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PREPARED BY: SIR CHESTER EBERSOLE

INTRODUCTION ➔ Swabs – use Synthetic Swab (Dacron or
General characteristics need to remember: Nylon)
➔ Smallest infectious agent – acellular ➔ Cotton tips and wooden shaft are not
➔ Measures 20-300nm in diameter – can only recommended even calcium alginate
be seen through electron microscope ➔ Calcium alginate: toxic to HSV and may
➔ HAPLOID – 1 set of chromosomes (except: inhibit PCR amplification of respiratory virus
retrovirus – diploid) ➔ Urine – neutralizing with 7.5% solution of
➔ Either DNA or RNA in nature sodium bicarbonate to remove vaginal flora
➔ Resistant to antibiotics ➔ Blood - 3-5mL is recommended volume
➔ Obligate intracellular organisms – they will ➔ Citrate: Majority of virus (CMV requires
only live inside a cell anticoagulated blood)
➔ Conventional culture media cannot be used  Serum: Serological Testing
➔ Shell vial is used  EDTA/Purple Top: Nucleic Acid Testing
➔ If virus is envelope, it is ether sensitive while  Heparin – could not be used in PCR
naked is ether resistant ▪ Inhibits DNA polymerase
➔ Naked Virus: Picornavirus, Reovirus,
TRANSPORT MEDIA
Calicivirus, Papovavirus, Parvovirus and
Adenovirus ➔ Consist of buffered isotonic solution + some
➔ Naked RNA virus: picornavirus, reovirus and type of protein + antibiotic
calicivirus  Maintained in the pH 7.2
➔ Naked DNA virus: papovavirus, parvovirus  Phenol red – pH indicator; to check
and adenovirus changes in pH
➔ Examples include: Stuart’s, Amies,
Leibovitz Emory, Hanks Balance Salt
PARTS OF A VIRION
Solution (HBSS) and Eagle Tissue Culture
Capsid ➔ Protein shell or coat that
Medium
encloses the nucleic acid
➔ It should be refrigerated or on ice (not be
Nucleic Acid ➔ DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or
frozen)
RNA (ribonucleic acid) – genetic
➔ 4°C: common storage temperature
material
➔ Delay of 6 days or longer: -20C or -70°C
Nucleocapsid ➔ Nucleic acid + Capsid  Dilution is (1:2 to 1:5)
(Enclosed)  For freezing – it should be diluted or
Capsomeres ➔ Morphological units seen on the emulsified in viral transport medium
surface of particles
➔ Protomer → capsomere → IMPORTANT COMPONENTS OF TRANSPORT MEDIA
capsid
Protein (serum, albumin Stabilize viral agents and
 Protects the genetic
or gelatin) antimicrobials
material
 Serum (fetal
Envelope ➔ A lipid containing membrane that calf is
surrounds some viral particles preferred)
Structural ➔ Protomers are the smallest Penicillin + To prevent overgrowth of
Units functional unit equivalent to Streptomycin bacteria and fungi
building units of the capsid Vancomycin +
Gentamicin +
INFECTIOUS CYCLE Amphotericin
Attachment ➔ Finding of suitable host cell to
invade CELL CULTURES
Penetration ➔ Engulfment of virus through Shell Vial ➔ Most widely used for virus isolation
endocytosis ➔ For obligate intracellular
Uncoating ➔ Release of viral content organisms
Biosynthesis ➔ Entry to either nucleus or TYPES OF CELL CULTURES
cytoplasm and replication occurs ➔ Derived from normal adult tissues;
Primary cell
Assembly ➔ Dumami na virus
culture Very expensive
Release ➔ To the extracellular fluid and ➔ Example: Monkey Kidney –
repeat the cycle. excellent for myxovirus
Semi- ➔ derived from embryonic tissues
SPECIMEN COLLECTION continuous ➔ e.g., Human embryonic kidney
1. Appropriate time of collection cell culture and skin fibroblasts
➔ Early in disease process or Acute Phase ➔ derived from malignant tissues
Continuous
reaction within 72hrs of disease ➔ e.g., HeLa, Vero, Hep2, LLC-MK2,
cell culture
➔ Convalescence specimen – 2-3 weeks after MDCK
acute specimen; dilute/emulsify in transport ➔ Easy to handle but often limited
medium should be done before freezing
2. Go where the manifestation of the viral
disease shows
➔ Aspirated secretions – maximum recovery

