SSPAPUE TRY ARNAVA REFEREED JOURNAL PAN10. un 12, 13, Contents/3rg@aferat Art & Archaeology New Archaeological Findings from Uttarakhand with Special Reference to Chandpur Garhi and Lakhamandal during Scientific Clearance -Dr. Syed Jamal Hasan Mysteries of Malhar: Two Excavations-Riddles stil Unresolved -Prabash Sahu The Monuments of Doom -0.¢. Handa Roots of Lion Motif in Mauryan Art: Indigenous or Foreign? -Dr. Vinay Kumar Ararat eh 8 Ree afro og waar do Rock-cut Caves at Lodhare, District Nashik “vijay Sarde -Shreekant Jadhav -Iyotram Deshmukh Ancient Settlement Pattern of The Beso River: Special Reference to District Ghazipur, U.P. -Dr. Kamala Ram Bind see Rava avs, fron Psige, se weet arate GEE “Foe TR Quaternary Stratigraphy of Bundelkhand Region Pankaj Kumar Out of India- By Land or by Sea? A Paradigm Shift in Ancient Migration Theories -W.J. Borsboom ‘A Report on Recently Explored Site in Hussepur -krishna Mohan Dubey Rare Balarama Depiction as the Main God in Four Gods and Vasudhara Imagery: Some Tentative Einferences -Dr. J. Manuel Tejpal Singh Buddhism Multiple Shifts in Buddhism-Understanding Vajrayana as an Exoteric Religion: Perspective from Odisha -Umakant Mishra 1-12 soo 22 23.32 AM oA5-5L 52-61 62-76 7785 86-91 1 92-122 1123-129 130-138 39-16614, 45, 16, vw. 18 19, 20. 21 2 23. 24, Conservation ‘Management of Monuments and Sites in Angul District -Dr.Prasanna Kumar Dikhit Epigraphy Effects of Supra-Regional Power: The Socio-Economic and Cultural Transformations in Medieval Kerala Unveiled by the Hoysala Inscriptions “M.S. Dhiraj Jainism Jainism in Rajgir Region-A Reappraisal Dr. Jalaj Kumar Tiwari Philosophy arora uRd sk gio srasax & frant at srefirea -orre Rig Rock-Art “quilea’ vs “Rock At’, Terminological Digressions in the Context of Science and Humanism in the Andes Gori Tumi Echevarria Lopez Language Learning and Language Acquisition Through Rock Art Designs Sindh and Baluchistan are part of Pakistan and that the Indus| Valley delta extends beyond| the Sindh province into India's North West, The current Haplo| group | distribution in Iran is 16.4 %, and in Pakistan's Sindh (including the Baluchistan| foothills and plateaus) and| Indian Punjab’s regions 11.7%. ‘Oat of india- By Land or by Sea? A Paradigm Shift in Ancient Migration Theories 107[As this hypothesis proposes that the migrant haplogroups I's source came ‘rom the original indus Valley Culture inhabitants, we should keep in mind that the Indus Valley Civilization's also called the Harappa Culture) culturalinfluence at its most flourishing period encompassed the marked areain Fig. 8. North and East Africa | Ezyot 5.9% Guraga Ethiopia 4.76% Rendille Kenya 17.65% ‘Samburu Kenya 8.57% ‘The high ancient mtDNA percentages of these four areas may indicate how far the oversea travels went from the Indus Valley, and how the Harappan migrants may have established settlementsin Egypt and on the eastern African Coast. Current European Continent "The frequency of Hoplogroup | may have undergone a reduction in Europe following the Medieval age. An overall frequency of 13% was found in ancient Danish samples from the Iron Age to the Medieval Age (including Vikings) from Denmark and ‘Scandinavia compared to only 2.5% in modern samples.", ~Hofreiter 2010 (Hofreiter et al: 2010) ‘The quote above tells us about non-modern numbers, and the example shows that those numbers in the past were actually even higher: e.g. for Denmark 13% instead of 5.71%, "WV-DNA] Haplogroup I-M253 arose from haplogroup [Y-DNAl I-M170, which appears ancient in Europe, The haploaroun was previously thouaht to have oriainated 15,000 years ago in Iberia, but snow estimated to have originated between 4,000- 5,000 years ‘go. tis suggested that it initially dispersed from Denmark” (Pedro Soares, eta.:2010). Fig. 9: mtDNA Haplogroups | and W (Olver A, Pala Gandini, Kashani 8. Perego U.A,, Woodward SR, et al 2013) 108 "Arnava, Vol. V, No.2‘The dating that | propose for