supply a suitable title also. 5
2.2 Make a summary of the passage. 3
Answers:
2.1 Title: The Art of Conversation Notes:
1. Conv’n—most easily tch’ble art

(a) Reqd. interest’g subject – hobbies
(b) Talk about other fellow’s int./hobby
(c) Win’g reptn. as good conversationalist
(i) good f’ship
(ii) charm’g wit
(iii) brl. mind
2. Fit subs, for conversationalist
(a) What subs, to avoid/select?
(b) Avoid unpl’nt subs.
(i) sickness
(ii) death
(c) Avoid talk’g about self
3. Qualities of a good conversationalist
(a) What to say & how to say it
(b) ment’y quick & witty
(c) pleasant & unhurt’g
(d) avoid mannerisms.
2.2 Conversation is the easiest and the most effective tool than other arts. To have
such attractive quality, you need to pick a subject that interest your listners more than
you. Talk to your friends on topics that can indulge your friends in the conversation for a
longer period of time. Being a good conversationalist, you have to quick and witty. You
should have a pleasant and unhurting quality. Mannerism should be avoided.
Note making Example Passage 2:
1. A good business letter is one that gets results. The best way to get results is to
develop a letter that, in its appearance, style and content, conveys information
efficiently. To perform this function, a business letter should be concise, clear and
courteous.
2. The business letter must be concise: don’t waste words. Little introduction or
preliminary chat is necessary. Get to the point, make the point, and leave it. It is
safe to assume that your letter is being read by a very busy person with all kinds of
papers to deal with. Re-read and revise your message until the words and
sentences you have used are precise. This takes time, but is a necessary part of a
good business letter. A short business letter that makes its point quickly has
much more impact on a reader than a long-winded, rambling exercise in creative
writing. This does not mean that there is no place for style and even, on occasion,
humour in the business letter. While it conveys a message in its contents, the
letter also provides the reader with an impression of you, its author: the medium is
part of the message.
3. The business letter must be clear. You should have a very firm idea of what you
want to say, and you should let the reader know it. Use the structure of the letter—
the paragraphs, topic sentences, introduction and conclusion—to guide the reader
point by point from your thesis, through your reasoning, to your conclusion.
Paragraph often, to break up the page and to lend an air of organisation to the
letter. Use an accepted business-letter format. Re-read what you have written from
the point of view of someone who is seeing it for the first time, and be sure that all
explanations are adequate, all information provided (including reference numbers,
dates, and other identification). A clear message, clearly delivered, is the essence
of business communication.
4. The business letter must be courteous. Sarcasm and insults are ineffective and
can often work against you. If you are sure you are right, point that out as politely
as possible, explain why you are right, and outline what the reader is expected to
do about it. Another form of courtesy is taking care in your writing and typing of
the business letter. Grammatical and spelling errors (even if you call them typing
errors) tell a reader that you don’t think enough of him or can lower the reader’s
opinion of your personality faster than anything you say, no matter how idiotic.
There are excuses for ignorance; there are no excuses for sloppiness.
5. The business letter is your custom-made representative. It speaks for you and is a
permanent record of your message. It can pay big dividends on the time you invest
in giving it a concise message, a clear structure, and a courteous tone.
2.1 Make notes on the passage using recognisable abbreviations in any suitable format.
Give a title to the passage. 5
Answers:
2.1 Title: Writing a Business Letter
Notes:
1. Features of a gd. busns letter

1.1 conveys info efficiently to get results
1.2 is concise
1.3 is clear
1.4 is courteous
2. How to write a gd. busns. letter
2.1 Making letter concise
2.1.1 Intro shd be brief
2.1.2 make your pt in precise words and sent’s
2.1.3 short letr more effective
2.1.4 style is imp.—may ocasnly have hum’r
2.2 Achieving clarity
2.2.1 Have a clear idea of what you wish to say
2.2.2 structr the letter—intro & conclsn.
2.2.3 use accepted format; para, topic, sent’s
2.2.4 check facts, expl’ns, refs.
2.3 Being courteous
2.3.1 Expln. your pt. politely—avoid sarcasm/insults.
2.3.2 careful wrtg & typg.
2.3.3 gram. & spel’g errors to be avoided
3. Importance of busns. letr
3.1 a representative
3.2 permanent rec. message.
2.2 A good business letter is that lends you positive and quality results. To get such
results, a business letter should be effective in appearance, style and content. Apart
from this a letter should be concise, clear and courteous. The business letter should be
to the point as the message can be clear to the reader with an impression of you. The
structure of letter should have topic sentence, introduction, paragraphs to conclusion.
Reread the points you have written to avoid sarcasm and insults that can work against
your motive. Further more grammar and spelling errors need to be avoided.
1. Good decoration reflects the personality of the people who live in the home. It
should, first of all, be distinctive, just as each person is distinctive. A home should
have unity
not only within each room but also throughout the house. Rooms should, to some
degree, harmonize with each other. The colour and styling of each room,
particularly, should fit into the colour and styling of the rooms which run out of it.
2. Attractive home furnishings set the stage for pleasant living. If they are an
expression of yourself, you will have a feeling of satisfaction every time you enter
your home, and friends will share your enjoyment.
3. However, furnishings and surroundings expressive of just the right note of
restfulness, gay informality, or elegant simplicity are not often assembled by
accident. Even enthusiasm alone is not enough. For most home decorators, it
takes poring over plans, trying colour schemes, finding ingenious ways to make
the best of what you have, and shopping around to search out just the right
purchases at prices you can afford to pay. But there is keen pleasure in striving for
the perfect result, and great satisfaction in achieving it.
4. A successful house and successful rooms will depend upon the proper
relationship of each element in it to the others and to the whole. Therefore, in
selecting each piece it is well to consider the background, the usage, the
draperies, the floor covering, the upholstering materials, the woods, shapes, colour
scheme, and the “feeling” you prefer for the room.
5. Work and plan to enjoy your house. Limit the expenditures of time, effort and
money to the extent of your abilities, so that just running the house doesn’t
dominate your life. Elegance and delicate things may be a drain you can afford
only in a limited way. If you can’t afford outside help, select a house and
furnishings that require less care. Plan your activities so that tumult and upset are
limited to a few rooms—an activity room or a bedroom, or a comer of the dining
room.
6. You’ll get more pleasure out of a house if you have a hobby connected with it—
collecting glass or antiques, gardening or indoor flower growing ceramics, art,
cooking, decorating, flower arrangements, etc. And you’ll get more satisfaction
and a great deal of help from studying household activities.
7. You can select a pleasing combination of colours from a wallpaper, a fabric, an
oriental mg, a flower or scene, or even a picture in a magazine. If you don’t already
have the furniture or mgs, it is a good idea to make up a colour scheme in this
way. Let one colour predominate. Limit a colour scheme to two or three colours,
with white or gray tones.
These points will help you:
1. Always choose colours that please you personally— subtle, calm colours if you
prefer a restful atmosphere, intense colours if you like liveliness and cheer.
2. Don’t be afraid of colour. Experimenting on paper will give you confidence. (But
remember larger batches of colour are more intense.) Try out various colour
combinations, then live with them—look at them frequently before you actually
start buying.
3. Colours should harmonize with furniture, draperies, carpets.
2.1 Make notes on the passage in any suitable format. Use abbreviations, wherever
necessary. Give a suitable title. 5
Answers:
2.1 Title: Decorating One’s Home
Notes:
1. Home reflects personality of home-owner

1.1 unity & harmony bet. rooms
1.2 colour & styling sh’d match
2. Elements of decoration
2.1 colour schemes
2.2 draperies, rugs, upholstery, woods, shape
3. Plan to enjoy the House
3.1 limit time, effort & money
3.2 select fumish’gs which require little care
3.3 confine hectic activities to a few rooms
3.4 hobby connected with house—great pleasure.
4. Choice of Colours
4.1 one colour sh’d predominate
4.2 one can expt with colours
4.3 calm colours for restfulness; intense for liveliness
4.4 colours sh’d harmonise with furniture, draperies, carpets
2.2 The maintenance of the house reflects the personality of the people who live in that.
So the distinctive decoration is as important as one attire in good clothes. A unity in the
home can only be seen if the rooms in the house have a degree of harmony, colour and
styling. Furniture is a working strategy for the pleasant living. If there is an expression of
oneself then one will have a mental satisfaction everytime one enter one’s home. To
attain such satisfaction one need to pore over plants, try colour schemes, window
shopping to search the best thing for one’s home.

EXERCISE YOUR WAY TO A HEALTHY HEART
1. The epidemic of heart attacks has been attaining alarming proportion in recent
times causing grave concern specially to the medical fraternity.
2. To contain and control the increasing death and disability from heart attacks and
to focus on public awareness and their involvement at global level, the World
Health Organisation (WHO) and the World Heart Federation observed September
24th as the World Heart Day.
3. What causes heart attacks? Dr H.S. Wasir, Chief Cardiologist and Medical Director,
Batra Hospital and Medical Research Centre lists four main habits which adversely
affect the heart health. These are lack of physical exercise, wrong eating habits,
cigarette smoking and excessive alcohol consumption, and stressful lifestyle.
4. The importance of physical exercise in minimising the incidence of heart attacks
cannot be underestimated. “Physical exercise,” says Dr Wasir, “plays a major role
in achieving a long and healthy life in general and prevention of heart attacks in
particular.” There are several studies showing that physically active people have
higher longevity than those sedentary or physically inactive.
5. In fact, the review of modern medical literature sums up the role of physical
activity in health as ‘Regular physical exercise adds not only years to life but also
life to years’. It is the experience of many modern day physicians that some
patients of angina (chest pain or discomfort on physical or mental exertion or
after meals) do get relief with regularly done physical exercise.
6. What type of physical exercise and how much, one may ask. It is the isotonic
(dynamic) exercise that is beneficial for the heart and not the isometric (static)
exercise which should be avoided by heart patients. Weight lifting, carrying heavy
suitcases while travelling, pushing a car are some of the examples of isometric
exercises. Examples of the beneficial type of physical activity (dynamic exercise)
are brisk walking, swimming, golf without power carts, badminton and tennis
(doubles for those with old heart attacks but fully recovered, to be started only
after physician’s advice).
7. Walking is the best mode of doing regular physical exercise which requires no
equipment, money, material or membership of a club! 30 to 60 minutes brisk walk
even on alternate day has been proven to be beneficial. Stationary cycling or
walking on a treadmill at home are the other alternatives.
8. Walking up the stairs instead of using a lift if going up to three or four floors or
getting off the lift two or three floors before the destination and walking up the
rest through stairs. Going up several floors in a overcrowded lift with limited fresh
air to be shared by so many may also prove unhealthy.
9. Park a little away from the work place and walk that healthy distance.
10. Best time for brisk walks would be the early mornings before the traffic flow picks
up and walking in the parks with thick plantation. Jogging on the roads with heavy
traffic should be avoided as you will be inhaling air polluted with the toxins from
vehicular exhaust such as dioxides of sulphur and nitrogen.
11. “Before starting any physical exercise programmes for the first time, one must get
fully evaluated by a cardiologist so as to avoid any harm being done by exercise if
there is serious underlying heart disease needing treatment,” warns Dr Wasir.
2.1 Make notes on the above passage in any suitable format using recognizable
abbreviations wherever necessary. Assign a suitable heading to the passage. 5
Answers:
2.1 Title: Having a Healthy Heart
Notes:
1. World Heart Day. 24 Sept.