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PREPARED BY: SIR CHESTER EBERSOLE
➔ Fluoresceine isothiocyanate (FITC) – most New Tacaribe,
commonly used fluorescent dye; it absorbs short World Guanarito, Junin
wavelength but emits longer wavelength Arena and Machupo
 Main disadvantage: quenching/loss of Virus –
fluorescence during coalition America
➔ Direct Immunofluorescence – rapid and Old Mus musculus Lymphocytic
specific World Mastomysnatalensis Choriomeningitis
 Directly stains the antigens/virus Arena - meningitis
➔ Indirect Immunofluorescence – sensitive Virus – Lassa Virus –
 Measures/detects antibodies Africa hemorrhagic
fever + influenza
like

ASTROVIRUS
➔ Star like appearance in EM
➔ Account to 2-9% of pediatric gastroenteritis in
the world

BUNYAVIRUS
➔ Three single stranded segments surrounded
by lipid envelope (tripartite genome)
➔ Transmitted by mosquito, ticks and sandfly
➔ Cytopathic effect is commonly check on cell Type and Organ damage associated with
cultures Bunyavirus
Rift Valley Fever Virus Brain and Liver
LaCrosse California Brain
Encephalitis
Crimean Congo Vascular Endothelium
Hemorrhagic Fever and Liver
➔ Hantavirus – rodent borne bunyavirus
 Disease caused is known as hemorrhagic
fever with renal syndrome (HFRS)
 No man-to-man transmission has even been
documented
Muerto Canyon Virus/ Deer Mouse
Sin Nombre
Bayou virus Rice Rat
Black Creek Canal Virus Cotton rat
New York-1 Virus White footed mouse
RNA VIRUS
GENERAL RULE: CALICIVIRUS
➔ All are single stranded RNA ➔ Small (30 to 38) nm rounded nonenveloped
➔ Except: Reovirus – double stranded RNA that cause gastroenteritis to humans
➔ All are enveloped ➔ Norovirus / Norwalk Virus
➔ Except: Picornavirus, Calicivirus and  associated with 80% of nonbacterial
Reovirus acute gastroenteritis in undeveloped
➔ Generally helical countries
➔ Except: Picornavirus, Reovirus, Retrovirus,  due to ingestion of contaminated
Flavivirus, Togavirus – icosahedral shellfish and water
➔ All replicate in cytoplasm ➔ Sapovirus – cup shape in EM that is also
➔ Except: Orthomyxovirus, Retrovirus associated with gastroenteritis
➔ Largest is Paramyxovirus while smallest is
Picornavirus
➔ Arthropod borne (insect borne) – Majority of CORONAVIRUS
Bunyaviridae, Flaviviridae, and Togaviridae ➔ Causative agent of severe acute respiratory
syndrome (SARS)
ARENAVIRUS ➔ Pleomorphic, roughly spherical
➔ Sand shape appearance in electron ➔ Extremely fragile and difficult to culture
microscope ➔ Resemble crown-like appearance on external
➔ T shaped glycoprotein spikes with two surface of the virus
segments ➔ SARS-COV1 – acquired from civet cat that
➔ Acquired through inhalation from infected originated from Guangdong, China (15%
rodent or direct contact mortality rate)
➔ BSC III – LCM; IV – Lassa Virus – ➔ MERS-COV - acquired from camel that
hemorrhagic virus originated in middle east (30% mortality rate)