this coast-hugeing, sea-faring ‘Out of the Sapta Sindhu Delta Migration’ hypothesis, is thatt began 9,500 years ago, and that it arrived in Europe's North Sea islands and coastal areas "between 4,000 - 5,000 years ago" (the estimate in the quote above) in - what is now - Denmark, Northern Germany, ete. and that Sanskrit based language elements dispersed from there into the hinter lands ofthe European continent Left: Haplogroup i, spatial frequency distribution of haplogroups Isub-clades Ia, Right: Haplogroup W, spatial frequeney distribution, Notice haplogroups land W's presence (two circles) in North West India's Indus Valley. It looks faintand mightbe considered of not much relevance. However, consider that over time (from 9,500 years ago on) migrants travelled for various reasons overland (much of Haplogroup W) and oversea (Haplogroup I] to the Near East, North Africa, Europe and Eurasia (the shaded areas on the two maps), and thus seeded those regions with their DNA and increased their population in those Jands, while for reasons of natural catastrophes and calamities (e.g. epidemics) in Northwest india after the end of the mature phase of the Indus Civilization (2000 BCE) that they did not increase in population inthe Indus Valley. Notice in Fig. 9 the faint presence of haplogroups | (two circles) in the Indus Valle. It might be considered of litle relevance. However, as proposed here, consider that from 9,500 years ago on, migrants travelled for various*reasons overland (much of Haplogroup W) and oversea (Haplogroup I) to the Near East, North Africa, Europe and Eurasia (allthe shaded areasin Fig. 9), and thus seeded those regions with their DNA and increased their population in those lands, while for reasons of natural catastrophes and calamities (e.9. epidemics Robbins G,, Tripathy V.M., Misra VIN,, Mohanty R.K., Shinde VS., et al.: 2009) in "Northwest India after the end of the mature phase of the Indus Civilization (2000 BCE) that they did not increase in population inthe indus Valle. In fact, at some point the whole valley was considered inhabitable. (“Collapse of the Indus Valley Civilization®*) “The current human mitochondrial (mtDNA) phylogeny does not equally ‘represent all human populations but is biased in favour of representatives originally from north and central Europe. This especially affects the phylogeny of some * cots rom thispape's Abstract: “They were driven by 1LAneturalhumoninlnationto ookforothershores"ond 2.Anumberoflegeneturl catastrophes, andthe various seasesthatesltedfrom them.” ‘+ TheindusCviltinfoushed between about 2500 and 1800 BCE when coosedntoregionalcuturesathe Lote Horeppan ste, According to Prpol the colpse wos due t © combination of several factors ie ove ‘exlotation of th enronment, rate changes inthe rer courses, series of floods water 093g and increased {ality of the irgoted lands" ~ lrovotham Mohadevon lrevatham Mahadevan, ipsiiwwM, harap comdscindmahal ‘Out of india- By Land or by Sea? A Paradigm Shift in Ancient Migration Theories 108uncommon West Eurasian haplogroups, including | and W, whose southern European {and Near Eastern components are very poorly represented, suggesting that extensive hidden phylogenetic substructure remains to be uncovered. [author's emphasis] [Olivieriet.o., 2013] Thus our data contribute to a better definition of the Late and postglacial re- peopling of Europe, providing further evidence for the scenario that major population expansions started after the Last Glacial Maximum but before Neolithic times, but also evidencing traces of diffusion events in several | and W subclades dating «© the European Neolithic and restricted to Europe. [author's emphasis] (Olivieri A., Pala M., GandiniF., Kashani B.H., Perego U.A., Woodward.R., et. o.:2013) Questions Where did that 13% in ancient Danish samplescome from? Hfnot by inland, overland routes, via what routes did the Haplogroup | migrants arrive in the circle-marked regions of