(a) to control death & disability
(b) to increase awareness
2. Causes of Heart Attacks
(a) lack of phy’l exercise
(b) wrong eating habits
(c) smoking & alcohol
(d) stressful lifestyle
3. Role of Physical Excse.
(a) prevents hrt attacks—longer life
(b) isotonic-beneficial; isometric—harmful
(c) walking: best excse.
(i) 30 to 60 mts. brisk walk
(ii) no equipment, money, mat’l or membership of club
(iii) early morning: ideal for walking
(d) Other beneficial excses
(i) stay cycling
(ii) swimming
(iii) walk’g on treadmill
4. Consult cardiologist before beginning an excse progrme.
2.2 In recent times, heart attack is an epidemic disease that cause grave concern to the
medical fraternity. To have control on increasing death and disability due to heart
attacks, the World Health Organisation (W.H.O) and World Heart Federation has
observed September 24th as the World Heart Day to focus on public awareness.
According to health expert there are four main habits that cause heart attack, these are
lack of physical exercise, wrong eating habits, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption
and stressful lifestyle. The affects of heart attack can be reduced to greater extent with
the help of regular exercise.
1. Scientists in the USA and Japan are developing a set of smart materials that clean
themselves off dirt and stains besides eliminating foul odours and dangerous
bacteria.
2. Exploiting powerful catalytic properties, researchers succeeded in creating tiles,
glass, paint, paper and cloth that can keep themselves sparkling clean.
3. The first item to reach the market, a self-cleaning wall and counter tile, can not
only kill bacteria but also eliminate odours and staining associated with smoke
from cooking oils and cigarettes, reports the journal Technology Review.
4. The key to the self-cleansing world of the future is the interaction between
titanium dioxide and ultraviolet rays from the sun or fluorescent lights. The special
properties of titanium dioxide—a substance used to make paint and tooth-paste
white—were first discovered by Tokyo University chemist Akira Fujishima and
Associates in 1969. Their research showed that when exposed to solar energy,
titanium dioxide has the ability to break down water into hydrogen and oxygen.
5. After a quarter-century of observation, scientists now understand that the reaction
occurs as titanium dioxide absorbs ergy from the UV band of sunlight and reacts
with water vapour in the air to produce oxygen molecules. These molecules are
energetic enough to break down organic matter into carbon dioxide and trace
elements.
6. “When light shines on the white paint pigment, titanium dioxide, it produces an
active form of oxygen that can burn combustible material at room temperature,”
says David Ollis, Professor of Chemical Engineering at North Carolina State
University. “It is a fire without a flame.”
7. Scientists have discovered that titanium dioxide-coated materials can easily
remove thin deposits such as bacteria and fingerprints, though they are unable to
break down thick splotches of organic materials—such as blood stains—because
light and oxygen in the air cannot reach the surface where the reaction occurs.
8. Fujishima says that when titanium-dioxide tiles were used in the operating rooms
and bathrooms of Ako Central Hospital in Ako, Japan, they killed 99.9 per cent of
bacteria on their surface. Included among them were penicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus and other germs that can cause secondary infections among
patients.
9. The tiles—marketed by Japan’s Toto Corp under the name NeoClean—remain
effective even though they are coated with a layer of titanium dioxide only one
micron thick, about one-fiftieth the diameter of a human hair. Once the fine layer
of compound is permanently affixed—it is commonly sprayed and then baked onto
the tile’s surface— the company says it is resistant to the abrasion of ordinary
scrubbing that might be needed for thicker stains. Moreover, because titanium
dioxide acts only as a catalyst for the photochemical reaction, it theoretically
never gets used up.
10. While cleaning time varies with the thickness of the deposit, Adam Heller, a
professor of Chemistry at the University of Texas at Austin, says his experiment
shows that titanium dioxide-treated glass removed fingerprints in about two
hours. This glass, versions of which both Heller and Fujishima have developed,
could be made reactive on both sides, making it ideal for everything from sky-
scraper windows to car window glass.
11. The Japanese have tested other titanium dioxide-treated materials as well.
Kazuhito Hashimoto, a chemist at Tokyo University, applied the compound to a
porcelain urinal. After a month, the treated urinal looked sparkling clean while an
untreated unit was blotched and yellowed. Elsewhere, researchers are
experimenting to see if the tiles can keep themselves clean on the walls of heavily
polluted car and truck tunnels. And a Japanese paper company is developing
windows and partitions for Japanese houses while a camping equipment
manufacturer is testing a self-cleaning tent fabric.
12. But the most promising self-cleaning product is likely to be a wash-itself paint.
Both the Texas and the Tokyo laboratories have demonstrated the self-cleaning
capacities of paints containing titanium dioxide. While they are not saying exactly
how they did it, both claim to have overcome an intrinsic problem in which
titanium dioxide breaks down materials that bind pigments in coloured paints.
2.1 Give a suitable title to the passage. 1

2.2 Make notes of the contents of the passage you have read. Use a format you
consider suitable. Use recognizable abbreviations wherever necessary. 4
Answers:
2.1 Title: Self Cleaning Materials
2.2 Notes:
1. Self clg. mats.
(a) clean dirt, stains
(b) eliminate foul odour & dang, bacteria
2. Self clg. tiles—pple. of wk.
(a) uv rays —> TiO2
3. Spl. props, of TiO2
(a) Ti02 makes paint/tooth paste white
(b) ability to break down H20 into H2 and O2
(c) abs. energy from uv band + reacts with H2O vapours —> prod. O2—> brk. org.
matter —> CO2 + trace elements
4. Discovery Testing & Research
(a) dis.- Akira Fujishima (Tokyo Univ.)—1969
(b) Testg.- Ako Central Hospl.
(c) Adam Heller (Texas Univ.)—TiO2 coated glass—removed finger prints in 2 hrs.
5. Marketing
(a) Tiles called ‘Neo clean’
(b) Jap. Toto Corp.
6. Future Prospects wash itself paint
2.3 Scientists of Japan and USA have developed many smart materials that not only
clean themselves off dirt and stains but also eliminate adours and dangerous bacteria.
Some tiles, glass, paint, paper and cloth have been introduced those can be kept clean
manually. Titanium dioxide and ultraviolet rays from the sun are the keys to the self
cleaning world. But the most effective and promising, self cleaning product is likely to
be wash itself paint.
1. It’s headache having a headache. Almost all of us have suffered from a headache
at some time or the other. For some headache is a constant companion and life
can be a painful hell of wasted time.
2. The most important step to cope with headaches is to identify the type of
headache one is suffering from. In tension headaches (two hand headache), a
feeling of a tight band around the head exists along with pain in the neck and
shoulders. It usually follows activities such as long stretches of driving, typing or
sitting on the desk. They are usually short-timed, but can last for days or weeks?
3. A headache is usually caused due to spinal misalignment of the head, due to poor
posture. Sleeping on the stomach with the head turned to one side and bending
over positions for a long time make it worse.
4. In migraine headaches (one handed headaches), the pain is usually on one side of
the head and may be accompanied by nausea, vomiting, irritability and bright
spots of flashes of light. This headache is made worse by activity, especially
bending. The throbbing pain in the head gets worse by noise and light. Certain
triggers for migraines may be chocolate, caffeine, smoking or MSU in certain food
items. The pain may last from eight to 24 hours and there may be a hangover for
two-three days.
5. Migraines are often preceded by an aura—changes in sight and sensation. There is
usually a family history of migraine.
6. In a headache the pain originates not from the brain but from irritated nerves of
muscles, blood vessels and bones. These send pain signals to the brain which
then judges the degree of distress and relays it at appropriate sites. The pain may
sometimes be referred to sites other than the problem areas. This is known as
referred pain and occurs due to sensation overload. Thus, though most headaches
start at the base of the skull the referred pain is felt typically behind the eyes.
7. Factors causing headaches are not fully understood but it is known that a shift in
the level of body hormones and chemicals, certain food and drinks and
environmental stress can trigger them.
8. If headaches trouble you often, visit the doctor, who will take a full health history
relating to diet, lifestyle stresses, the type of headache, triggering factors and
relief measures. You may be asked to keep a “headache diary” which tells you to
list the time the headache started, when it ended, emotional, environmental and
food and drink factors which may have contributed to it. The type and severity of
pain and the medications used which provided most relief, are also to be listed.
9. This helps the doctor in determining the exact cause and type of headache and
the type of drugs to use. Apart from this a physical examination is done to rule out
any serious underlying cause. The blood pressure is recorded, vision tested and
muscle coordination o; the eyes is checked to rule out these as causes. Blood
tests may be done to rule out anaemia, diabetes and thyroid disease. If any of the
above is abnormal or otherwise a CT Scan or MRI may be done to see tissues and
structures around the brain. These will rule out causes such as tumors,
haemorrhage and infection of the brain, this examination gives a clear picture of
the problem to the doctor.
10. Immediate relief can be obtained by certain medications and a few simple self-
care techniques. Using ice against the pain site, covering eyes with dark glasses,
drinking plenty of fluids and lying down in a dark and quiet room, provide relief in a
migraine attack. Pain killers like aspirin, ibuprofen (brufen) and crocin can be
taken and provide relief in different proportions. These should be used with
caution and under medical supervision, if used for long periods and large
quantities as all of them can cause many side effects. An antiemetic like perinorm
can help the nausea associated with a migraine.
2.1 On the basis of your reading of the passage make notes on it, using recognizable
abbreviations wherever necessary. Use a suitable format. Supply an appropriate title. 5
Answer
2.2 All of us suffer from headache. It can be of many types. The tension headache is
short lived. But there can be headache due to body posture. Migraine headache is
caused due to nausea, vomitting and irritability. In headache pain starts from irritated
nerves of muscles; blood vessels and bones. There are many other factors like food
environment and body postures that may result in a headache. It can be cured through
physical examination of doctor. Other diseases like B.P., diabetes may also be got
checked. The best technique is to have self care or to use pain killers as per
prescription of the doctor.