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PREPARED BY: SIR CHESTER EBERSOLE
➔ SARS-COV2 –possibly acquired from
pangolin that originated for Wuhan, China
(<5%)
SARS-COV2 Detection
A. Direct – microscopy or viral nucleic acid
 PCR – for COVID virus
B. Indirect – serological testing
 Rapid antigen/antibody
Handling
A. Non-propagative diagnostic assays, such
nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs),
sequencing, and some serological tests (e.g.,
ELISA type assays) can be performed in
biosafety level 2 (BSL-2) laboratories
provided that the initial processing (before
virus inactivation) of samples takes place in a
validated biological safety cabinet
B. Procedures that involve propagative virus
work, such as virus culture, isolation, or
neutralization assays, should be performed in
laboratories equivalent to BSL-3 using
validated practices.
C. For PCR analysis: oropharyngeal swab,
nasopharyngeal or saliva may be used
Antigen Test Antibody Test NAAT
Detects virus Detects virus Gold Standard
NOW from the PAST for detection
Should not be Detects virus
used to check NOW
immunity to
COVID-19
➔ According to WHO, do not use antibody
test to check the immunity to COVID – it
doesn’t mean that u have high antibody
titer for covid, di ka mo na ma-acquire yung
virus. It be like that sometimes. ☹
VARIANTS OF CONCERN
➔ Detected using genome sequencing
➔ P3 variant – isolated in the Philippines
1. Alpha – B117 – United Kingdom
2. Beta – B1351 South Africa
3. Gamma P1 Brazil
4. Delta B16172 India
Based on pangolin lineage
FILOVIRUS
➔ Filo or threadlike due to long filamentous
morphology (number 6 or U or circular) in EM
➔ Most pathogenic of the hemorrhagic virus
A. Marburg hemorrhagic fever virus
➔ 25% fatality rate
➔ Acquired from African Green Monkey
B. Ebola Virus
➔ Emerging virus due to eating of bats in Africa
➔ Acquired through direct contact with infected
animal or human
➔ 80% fatality rate
➔ BSL level 4
FLAVIVIRUS
➔ Derived from flavus which means yellow
➔ It is an arthropod borne, except hepatitis C
A. YELLOW FEVER
Three Cycles
Sylvatic Monkey population transmitted by
mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti)
Urban Human population transmission
Intermediate Human and Monkey are reservoir
B. DENGUE VIRUS
➔ Dengue Virus – most common arbovirus
worldwide
➔ Associated with nonlethal fever, severe
muscle and joint pain, and rash (breakbone
fever)
➔ Dengue vectors are Aedes aegypti, Aedes
albopictus and Aedes polynesiansis.
➔ It has four serotypes (1 to 4)
 DENV-5 has been discovered in
Malaysia last 2013 but a sylvatic
cycle
 Subsequent infection with other
serotypes leads to immune
enhanced severe hemorrhagic fever
or dengue shock syndrome
▪ Low platelet, Low blood
pressure and blood
plasma leakage
➔ Major protein in dengue virus, called 'E' for
envelope protein
➔ Dengvaxia - weakened combination of the
yellow fever virus and each of the four
dengue serotypes. Those who have not had
a prior infection shows that there is evidence
it may worsen subsequent infections
(Antibody dependent Enhancement)
C. ST. LOUIS ENCEPHALITIS (SCE)
➔ is transmitted by culex mosquitoes and
mostly in summer months
D. ZIKA VIRUS
➔ Spread by daytime Aedes aegypti and Aedes
albopictus
➔ There is preliminary evidence, that Zika is a
cause of microcephaly in babies and Guillain-
Barré syndrome in adults.
E. WEST NILE VIRUS
➔ Vector is Culex mosquitos
➔ Maintained in bird-mosquito cycle such as
crows, ravens and jays
F. HEPATITIS C
➔ is associated with chronic liver disease
usually transmitted by sharing of needles,
blood contact or sexually.
➔ Most common transmission – sharing of
needles
HEPEVIRUS
➔ Family of Hepatitis B
➔ Previous under calicivirus; transmitted
through fecal-oral route
➔ High Case Fatality Rate in Pregnant Women
(10-20%)
ORTHOMYXOVIRUS
➔ Pleomorphic single stranded with eight
segments.
➔ Three Serotypes: (Differences in Matrix
Protein and Nucleoprotein)
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PREPARED BY: SIR CHESTER EBERSOLE
➔ A = naturally infects birds, swine, seals, pneumonia
felines and horses and croup
➔ B= humans  Children:
➔ C= humans, subclinical Upper
➔ Influenza is further subdivided based in respiratory
Hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) disease
 Transmitted through respiratory ➔ It contains a surface F
secretions protein (Fusion); it
 Commonly associated with co- leads to giant
bacterial infection due to NA multinucleated cells
(MRSA) Measles or ➔ Highly contagious
 Hemagglutinins are rod shape Morbilivirus accompanied by
spikes that enable attachment maculopapular rash
 Neuraminidase are mushroom and fever
shaped spikes that associated with ➔ Kolpik spots -
release pathognomonic
 Influenza virus can be collected associated with bluish
from nasopharyngeal swab or white spots located on
aspirate and sputum buccal cavity
 Antigenic drift refers to alteration Metapneumovirus ➔ Associated with winter
of Influenza HA and NA antigens. epidemics of
Minor changes bronchiolitis and
 Antigenic shift occurs after having pneumonia which is
a completely new novel type. Major common in children
changes Nipah virus ➔ can cause febrile
 ONLY H1 H2 H3 N1 N2 found in encephalitis in humans
human population
H1N1 Spanish Flu PICORNAVIRUS
H2N2 Asian Flu ➔ Italian word piccolo meaning small
H3N2 – highly pathogenic Hongkong Flu ➔ Simplest of RNA viruses with highly
H5N1 – low transmissibility to Avian Flu structured capsid but limited surface
human elaboration
➔ Consists of 30% RNA and 70% Protein
PARAMYXOVIRUS Enterovirus ➔ The most common cause of
➔ Do not have segments that’s why they don’t aseptic meningitis or
undergo antigenic shift inflammation of brain
Mumps or ➔ Characterized by parenchyma.
Rubulavirus parotitis (inflamed ➔ Primarily transmitted through
salivary gland) respiratory or gastrointestinal
accompanied by high  Sample preference:
temperature and rectal swab, stool,
fatigue; some males throat swab or
may develop orchitis washings or CSF
that may lead to sterility ➔ Enteroviruses are subdivided
Parainfluenza ➔ Second causing of to:
virus pneumonia and  Poliovirus (1-3)
bronchiolitis in children  Coxsackie A (1-23)
after RSV  Coxsackie B (1-6)
➔ 4 serotypes  Enterovirus (68-72)
➔ Parainfluenza 3 is  Echovirus (1-32) f
severe and fatal  Parechovirus (1-4)
associated with ➔ Poliovirus – associated with paralytic
pneumonia poliomyelitis (flaccid paralysis)
➔ Parainfluenza serotype  Salk vaccine – inactivated; Sabin –
1 is associated with attenuated; Iron Lung - traditional
croup (larygeo trachea  Transmitted through fecal oral route
bronchitis ➔ Coxsackie A is associated with herpangina
Respiratory ➔ Most significant cause or severe febrile pharyngitis – small blisters in
Synctial Virus of acute respiratory mouth
(RSV) or tract infection in ➔ Coxsackie B is associated with epidemic
children under 5 years myalgia or chronic fatigue syndrome,
Pneumovirus
of age worldwide pleurodynia (pain upon breathing) and
 Infant: Bornholm disease
bronchiolitis,  These two are known to cause
hand-foot and mouth disease but
most common with A16