Fig. 6, ifnot by sea? Remember my previous queries to linguist friends: “f overland dispersion was the reason why the European languages were INDO-European, hows it possible that coastal lands and islands had their languages or dialects closer to Sanskrit than inland areas? ‘Map by Aaron ill based on data from Roots! s. et al: 2008 (Rootes, Magri. KvisldT, ot 2008) Fig. 10: Patines Y-0NA Dispersion of Haplogroup 149253 (a) in Northern Europe CAD retke sed oplegroup 11253 lo) no Possible time of erin Possible place of orign Defining mutations 2,000-3000 ACE Northern Europe LMa70 M253, M307, P30, P40 "Arnava, Vol. V, No.2Things cannot go from good Sonskrit (the source) to poor Sanskrit the Eurasian steppes) to better Sanskrit (coastal lands) ifindeed the dispersion had followed overland routes. “What if the languages were dispersed by coast hugging seafaring migrants from Sonskrtspeoking ancient Indian regions ?* {TW, the datingalso appearsto be right, sit indicates that thestone-andiron- age seafaring (as proposed here) migrants took their time! Considering Y-DNA Haplogroup I-M253 (|1a), we see that it is most present in Scandinavia, Denmark an Finland thus supporting Hofreter’s mONA haplogroup | data (Hotreiter etal 2010) Conclusion about Route 1 Considering al of the above, one can arrive at a conclusion that, parallel to overland migrations, oversea migrations tookpace. ‘Thus, based on percentage numbers only, feasible meso/neolithic coastal- route population migrations can be traced back (backwards in time and voyages taken) from Northern Europeto theirorginal South Asian source: + Scandinavia, Finland, the Batic coast lands and Denmark, the Frisian stands, the British Isles, Scotland, Ireland and Brittany (Bretagne - a West France peninsula), + Basque coastal regions and Spain and Portugal, The Strait of Gibraltar and further east © North Africa's Berber lands and northern Egypt, 0 TheFrench Mediterranean coast, the Mediterranean islands, Italy, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, the Levant, + Whatis now the Suez Canal region, butwas then fully inundated -letme coin tthe “Ancient Suez Channel” or “Ancient Suez Strait ‘The Red Sea and around the Arabian Peninsula, ‘The apta Sindhu Valley and the foothill of current Northern Pakistan and Northern India These coastal areas show a varied though significant range of ancient matrilineal mtDNA Haplogroup | percentages (Fig. 9 left}, which when combined with the presence of patrilineal Y-DNA -M253 (11a (Fig 10) i distinct from Haplogroup W mtDNA (Fig. 9 right) that has been found in the areas through which - according to the “Steppe Theory” - overland migrations across mainland and hinterland Eurasia are theorizedtohave taken place. When reading the above list from the Sapta Sindhu region upwards (now Lower Pakistan/North-Western India) to Scandinavia, one gets to follow the sea-route thatthe Haplogroup seafaring migrants may very well have taken, ‘Dat of indi: By Land or By Sea? A Paradigm Shit a Ancient Migration Theories TiRecent Proposals by others (June 9, 2014) about Neolithic ‘Seafarer Migration Routes Fig 1: Patil Sesarer Migration Routes * For a partial tracing by others of partial sea-faring migration routes see online articles on Science Daily and Phys Org News. *,** What this hypothesis proposes goes further though than the theory described inboth online articles. The following quote gives the gistof those hypotheses. “Genetic markers in modern populations indicate the ‘Neolithic migrants who brought farming to Europe traveled from the Levant into Anatolia and then island hopped to Greece via Crete and then toSicilyand north into Southern Europe.” * This hypothesisis distinct because of: + Different original starting-off points - The Indus Valley (the Sapta Sindhu Delta) instead ofthe Levant, + Different final arrivals - Northern coastal Europe instead of mainland or hinter-land northern and southern Europe, ‘+ Different