Table of Contents

Page

Table of Contents 1

Types of Counseling 2

The Directive or Clinical Counseling 2

The Steps in Directive or Clinical Counseling 2

The Non-Directive or Clinical Counseling 3

The Steps in Non-Directive or Clinical Counseling 3

The Eclectic Counseling 4

The Eclectic Process 4

Guidance and Counselling – Types of Counselling Page 1

Mrs. Remedios Castrillo
The Types of Counseling

There are three (3) types of counseling: (1) directive or clinical counseling (2) non-directive
counseling and (3) eclectic counseling.

1. The Directive or Clinical Counseling

- This type of counseling is also known as the counsellor-centered counseling;

- This was developed by E.G. Williamson in 1960;

- This approach often sees the counsellor as the teacher who directs the learning process. The
counsellor gives the counselee (client) information about himself, his opportunities and his
problems. The counsellor then is responsible for deciding what data are needed, he collects
the data and present the data to the counselee or client. The data is obtained from school
records, test results which the counsellor uses in the interview. The counsellor also presents
the points of view with definiteness and enlightens the counselee through expository
statement without criticizing, judging or condemning the client. This method helps the
counselee make final decision.

- The directive counsellors stress assessment and diagnosis as his fundamental counsellor
function. Diagnosis is necessary to determine what issues and conditions are involved
before efforts to help the individual.

- There are five (5) steps in directive counseling:

1.1 Analysis – this involves collecting data, summarizing and organizing;

1.2 Diagnosis – the counsellor formulates hypothesis, makes conclusions about the causes
and characteristics of the problem;

1.3 Prognosis – this refer to the prediction made by the counsellor on the client’s future
development of the problem;

1.4 Counseling – in this step, the counselee talks and discusses the problem with the client
by means of “leads”. The counselee is helped to develop insight; and

1.5 Follow-up – the counsellor assists the counselee with new recurring problems. This may
be due to “lapses” that might have occurred.

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Mrs. Remedios Castrillo
2. The Non-directive Counseling

- This type of counseling is also known as the client-centered counseling;

- This was developed by Rogers, Strang and Warters in 1961;

- This counseling approach stresses counselee’s ability to determine the issues, discuss the
issues and solve their own problem, it is the sole responsibility of the client for exploring his
own problem and solve his own problem. Therefore the counsellor intervention in this type
of counseling approach is minimal since the counselee himself discussed and solve his own
problems and issues;

- The most important quality of the counseling relationship is to established warm, permissive
and accepting climate that permits the client to explore self-concept and able to face their
unacceptable characteristics without being threatened and anxious and to move towards
acceptance of themselves which they think needs modifications;

- There are nine (9) steps in non-directive counseling:

2.1 The client comes for help and gives his reasons for doing so;

2.2 The client describes the situation. The counsellor encourages the client to confined to
tell all;

2.3 The counsellor helps the client to feel free to talk. To do this the counsellor shows a
friendly and receptive attitudes, with many clients, the counsellor then needs only to
indicate his attention and interest, perhaps by “uh-huh” or “yes, I see” or “i get your point”.
The counsellor neither agree or disagree. He tries to put himself in the situation of the
client;

2.4 The counsellor accepts, recognizes and clarifies both positive and negative feelings;

2.5 The period of release is followed by insights, which make for growth;

2.6 Insights are converted into action;

2.7 Further insights are developed for more complete and accurate self-understanding;

2.8 A positive action is increased; and

2.9 The relationship with the counsellor ends.

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Mrs. Remedios Castrillo
3. The Eclectic Counseling

- This was developed by Thorns;

- The unique characteristic of this approach is the freedom to use whatever techniques or
procedures that a counsellor might utilize or use. It may also a merging of both the directive
or clinical counseling (counsellor-centered) or non-directive (client-centered) counseling. On
the other hand, the counsellor that uses the eclectic approach also assumes the prerogative
of rejecting either of the two (2) approaches mentioned and may use his own approach of
modifying the client-centered or the directive approach in order to suit his purposes.

- The counsellor should be competent and proficient incorporating this method so that a
happy medium can be achieved.

- The Eclectic Process:

3.1 Diagnosis of the cause or causes of maladjustment;
3.2 Planning the modification of the cause or causes;
3.3 Securing conditions conducive to learning;
3.4 Stimulating the client by implied motivation to develop his resources; and
3.5 Proper handling of any problem subsequent to adjustment.

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Mrs. Remedios Castrillo