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PREPARED BY: SIR CHESTER EBERSOLE
➔ ECHOvirus/ Enteric Cytopathogenic Alphavirus ➔ associated with equine
Human Orphan Viruses – cough, rash and encephalitis and
influenza like transmitted by mosquitos
Rhinovirus ➔ It is the major cause of Rubella or ➔ German measles or 3day
common cold Rubivirus measles – may lead to
➔ Resistant to detergents, lipid congenital defect if
solvents, and temperature pregnant women is
extremes but sensitive to pH infected;
less than 6. ➔ Forschheimer spots -
fleeting enanthem seen as
REOVIRUS (RESPIRATORY ENTERIC ORPHAN) small, red spots
Rotavirus ➔ The most common cause (petechiae) on the soft
of viral gastroenteritis in palate which is not
infants and children diagnostic to rubella.
WORLDWIDE Chikungunya ➔ associated with myositis
Coltivirus ➔ With 12 RNA segments. virus and arthritis which is
➔ Associated with Colorado transmitted by Aedes
tick fever aegypti
➔ It is considered as an
arbovirus Red Rashes that longer Red Rashes that fade
to disappear; More easily; Less infectious
RETROVIRUS infectious High-Grade Low-grade fever and
Oncovirus ➔ HTLV-1, HTLV-2 and HTLV-5 Fever; with prodromal lymphadenopathy
are oncovirus but not cytolytic stage – the virus are
➔ HTLV 1 is known as T cell replicating even w/o
leukemia or Tropical Spastic symptoms; Photophobia
Paraparesis
➔ HTLV 2 is known as Hairy Cell DNA VIRUS
Leukemia GENERAL RULE:
Lentivirus ➔ HIV - it is causative agent of ➔ All are ds-DNA
AIDS ➔ Except: Parvovirus – single stranded DNA
➔ HIV antigens are p24, gp41, ➔ All are icosahedral
gp120 and gp 160. ➔ Except: Poxvirus (COMPLEX)
➔ Screening: ELISA – should be ➔ All are enveloped
done twice ➔ Except: Papovavirus, Adenovirus, Parvovirus
➔ Confirmatory: Western Blot ➔ All multiply in nucleus
➔ HIV has 2 groups ➔ Except: Poxvirus (cytoplasm)
 HIV -1 main groups
➔ Largest is Poxvirus while smallest is
are M, N and O
Parvovirus
whereas A-K are
subgroup
 HIV 1: Worldwide Adenovirus
prevalence, HIV-2: Mastadenovirus ➔ Grapelike cluster
West Africa cytopathic effect
➔ CCR5 and CXCR4 are co ➔ Pathogenic to human
receptor of HIV to enter cells (w/ 52 serotypes)
➔ RHIVDA – rapid HIV diagnostic ➔ Respiratory and
algorithm Gastrointestinal
 Used as a (Norwalk virus,
confirmatory test in astrovirus, rotavirus,
the Philippines adenovirus [NARA]) are
common clinical
RHABDOVIRUS manifestation
 Acquired
LYSSAVIRUS/ RABIES
through
➔ Bullet shape appearance
contaminated
➔ It is characterized by saliva frothing with
respiratory
painful spasm
droplets, stool
➔ May lead to coma or death if therapeutic
and fomite
vaccine is not given (artificial passive vaccine
 It replicates in
– antibody)
the oropharynx
➔ Associated with negri bodies in brain tissues
Serotype 40 and Gastroenteritis in children
of infected animals and humans
41
TOGAVIRUS Serotype 8 Conjunctivitis
Serotype 3 and 7 Pharyngitis
➔ All are arthropod borne except rubella