haplogroups: mtDNA haplogroups | and Y-DNA I-M253 (Ia) instead of M and Rhaplogroupings. Migration routes changed according to global extended-period sea level rises or dips. The levels at certain times were so high (from 6.5 meters higher than current levels, See Fig. 3) that boat people could float (following the current), sail or row + Sane aly, p/w slenceéaly conreeases/2014/06/140610102044 Mm. USddghw2Go facebook ** Phys Or, tp: /ohys.oa/news/2014-06 mitochon dna-easterfarmerssequenced hl iz ‘Arnava, Vol. V, No.2through the Suez zone. At other times this was not possible, hence different routes during different time periods. Obviously dating and analysis of Mediterranean sedimentation layers around the Suez zone would be helpful "The most significant conclusion - highlights Eva Ferndndez- is that the degree of genetic similarity between the populations of the Fertile Crescent and the ones of Cyprus an Crete supports the hypothesis that Neolithic spread in Europe took place through pioneer seafaring colonization, not through a tand-mediated expansion through Anatolia, as twas thought untilnow" * Route 2 in India from the Sapta Sindhu Valley to North, North-East, Central and Southern Indian regions. The Indus Valley's non-seafaring inhabitants also migrated to various other areas throughout India: + Inland boat-people went down as far as Kerala (partially by land, partially coast hugging by boat.) ‘+ Mostly agrarian groups went up the higher Indus Valley areas and to the foothills of the Himalayas. (I predict that scriptural artifacts will be found, containing 2 more cursive IVC script, likely hidden inside Buddha statues inside Buddhist caves.) ‘+ A-number of groups migrated to the Ganges areas. (Local stories and legends replaced the Sarasvati river name with the Ganges rivername.) Note: A 5,000 year old settlement discovered in 1957 in Alamgirpur village, ‘Baghpat (UP), is evidence of migration into the Upper Doab region between the Ganga andthe Yamuna “The settlement marks the eastern most limits [author's emphasis] of the Harappan culture and belongs to the late Haroppan phose, a period starting ‘around 1900-1800 BC when the indus Valley Civilization, popularly known as the Harappan Culture, began to decline,” ~Bhuvan Vikram ** Migrations wit twas exactly during that period, that Harappan group migrations eastwards from the Indus Delta began. Thus this settlement was NOT the "eastern most limit" as ‘Mr. Vikram states, but one ofthe early signs of migrations eastward from the Indus Delta proper. ‘+ Large groups went South overland into central India (where Black and Red Ware pottery has now been found), down deeply into what is now Tamil Nadu, * iii org news/20%4-06 mitochondria dnaastern tamer auenced hil The Hin, September 24,2015 ‘Out of India- By Land or by Sea? A Paradigm Shift in Ancient Migration Theories 13where stories about Skanda/Karthikeya are still being told, and where he is still honoured asa major God. Fig, 12: Blak and Red Ware, found from Krishnagi in Southern India * Route 3 Further East Oversea, via Sri Lanka, even as far as the Pacific Ocean's archipelagos and the Americas. ‘This further East oversea migrations to SriLanka, into Chinese Coastal areas, as far as the Pacific Ocean's archipelagos (U. Ringleb, 2016) and the Americas, willbe dealt with in in an upcoming extended version of this hypothesis. It's part of the prediction that evidence willbe found. Predictions 1 It will be discovered that the route of pottery-ware distribution (e.g. Bell Beaker Culture, Corded Ware) differed from what is currently the consensus opinion. Fig. 13 minus the stars represents the current consensus view about the Bell Beaker Culture pottery diffusion. Part of this hypothesis also proposes that the coastal European regions were earlier areas where Bell Beaker pottery was introduced, meaning that the Central Europe and Eurasian received their pottery tradition subsequently, ‘This hypothesis