1. It is an unpretentious structure tucked in a comer of Chandni Chowk. It could be
missed by a passer-by but for the chirping which gives away its unique mission.
The Charity Birds Hospital is the only one of its kind in the country. Many people
arrive here daily with injured birds which they may have found lying by the
roadside. After a quick inspection, an attendant makes a simple entry in the
register: name of the person, kind of bird and date and “admits the patient” for
treatment free of cost. The bird then becomes the sole responsibility of the
hospital.
2. The ailing bird is administered first-aid and then kept in an isolated cage. Often
medication and proper care is all that is needed. After the wound heals, the bird is
moved to a common section with other birds of its kind. Soon it will be healthy
enough to fly away, may keep visiting the terrace for food and water. The work
began way back in 1929 in a small one-room structure. One Lala Lachumal Jain,
along with others, decided to start a medical facility for birds. A few years later it
became increasingly difficult to treat the large number of birds being brought. In
1957 the present building was inaugurated.
3. The progress of the hospital has been slow but steady. Till 1968 only ayurvedic
treatment was being administered. Allopathy was adopted that year. And it was as
recently as in 1992 that a laboratory was set up to conduct pathological tests.
Though surgery is conducted at times and doctors try their best to save the bird’s
life, it is often too late. The mortality rate is quite high: around five to six birds die
everyday.
4. The hospital survives only on charity. The trustees proudly claim that there is a
steady flow of donations. Rich businessmen, visitors and even tourists donate
generously. Till date they have never approached the government for funds.
However, the hospital has drawbacks. It does not accept carnivorous birds and
does not admit pet birds. Moreover, the bird is subjected to a lot of stress as,
being in old Delhi, the place is not easily accessible. Since it survives on charity, it
is unable to take up research work.
5. But work goes on. The staff says, they have received as many as 50-60 cases a
day. The hospital has an emergency ward and stays open round the clock. It
spends approximately ? ₹ 6 lakh to ? ₹ 7 lakh annually and at any given time looks
after 4000 to 5000 birds.
2.1 On the basis of your reading of the passage make notes on it, using recognizable
abbreviations wherever necessary. Use a format you consider suitable. Supply a
suitable title. 5
Answers:
2.1 Title: Charity Hospital for Birds
Notes:
1.
1. Place & Origin
1.1 Locn. : Corner of Ch. Chowk
1.2 Founder : Lala Lachumal Jain (1929)
1.3 Growth : 1929 – 1 room struc.
1957 – pres. bldg.
1.4 Facilities : Upto 1968 – ayurvedic treatment
from 1968 – allopathy introduced
from 1992 – path, lab tests & surgery
2. Procedure of treatment
3.
4. Uniqueness
4.1 charitable—no govt, funds
4.2 free of cost trtmt—4000 to 5000 birds per day
4.3 expenditure: Rs 6 – 7 lakhs annually
5. Drawbacks
5.1 carnivorous & pets excluded
5.2 locn. inaccessible
5.3 no research wk.
2.2 Chandni Chowk has an unpretentious structure that is charity birds hospital which is
one in the whole country. Birds are treated in the hospital after making an entry to the
register, name of the person who carries the injured bird and treatment starts free of
cost. The hospital takes the sole responsibility to heal the wounds of a bird. The bird is
kept under observation till it become able to move to the common section with other
birds. The hospital gets fund from tourists, visitors and common men but it does not
get any fund from the govt. It’s annual expenditure is ? ₹ 6-7 lakhs.
1. The term earthquake is applied to any tremor or shaking of the ground. Many
earthquakes are so gentle as to pass almost unrecognised, others are sufficiently
pronounced to excite general alarm, while some spread enormous destruction.
Destructive earthquakes are usually confined to limited regions. The usual
phenomena recorded in well-known earthquakes are first a trembling, next one or
more severe shocks, and then a trembling which gradually dies away. In most
cases, each shock lasts only a few seconds, but the tremblings that follow may
continue for days, weeks, or even months. Noises of various kinds usually
accompany an earthquake. They have been likened to the howling of storm, the
growling of thunder, the clanking and clashing of iron chains, or the rumbling of
heavy wagons along a road. Such noises are conducted through the ground, or
thev may travel through the sea or air, and are often heard at great distances from
the place where the shock is felt. Some earthquakes, however, are not
accompanied by these noises. At the time of the terrible shock which destroyed
Riobamba in Ecuador on February 4, 1797, a complete silence reigned.
2. Many changes are produced on the earth’s surface by earthquakes. They cause
landslips and cracks in the earth, which will sometimes alter the drainage system
of a country. They are frequently accompanied by great seawaves, which will often
sweep rocks and sand great distances inland. Permanent elevations and
depressions of land are sometimes caused. After the great earthquakes of 1750,
the coast of Chili was found to have been permanently raised from three to four
feet. Well-known examples of permanent depressions are those of the Runn of
Kutch and the coastlands near Chittagong, which suddenly sank during the Bengal
earthquake of 1762.
3. Earthquakes are the most common in volcanic and mountainous regions, and
many of them are no doubt due to volcanic action. These appear to originate in
the sea, and may be due to the flashing into steam of the water which finds its
way down through cracks to the underlying heated rocks. Others appear to
originate in volcanoes themselves, being due to the explosion of vapours which
expand. Many other causes are ascribed, of which two may be mentioned. Some
earthquakes may be due to the collapse of hollows beneath the ground, and
others again to the snapping of strata which has been subjected to too great a
strain. It is noticeable that most earthquakes occur during the cold months of
winter.
4. Among destructive earthquakes in modern times may be mentioned the one that
altered the Straits of Messina between Italy and Sicily in 1908, and the terrible
upheaval in Japan in 1925, which destroyed whole towns and caused the death of
thousands of people.
2.1 Make notes of the contents of the passage you have read. Use a format you
consider suitable. Use recognizable abbreviations where necessary. Give a suitable title
to the passage. 5
Answers:
2.1 Title: Earthquake
Notes:
1. Defn.-tremor/shak’g of grnd
2. Types ofE’quake
(a) Gentle – unrecog’d
(b) Suff. pron’d – gentle alarm
(c) Severe—eno. dest’n
3. Signs of Occurrence
(a) Trembl’g – 1 or more severe shocks – trembl’g
(b) Various Noises
(i) howl’g of storm
(ii) growl’g of thunder
(iii) clank’g / clash’g of iron chains
(iv) rumbl’g of heavy wagon on road
(c) Range – thro’ grd, sea, air – heard at distance
(d) Some e’quakes silent
4. Changes in Earth’s Surface
(a) Landslips and cracks – drainage alt’d
(b) E’quake + sea waves – roAt. & :;.rr,d awept inland
(c) Perm’t elev’ns/depr’ns
5. Origin
(a) mount, region
(b) sea
(c) volcanoes
6. Causes
(a) Volcanic action in mount.
(b) Sea water entg. heated rocks
(c) Explo’n of expanding vapour
(d) Collapse of under grd. hollows
(e) Snap’g of strata
7. Occurrence – cold months/winter
8. Most Dest. E’quakes
(i) 1908 – straits of Messina altered
(ii) 1925 – Japan – Upheaval – Towns dest’d – thousands kill’d
2.2 Earthquake takes place due to tremor or shaking of the ground. Some earthquakes
are so gentle that these are known unrecognised while some spread destruction.
Destructive earthquakes are noisy, linked to the howling of storm, the growling of
thunder, the clanking and clashing of iron chains. Many earthquakes also cause land
slips and cracks in the earth that sometimes affect the drainage system of the country.
In volcanic and mountainous regions, earthquakes are common. It is also noted that
most earthquake occur during winter.
Passage 9:
1. The one industry that remains unaffected by any depression in trade is the beauty
industry. The women world over continue to spend money on their faces and
bodies even when there is a great slump in other areas of trade. The number of
advertisements proclaiming the miracles performed by the various beauty aids
goes to support the fact that, today, with all the talk about emancipation, equality
of sexes and feminism, women are still observed with their physical beauty as
they were in the times of Cleopatra.
2. America leads the figures, literally and metaphorically. Many parts of Europe by
virtue of being affected by political and economic instability, leave precious little
for women to beautify themselves. May be, all that women in Europe, can then do
is to wash and hope for the best. But, the rich and upper middle class women,
everywhere in the world, block a substantial amount of their income on beautifying
themselves. Why is it so?
3. The richer the man gets the more obsessed he becomes with high powered cars
and electronic gadgets and bank balances. On the contrary, the women, especially
the urban upper middle class women, find their bodies and faces worthy of
investing a major part of their income.
4. Women, these days, are much freer than they were in the last century. Not only are
they free to take part in social and professional functions of a society as an equal
to man, but also to look attractive in any given situation. The beauty industry is
shrewd enough to exploit this trend and women in every walk of life have
something to buy from the range of products that the beauty industry offers. The
British matron, today, is the thing of the past.
5. As a result of the number of beauty parlours that have sprung up in every street
corner of the metropolises, and the exercises, the health motors and the skin
foods that they offer, you can hardly run into an old woman these days. One could
say ‘old ladies’ are fast becoming an extinct species. White hair, wrinkles, bent
backs and hollow cheeks are features of a bygone era. Cosmetic surgery has
slowly eradicated these unwanted phenomena. If children of posterity want to look
at an old woman, they might have to run to an art gallery and find a medieval
painting.
2.1 On the basis of your reading of the above passage, make notes on it, using
recognizable abbreviations where necessary. Use a format you consider suitable.
Supply an appropriate title. 5
Answers:
2.1 Title: Beauty Industry
Notes:
1. Flourishing Ind.
(a) Unaffected by depn.
(b) Advts. – miracles of bty. aids .
(c) Phy. bty – still pop. among women
2. Craze for Beautification
(a) America leads figs.
(b) Parts of Europe – little for bty. aids
(c) Everywhere in the world – sub. amt.
(i) Rich
(ii) Upp. mid. els.
3. Reasons
(a) Rich women – invt on bodies & faces
(b) Women’s freedom – eq. to man
(i) social/prof, funct. of soc.
(ii) Look attractive in any sitn.
(c) Shrewdness of bty ind.
(i) Exploits the trend to look btyful
(ii) Women of all classes – buy beauty aids
4. Old ladies – extinct species
(a) Beauty parlours
(i) ex. thro, health motors
(ii) skin foods
(b) Cosmetic surgery
No white hair, wrinkles, bent backs or hollow cheeks
2.2 Beauty industry has become flourishing industry which is unaffected by any
depression. Advertisements proclaim miracles of beauty aids. Women loves to maintain
their physical beauty in all nations. America leads the figures, though in some parts of
Europe the women are not crazy for beauty. Yet everywhere in the world the women
spent a big amount of their income on beautifying themselves. The women of all
classes buy beauty aids and pay a handsome amount in beauty parlours. The features
of old age has been challenged by cosmetic surgery. So the old ladies are fast
becoming an extinct species.
Passage 10:
1. According to the National Council for Applied Economic Research’s latest report,
India’. Human Development Report which is a profile of the Indian states in the
1990s, there are many problems in women’s education. Girls are taken out of
school as soon as some calamity hits the family’s fortunes. They are made to look
after their younger siblings and they are not looked upon as ‘investment’. In order
to marry them off early and without problems, girls are not allowed to traverse
long distances to go to schools. They are not allowed to study under male
teachers. Affluent families invest in girls’ education only if they are assured of
getting better bridegrooms.
2. So high is the girls’ drop out rate that there are only 52 girls to every 100 boys who
complete middle school. Gender disparity is higher among matriculates and 40
women to every 100 men ever pass the examination. The only gender egalitarian
state is Kerala and it is very difficult to come across a female graduate in a village
excepting in Kerala. Gender disparity varies with household income and poverty
level and the poorer the family, the greater the temptation to invest in boys’
education. It also varies according to social class. The lowest level of matriculates
is among the SC/STs and Muslims.
3. Another important finding is that at the critical age of 25 to 34 years, there is
higher gender disparity in education, with high levels of female illiteracy, in the
problematic central Indian states (Bihar, MP, Rajasthan and UP). This is indicative
of other connected problems that these states face. When women are illiterate,
they are not able to look after their children’s health and the mortality rate may be
high. Faced with a high mortality rate of children, there is a tendency to have more
children and the fertility rate remains high. Among the SC/ST women in the
reproductive age of 15 to 35, only 6 to 9 percentage of literacy can be found in
Bihar and UP.
4. Female labour participation reveals that as soon as the family’s income improves,
women give up working whether in the fields or in non-farm activities or at home in
income generating activities. It is not surprising that they stop working because
there is a huge gender disparity in wage rates. Even when women do the same
arduous work they are paid on average ? ₹ 17 a day as compared to ? ₹ 23 for
men.
5. When women are educated they can at least look after their own and the family’s
health, better. Without adequate education, there is a low level of awareness about
ailments and sheer ignorance can cause them to ascribe ailments to non-medical,
often supernatural causes. Uneducated women are often too shy to reveal their
diseases and many do not go to doctors out of fear that it may cause undue
expenses to their budgetary balances. Pregnant women in many villages have
been found not to be given any special diet. In fact they often reduce their food
intake because of the prevailing belief that they cannot digest heavy food. There is
gender disparity in most states in the treatment of young children and the elderly.
6. In any case, a majority of the rural areas do not have provision for primary health
care services. The prevalence of diseases is rather high in the southern states,
West Bengal and Punjab perhaps because of better reporting of sickness and the
availability of treatment. About 41 million individuals receive medication for major
illnesses at a point of time in India and the highest prevalence is of hypertension
followed by tuberculosis. The critical issues of education and health are closely
connected with expansion of job opportunities and while reducing unemployment
has been a standard slogan during the elections by all parties, the emphasis on
health and education has been subdued.
2.1 Make notes on the contents of the passage you have read. Use a format you
consider suitable. Use abbreviations where necessary. Also give a suitable title to the
passage. 5
Answers:
2.1 Title: Neglect of Women’s Education & Health
Notes:
1. Female drop-outs in schools

(a) family hit by calamity—girl looks after siblings
(b) girl’s edn. – not regarded invt.
(i) rich – invt. if better bridegm
(c) prob. free mar’ge
(i) early age
(ii) no long dist. to sch’l
(iii) no male trs.
2. High drop-out rate/illiteracy
(a) gender disparity in edn – directly: to
(i) h.h. income & poverty level
(ii) social clusters
(iii) prob. central Indian states
3. Female labour participation
(a) family income imps. – women give up wkg
(b) huge gender disparity in wage rates
4. Results of inadequate female edn.
(a) Health probs.
(i) ignorance
(ii) superstitions
(iii) shyness about disease
(iv) fear of undue expenses
(v) lack of proper diet to preg. wn.
5. Lack of rural/health care services
(a) high prevalence of diseases
41 millions get medn.
(b) southern states, W.B. & Pun.
(i) better report’g of sickness
(ii) availability of trtmt.
(c) most com’n diseases
(i) h’tension
(ii) T.B.
2.2 Women’s education is still legging behind under various factors. If any calamity hits
the family girls are taken out of school to look after their younger siblings. Girls
education is not regard as investment. Only the rich class educate their girls for better
match. Most of the parents do not like to send their girl child in distant school or taught
by male teachers. The working womens give up their job with an increase in their family
income. Secondly inadequate education in female create health problems due to
ignorance, superstitions and fear of undue expense. There is lack of rural health care
services so the rural women become victims of diseases like T.B., hypertension etc.
Passage 11:
1. The recently concluded Kyoto Conference on the production of gases with a

greenhouse effect on the environment has again brought into focus the issue
involving the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).
2. These are widely used for their cooling and propelling actions in equipment such
as air- conditioners, fire extinguishers and refrigerators. Most of the CFCs are non-
toxic, inert and non-inflammable, therefore, ideal for both domestic and
commercial use. In medicine, their use is widespread for general purposes listed
above. More specifically, they are used as propellants for inhalational drugs
commonly used by patients with asthma and other lung diseases. Millions of
patients using metered dose inhalers (MDI) are thus dependent on CFCs—until
CFC-free inhalers become available.
3. The inhalational therapy, which almost revolutionised the management of asthma,
is apparently in danger. It was in the 1970s when the scientists first discovered
that the CFCs were dangerous for the environment. CFCs released in the
environment are broken down by the sunlight to release chlorine atoms. It is the
chlorine atom which destroys the ozone layer present about 40 km above the
earth.
4. The effect is so potent that one atom of chlorine can destroy up to 100000
molecules of ozone.
5. The normally present ozone layer prevents the entry of the extra terrestrial rays on
the earth. A hole created in this protective umbrella allows the harmful ultraviolet
and other rays to pass unfiltered. This phenomenon is commonly referred to as
the greenhouse effect resulting in global warming. The size of the hole which was
supposedly of a football ground until a few years ago, has grown to that of
Antarctica. That in itself speaks of the enormity of the problem.
6. The contribution of CFC propellants used in medicine to the greenhouse effect is
negligible. CFCs used in inhalers are less than 0.5 per cent of its total worldwide
use. In fact, propulsion of a single satellite in space releases more chlorine than
that by the worldwide use of MDIs for a whole year. Even the Montreal Protocol
which introduced total ban on CFCs had spared the essential uses such as that for
MDIs.
7. But a ban on CFCs for most of their uses is bound to affect their inhalational
therapy. Production of CFCs is likely to stop in the near future. Moreover, a relative
scarcity of CFCs is likely to greatly increase the costs of inhalers. Alternative
approaches, therefore, are immediately required.
8. Inhalational therapy is now established as an important method of administration
of drugs. It is certainly the mainstay for treatment of asthma. But several other
drugs, including antibiotics are administered in inhaled forms. CFCs are required
only when a drug is available in a premixed form in a canister for direct inhalation.
But drugs, other than those for asthma are not available as ready-made inhalers.
Most of those drugs, including many used for asthma as well, are given by
nebulization which involves the use of compressed air (or oxygen) to change the
liquid solution into a vapour-form. But nebulization does not solve the problem as
it cannot replace the inhalers.
9. Alternative propellant gases using fluorocarbons without a chlorine atom, are
being developed. Fluorine released by these propellants is considered to be safe
for the ozone layer. But inhalers employing such gases are yet not available.
10. Another novel technique is to substitute the liquid inhalational drug with a
powdered form. Several kinds of dry-powder inhalers are already available in the
market. The methodology is easy and simple for the patient but for the problem of
dosage. Per dose the amount of drug which can be inhaled in a powder form is
generally less than that from an MDI. We have différé .t rotahalers and rotacaps
available in India. Elsewhere, in the world, there are disc-halers where a single disc
contains multiple (six to eight) blisters of the drug, or a turbohaler where 100 to
200 dosages are made available in a single unit. It is only a question of time when
these forms shall be marketed in this country as well. Those are bound to be
costlier to absorb the expenses of research, development and marketing.
11. Undoubtedly, better alternatives will be developed in future. Until then, one hopes
that the benefits of inhalational therapy with or without the use of CFCs are not
denied to the patients.
2.1 On the basis of your reading of the above passage make notes using appropriate
symbols and abbreviations in any one of the accepted formats. Also supply an
appropriate title. 5
Answers:
2.1 Title: Inhalers and Environment
Notes:
1. CFCs & Envt