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PREPARED BY: SIR CHESTER EBERSOLE
Serotype 4 and 7 Respiratory disease HSV-1 “Cold sores” or Gingivostomatitis
epidemic in military – “Fever blisters” Pharyngitis
isolated during winter Herpes Labialis
Herpetic Whitlow
HEPADNAVIRUS Keratitis
➔ The only DNA hepatitis – hepatitis D Encephalitis
➔ HBsAg – to detect presence of HEPA B in HSV-2 Genital Infection
the blood ➔ HSV-1 is the leading cause of fatal sporadic
➔ Anti-HBs – for immunity to Hepatitis B encephalitis in the United States.
➔ A defective virus ➔ HSV-1 usually causes encephalitis in older
➔ Dane Particle or Australia antigen – children and adults
infectious unit ➔ HSV-1 is leading cause of corneal infection in
➔ Two ways to acquire HBs – through US.
experience or through vaccine Varicella Zoster ➔ Transmitted through
➔ Associated with acute hepatitis but may lead Virus (VZV)/HHV-3 personal contact
to hepatoma (cancer of the liver) or cirrhosis especially
➔ Humans are the only source of this virus respiratory; can also
➔ Co-infection or superinfection – you will only be transmitted
have HEPA D if you have HEPA B through direct
➔ HAV contact
 MOT: Fecal oral ➔ Chicken pox; -
 Virus: ssRna (Picornaviridae) causative agent is
 Incubation: 15-45 Varicella
 Outcome: Self-limiting ➔ Reactivation of the
➔ HBV chicken pox is due to
 MOT: Sex zoster virus
 Virus: dsDNA (hepadnaviridae) ➔ Shingles
 Incubation: 45-160 ➔ VZV latency is
 Outcome: acute and self-limiting dorsal root ganglia
➔ HCV ➔ Presence of skin
 MOT: sharing of needles rash blister like
 Virus: ssRNA (Flaviviridae) lesions concentrated
 Incubation: 15-150 in the face, trunk and
 Outcome: chronic scalp with blisters
➔ HDV that look like
 MOT: intravenous drug use dewdrops on a rose
 Virus: ssRNA Delta Virus Defective petal
Virus Epstein Barr Virus ➔ Transmitted through
 Incubation: 30-60 (EBV) or HHV-4 saliva
 Outcome: co-infection or ➔ Cancer causing
superinfection virus
➔ HEV ➔ Causative agent of
 MOT: fecal oral Infectious
 Virus: hepevirus mononucleosis
 incubation: 15-60 (Glandular Fever),
 outcome: acute self-limiting Burkitt lymphoma
and nasopharyngeal
HERPES VIRUS carcinoma
➔ Greek word meaning creep due to presence ➔ Latency is B
of ulcerative lesions lymphocytes
➔ Large (150 to 200nm), consist of 4 Cytomegalovirus ➔ transplant and
components (nucleic acid core, capsid, (CMV) or HHV-5 or transplacental
tegument and envelope) that shares latency Salivary gland virus ➔ Neonates are
or lifelong persistence in their hosts – it can (owl’s eye always checked for
reactivate when the patient’s immune system appearance) CMV
is down ➔ PP65 – antigen test
HSV-1 and HSV-2 ➔ Spread by direct for CMV
contact with infected ➔ Leukoreduced RBC
secretions – for suspected
➔ Recurrence of skin CMV
lesion after primary ➔ CMV is the most
infection common cause of
➔ HSV 1 and 2 latency heterophile negative
is sensory nerve infectious
ganglia mononucleosis