also proposes that Bell Beaker pottery was based on pottery that originatedin the ancient Indus Valley The Hindu: itp theinducon/news/nationaltami-aduy/ronage megalithic burst found a atatestcomments "Arnava, Vol. V, No.2(hart Source: tp /eommons wikimediao/w/index.oho? ‘uid24870857 Fig. 13: Belh Beaker Culture ‘This chart minus the stars represents the current consensus view about the Bell Beaker Culture pottery diffusion. This hypothesis though proposes that the arrows Iniberia, Germany / Russia and the Mediterranean should bein opposite directions. Part of this hypothesis also proposes that the coastal regions marked witha star (added by the author] were earlier areas where Bell Beaker pottery was introduced. This also ‘means that the Central and Eastern European areas (marked with a very light grey shade) received their pottery tradition subsequently "Corded Ware culture (also Battle-axe culture) is an enormous Cholcolithic and Early Bronze Age archaeoloaical grouping, flourishing ca. 3200 - 2300 BC. It encompasses most of continental northern Europe from the Rhine River on the west, to the Volga River in the east, including most of modern-day Germany, Denmark, Poland, the Baltic States, Belarus, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, northern Ukraine, and western Russia, as well as southern ‘Sweden and Finland, It receives its name from the characteristic pottery of the ero; wet clay was decoratively incised with cordage, ice, string Itis known mostly from its burials." ~D. Bachmann * 2 By tracing indus Valley Culture Painted Grey Ware (PGW), Grey Ware (GW) and Black Red Ware (BRW) migratory movement of Indus Valley migrants will be traced, naps:/commons nikimeda ows Map Corded Ware ctwre-2n ‘Out of India- By Land or by Sea? A Paradigm Shift in Ancient Migration Theories is3 Etymological linkages will be found between Baltic Sea sland names and Indus Valley Civilization words and names. 4, Ancient sunken wreckage will be found in the Baltics with shape characteristics like IVC reed vesselsasin Fig. 14. Indus Valle Seals from Mohenjo Daro Scene of Reed Boat People in South America Indus Valley Seal Meta2sabe Fig. 14: Indus Valley Reed Boat Seas s. Stitched-board boat construction will be traced back to Indus Valley rib-less ship construction. ‘Sewn Timber Vessel rom Oman Fig. 15 Left: Bundled Curved Log Vessel (Tamil Nad, 5. India) Aight: Stitched Board Vesel (Oman) 6. Agricultural practices will found to be interlinked between European Neolithic periods andtheIVC. 7. Macedonian Grey Ware (GW) resembling or based on Painted Grey Ware (PGW) from the Harappan Civilization region (Indus valley), will be identified as suchin Europe. ie "Arnava, Vol. V, No.210. Fig. 17: Macedonian Grey Ware * Painted carinated cup (F1240) from Kastands, Level 12 (Jung, 2002: plate 29.312) Submerged cities will be discovered in the Mediterranean Sea which will show evidence of city layouts, culture, burial practices and artifacts that have clear Indus Valley Civilization characteristics. It might even be that ancient skeletons willbe retrieved that may still have testable mtDNA and -DNA traces. Decorative patterns in the folkloric female dress tradition (e.g. Gandhara) will be discovered as similar or identical across the European coastal lands from Serbia, Croatia, ete. +to Finland. Tracing the dating of farming (see Fig. 19) alongaall European and North African coastal and insular areas, it will be proposed that those regions are on a trajectory that coast-hugging seafaring migrants followed and that they, when they went on land, founded settlements that included farming, animal husbandry and crafts such as pottery, metal working, male and female folkloric attire. (Which even today shows up in traditions that can be traced back to Indus Valleyculture.) iii ii or aegeobatanorehitory. neta ‘Out of India- By Land or by Sea? A Paradigm Shift in Ancient Migration Theories a7ig. 18: Chat (Broushak eta, 