(a) dangerous for envt.
(b) releases Cl – dest. Og
(c) green-house effect—global warm’g
2. Use of CFCs
(a) Domestic & commercial
(i) AC, fridge.
(ii) fire extg.
(b) Medicine
(i) propellants for inhal. drugs
(ii) MDI for asthma.
3. Inhaler Therapy
(a) CFC inhal’s – neg. gr’n house eff.
(b) Trtmt. of asthma.
(c) Admn. antibiotic in inhaled forms.
4. Alternative Approach
(a) neb’n
(b) FCS w’out Cl
(c) dry powder inhs.—prob. of dosages
1. rotahalers & rota caps.
2. disc halers – 6 to 8 dos.
3. turbohalers – 100 to 200 dos.
2.2 CFCs is dangerous for environment as it releases chlorine atoms which destroy the
ozone layer, causes greenhouse effect and global warming. It is widely used in
domestic and commercial purposes. CFC inhalers contribute negligible greenhouse
effect. It is not only treatment of Asthma but also administrates antibiotic in inhaled
forms. As alternate approaches FCs without chlorine atom are being developed.
Another novel technique is to substitute the liquid inhalational drug with a powdered
form. Different rotahalers and rotacaps are available in India.
Passage 12:
1. This may seem like straight out of a Harry Potter book, but it happens to be true.
The three thousand year old publishing medium – Paper, might soon get obsolete.
Or, its use might get severely curtailed, with the arrival of electronic ink – a close
cousin to the e-paper.
2. The functionality of the whole experiment lies in its simplicity. The new technology
not only looks, feels and is portable like the conventional paper, but is also eco-
friendly.
3. E-ink, a US based company is on the fast track of developing e-ink that looks just
like grey paint, but inside there are hundreds and thousands of microcapsules,
which change their colour from light to dark when exposed to an electronic field.
4. Since these microcapsules float free in an oil-based liquid – the “carrier medium”,
they can be printed on just about any flat surface, convex, concave or even cloth
material. Currently, e-ink is hawking this technology only to the likes of JC Penney,
which has begun to use its simplified versions for a futuristic promotional
campaign. Commercial application is still a bend away. The primitive version of
the technology was developed at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Centre and was
promptly christened Gyricon (from a Greek word standing for rotate + image). This
was because the technology involved floating microspheres.
5. The success formula behind the cutting-edge technology lies in the reusable paper
that can ‘typeset’ itself through a wireless system, enabling updation of contents
throughout the day-almost like a web update.
6. The fundamentals are so simple, it is amazing how it eluded scientists for so long.
In a nutshell, it combines the clarity, userfriendliness and affordability of the
conventional paper, with the immediacy of the Web and can even be folded and
kept in the briefcase for an easy lugging to the office.
7. “There is a strong demand to retain all the good properties of paper and yet couple
it with electronic distribution”, says a senior scientist associated team on the
company’s Web site. In other words, if one is to replace paper, the electronic
alternative should also look like paper. This might even please the strong
environmentalists’ lobby, who have always stood up in arms against the massive
tree-felling by the paper industry. According to one conservative estimate, an
average reader consumes nearly 740 pounds of paper pulp every year.
8. Another drawback with the paper industry is that the printed words are so static
that they can neither be erased nor updated. The new technology creates a
dynamic high resolution display over a thin and flexible medium and is expected to
hit the market by 2003. It will perhaps herald an altogether new reading style with
the paraphernalia of e-books and e-paper that can display volumes of information
as easily as turning a page and permanent newspaper surfaces that update
themselves daily via a wireless broadcast.
9. E-ink constitutes of millions of microcapsules having a transparent outer shell.
Inside are tiny white pigment chips that float in a blue coloured dye. These white
spheres carry a positive charge. The e-ink with millions of such microcapsules are
placed between two electrodes. When the top electrode layer is negatively
charged, it draws the positively charged white coloured pigment chips towards the
top, reading surface, making them shine and stand out against the background of
the blue dye. And, Loila! the letters and images become legible. A similar charge in
the lower layer pulls the white pigments down, making them invisible to the eye. A
combination of such white pigment chips on the surface make the words and
images visible. These characters can easily be changed any time by altering with
the charge on the electrode layers, which is manipulated through the wireless
signals. The e-ink is already in use on display boards at several US supermarkets,
airports, ATMs and offices.
10. The commercial advantages include its thinness, low weight and power efficiency
(0.1 watts). The system is networkable through wireless and wired systems and is
also mobile (if supported by wireless system). Thus, the displays can be controlled
from one central location. Need a publisher or,a reader ask for anything more?
(For more details access the official site, www.eink.com).
2.1 Make notes on the contents of the passage above. Use a format you consider
suitable. Use abbreviations where necessary. Also give a suitable title to the passage. 5
2.1 Title: E-ink & E-paper .

Notes:
1. Characteristics of E-ink
(a) looks like grey paint
(b) mns. micro caps.
(c) oil-based liquid
(d) printed on any surface.
(i) flat (ii) convex (iii) concave (iv) cloth
2. E-paper – Qualities
(a) reus’le – typset itself
(b) updat’g contents – like web
(c) clarity, userfr’dliness, affordability – convn’l paper
(d) imm’cy of web
(e) foldg. & lug’g
3. Advantages of E-paper
(a) no tree fell’g – envt. lobby pleased
(b) printed words stat. – no erasion no. updt’g
(c) high display over thin & flex’le medium
4. Working of E-ink
(a) white pigment chips inside micro caps —> +ve charge
(b) blue coloured dye
(c) E-ink placed between 2 electrodes
(d) – ve charged top elec, layer – pig’ts shine – letters image
(e) – ve charged lower layer – pig’ts invisible
(f) manipulation by wireless
2.2 Electronic ink-a close cousin of the e-paper looks like grey paint. This oil based
liquid has thousands of microcapsules as carrier medium. They can be printed on just
about any flat surface, convex, concave or even cloth material. The E-paper is eco-
friendly. The printed words are static that they can neither is erased nor updated. High
resolution is displayed over a thin and flexible medium. The tiny white pigment chips
carry a positive charge. The commercial advantages include its thinness, low weight
and power efficiency. The system is manipulated by wireless.
Passage 13:
1. Many have labelled the prevailing drought situation as a man-made disaster.

Towns and villages over large parts of the country are desperate for water. Many
are dependent on periodic tanker supplies ferried across considerable distances.
As summer advances, communities may be compelled to migrate unless help
comes their way.
2. Rainfall is often erratic and unevenly distributed over space and time. Many
regions regularly experience recurrent drought and/or flood as part of their normal
hydrological cycle. Droughts, like floods, are therefore no surprise. It can be
mitigated, even averted, by drought-proofing and, like flood, must be appropriately
managed as and when it occurs.
3. Population growth and development aimed at enhancing the quality of life entails
larger water use. This is subjecting India to increase seasonal and regional water
stress, with deteriorating water quality being an aggravating factor. Water
conservation at all times and places, improved water management and
maintaining water quality are therefore critical.
4. These measures are not necessarily mutually exclusive and each has certain
costs and benefits. The objective should be to secure optimality. The notion that
rainwater harvesting, groundwater recharge and sound water management by
themselves can provide a complete or sufficient answer to India’s water needs is
mistaken. Pursued as a panacea that obviates the need for large dams, it could
rob the country of vital insurance against disaster.
5. It is wholly fallacious to argue that if hundreds of large dams (over 15 metres
high) have not averted the drought this year, the hugely demonised Sardar Sarovar,
for instance, will make no difference. The simple answer is that the hundreds of
dams and storages on local rain-fed rivers and smaller conservation works and
traditional systems must fail if the rains fail. Deserted villages are mute testimony
to this truth.
6. Sufficient rain must first fall before it can be harvested in situ. North Gujarat,
Saurashtra and Kutch suffer aridity. But the Narmada rises over 1300 kilometres
away in a relatively high rainfall region. If its abundant flood waters are stored,
these can be diverted from the terminal Sardar Sarovar dam to the very areas of
Gujarat most troubled by drought. Gujarat’s allotted share of nine million acre feet
of water—or even half that quantum— would have averted much of the present
distress had the dam height reached 110 metres when the canals would begin to
flow and generate energy.
7. The distribution system is far advanced and would have guaranteed drinking
water, fodder and livelihood to millions. It would have recharged groundwater and
filled hundreds of village ponds and depressions en route.
8. Dams are not a unique or absolute solution. But it is a dangerous mantra that
small is beautiful, big is bad. The two go together. What would northwest India,
indeed all of India, be minus the Bhakra-Pong? The country has a huge task ahead
to manage its water resources sensibly, optimally and equitably. This is what the
nation must address unitedly without losing more time in futile, wholly
unproductive arguments. The present drought is both a crisis and an opportunity.
Which shall it be?
2.1 Make notes on the contents of the above passage in any format, using
abbreviations. Supply an appropriate title also. 5
Answers:
2.1 Title: Managing Country’s Water Crisis
Notes:
1. Effects of Drought
(a) towns & vills. desperate for water
(b) periodic tanker supply
(c) mign. in sum. if ho help
2. Cause of Drought
(a) erratic & uneven rainfall
(b) population growth & development – large water use
(c) deterioration in water quality
3. Measures to Overcome Drought
(a) wat. conservat’n
(b) improved water management
(c) maintain’g water quality
(d) harvest’g rain water
(e) recharg’g ground water
(f) storage – micro to mega
4. Water Mgmt. by Dams
(a) stor. & prop, distn.
(i) drkg. wat.
(ii) fodder
(iii) livelihood
(b) supplements traditional measures
(i) recharg’g grd wat.
(ii) filling vill. ponds & depressions
5. Ideal Solution
dams + trad’l measures
2.2 Drought is manmade disaster. Towns and villages disperate of water get periodic
taker supply. In summer in lack of sufficient supply people have to migrate. Drought
cause due to uneven rainfall, large use of water by large population. To overcome
drought water conservation, water management, rain water harvesting and recharging
of the ground water should be promoted. Hundreds of dams and storage on local rain
fed rivers and small traditional manners can also reduce the problem of water drought.
Passage 14:
1. The world today is confronted with a large number of problems like arms
proliferation, fundamentalism, separatist movements as well as international
terrorism. International terrorism has today emerged as one of the most ominous
threats to world peace and security. There has been considerable growth of
terrorism between the 1960s and 1980s. This has largely been due to the
characteristics of the international system. The most important of these are deep
and bitter ethnic, religious and ideological conflicts which remain unresolved and
which fester in the international system, spawning many forms of violent conflicts,
terrorism and periodically erupting into civil and international wars.
2. Another underlying factor for the growth of terrorism is the use of unconventional
and proxy war methods. Here terrorism becomes an attractive instrument of
policy for states and sub-state organisations such as national liberation
movements. Such methods are low-cost, relatively low-risk and yet afford the
possibility of high yields.
3. The worldwide dissemination of new technology has also facilitated the growth of
terrorism. For example, the development of international civil aviation has created
new vulnerabilities and lucrative targets for terrorists to exploit. Modern weapon
technology has also proved to be a boon to terrorists.
4. Terrorism today has taken different forms. These include political terrorism
involving not only the use of terrorism by the state but also against the state,
religious terrorism, micro terrorism as well as the recent emergence of nuclear
terrorism.
5. The legitimacy of terrorism depends on various factors. Perceptions vary. The
greatest justification which a terrorist finds is in a struggle between two
adversaries: it is not the means but the end which is important. The United
Nations Human Rights Commission has recognised that terrorism can destroy
human rights and fundamental freedom of the people and threatens the territorial
integrity of nations.
6. One of the most basic rights of every individual is the right to life. Terrorism, which
basically involves violence and killing thus takes away this right from individuals.
Besides, the use of violence for achieving a goal, no matter how justified it is the
same cannot be approved.
7. Terrorism also poses a law and order problem for the state while at the same time
the economy suffers as a result of damage to trade, valuable resources as well as
scaring away of investors. It is thus imperative to look for some mechanism to
check the problem of international terrorism. Although there exists a large number
of treaties including extradition treaties, they have not been able to check
terrorism. This has happened due to the failure of states to comply with the
provision of the treaties.
2.1 On the basin of your reading of the passage , make notes on it using recognizable
abbreviations wherever necessary. Also suggest a suitable title to the passage. 5
Answers:
2.1 Title: International Terrorism
Notes:
1. Terrorism—threat to world peace & security