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PREPARED BY: SIR CHESTER EBERSOLE
➔ Most common cause ➔ Viral replication sites are erythroid progenitor
of viral mental cells, adult bone marrow and fetal liver
retardation ➔ Associated with fifth disease with
➔ Most common cause characteristic slapped cheek appearance,
of congenital Aplastic crisis in patients with
disease. hemoglobinopathies and fetal infections
➔ Latency is WBC and (hydrops fetalis).
endothelial cells ➔ BIPHASIC ILLNESS
➔ Test for  1: marked fever, malaise, myalgia
transplacental and chills (destruction of
microorganisms – erythroblast)
torches  2: Rash and arthralgia (virus
(toxoplasma, disappearance and antibody
rubella, formation)
cytomegalovirus,
herpes and syphilis) POLYOMA VIRUS
➔ Heterophile antibody ➔ BK Virus/ Polyoma virus hominis 1 –
– used to hemorrhagic cystitis; latent state in kidney
differentiate the ➔ JC Virus/ Polyoma virus hominis 2 –
infectious Progressive multifocal leukoencelopathy;
mononucleosis of latent state in B lymphocytes.
Epstein Barr from ➔ MC virus is associated with Merkel Cell
cytomegalovirus; Carcinoma
Epstein Barr – (+),
cytomegalovirus – (- POXVIRUS
) ➔ Largest and most complex of all viruses
Human Herpes ➔ Transmitted through ➔ Can be seen by light microscopy; Oval or
Virus-6(HHV-6) and respiratory brick shape virus
HHV 7 or Beta secretions; almost ➔ Structures are obscure
Herpes Virus all children from age ➔ Variola/Orthopoxvirus – causative agent of
2-3 years old small pox – eradicated by the WHO
➔ Lymphotropic virus ➔ Alastrin – mild version of small pox
and Roseola ➔ Vaccinia – avirulent; used for small pox
(Exanthem subitum) vaccine
– fever with short ➔ Molluscum Contagiosum - small, pink,
rash. papular, wart-like benign tumors of the skin or
➔ Site of latency is CD mucous membrane.
4 (T helper)  It is most common pox virus
HHV-8 or ➔ Kaposi Sarcoma worldwide
Rhadinovirus/ ➔ Primarily affects the ➔ Orf virus – transmitted by direct contact with
Gamma herpes lining of blood and sheep in which nodules in hands may be
virus lymph vessels seen.

PAPILLOMAVIRUS IRIDOVIRUS
➔ Cause warts and exhibit tropism in cutaneous ➔ Large ds DNA virus which is the causative
and mucocutaneous agent of African Swine Flu (ASF)
➔ E6 and E7 are transforming proteins ➔ Not transmissible to human but highly
associated with initiating oncogenes pathogenic to pigs (Hemorrhagic fever)
➔ Most prevalent sexually transmitted disease ➔ double-stranded DNA genome known to be
in the United States transmitted by arthropods (soft ticks)
HPV-1 Plantar Warts
HPV-2 and 4 Warts of the Hand
HPV-6 and 11 Genital warts
HPV-5 and 8 Epidermodysplasia
verruciformis
HPV 13 and 32 Hecks’s Disease (Focal
Epithelial Hyperplasia)
HPV-16 and 18 Condyloma Accuminate
HPV-16 Subset cancer of
oropharynx and penile
cancer in men
HPV-41-42 Genital Warts

PARVOVIRUS B19 OR ERYTHROVIRUS (ERYTHREMA

INFECTIOSUM)
➔ Latin word parvus which means small

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