2016) Annotated by the author [ating of Neolithic Farming Regions (Data from Broushaki, Faenaz ta. 2016) Itis generally assumed that: “The earliest evidence for cultivation and stock-keeping is {found in the Neolithic core zone of the Fertile Crescent region stretching north from the southern Levant through eastern Anatolia ‘and northern Mesopotamia, then east into the Zagros Mountains on the border of modern-day Iran and Iraq. From there, farming spread into surrounding regions, including Anatolia and, later, Europe, southern Asia, and parts of Arabia and North Africa. Whether the transition to agriculture was a homogeneous process across the ‘core zone, or a mosaic of localized domestications, is unknown. Likewise, the extent to which core zone farming populations were genetically homogeneous, or exhibited structure that may have been preserved as agriculture spread into surround in regions, is undetermined. [author's emphasis}. (Broushaki,Farnaz, et. al.:2016) Conclusion Rather than overland migrations as proposed by the various overland migration hypotheses, over-seas and coast-hugging migrations took place by seafarers who originated from the Indus Valley and who spoke an early form of Sanskrit, who settled in Europe's coastal regions aslisted below. Based on language, archaeogenetic and archaeological data, over an extended period between 9,500 and 3,350 years ago large segments of the population of the is TArnava, Vol V, No.2north-western delta of the Indian subcontinent (the Indus Valley or the Sapta Sindhu region from the Rigveda (Sanskrit 0000 OO000 “Seven Rivers") left their homeland because of a number of natural catastrophes and resulting diseases (leprosy, tuberculosis) that resulted from them. ‘These multiple group migrations went into three main directions: 1 Migrations oversea to coastal European lands - from Red Sea, Mediterranean andas faras BalticSea coastal regions, 2 Migrations within India to North, North East, Central and Southern Indian regions where they, over time, merged with the existing populations and cultures. (Further research data are currently being gathered and analyzed.) 3 Further East oversea, via Sri Lanka, even as far as the Pacific Ocean's archipelagos and the Americas. (Further research data are currently being gathered and analyzed.) Thus, based on mtDNA Haplogroup I and Y-DNA haplogroup I4M253 (Ia) percentage numbers only, but supported by etymological data that show that all Indo- European languages find their roots in early forms of spoken Sanskrit, it can be concluded that mesolithic and neolithic coastal-route population migrations can be traced from their original source - from what is now North-West india and Pakistan to Northern Europe: ‘+ From the Sapta Sindhu Valley and the foothills of current northern Pakistan and northern india, ‘+ Down around The Arabian Peninsula through the RedSea, + Then through what is now the Suez Canal region but was then fully inundated: the “ancient Suez Channel or Strait” + Thento the Mediterranean coastlands: © Some groups to Northern Egyptand whatisnow Berber land, © —_Other groups tothe Levant, Croatia, Greece and Macedonia, + Then viathe italian peninsula and the Mediterranean islands tosouthern France, ‘+ Then around Spain and Portugal to Basque lands + To Brittany (Bretagne -a west France peninsula), Ireland Scotland, the British Isles, the Frisian Islands, the then Danish islands, Scandinavia, Finland and the Baltic coast lands ‘The above listed coastal areas shaw a varied though significant range of ancient matrilineal mtDNA Haplogroup | percentages (Fig. 9 left), which when combined with the presence of patrilineal Y-DNA -M253 (11a) (Fig. 10) is distinct from Haplogroup W mtDNA (Fig. 9 right) that has been found in the areas through which - according to the “Steppe Theory” -overland migrations across mainland and hinterland ‘Out of india- By Land or by Sea? 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