(a) probs. like crime proliferation
2. Causes of terrorism
(a) deep & bitter ethnic, rel. & ideo. conflicts
(b) periodical civil & internat’l wars
(c) unconv’l & proxy war methods
(i) low cost
(ii) low-risk
(iii) high yield
(d) dissemination of new technology
(e) modem weapon tech.
3. Diff. forms of Terrorism
4. Justification of Terrorism
(a) struggle between 2 adversaries
(b) end imp. not means
5. Dangers of Terrorism
(a) destroy human rights & freedom of people
(b) threatens terr’l integrity of nations
(c) law & order prob.
(d) setback to economy
(i) damages trade & resources
(ii) scares away investors
2.2 Terrorism is threat to world peace and security. The causes behind it are deep and
bitter ethnic, religious and ideological conflicts, periodical civil and international wars.
Unconventional and proxy war methods are also another factor. The worldwide
dissemination of new technology support the terrorism while modem weapon
technology has also proved to be a boon to terrorism. Basically terrorism has taken
different forms like political, religious, microterrorism and nuclear terrorism. Terrorism
is struggle between two adversaries as it destroy human rights and freedom of people.
So it must be eradicated to protect integrity of nations.
Passage 15:
1. Out of the staggering amount of money that the state and central government
spend on higher education, fifty per cent is wasted due to fifty per cent failures in
the university examinations all over the country. There is a single strong reason
why a university degree should be paid for in full by the student himself.
2. This thinking has been gathering momentum since January 1986, when the pay
scales of college and university teachers were revised and which put an additional
burden of more than a hundred crores on the University Grants Commission and
the state governments. Arrears to the tune of ₹ 5,000 to ₹ 22,000 were given to all
teachers in most of the 150 universities and 5,000 colleges of the country.
Because of the enhanced salary and dearness allowance, which is revised every
January and July, the government expenditure on higher education has almost
doubled during the last five years.
3. As against this, the tuition fees have remained static since Independence (with
minimal revisions last year). Not that the governments did not consider the
question of raising them, but the threat of student agitation and political
unpopularity proved a hurdle too strong to surmount. Consequently, there is now a
yawning gap between what a college student pays and what the state spends on
him.
4. According to UGC sources, a student pays rupees 200, 250 and 325 per annum for
education in arts, commerce and science respectively, whereas the government
subsidy amounts to Rupees 2800, 3400 and 4200 annually. This includes the
expenditure incurred by some trust managed colleges which, according to the
rules of the states in which they function, comes to 5 per cent to 3 per cent. But as
most of the colleges have found ways to evade even this responsibility, the
ultimate burden falls on the governments themselves.
5. A way out of the imbroglio was thought out in recent years. The Human Resources
Development Ministry floated the concept of autonomous colleges. After much
public debate it was decided that some hundred colleges should be granted
autonomy to begin with. Now about 90 colleges are autonomous. They are making
appointments, framing their own syllabi and conducting examinations, but have
not yet been able to muster up courage to enhance fees. They continue to eive
maintenance grants from the state coffers.
6. Under the circumstances, the concept of self-financing higher education seems to
be a remote dream. Secondly, as most of the university campuses are politically
alive and financially bankrupt, the government will have to continue paying them
their annual grants. Suddenly, converting them into self-financing institutions has
become impossible. It is a different matter if the states start a new set of
educational institutions as totally self-financed. But who will bear the huge initial
expenditure—the parents or the government?
recognizable abbreviations where necessary. Use a format you consider suitable.
Answers:
2.1 Self-financing University Education
1. Reasons for making univ. degrees paid in full

1.1. huge expenditure due to hr. edu.
1.2 50% wastage due to univ. exams
1.3. univ. income static
1.4. wide diff. between income & exp.
2. Reason for keeping tuition fee static
2.1. threat of student agitation
2.2. fear of political unpopularity
3. Concept of autonomous colleges
3.1. HRD Ministry’s brain child – a way out
3.2. have autonomy in
(i) framing syllabi
(ii) appointments
(iii) exams.
3.3. Fees not enhanced yet
4. Self-financing hr. edu. remote
4.1. univ. campus politically alive, financially bankrupt
4.2. new set of educational institutions – totally self-financed
4.3. to introduce self-financing or not
4.4. huge initial expenditure – who will bear – parents/govt.?
2.2 Fifty percent of staggering amount of money spent by govt, on higher education is
wasted. There are various reasons for making university degree paid in full. Huge
expenditure due to higher education, static income of university. Fear of political
unpopularity and threat of student agitation prevent universities in revising the fees.
Autonomous colleges have also failed to enhance fear. Most of the university
campuses are politically alive and financially bankrupt. Self financial educational
institutions are remote dream under these circumstances but who will bear the huge
initial expenditure – the parents or the government?
Passage 16:
1. There are so many things we humans tend to hold back on. We repress a lot of our
emotions, whether they are considered ‘good’ or “had’ ones.
2. Sometimes we hold back on expressing our love for fear of being misunderstood,
or perhaps thinking the timing is not ‘right’. Most commonly, we have been taught
to hold back on our ‘negative’ emotions fear, anger, sorrow, pain, etc.
3. As a child, I was often told to squelch those emotions that demonstrated
‘weakness’. I held back my tears in order to appear strong. I repressed my anger to
be a ‘good girl’ and ‘loving’.
4. Yet, I now realize that holding back anger or any other emotion affects negatively
the person who is holding back. The anger I refused to let out stayed locked up
inside, fermented, and gave rise to all kinds of poison. Frustrations and anger were
withheld, only to explode when I’d ‘had enough’. This anger later had to be
released through illness, situations where the anger was unleashed at someone or
something else (or at myself), or through therapy.
5. What happens when you feel anger (consciously or sub-consciously) but want to
hide it? Whatever we hold back becomes a part of us and gets stored in our body
as a tangible manifestation in the form of headaches, tension, pain, illness, ulcers,
cancer, arthritis, back pain, and many other physical ailments.
6. Of course, we feel that by holding back on expressing our anger we are doing the
‘right’ thing and not hurting anyone. Yet, little do we know, the other person may
need to hear what we have to say, just as much as we need to express it.
7. Of course, we need to learn how to express our anger or discontent without
‘dumping’ on the other. We can express ourselves without destroying the other
person’s sense of self-worth or attacking them emotionally, verbally, or physically.
8. Expressing our deepest feelings also applies to expressing feelings of love and
appreciation. How many times have we felt gratefulness towards another being,
sometimes just for their presence in our life, and failed to express it? That person
may really need to hear your words of praise to give them a boost in their own self-
esteem. May be they are unaware of what you so clearly see in them.
9. I have found that at times when I expressed feelings of gratitude and love to
others, they were surprised at the way I saw them. Never assume that the other
person knows how much you appreciate them. If you think it and feel it, then say it.
10. Our rational mind has been well trained to dissect and analyse. It likes to hold
back on acting instinctively and instead question scientifically what is the ‘right’
action to take. So, we’ve held our true selves back, and not expressed that inner
inspiration to laugh, cry, scream, give a hug, or say a kind word when our first
feeling guided us to do so.
11. Whatever first thought or feeling comes to you is your intuition, or in other words,
your divine inspiration. Any other thoughts that follow, i.e. “may be I shouldn’t say
that”, etc., are only your mind (ego) doubting and questioning, afraid of making a
‘mistake’.
12. The best thing to do is to follow your first instinct, your inner guidance, which
comes as the first feeling or thought. That is your ‘God-self.’ The universal power
of Love guides us towards happiness, and that is why our first instinct is always
the one that will bring us true happiness and inner peace.
13. We can choose to let go of the fear of being wrong, or appearing ridiculous, etc.,
and act on our feelings. Be true to yourself. Holding back is only postponing the
truth and can harm the other as well as ourselves. Holding back is postponing the
freedom to be who we really are loving, truthful children who desire to be happy
and free from negativity.
14. Let go! Express your truth today! You and your world will be better for it.
recognizable abbreviations where necessary. Yse a format you consider suitable.
Answers:
2.1 Title: Repression V/s Expression of Emotions
Notes:
1. Repression of emotions
(a) children taught to repress -ve emotions
(b) even love not expressed
(i) fear of being misunderstood
(ii) time not rt.
2. Negative Effects of Repressed emotions
(a) suppressed anger & frustration —> poison —> sudden explosion
(b) ways of Release:
(i) illness
(ii) situations
(iii) therapy.
(c) Tangible manifestations
headache, tension, pain, ulcers, cancer, arthiritis, etc.
(d) postponing truth
∴ harmful to self & others
(e) postponing freedom to be real self i.e.
loving, truthful, happy & free from-vity
3. Rational Mind V/s Instinct
(a) Mind dissects & analyses
∴ checks instinctive reaction
(b) First instinct inner inspiration or intuition
∴ gives love, happiness and peace
4. Conclusion
(a) follow inner inspiration
(b) express yourself freely
2.2 Children are taught to repress negative emotions. Fear of being misunderstood
prevent them even in expressing love. Repressed emotions suppressed anger,
frustration, poison and sudden explosion which may cause illness like headache
tension, pain, ulcers, cancer, arthirites etc. In life postponing truth is harmful to self as
well as others. So freedom should not be postponed to make your world better and
happier.
Passage 17:
1. Had it not been for an alert and environmentally conscious judiciary, chances are
that we would have literally been wallowing in our own filth. Once again, the
Supreme Court has intervened decisively to prevent the further degradation of the
Yamuna by asking industries discharging effluents into the river to install
treatment plants by November 1 or face closure. The river, once Delhi’s lifeline, is
now ‘dead’ for a stretch of around 32 km around the Capital. The courts have been
forced into this sort of judicial activism time and again in the face of blatant
violations of environmental norms both by industries and citizens. Over the last
few years, the courts have facilitated the introduction of lead- free petrol, ordered
the phasing out of automobiles which are over 15 years old and made pollution
checks for all vehicles mandatory. The apex court has been relentless in its
opposition to any move which affects the environment adversely. From banning
polythene bags in cities to censuring polluting shrimp farms in Tamil Nadu and
chemical units in Rajasthan, it has always upheld the principle that pollution
prevention is better than control. The courts have laid down rigorous standards for
industries right from the inception stage. Indian industry has been particularly
indifferent to preserving the environment and the health of those in and around
industrial units.
2. The Central Pollution Control Board has come up with a number of positive
suggestions on enforcing the green agenda. But the response from industries has
been tardy. One was a scheme which sought to pool the resources of industrial
units so as to fund a common effluent treatment plant. But, industries find it more
convenient to discharge their waste any which way, endangering the lives of those
in the vicinity and degrading common resources like land and water. Proposals to
levy commercial rates on water supply to industries have been overlooked so far,
leaving industries with little incentive to treat and reuse water. Now the
government itself has agreed to foot part of the cost to set up effluent treatment
plants in the hope that this will motivate industry to take action. The common
refrain that the technology required for waste management is expensive is valid,
but industries have to realise that they cannot indulge in poisonous practices in
the pursuit of profit to the detriment of the greater common good. It is this attitude
that the polluter will not pay that has led the courts to step in. An example of the
efficacy of judicial activism is the manner in which Agra has been rid of highly
polluting industries which were destroying the fabled Taj. The Indian experience
has shown that when faced with censure, industries prefer to shut shop rather
than invest in clean technology. Many do so in order to cash in on burgeoning real
estate prices as in the Bombay mills story. In this context, the courts’ insistence
that environmental norms be built into project proposals is commendable.
Denying permission to set up shop is hitting industry where it hurts the most. This
will, in the long run, force it to stop taking the green agenda quite so lightly.
2.1 Make notes on the contents of above passage in any format, using abbreviations.
Supply a suitable title also. 5
Answers:
2.1 Title: Clearing the Mess
Notes:
1. Yamuna – life line of Delhi

dead river for 32 km
2. SC’s order to industrialists
(a) instal effluent trtmt. pit. by Nov. 1
(b) face closure
3. SC’s Jud’l Actvsm
(a) lead free petl.
(b) phasing 15 yrs. old autos
(c) mandatory polln. check
(d) ban. polybags
(e) censur’g shrimp farm’g in TN
(f) chem. units in Raj
4. Responsibility of Industrialists
(a) CPCB’s +ve suggestion: Indus. – ve response
(i) pool resources – com. effluent trtmt. pit.
(b) No incentive for trtmt. & reuse of water
(i) comm’l rates on water supply – o’looked
(c) Govt, setting up eff. trtmt. pit.
(i) Indus, to follow
(d) Tech, for waste management expensive – discharge waste anyhow
5. SC’s Intervention
(a) indus, not. profit only – responsibility
(b) common good – no poisonous polln.
(c) polluter won’t pay – S.C. intervention
(d) censured indus: reacts -ve
(i) stops
(ii) no investment in cleaning tech.
(e) SC’s insistence on envtl. norms
2.2 Yamuna, once Delhi’s life line, is now dead for a stretch of around 32 km around the
capital. The industries were forbidden to discharge effluents in the river by court. Courts
have facilitated the introduction of lead free petrol to check pollution by old
automobiles, polybags, consuming shrings farming in Tamil Nadu and chemical units in
Rajasthan. The Central Pollution Control Board suggestion got negative response. Govt,
is setting up effective treatment plant. Though technique for waste management
is expensive. Yet it is responsibility of all. Overall supreme court insists on environment
norms.
Passage 18:
1. Shop till you drop is no longer a problem that only women with money in their
purses and time on their hands suffer from. Excessive shopping and insatiable
appetite for goods are causing problems in all countries which have hitherto
promoted naked
consumerism because personal debts are mounting, creating innumerable
difficulties for credit card businesses. Millions are gripped by an insatiable
appetite to spend and visit the frequent sales that keep occurring in New York,
Milan, London or Paris. People can become compulsive buyers of anything from
household gadgets, food, clothes, to cars.
2. Compulsive buying has now been diagnosed as a disease and is the result of the
growing advertising campaigns and competition in which shops and firms
undercut each other with huge price discounts. If shops are closed and it is too
late, there is always the possibility of shopping through the net. The addiction to
shopping is spreading all over the world. In UK, 2.5 million people are gripped by
the shopping fever. In America, a shopper’s paradise, the number is much more at
15 million. With rising incomes, millions of Indians could join the league of
‘shopoholics’. It is called ‘oniomania’ which is a compulsive disorder that drives
people to buy in a repetitive and uncontrolled manner regardless of
consequences.
3. Self-help groups are springing up to help compulsive shoppers. Because people
affected by this problem suffer greatly from feelings of isolation, guilt and fear. It
can lead to a break down of relationships under the burden of debt and deceit.
Women are more vulnerable than men to this addiction because they tend to
believe that to be valued by society they have to look good. They are more
insecure about their image and while they are shopping, they get a boost to their
self image from the attention they get from shop assistants. They come back
feeling beautiful and successful. Men too are now joining the ranks of keen
shoppers.
4. The results can be devastating and debts can be huge. Compulsive shoppers keep
borrowing on their credit cards. Psychologists are now saying that people have to
face compulsive shopping as a disorder. It is like the eating disorder or work or
exercise addiction. Most people with eating disorders also have
shopping/spending problems. To break the habit various tips are now being
offered and one of the important tips is not to look at glossy magazines. Most of
these magazines work on people’s aspirations and make the readers discontented
with their lifestyle and prompt them to buy more. Other tips include taking regular
stock of one’s clothes and accessories and piling them up in heaps to convince
oneself that one doesn’t need more.
5. Other ways to discourage shoppers is to make credit less easily available.
Advertising that encourages consumers to borrow and buy instantly are also
encouraging shopoholics. Easy credit to the young is one way of encouraging
them to shop without guilt and thus more careful screening of potential card
holders is necessary to ward off future bad debts. But unfortunately, these
deterrents may not work because like the children of alcoholics and drug addicts
turn to these substances, children of shoppers also indulge in compulsive
shopping.
2.1 On the basis of your reading of the above passage, make notes on it. using
recognizable abbreviations where necessary. Supply a suitable title. 5
Answers:
2.1 Title: Compulsive Buying
Notes:
1. Consumerism
1.1. insatiable appetite for goods
1.2. mount’g debts.
2. Compulsive buying – a disease
2.1. a disorder called ‘oniomania’
2.2. price discounts
2.3. grow’g advt. camp’n & compta
2.4. shop’g thro’ net
2.5. credit cards – easy & instt. borrowing
2.6. shopoholics – worldwide
3. Problems of compulsive buyers
3.1. Isolation, guilt & fear
3.2. breakdown of relationship
(i)debt
(ii)deceit
3.3. women more vulnerable to addiction
4. Tips to break habit of compulsive buying
4.1. Avoid looking at glossy mag’s
4.2. Take regular stock of clothes/accessories
4.3. Making credit less easily available
4.4. Check on advt. encouraging easy borrowing
2.2 Consumerism encourage insatiable appetite for goods which mount debts
compulsive buying is a disease or a disorder called ‘oniomania’. Price discount, Net
shopping growing advertisement, credit cards etc. promote this disorder. This results in
isolation, guilt and fear. Women are more vulnerable to addiction. This disorder can be
checked by avoiding looking at glossy magazines, taking regular stocks of accessories
and making credit less easily available. Advertisements encouraging easy borrowing
must be strictly checked.
Passage 19:
1. Ever since the first genetic sequence was elucidated in the 70s, biotechnology has
fast evolved into an information science. Scientists have already compiled the
three gigabytes that spell out the human genetic code—a quantity of information
that might fill more than 2,000 standard computer diskettes. But that’s just the
initial trickle of a flood of knowledge to be tapped from the Human Genome
Project. Considering that the project aims to identify all the estimated 80,000
genes in human DNA, the sequences of its three billion chemical bases will
definitely be deciphered by the end of 2005. And once these genes are known, the
data available will be mammoth, as scientists try to understand how these genes
impact health and diseases.
2. “At that point,” asserts Dr Philip Campbell, Editor-in-Chief, Nature, “a marriage
between biology and computer science will become increasingly crucial within the
peripheries of the biotech industry.” In fact, according to a CII (Confederation of
Indian Industry) study, the challenge of processing complex colossal data has
already spawned a hot global industry called bioinformatics, poised to touch $ 60
billion by 2005. Major players all over the globe have, as a result, formed
bioinformatics groups, thereby creating a boom in job opportunities.
3. Those in bioinformatics need to perform two critical roles: develop IT tools
embodying novel algorithms and analytical techniques, or apply existing tools to
achieve new insights into molecular biology. There are, however, other
opportunities as well. Jobs range from testing, documentation, running operating
procedures and database administration to programming, software development,
algorithm creation and scientific visualisation.
4. One needs to be either a biologist with a certain degree of computer knowledge or
a computer professional with a serious interest in biology. For increased career
opportunities, possessing both skill-sets is a good idea though employers usually
desire a knowledge in computer applications. Companies need people at all levels.
M.Sc., M.Tech., and Ph.Ds. In fact, a number of professionals do advanced
diploma courses in bioinformatics, though the most sought-after candidates are
those who have done a Masters degree.
5. Professionals trained in bioinformatics can expect to earn salaries upwards of ₹
2,00,000 per annum. A key indicator of the popularity of the field is the placement
of students. For instance, students from the University of Pune have been lapped
up by various Indian and multinational biotech and pharmaceutical companies.
With experience, professionals can expect to earn anything between ₹ 30,000-
75,000 per month.
6. In fact, industry watchers feel that since the earning potential in the West is much
higher, most scientists and professionals from premier research organisations
leave for greener pastures, forcing Indian research institutes to go on recruitment
drives.
7. “We should make job positions in India much more lucrative,” says Prof. P.C.
Trivedi, Head, Biotechnology Department, Maharaja’s College, Jaipur. This is more
so because there is going to be a huge demand for top class database
management. As creating a database is an expensive proposition in the West,
Indian IT companies have a cost- advantage when it comes to offering complete
database solutions to pharmaceutical and genome-based biotech companies
worldwide. Says Prof. Raka Kamal, Principal, Maharani’s College, Jaipur, “Because
of its strength in the fields of mathematics, IT, physics and chemistry, the nation is
ideally positioned to emerge as a front-runner in biotech and bioinformatics.” What
we need is investment, bandwidth and integrated databases. With these in place,
India is set to go to the top in this particular race.
Answers:
2.1 Title: Bioinformatics Bonanza
Notes:
1. Biotech becoming hot
1.1. Developing as info. Sc.
1.2. Expanding Human Genome project
(i) 80,000 human genes
(ii) Deciphering 3 bn. chem’l bases by 2005.
2. Union of Biology and Computer Sc.
2.1. processing complex collosal data
2.2. bioinformatics industry: $ 60 bn by 2005
(i) boom in job opportunities
3. Career in Bioinformatics
3.1. Job opportunities: 2 main fields
(i) dev’g IT tools
(ii) new insight into molecular biology
(iii) other opportunities
4. Qualifications!Skill needed
4.1. Biologist + compu. awareness
4.2. Compu. prof’l + awareness of Bio.
4.3. Compu. appl’s
4.4. Dip. in bioinformatics
5. Salary & Mobility
5.1. upwardly of 2,00,000 p.a.
(i) with experience: 30,000 – 75,000 p.m.
5.2 easy placement.
5.3 high earn’g pot’l in West.
6. Checking Migration of Scientists
6.1. making job positions in India more lucrative
6.2. India’s strength in IT, Math, Phy. & Chem.
6.3. Investment, bandwidth & strong databases
2.2 Biotechnology has fast evolved into an information science and expanded human
genome project. As Union of Biology and computer science it process complex data
and become boon in job opportunities specially in developing IT tools, new insight into
molecular biology and other opportunities. A deserving candidate should be biologist
with computer awareness diploma in bioinformatics and knowledge of computer
applications are desirable for attractive salaries and easy placement. Capable scientists
should have job positions in India.
Passage 20:
1. While there is no dearth of activists shouting themselves hoarse about

skyrocketing air and water pollution levels in the Capital, it is unfortunate that the
equally escalating and medically injurious noise pollution level is totally ignored.
With Diwali round the corner, many are resigned to suffering the bone-jarring
explosions of firecrackers, not to mention the pollutants they emit.
2. Well, it seems everyone is getting into the act. The Department of Environment has
carried out campaigns in 150 schools this year to educate children about the
harmful effects of bursting crackers on the eardrums and the lungs. The Delhi
Pollution Control Committee (DPCC) has already initiated its campaign entitled
“Say no to crackers, join the anti-cracker campaign.” NGOs like Pravaha and
Pandies Theatre along with the DPCC have organised meetings and plays to get
the message across. Last year, the stipulation on restricting cracker burning from
6.00 pm to 11.00 pm on Diwali went a long way in curbing noise levels. The Delhi
Government is also requesting people this year to keep away from streets and
parking lots within residential colonies and to burst crackers in open spaces and
parks. Infants and pregnant women are more vulnerable to the ill-effects of noise
pollution.
3. But by and large, the problem of noise pollution remains ignored. Despite warnings
from the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) the decibel levels on the street
are way above safe levels – even in the silence zones. While traffic congestion
and increasing population are the main culprits, lack of public awareness and civic
sense compounds the problem. The CPCB standards have fixed the daytime noise
limits to 55 dB in a residential colony and 45 dB for night. Almost all Delhi colonies
are well over these marks. The health and behaviour patterns of those exposed to
high noise levels above 55 dB changes. Aggressive behaviour and sleep
disturbance along with annoyance and irritability become marked. Regular
exposure to 65 dB can lead to hypertension. Anything above 75 dB can cause
extreme stress, increasing heart rates and potential hearing loss. In infants, noise
pollution can cause speech disorder and decreased learning ability. The medical
fraternity maintains that 2 per cent of the Indian population has a hearing problem,
the percentage being even greater in metros and industrial townships.
4. In Delhi vehicular traffic, three wheelers, trucks and motorcycles with silencers
chopped off contribute the most to noise pollution levels. Then there are the zillion
generators in residential, commercial and industrial locations. The Delhi High
Court had, in August this year, directed the Union Ministry of Environment and
Forests to notify the emission norms for portable generators and asked the CPCB
to finalise noise standards. Meanwhile the National Committee on Noise Pollution
Control (NCNPC) recommended reduction of 5 to 15 dB in the noise levels for
gensets up to 2.5 KVA. Unfortunately nothing has been done on this front and
gensets of all shapes and sizes continue to drone.
5. A gazette notification from the NCNPC will soon make it mandatory for
manufacturers to display how noisy each domestic gadget is. According to a
study, mixer grinders, which can be heard churning a block away, are also a major
source of noise pollution in residential colonies, apart from coolers and gensets.
The Delhi Ridge and the Zoo are the major sufferers. The high noise levels in the
arterial roads around the Zoo along with the noise caused by movement of trains
makes the animals irritable and in some cases has also affected the mating
pattern. The silence zones, particularly schools and hospitals, have also been
badly hit. In fact, sometimes the biggest culprits are the police—at the busy AIIMS
intersection, they use loudspeakers to control traffic and pedestrian movement.
Yes, there is no dearth of laws and regulations to curb the noise menace but it’s
the implementation that remains tardy. Air horns and loudspeakers are banned in
public, but who cares.
2.1 Make notes on the contents of the above passage in a suitable format, using
abbreviations where necessary. Also supply an appropriate title. 5
Answers:
2.1 Title: Noise Menace
Notes:
1. Noise pollution – ignored

(a) escalating & medically injurious
(b) near Diwali
(i) noise of crackers
(ii) pollutants emitted
(c) Some reactions
(i) DOE – campaigns in schs. – harmful effs. of crackers on eardrums & lungs
(ii) DPCC – say no to crackers
(iii) NGO – meetings & plays
(iv) D.Govt. – burst crackers in open spaces/ parks
2. Prob. of Noise Polln.
(a) Above CPCB stds 55dB(day)
resdl. colonies 45 dB(night)
(b) Causes
(i) traffic cong’tn
(ii) increasing population
(iii) lack of pub.awareness
(iv) generators
(v) airhoms
3. Effect of Noise Polln.on Health & Behaviour
4. Laws & implementation

(a) many laws & regulations
(b) tardy impl’n
2.2 Noise pollution should not be ignored. It is escalating and medically injurious. Near
Diwali noise of crackers may harm ear drums and lungs by noise and emitted
pollutants. Except it sound above 55 dB results in aggressive behaviour, sleep
disturbance, annoyance and irritability. While upto 65 dB cause hypertension and above
75 dB leads to extreme stress, increasing heart rate and potential hearing loss. To
check noise pollution many laws and regulations have been made but their
implementation remains tardy.
TS Grewal Accountancy Class 12 Solutions
TS Grewal Accountancy Class 11 Solutions

Class 11 English Core (Albert Einstein at School)
1. After leaving school Einstein planned to go to ________ and enroll in an

Italian college or institute.
a. Milan
b. Venice
c. Berlin
d. Florence
2. What did Einstein ask Mr. Koch for?
a. A written reference
b. A book on Mathematics
c. To be allowed to leave school
d. A certificate stating nervous breakdown as a cause for leaving
school
3. Who was Yuri in the lesson Albert Einstein at School?
a. Einstein’s friend
b. Einstein’s neighbour
c. Einstein’s teacher
d. Einstein’s classmate
4. How much fee did doctor Wells charge Einstein for the certificate?
a. A moderate fee
b. A large fee
c. No fee
d. A minimum fee
5. Where did Einstein’s cousin Elsa live?
a. London
b. Petersberg
c. Berlin
d. Munich
6. What sudden idea does Albert hit upon to get away from school?
7. How did Albert hope to convince the doctor?
8. What is Einstein's view about education? How far do you agree with it?
9. Why did Albert see no point in learning dates and facts?
10. What reference did Mr. Koch give to Albert regarding his wish to
join a college in Italy?
11. How did Albert leave his school where he had spent five years?
12. Comment on the role of Yuri as described in the extract.
13. Express your views on the educational system in Einsteins
Germany.
Class 11 English Core (Albert Einstein at School)
Solution
1. (a) Milan
Explanation: After leaving school Einstein planned to go to Milan where
his parents lived. He wanted to enroll in an ‘Italian college or institute’ to
continue his education.
2. (a) A written reference
Explanation: Einstein requested Mr. Koch to give him a written
reference which would help him in obtaining admission to any Italian
college or university on the basis of his knowledge in Mathematics.
3. (a) Einstein’s friend
Explanation: Yuri was Einstein’s friend. He was very sincere in his
friendship towards Einstein.
4. (c) No fee
Explanation: The doctor did not charge Einstein for his consultation
and for providing the certificate as he now considered Einstein his
friend.
5. (c) Berlin
Explanation: Einstein’s cousin Elsa lived in Berlin. She used to visit
Einstein whenever she came to Munich.
6. Albert thought that if he had a nervous breakdown and a doctor certified
that it was bad for him to go to school, he would be able to get away
from the school. This would be better than leaving the school and then
forced back to it by his father.
7. Albert declared humorously that he was going to have a real nervous
breakdown. It would make it easier for the doctor to certify his illness.
The next time Yuri saw Albert he found that the latter had lost his high
spirits. Albert confirmed that he would really have a nervous breakdown
which satisfies any doctor.
8. For Einstein ideas are important and facts do not matter. He considers
learning the dates of battles or the details about victorious armies
meaningless. He is more interested in the causes that led the soldiers to
kill each other.
9. Dates and facts are parts of knowledge which are content based. Albert
thought that there was no point in learning dates and facts because
firstly, these could be, ascertained from the books any time by just
looking them up. Secondly, for him, learning facts was not education.
10. Mr. Koch wrote that Albert was ready to enter a college for the
study of higher mathematics. He also said that he couldn't teach him
anymore and probably he (Albert) would soon be able to teach him.
11. Albert left his school without any regrets. He, in fact, left it
arrogantly. It was because of the bad treatment meted out to him by the
headteacher. He didn't turn his head to have even a last look at this
school.
12. Yuri was Alberts friend during his school days in Munich. He stood
by him and consoled him when he felt miserable. Albert did not want to
go to school any more. Therefore, he asked Yuri if he knew any friendly
doctor. He told him that if a doctor certified that he had a nervous
breakdown, he could easily get away from school. Yuri found him a
doctor, Dr Ernest Weil, a specialist in nervous troubles. The doctor gave
him a medical certificate.
13. In Einsteins Germany, students were not encouraged to
understand things by reasoning. The teachers were not ready to listen
to the reasonable arguments of the students. The parents also wanted
that their wards should study in such a system and get a diploma.
Without caring for child psychology and individual potential, the same
type of education was given to all. The emphasis was laid on bookish
knowledge. Einstein used to read the books on the science of his own.
The school teachers never cared to judge the hidden talent of the
students. Those who did not learn lessons were expelled from the
school.
Class 11 English Core (Mothers Day)
1. How was Cyril Pearson related to Mrs. Annie Pearson?

a. He was Mrs. Annie Pearson's husband
b. He was Mrs. Annie Pearson's father
c. He was Mrs. Annie Pearson's brother
d. He was Mrs. Annie Pearson's son
2. What plan did Mrs. Fitzgerald pitch to Mrs. Pearson?
a. She asked Mrs. Pearson to leave her house
b. She convinced Mrs. Pearson to thrash all her family members
c. She asked Mrs. Pearson to lock all her family members in the
basement
d. She conspired to exchange her soul with Mrs. Pearson
3. Who was Mrs. Fitzgerald?
a. A fortune teller
b. Mrs. Annie Pearson's neighbour
c. A magician
d. All of these
4. What did Pearson's do to show their gratitude to Mrs. Pearson at the
end of the plot?
a. They wrote an apology letter to Mrs. Pearson
b. They decided to dinner and play a game of rummy together
c. They surprised her with an expensive gift
d. They all went out for dinner together
5. How many children did Annie Pearson have in the story Mother's Day?
a. Five
b. Two
c. Only one
d. Three
6. What change do you notice in George, Doris, and Cyril at the end of the
play?
7. What was Mrs. Fitzgerald's final advice to Mrs. Pearson?
8. What happened to Mrs. Pearson after the change in her personality?
9. How did the members of the club use to treat George Pearson?
10. What does Cyril say about Mrs. Fitzgerald? How does his mother
react to it?
11. What changes in the behaviour of Mrs. Pearson startle Doris and
Cyril? What possible reasons do they suggest?
12. How does Mrs. Fitzgerald put Doris, Cyril, and George in their
places?
13. The play Mother’s Day is a humorous and satirical depiction of the
status of the woman in a family. Bring out briefly the elements of
humour and satire.
Class 11 English Core (Mothers Day)
Solution
1. (d) He was Mrs. Annie Pearson's son

Explanation: Cyril was Mrs. Annie Pearson's son. He was very
demanding and never sympathized with his docile mother.
2. (d) She conspired to exchange her soul with Mrs. Pearson
Explanation: Mrs. Fitzgerald knew magic. So, she convinced the
submissive Mrs. Pearson to exchange their souls so that her
disrespectful family could be taught a much-needed lesson about
gratitude and humility.
3. (d) All of these
Explanation: Mrs. Fitzgerald was a fortune teller and Annie's next-door
neighbour.
4. (b) They decided to dinner and play a game of rummy together
Explanation: The family realized their callous attitude towards Mrs.
Pearson. So, in compliance with Mrs. Pearson's wishes, the family
decided to have dinner and play a game of rummy together.
5. (b) Two
Explanation: Mrs. Annie Pearson was the mother of two young
children. She was blessed with a daughter and son.
6. There is a total change in all of them. They are no longer thoughtless
and overbearing in their behaviour. Cyril and Doris agree to get supper
ready while their mom and dad are having a talk.
7. She advised Mrs. Pearson to keep firm or else all their efforts would be
wasted. She warned her that she should not go soft on them again and
explain everything or else she would be back at where she began.
8. She now became bold and started behaving like Mrs. Fitzgerald. She
snatched the cigarette from Mrs. Fitzgerald's mouth and put it in her
own mouth. She rebelled her children and husband which was unlike
her own real self.
9. The members of the club used to call George Pearson, Pompy-ompy
Pearson because they used to think that he was slow and pompous.
They used to laugh at him behind his back.
10. He called her a silly, old bag. Mrs. Pearson reacted angrily to the
comment. She told him that Mrs. Fitzgerald has a lot more sense than
he would ever have.
11. Doris couldn't believe her eyes when she saw her mother smoking
and playing cards. Cyril too noted the change and asked her if she was
feeling ill. She looks just the same but her behavior is suddenly
different. Cyril asks if she has gone slightly mad. Doris thinks that she
has a concussion as a result of her head hitting something.
12. Mrs. Fitzgerald knows some magic. She uses it to change her
personality with that of Mrs. Pearson. Soon Mrs. Pearson's daughter,
Doris, comes in. She asks Mother for tea, but Mother says that there is
no tea ready for her. Doris had wanted her mother to iron her yellow
silk. But the mother refuses to do any ironing for her. Doris has never
seen her mother behave like this. She is in tears. When Cyril and
George come in, they, too, receive the same kind of treatment. Mother
tells them that henceforth she, too, will work eight hours a day and five
days a week. While all this is going on, Mrs. Fitzgerald (who is, in fact,
Mrs. Pearson) enters. The two ladies change back into their real
personalities. They heave a sigh of relief when Mrs. Pearson calls them
back with a smile. But now they have learnt their lesson. Thus Doris,
Cyril, and George are brought to their places.
13. The play ‘Mother's Day’ treats a serious theme in a light-hearted
manner. The humour in the play springs from an unusual situation
where the personalities of two ladies change bodies. Their subsequent
behaviour, which is in total contrast to their previous one, is a very
powerful source of laughter. The ignorance of the characters about the
personality they are facing also creates humour. Suggestive dialogues
also provide a lot of fun. For example, consider the following:
i. “Mrs. Pearson if you had to live my life it wouldn’t be so bad.
You’d have more fun like me than you’ve had as you.”
ii. “It’s that silly old bag from next door—Mrs. Fitzgerald.”
iii. “Ticking her off now, are you, Annie?”
iv. “They call you Pompy-Ompy Pearson because they think you’re
so slow and pompous.”
The actions, gestures and reactions of the characters also provide
humour. The housewife being given orders treated like dirt and
forced to stay home every night while other members go out to
amuse themselves is sharply contrasted with the position at the
end of the play where she is the mistress of the house. Then play
also satirises the eight-hour work culture and threats to go on
strike. Even the housewife adopts this weapon.
Class 11 English Core (The Ailing Planet)
1. Who had taught mankind about the revolution of planets in the sixteenth
century?
a. Aryabhatta
b. Galileo Galilei
c. Archimedes
d. Copernicus
2. In a zoo in Lusaka, what is kept in one of the cages?
a. mirror
b. white lion
c. whale
d. water
3. According to scientists, with how many living species does mankind
share the earth?
a. 5.7 billion
b. 3.7 million
c. 1.4 million
d. 3.7 billion
4. What is another word for the tropical forests that are used by Dr. Myers?
a. The powerhouse of wildlife development
b. The powerhouse of forests
c. The powerhouse of evolution
d. The powerhouse of fisheries
5. Where was the green movement started?
a. New Zealand
b. America
c. London
d. India
6. How can industry play its role in the new era of responsibility?
7. How are the earth's principal biological systems being depleted?
8. How is the human population explosion the biggest threat to the
existence of the ailing earth?
9. Why is it said that forest precedes mankind? Answer in the context The
Ailing Planet.
10. Is Indian constitution capable of safeguarding its forests?
11. What goes under the pot now costs more than what goes inside it.
Explain in the context of The Ailing Planet.
12. How are the earth's principal biological systems being depleted?
(The Ailing Planet)
13. According to the lesson The Ailing Planet the Green Movement’s
Role. Laws are never respected not enforced in India. Discuss.
Class 11 English Core (The Ailing Planet)
Solution
1. (d) Copernicus
Explanation: In the sixteenth century, Copernicus had taught mankind
that the earth and the other planets revolved around the sun.
2. (a) mirror
Explanation: In a zoo, in Lusaka, there is a mirror kept in one of the
cages.
3. (c) 1.4 million
Explanation: The author had stated that scientists have catalogued
about 1.4 million living species with which mankind had always shared
the earth.
4. (c) The powerhouse of evolution
Explanation: The tropical forests are a 'powerhouse of evolution' in the
words of Dr. Myers. Therefore, its destruction would cause several
species to face extinction.
5. (a) New Zealand
Explanation: Green Movement was started in New Zealand.
6. It is well known that industries are the main source of causing
environmental pollution. There will be a great change in the preservation
of the environment if the industrialists become conscious of their
responsibilities and become environment-friendly. Thus Industry has to
play a very important role in the new era of responsibility.
7. The earth has four principal biological systems. They are fisheries,
forests, grasslands and croplands. They form the foundation of the
world's economy. They supply food for us and provide almost all the raw
materials for industry. But sadly, they are being depleted. And it is being
done at a very fast rate. The human claims on these systems have
reached to such an unsustainable level that their productivity is being
impaired.
8. Human population is the biggest threat to the existence of the earth.
Though it reached a billion in a million years, another billion was added
to the world population in just another hundred years. Every four of five
days the world population increase by one million. The effects of this
dangerous increase in world population are endless yet the most
catastrophic one is our present struggle for existence.
9. No animal on the planet earth even caused damage to it but humans
have been causing serious destruction upon the earth ever since he had
evolved. By cutting down trees for his survival and development
humans have established their monopoly over the species. Thus, with
the coming of humans, the existence of forest was threatened.
10. So far, with all the measures adopted, the government has not
been able to safeguard its forests effectively. India's constitution is
ostentatiously rich and effective but when it comes to enforcement, it
miserably fails or it is not entirely successful.
11. With a growing population and the pace of the global
developments taking wings, the cost of food touched a new height, all
time high. Amazingly, the cost of cooking-gas overtook that of food-
grains, fish, meat and vegetables, thus the fuel to cook-gas, firewood
and electricity-now cost more than the raw-food.
12. The earth has four principal biological systems. They are
fisheries, forests, grasslands, and croplands. They form the foundation
of the world’s economy. They supply food for us. They provide almost
all the raw material for industry. But sadly, they are being depleted. And
it is being done at a very fast rate. This can’t go on for long. Soon there
will be nothing left to use. Forests are being cut to have firewood. Over-
fishing has become very common. Dung is good natural manure. But it
is burnt by the poor for their cooking. The fast increase of population is
also a big factor. All these things have depleted the earth’s biological
systems in a serious way.
13. India, the biggest democracy in the world, is condemned for its
easy attitude towards laws. Laws are constituted but never respected
nor enforced in our country. For instance, the Indian Constitution
mentions that casteism, untouchability and bonded labour shall be
abolished; however, these evils flourish barefacedly even today.
The author points out that Article 48A of the Indian Constitution
propounds that “the State shall endeavour to protect and improve the
environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country”.
However, little is done in favour of this. What we see is a near
“catastrophic depletion” of forests over the last four decades. Forests
are disappearing over the decades at the rate of 3.7 million acres a
year. Areas that are officially designated as forest land, in reality, are
treeless. The actual loss of forests is eight times the rate pointed by the
government statistics.
Class 11 Writing (Letters to School-College)
1. Your cousin Aparna Ghose is just completing 12th standard and is keen
to join a short-term medical transcription course in computer
programming. She comes across an advertisement of ET & T Computer
Education, Mansarover Garden, New Delhi. Write a letter on behalf of
Aparna to the firm imparting training in computers and enquire about the
details such as the duration of the course, fees and other facilities, etc.
2. You are Ankit Patel of Chitra Senior Secondary School, Pandav Puram,
Delhi. You are the captain of the hockey team of your school. You have
no playground at your school. Write a letter to the Principal, requesting
him to arrange a playground facility from a neighbouring school for the
practice of your team.
3. Sahayoga on 27, Kasturba Gandhi Marg, New Delhi is a non-
government organization catering to the physical, social, cultural and
psychological needs of school students. You feel worried about the
examination and suffer from stress. Write a letter to the Director
enquiring about the short term course/classes scheduled during the
summer vacation. Sign as Sumit/Smita of 27-C, Raja Garden, Delhi.
Class 11 Writing (Letters to School-College)
Solution
1. C-176, Lajpat Nagar

New Delhi-110024
5 August 2019
The Administrative Officer

ET&T Computer Education
Mansarovar Garden
New Delhi
Sub: Information Regarding Computer Programming Course
Sir,
Apropos your advertisement in the Statesman, dated 3rd August 2019
regarding a crash course in computer programming, I solicit some
information. I have just completed my 12th standard from CBSE, New
Delhi and I am interested in doing a short-term computer programming
course in the evening session. Kindly supply me the following details:
i. Duration of short-term courses.

ii. Other courses are available.
iii. Fees to be paid—whether payment in instalments is permitted.
iv. Size of the class/group.
v. Availability of computer time.
vi. Timings of classes and frequency.
I am sending a self-addressed envelope. Please despatch the requisite

information at the earliest.
Yours faithfully,
Aparna Ghose.
2. The Principal
Chitra Senior Secondary School
Pandav Puram
Delhi 10th July 2019
Sub: Arrange a playground facility
Respected Sir,
With due regards, I would like to bring to your kind notice about our
difficulties and feelings. We all know that we have no playground in our
school, but we have a bunch of students who are very good hockey
players. Due to non-availability of playground all the players cannot
practice as a team. The interzonal school tournaments are to
commence within a fortnight. As the captain of our school hockey team,
I feel morally bound that our players have proper co-ordination and play
as a team and not as a bunch of players grouped together.
For this purpose, we need playground facilities. I, therefore, earnestly
request you to arrange playground facilities from a neighbouring school
in the morning/evening for an hour or two so that we may practise
together under the guidance of our coach.
I hope to have a favourable consideration.
Yours obediently,
Ankit Patel.
3. 27-C, Raja Garden

Delhi 20th July 2019
The Director
Sahayoga
27, Kasturba Gandhi Marg
New Delhi
Sub: Enquiry regarding Short-term Course
Sir,
I would like to join the special courses run by your organization for the
welfare of students who are victims of examination stress. Kindly supply
me the full details of the short term courses/classes scheduled during
the summer vacation. I am keen to join a shorter group so that I can put
forward my problem freely.
In case there is some printed leaflet/brochure, please also supply it.
Perhaps it will help some of my friends as well.
Yours faithfully,
Sumit.
Class 11 English Core (The Voice of the Rain)
1. The poem revolves around ________.

a. the eternal nature of rain
b. All of these
c. the cyclical journey of rain too and from the earth
d. the attributes and benefits of rain
2. With what has rain been compared metaphorically by the poet?
a. Stars
b. An epic
c. A song
d. A story
3. What rises eternally in the poem?
a. Land
b. Rain
c. Earth
d. Sea
4. How did the poet feel when he got an answer from the rain?
a. Surprised
b. Petrified
c. Enraged
d. Thrilled
5. What is called impalpable in the poem?
a. Land
b. Earth
c. Rain
d. Sea
6. What are the functions of the cloud or rain?
7. The poem The Voice of the Rain begins in a conversational tone. Who
are the two participants? What is the advantage of this method?
8. Why does the poet call this poem a ‘translation’?
9. What is the cloud’s birthplace? How does it go upward to heaven?
10. What is the central idea of Walt Whitman’s poem?
11. Read the extract given below and answer the questions that
follow:
I descend to lave the droughts, atomies, dust-layers of the globe,
And all that in them without me were seeds only, latent, unborn;
And forever, by day and night, I give back life to my own origin,
And make pure and beautify it.
i. What does 'I' do day and night?
ii. What is the origin of ‘I’?
iii. What does ‘I’ do for its origin?
2. Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow:
And who art thou? Said I to the soft
Falling shower
Which, a stranger to tell gave me an
Answer as here translated:
I am the poem of the earth, said the voice of the rain.
i. Name the poem and the poet?
ii. Who is the speaker here? Who is he speaking to?
iii. Which image has been created in the first line?
Class 11 English Core (The Voice of the Rain)
Solution
1. (b) All of these

Explanation: The poem beautifully captures the oscillatory journey of
the rain in various forms. It highlights the origin and benefits of the rain.
2. (c) A song
Explanation: The rain was metaphorically compared with a song by the
poet as both bring tremendous joy to its origin irrespective of the
appreciation they receive while wandering and bestowing the world with
happiness.
3. (b) Rain
Explanation: The word eternally signifies an attribute of the rain. It projects that
the rain rises continuously and indefinitely from the land and depths of the sea.
4. (a) Surprised
Explanation: The poet was surprised when he got an answer from the
rain, as rain is inanimate and does not have the ability to speak.
5. (c) Rain
Explanation: Rain called itself 'impalpable' for, when it takes the form of
water vapour it becomes intangible and invisible to the human eye.
6. The rain bathes everything on the earth, washes away dust layers,
cures dry conditions. and gives a new life to seeds. In this way, it
cleans, purifies and beautifies all things on the earth.
7. The two participants are the poet and the rain. The poet makes the rain
relate to its own story. This direct presentation makes the narration
more authentic, interesting and captivating.
8. The voice of the rain is naturally mysterious and is different from our
own. So, the poet who alone understands it translates the reply of the
rain into English.
9. The cloud’s birthplace is the water bodies like rivers, ponds and the sea.
Water vapours being lighter than air, rise to the sky and take on strange
shapes in the form of clouds. Yet essentially, it remains the same old
water.
10. The poet wants to convey the birth, growth, change and finally the
blessings of rain. It is water that turns into clouds, wanders in the sky,
takes on strange shapes, but finally in the form of water returns to the
earth. It purifies, bathes and adds beauty to all things on the earth. Rain
does its duty unmindful of any recognition. Human beings should learn a
lesson from this and make efforts to preserve the Earth.
11.
i. It gives back life to the earth.
ii. The earth (land and sea) is the origin of the rain.
iii. It makes the earth pure and beautifies it.
12.
i. The name of the poem is ‘The Voice of Rain'. The name of the
poet is Walt Whitman.
ii. Walt Whitman, the poet is the speaker. He is speaking in the rain.
iii. The poet has created the image of a beautiful rainy day where the
rain is falling down softly on the earth.

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TENSES

(1) Present Tense

They are further divided into:

NEGATIVE RULE --- sub + does not + v1 + s/es + object

INTERROGATIVE RULE --- Does + sub + v1 + s/es + object

INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE ASSERTIVE --- Does + sub + not + v1 + s/es + object

=+ Example – Does she not write a letter?

NEGATIVE RULE --- sub + is/am/are + not + v1 + ing + object

INTERROGATIVE RULE --- is/am/are + sub + v1 + ing + object

Example – Is she writing a letter?

INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE RULE --- is/am/are + sub + not + v1 + ing + object

NEGATIVE RULE --- sub + has/have + not + v3 + object

INTERROGATIVE RULE --- has/have + sub + v3 + object

INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE RULE ---has/have + sub + not + v3 + object

NEGATIVE RULE --- sub + has/have + not been + v1 + ing + object

INTERROGATIVE RULE ---has/have + sub + been + v1 + ing + object

Simple Past Past Past Perfect

Used for past habits.

Eg. I played football when I was a child.

Eg She wrote a letter

Past Continuous Tense

Used to denote an action going on at some time in the past.

e.g. I was driving a car.

Rule: was/were + ing

Past Perfect Tense

e.g. The patient had died before the doctor came.

Past Perfect Continuous Tense

e.g. I had been learning English in this school for 20 days.

Had she been writing a letter?

4. Interrogative Negative Sentences-

For e.g- She will write a letter.

Past (before Future (After

Future Future Perfect

Rule – Will/Shall + Verb (Ist form)

Now, let us use this rule in various forms of sentences;

1. Positive / Affirmative Sentences –

Future Continuous Tense

It is used to express an ongoing or continued action in future.

Rule: Will/Shall + Be + Verb (Ist form) + Ing

Now, let us use this rule in various forms of sentences;

1. Positive / Affirmative Sentences –

Future Perfect Tense

It is used to express an action which will happen/occur in future and will be

e.g. They will have shifted the house by Sunday morning.

Now, let us use this rule in various forms of sentences;

1. Positive / Affirmative Sentences –

If there is no time reference, then it is not a Future perfect continuous tense.

It is also used to talk about planned actions or actions expected to happen.

e.g. They will be staying for a week’s

Rule: Will/Shall + Have been + Verb (Ist form) + Ing

Now, let us use this rule in various forms of sentences;

1. Positive / Affirmative Sentences –

1. What did Susan Morgan refuse to take during her delivery?

The necessity of note making

1. It keeps a lot of information at our disposal for ready reference.

How note making helps us

Characteristics of good notes

1. Short and Compact: Good notes must be short and compact.

Mechanics of note making

Heading and sub-headings

Abbreviations and symbols

Numbering and indenting

Follow the following steps: